메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 178-182

Serum inflammatory cytokines, complement components, and soluble interleukin 2 receptor in primary biliary cirrhosis

Author keywords

Autoimmune cholangitis; Cytokines; PBC; Serum markers; T regulatory cells

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY C3 C5 CONVERTASE; COMPLEMENT; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 6; PROPERDIN; SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

EID: 71649095850     PISSN: 08968411     EISSN: 10959157     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.010     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (69)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 25144474552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Kaplan M.M., and Gershwin M.E. Primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 1261-1273
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 1261-1273
    • Kaplan, M.M.1    Gershwin, M.E.2
  • 3
    • 41149106388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mosaic of autoimmunity: prediction, autoantibodies, and therapy in autoimmune diseases - 2008
    • Shoenfeld Y., Blank M., Abu-Shakra M., Amital H., Barzilai O., Berkun Y., et al. The mosaic of autoimmunity: prediction, autoantibodies, and therapy in autoimmune diseases - 2008. Isr Med Assoc J 10 (2008) 13-19
    • (2008) Isr Med Assoc J , vol.10 , pp. 13-19
    • Shoenfeld, Y.1    Blank, M.2    Abu-Shakra, M.3    Amital, H.4    Barzilai, O.5    Berkun, Y.6
  • 5
    • 0020058633 scopus 로고
    • Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with features of systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Iliffe G.D., Naidoo S., and Hunter T. Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Dig Dis Sci 27 (1982) 274-278
    • (1982) Dig Dis Sci , vol.27 , pp. 274-278
    • Iliffe, G.D.1    Naidoo, S.2    Hunter, T.3
  • 6
    • 48449102199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unfinished business of primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Selmi C., Zuin M., and Gershwin M.E. The unfinished business of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 49 (2008) 451-460
    • (2008) J Hepatol , vol.49 , pp. 451-460
    • Selmi, C.1    Zuin, M.2    Gershwin, M.E.3
  • 7
    • 30944437302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and comorbidities in primary biliary cirrhosis: a controlled interview-based study of 1032 patients
    • Gershwin M.E., Selmi C., Worman H.J., Gold E.B., Watnik M., Utts J., et al. Risk factors and comorbidities in primary biliary cirrhosis: a controlled interview-based study of 1032 patients. Hepatology 42 (2005) 1194-1202
    • (2005) Hepatology , vol.42 , pp. 1194-1202
    • Gershwin, M.E.1    Selmi, C.2    Worman, H.J.3    Gold, E.B.4    Watnik, M.5    Utts, J.6
  • 8
    • 0023876502 scopus 로고
    • Primary biliary cirrhosis and mitochondrial autoantigens - insights from molecular biology
    • Gershwin M.E., Coppel R.L., and Mackay I.R. Primary biliary cirrhosis and mitochondrial autoantigens - insights from molecular biology. Hepatology 8 (1988) 147-151
    • (1988) Hepatology , vol.8 , pp. 147-151
    • Gershwin, M.E.1    Coppel, R.L.2    Mackay, I.R.3
  • 9
    • 0027935832 scopus 로고
    • Primary biliary cirrhosis. High proportions of B cells in blood and liver tissue produce anti-mitochondrial antibodies of several Ig classes
    • Bjorkland A., Loof L., Mendel-Hartvig I., and Totterman T.H. Primary biliary cirrhosis. High proportions of B cells in blood and liver tissue produce anti-mitochondrial antibodies of several Ig classes. J Immunol 153 (1994) 2750-2757
    • (1994) J Immunol , vol.153 , pp. 2750-2757
    • Bjorkland, A.1    Loof, L.2    Mendel-Hartvig, I.3    Totterman, T.H.4
  • 10
    • 0034031785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary biliary cirrhosis: an orchestrated immune response against epithelial cells
    • Gershwin M.E., Ansari A.A., Mackay I.R., Nakanuma Y., Nishio A., Rowley M.J., et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis: an orchestrated immune response against epithelial cells. Immunol Rev 174 (2000) 210-225
    • (2000) Immunol Rev , vol.174 , pp. 210-225
    • Gershwin, M.E.1    Ansari, A.A.2    Mackay, I.R.3    Nakanuma, Y.4    Nishio, A.5    Rowley, M.J.6
  • 11
    • 0025955173 scopus 로고
    • Blood and liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis: increase in activated T and natural killer cells and recruitment of primed memory T cells
    • Bjorkland A., Festin R., Mendel-Hartvig I., Nyberg A., Loof L., and Totterman T.H. Blood and liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary biliary cirrhosis: increase in activated T and natural killer cells and recruitment of primed memory T cells. Hepatology 13 (1991) 1106-1111
    • (1991) Hepatology , vol.13 , pp. 1106-1111
    • Bjorkland, A.1    Festin, R.2    Mendel-Hartvig, I.3    Nyberg, A.4    Loof, L.5    Totterman, T.H.6
  • 12
    • 0025024248 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of hepatic T lymphocyte and immunoglobulin deposits in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Krams S.M., Van de Water J., Coppel R.L., Esquivel C., Roberts J., Ansari A., et al. Analysis of hepatic T lymphocyte and immunoglobulin deposits in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 12 (1990) 306-313
    • (1990) Hepatology , vol.12 , pp. 306-313
    • Krams, S.M.1    Van de Water, J.2    Coppel, R.L.3    Esquivel, C.4    Roberts, J.5    Ansari, A.6
  • 13
    • 0026673690 scopus 로고
    • Complement profile in primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Schlesinger M., Benbassat C., and Shoenfeld Y. Complement profile in primary biliary cirrhosis. Immunol Res 11 (1992) 98-103
    • (1992) Immunol Res , vol.11 , pp. 98-103
    • Schlesinger, M.1    Benbassat, C.2    Shoenfeld, Y.3
  • 15
    • 21344443506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble ICAM-1: a marker of vascular inflammation and lifestyle
    • Witkowska A.M. Soluble ICAM-1: a marker of vascular inflammation and lifestyle. Cytokine 31 (2005) 127-134
    • (2005) Cytokine , vol.31 , pp. 127-134
    • Witkowska, A.M.1
  • 16
    • 0030948796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the clinical features and clinical course of antimitochondrial antibody-positive and -negative primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Invernizzi P., Crosignani A., Battezzati P.M., Covini G., De Valle G., Larghi A., et al. Comparison of the clinical features and clinical course of antimitochondrial antibody-positive and -negative primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 25 (1997) 1090-1095
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.25 , pp. 1090-1095
    • Invernizzi, P.1    Crosignani, A.2    Battezzati, P.M.3    Covini, G.4    De Valle, G.5    Larghi, A.6
  • 17
    • 0026743176 scopus 로고
    • Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels are associated with clinical disease status and histopathological grade in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    • Barak V., Ginzburg M., Kalickman I., and Polliack A. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels are associated with clinical disease status and histopathological grade in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 7 (1992) 431-438
    • (1992) Leuk Lymphoma , vol.7 , pp. 431-438
    • Barak, V.1    Ginzburg, M.2    Kalickman, I.3    Polliack, A.4
  • 18
    • 0028027019 scopus 로고
    • Serum interleukin 1 beta levels as a marker in hairy cell leukemia: correlation with disease status and sIL-2R levels
    • Barak V., Nisman B., Dann E.J., Kalickman I., Ruchlemer R., Bennett M.A., et al. Serum interleukin 1 beta levels as a marker in hairy cell leukemia: correlation with disease status and sIL-2R levels. Leuk Lymphoma 14 Suppl. 1 (1994) 33-39
    • (1994) Leuk Lymphoma , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 33-39
    • Barak, V.1    Nisman, B.2    Dann, E.J.3    Kalickman, I.4    Ruchlemer, R.5    Bennett, M.A.6
  • 20
    • 14244262923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial CpG induces hyper-IgM production in CD27(+) memory B cells in primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Kikuchi K., Lian Z.X., Yang G.X., Ansari A.A., Ikehara S., Kaplan M., et al. Bacterial CpG induces hyper-IgM production in CD27(+) memory B cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 128 (2005) 304-312
    • (2005) Gastroenterology , vol.128 , pp. 304-312
    • Kikuchi, K.1    Lian, Z.X.2    Yang, G.X.3    Ansari, A.A.4    Ikehara, S.5    Kaplan, M.6
  • 21
    • 0025194218 scopus 로고
    • Identification of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex as a target antigen in primary biliary cirrhosis-associated autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Evidence that platelet-reactive autoantibodies can also bind to the mitochondrial antigen M2
    • Panzer S., Penner E., Nelson P.J., Prochazka E., Benda H., and Saurugger P.N. Identification of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex as a target antigen in primary biliary cirrhosis-associated autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Evidence that platelet-reactive autoantibodies can also bind to the mitochondrial antigen M2. J Autoimmun 3 (1990) 473-483
    • (1990) J Autoimmun , vol.3 , pp. 473-483
    • Panzer, S.1    Penner, E.2    Nelson, P.J.3    Prochazka, E.4    Benda, H.5    Saurugger, P.N.6
  • 22
    • 34548543289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of interleukin-2 deficiency on the generation of autoimmune B cells
    • Wrenshall L.E., Smith D.R., Stevens E.T., and Miller J.D. Influence of interleukin-2 deficiency on the generation of autoimmune B cells. J Autoimmun 29 (2007) 125-133
    • (2007) J Autoimmun , vol.29 , pp. 125-133
    • Wrenshall, L.E.1    Smith, D.R.2    Stevens, E.T.3    Miller, J.D.4
  • 24
    • 42149158878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased soluble IL-2 receptor levels during interferon and ribavirin treatment are associated with a good response in genotype 2a/2b patients with chronic hepatitis C
    • Abe S., Narita R., Matsuhashi T., Oto T., Tabaru A., and Otsuki M. Increased soluble IL-2 receptor levels during interferon and ribavirin treatment are associated with a good response in genotype 2a/2b patients with chronic hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 (2008) 373-378
    • (2008) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.20 , pp. 373-378
    • Abe, S.1    Narita, R.2    Matsuhashi, T.3    Oto, T.4    Tabaru, A.5    Otsuki, M.6
  • 25
    • 71649114355 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine receptors in diseases
    • Barak V. Cytokine receptors in diseases. Israel J Med Sci 32 (1995) 19-24
    • (1995) Israel J Med Sci , vol.32 , pp. 19-24
    • Barak, V.1
  • 26
    • 43649094708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regulatory, inflammatory, and T cell programming roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2)
    • Lan R.Y., Selmi C., and Gershwin M.E. The regulatory, inflammatory, and T cell programming roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2). J Autoimmun 31 (2008) 7-12
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.31 , pp. 7-12
    • Lan, R.Y.1    Selmi, C.2    Gershwin, M.E.3
  • 27
    • 0026516194 scopus 로고
    • Serum interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in primary biliary cirrhosis: decrease by colchicine and relationship to HLA-DR4
    • Miller L.C., and Kaplan M.M. Serum interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in primary biliary cirrhosis: decrease by colchicine and relationship to HLA-DR4. Am J Gastroenterol 87 (1992) 465-470
    • (1992) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.87 , pp. 465-470
    • Miller, L.C.1    Kaplan, M.M.2
  • 28
    • 25844471675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered monocyte responses to defined TLR ligands in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Mao T.K., Lian Z.X., Selmi C., Ichiki Y., Ashwood P., Ansari A.A., et al. Altered monocyte responses to defined TLR ligands in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 42 (2005) 802-808
    • (2005) Hepatology , vol.42 , pp. 802-808
    • Mao, T.K.1    Lian, Z.X.2    Selmi, C.3    Ichiki, Y.4    Ashwood, P.5    Ansari, A.A.6
  • 31
    • 0024521333 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-2 in scleroderma: correlation of serum level with extent of skin involvement and disease duration
    • Kahaleh M.B., and LeRoy E.C. Interleukin-2 in scleroderma: correlation of serum level with extent of skin involvement and disease duration. Ann Intern Med 110 (1989) 446-450
    • (1989) Ann Intern Med , vol.110 , pp. 446-450
    • Kahaleh, M.B.1    LeRoy, E.C.2
  • 32
    • 34247571341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complement activation in anti-phospholipid syndrome: a clue for an inflammatory process?
    • Cavazzana I., Manuela N., Irene C., Barbara A., Sara S., Orietta B.M., et al. Complement activation in anti-phospholipid syndrome: a clue for an inflammatory process?. J Autoimmun 28 (2007) 160-164
    • (2007) J Autoimmun , vol.28 , pp. 160-164
    • Cavazzana, I.1    Manuela, N.2    Irene, C.3    Barbara, A.4    Sara, S.5    Orietta, B.M.6
  • 33
    • 43649100486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPO-ANCA induces IL-17 production by activated neutrophils in vitro via classical complement pathway-dependent manner
    • Hoshino A., Nagao T., Nagi-Miura N., Ohno N., Yasuhara M., Yamamoto K., et al. MPO-ANCA induces IL-17 production by activated neutrophils in vitro via classical complement pathway-dependent manner. J Autoimmun 31 (2008) 79-89
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.31 , pp. 79-89
    • Hoshino, A.1    Nagao, T.2    Nagi-Miura, N.3    Ohno, N.4    Yasuhara, M.5    Yamamoto, K.6
  • 34
    • 0024346018 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin 6 stimulates synthesis of complement proteins factor B and C3 in human skin fibroblasts
    • Katz Y., Revel M., and Strunk R.C. Interleukin 6 stimulates synthesis of complement proteins factor B and C3 in human skin fibroblasts. Eur J Immunol 19 (1989) 983-988
    • (1989) Eur J Immunol , vol.19 , pp. 983-988
    • Katz, Y.1    Revel, M.2    Strunk, R.C.3
  • 35
    • 67650766977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translating molecular insights in autoimmunity into effective therapy
    • Feldmann M. Translating molecular insights in autoimmunity into effective therapy. Annu Rev Immunol 27 (2009) 1-27
    • (2009) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.27 , pp. 1-27
    • Feldmann, M.1
  • 36
    • 37649005081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Spadaro A., Scrivo R., Riccieri V., and Valesini G. Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Jt Bone Spine 75 (2008) 87-89
    • (2008) Jt Bone Spine , vol.75 , pp. 87-89
    • Spadaro, A.1    Scrivo, R.2    Riccieri, V.3    Valesini, G.4
  • 37
    • 7944232726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bupropion for fatigue and as a tumor necrosis factor-alpha lowering agent in primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Altschuler E.L., and Kast R.E. Bupropion for fatigue and as a tumor necrosis factor-alpha lowering agent in primary biliary cirrhosis. Med Hypotheses 64 (2005) 118-119
    • (2005) Med Hypotheses , vol.64 , pp. 118-119
    • Altschuler, E.L.1    Kast, R.E.2
  • 38
    • 0033999740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum interferon gamma in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid and prednisone therapy alone and in combination
    • Fracchia M., Secreto P., Tabone M., Zaffino C., Pera A., and Galatola G. Serum interferon gamma in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid and prednisone therapy alone and in combination. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12 (2000) 463-468
    • (2000) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.12 , pp. 463-468
    • Fracchia, M.1    Secreto, P.2    Tabone, M.3    Zaffino, C.4    Pera, A.5    Galatola, G.6
  • 39
    • 0036226760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta reflect severity of liver damage in primary biliary cirrhosis
    • Neuman M., Angulo P., Malkiewicz I., Jorgensen R., Shear N., Dickson E.R., et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta reflect severity of liver damage in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 (2002) 196-202
    • (2002) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.17 , pp. 196-202
    • Neuman, M.1    Angulo, P.2    Malkiewicz, I.3    Jorgensen, R.4    Shear, N.5    Dickson, E.R.6
  • 40
    • 38049065080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the BAFF dysregulation play a major role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus?
    • Binard A., Le Pottier L., Saraux A., Devauchelle-Pensec V., Pers J.O., and Youinou P. Does the BAFF dysregulation play a major role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus?. J Autoimmun 30 (2008) 63-67
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.30 , pp. 63-67
    • Binard, A.1    Le Pottier, L.2    Saraux, A.3    Devauchelle-Pensec, V.4    Pers, J.O.5    Youinou, P.6
  • 41
    • 42249115211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-27 suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis during bone marrow stromal cell treatment
    • Wang J., Wang G., Sun B., Li H., Mu L., Wang Q., et al. Interleukin-27 suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis during bone marrow stromal cell treatment. J Autoimmun 30 (2008) 222-229
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.30 , pp. 222-229
    • Wang, J.1    Wang, G.2    Sun, B.3    Li, H.4    Mu, L.5    Wang, Q.6
  • 42
    • 34548531881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockage of tumor necrosis factor prevents intestinal mucosal inflammation through down-regulation of interleukin-23 secretion
    • Liu Z., Jiu J., Liu S., Fa X., Li F., and Du Y. Blockage of tumor necrosis factor prevents intestinal mucosal inflammation through down-regulation of interleukin-23 secretion. J Autoimmun 29 (2007) 187-194
    • (2007) J Autoimmun , vol.29 , pp. 187-194
    • Liu, Z.1    Jiu, J.2    Liu, S.3    Fa, X.4    Li, F.5    Du, Y.6
  • 43
    • 34548522451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Th1-type immune responses by Toll-like receptor 4 signaling are required for the development of myocarditis in mice with BCG-induced myocarditis
    • Nishikubo K., Imanaka-Yoshida K., Tamaki S., Hiroe M., Yoshida T., Adachi Y., et al. Th1-type immune responses by Toll-like receptor 4 signaling are required for the development of myocarditis in mice with BCG-induced myocarditis. J Autoimmun 29 (2007) 146-153
    • (2007) J Autoimmun , vol.29 , pp. 146-153
    • Nishikubo, K.1    Imanaka-Yoshida, K.2    Tamaki, S.3    Hiroe, M.4    Yoshida, T.5    Adachi, Y.6
  • 44
    • 56349090968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Vital E.M., and Emery P. The development of targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 31 (2008) 219-227
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.31 , pp. 219-227
    • Vital, E.M.1    Emery, P.2
  • 45
    • 33947703541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary biliary cirrhosis: what we know and what we want to know about human PBC and spontaneous PBC mouse models
    • Ueno Y., Moritoki Y., Shimosegawa T., and Gershwin M.E. Primary biliary cirrhosis: what we know and what we want to know about human PBC and spontaneous PBC mouse models. J Gastroenterol 42 (2007) 189-195
    • (2007) J Gastroenterol , vol.42 , pp. 189-195
    • Ueno, Y.1    Moritoki, Y.2    Shimosegawa, T.3    Gershwin, M.E.4
  • 46
    • 56349163788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tribute to an outstanding immunologist - Ian Reay Mackay
    • Whittingham S., Rowley M.J., and Gershwin M.E. A tribute to an outstanding immunologist - Ian Reay Mackay. J Autoimmun 31 (2008) 197-200
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.31 , pp. 197-200
    • Whittingham, S.1    Rowley, M.J.2    Gershwin, M.E.3
  • 47
    • 39149125765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone marrow transplantation, refractory autoimmunity and the contributions of Susumu Ikehara
    • Gershwin M.E. Bone marrow transplantation, refractory autoimmunity and the contributions of Susumu Ikehara. J Autoimmun 30 (2008) 105-107
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.30 , pp. 105-107
    • Gershwin, M.E.1
  • 48
    • 38049050759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmunity: from the mosaic to the kaleidoscope
    • Blank M., and Gershwin M.E. Autoimmunity: from the mosaic to the kaleidoscope. J Autoimmun 30 (2008) 1-4
    • (2008) J Autoimmun , vol.30 , pp. 1-4
    • Blank, M.1    Gershwin, M.E.2
  • 49
    • 56749133320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The autoimmunologist: geoepidemiology, a new center of gravity, and prime time for autoimmunity
    • Shoenfeld Y., Selmi C., Zimlichman E., and Gershwin M.E. The autoimmunologist: geoepidemiology, a new center of gravity, and prime time for autoimmunity. J Autoimmmun 31 (2008) 325-330
    • (2008) J Autoimmmun , vol.31 , pp. 325-330
    • Shoenfeld, Y.1    Selmi, C.2    Zimlichman, E.3    Gershwin, M.E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.