Antimicrobial peptide elicitors: New hope for the post-antibiotic era

Innate Immunity

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 227-241

  De Oca, Ernesto Prado Montes ^a  

^a CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ASISTENCIA EN TECNOLOGÍA Y DISEÑO DEL ESTADO DE JALISCO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; antimicrobial peptides; cathelicidins; DEFB1; defensins; elicitor; innate immunity; keratinocyte; LL 37; TLR

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA DEFENSIN 1; BETA DEFENSIN 2; BETA DEFENSIN 3; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CAP 18; CAP 38; CATHELICIDIN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE LL 37; CYCLIC AMP; FLAGELLIN; MESSENGER RNA; NITROFURANTOIN; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; PREBIOTIC AGENT; PSORIASIN; RETINOIC ACID; SULFONAMIDE; TROVAFLOXACIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC PEPTIDE; PEPTIDE FRAGMENT;

ACUTE DIARRHEA; ALLELE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DENDRITIC CELL; DIARRHEA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FEVER; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; OTOTOXICITY; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; ANIMAL; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CLASSIFICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); IMMUNOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC PEPTIDES; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS;

EID: 84877763880     PISSN: 17534259     EISSN: 17534267     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1753425912460708     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Prado-Montes de Oca E. Human beta-defensin 1: a restless warrior against allergies, infections and cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 ; 42: 800-804
2. Guani-Guerra E, Santos-Mendoza T, Lugo-Reyes SO, et al. Antimicrobial peptides: general overview and clinical implications in human health and disease. Clin Immunol. 2010 ; 135: 1-11
3. Yamasaki K, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides in human skin disease. Eur J Dermatol. 2008 ; 18: 11-21
4. Yang D, Liu ZH, Tewary P, et al. Defensin participation in innate and adaptive immunity. Curr Pharm Des. 2007 ; 13: 3131-3139
5. Prado-Montes de Oca E. Antimicrobial peptide elicitors: a potential strategy against infections. Gac Med Mex. 2009 ; 145: 241-243
6. Finlay BB, Hancock RE. Can innate immunity be enhanced to treat microbial infections?. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 ; 2: 497-504
7. Alanis AJ. Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era?. Arch Med Res. 2005 ; 36: 697-705
8. English BK, Gaur AH. The use and abuse of antibiotics and the development of antibiotic resistance. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010 ; 659: 73-82
9. Baldo BA, Zhao Z, Pham NH. Antibiotic allergy: immunochemical and clinical considerations. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008 ; 8: 49-55
10. Cunha BA. Antibiotic side effects. Med Clin North Am. 2001 ; 85: 149-185
11. Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA. Pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: the dawn of the post-antibiotic era?. Int J Antimic Agents. 2007 ; 29: 630-636
12. Andersson DI, Hughes D. Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance?. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 ; 8: 260-271
13. Khotaei GT, Fattahi F, Pourpak Z, et al. Adverse reactions to antibiotics in hospitalized Iranian children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008 ; 41: 160-164
14. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, et al. Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients. JAMA. 1991 ; 266: 2847-2851
15. Zasloff M. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature. 2002 ; 415: 389-395
16. Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ. Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response. Nat Immunol. 2005 ; 6: 551-557
17. Easton DM, Nijnik A, Mayer ML, et al. Potential of immunomodulatory host defense peptides as novel anti-infectives. Trends Biotechnol. 2009 ; 27: 582-590
18. Perron GG, Zasloff M, Bell G. Experimental evolution of resistance to an antimicrobial peptide. Proc Biol Sci. 2006 ; 273: 251-256
19. Prost LR, Daley ME, Bader MW, et al. The PhoQ histidine kinases of Salmonella and Pseudomonas spp. are structurally and functionally different: evidence that pH and antimicrobial peptide sensing contribute to mammalian pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol. 2008 ; 69: 503-519
20. Prost LR, Miller SI. The Salmonellae PhoQ sensor: mechanisms of detection of phagosome signals. Cell Microbiol. 2008 ; 10: 576-582
21. Yeaman MR, Yont NY. Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance. Pharmacol Rev. 2003 ; 55: 27-55
22. Moon K, Gottesman S. A PhoQ/P-regulated small RNA regulates sensitivity of Escherichia coli to antimicrobial peptides. Mol Microbiol. 2009 ; 74: 1314-1330
23. Martineau AR, Timms PM, Bothamley GH, et al. High-dose vitamin D(3) during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 ; 377: 242-250
24. Alam NH, Raqib R, Ashraf H, et al. L-isoleucine-supplemented oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011 ; 29: 183-190
25. Seo SJ, Ahn SW, Hong CK, et al. Expressions of beta-defensins in human keratinocyte cell lines. J Dermatol Sci. 2001 ; 27: 183-191
26. Glaser R, Navid F, Schuller W, et al. UV-B radiation induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 ; 123: 1117-1123
27. Di Nuzzo S, Sylva-Steenland RM, Koomen CW, et al. Exposure to UVB induces accumulation of LFA-1+T cells and enhanced expression of the chemokine psoriasin in normal human skin. Photochem Photobiol. 2000 ; 72: 374-382
28. Kim JE, Kim BJ, Jeong MS, et al. Expression and modulation of LL-37 in normal human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells, and inflammatory skin diseases. J Korean Med Sci. 2005 ; 20: 649-654
29. Mallbris L, Edstrom DW, Sundblad L, et al. UVB upregulates the antimicrobial protein hCAP18 mRNA in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 ; 125: 1072-1074
30. Kreuter A, Hyun J, Skrygan M, et al. Ultraviolet A1-induced downregulation of human beta-defensins and interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 correlates with clinical improvement in localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol. 2006 ; 155: 600-607
31. Liu PT, Stenger S, Tang DH, et al. Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin. J Immunol. 2007 ; 179: 2060-2063
32. Fattorini L, Gennaro R, Zanetti M, et al. In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Peptides. 2004 ; 25: 1075-1077
33. Kisich KO, Heifets L, Higgins M, et al. Antimycobacterial agent based on mRNA encoding human beta-defensin 2 enables primary macrophages to restrict growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 2001 ; 69: 2692-2699
34. Grant WB. A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. Dermatoendocrinol. 2011 ; 3: 193-198
35. Maisetta G, Batoni G, Esin S, et al. Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to bactericidal activity of human beta-defensin 3 in biological fluids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 ; 49: 1245-1248
36. Hart PH, Gorman S, Finlay-Jones JJ. Modulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D?. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 ; 11: 584-596
37. Damian DL, Kim YJ, Dixon KM, et al. Topical calcitriol protects from UV-induced genetic damage but suppresses cutaneous immunity in humans. Exp Dermatol. 2010 ; 19: e23 - e30
38. Gorman S, Judge MA, Hart PH. Topical 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 subverts the priming ability of draining lymph node dendritic cells. Immunology. 2010 ; 131: 415-425
39. Gorman S, Kuritzky LA, Judge MA, et al. Topically applied 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in the draining lymph nodes. J Immunol. 2007 ; 179: 6273-6283
40. Schwarz A, Navid F, Sparwasser T, et al. In vivo reprogramming of UV radiation-induced regulatory T-cell migration to inhibit the elicitation of contact hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 ; 128: 826-833
41. Schwarz A, Schwarz T. UVR-induced regulatory T cells switch antigen-presenting cells from a stimulatory to a regulatory phenotype. J Invest Dermatol. 2010 ; 130: 1914-1921
42. Peric M, Koglin S, Dombrowski Y, et al. Vitamin D analogs differentially control antimicrobial peptide/"alarmin" expression in psoriasis. PLoS One. 2009 ; 4: e6340 - e6340
43. Wang TT, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, et al. Cutting edge: 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol. 2004 ; 173: 2909-2912
44. Misawa Y, Baba A, Ito S, et al. Vitamin D(3) induces expression of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide 18 in newborns. Int J Hematol. 2009 ; 90: 561-570
45. Martineau AR, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, et al. IFN-gamma- and TNF-independent vitamin D-inducible human suppression of mycobacteria: the role of cathelicidin LL-37. J Immunol. 2007 ; 178: 7190-7198
46. Gombart AF, O'Kelly J, Saito T, et al. Regulation of the CAMP gene by 1,25(OH)2D3 in various tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 ; 103: 552-557
47. McMahon L, Schwartz K, Yilmaz O, et al. Vitamin D-mediated induction of innate immunity in gingival epithelial cells. Infecti Immun. 2011 ; 79: 2250-2256
48. Liu MC, Xiao HQ, Brown AJ, et al. Association of vitamin D and antimicrobial peptide production during late-phase allergic responses in the lung. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012 ; 42: 383-391
49. Heilborn JD, Weber G, Gronberg A, et al. Topical treatment with the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol enhances the upregulation of the antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL-37 during wounding in human skin in vivo. Exp Dermatol. 2010 ; 19: 332-338
50. Martineau AR, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, et al. A single dose of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 ; 176: 208-213
51. Coussens A, Timms PM, Boucher BJ, et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology. 2009 ; 127: 539-548
52. Volkman HE, Pozos TC, Zheng J, et al. Tuberculous granuloma induction via interaction of a bacterial secreted protein with host epithelium. Science. 2010 ; 327: 466-469
53. Skodric-Trifunovic V, Vucinic-Mihailovic V. The role of vitamin D in the formation of granuloma and in calcium metabolism. Med Pregl. 2005 ; 58 (Suppl. 1). 17-20
54. Richmond BW, Drake WP. Vitamin D, innate immunity, and sarcoidosis granulomatous inflammation: insights from mycobacterial research. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010 ; 16: 461-464
55. Rhodes SG, Terry LA, Hope J, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and development of tuberculosis in cattle. Clin Diagn Immunol. 2003 ; 10: 1129-1135
56. Peric M, Koglin S, Kim SM, et al. IL-17A enhances vitamin D3-induced expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in human keratinocytes. J Immunol. 2008 ; 181: 8504-8512
57. Gombart AF. The vitamin D-antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future Microbiol. 2009 ; 4: 1151-1165
58. Howell MD, Novak N, Bieber T, et al. Interleukin-10 downregulates anti-microbial peptide expression in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 ; 125: 738-745
59. Davidson DJ, Currie AJ, Reid GS, et al. The cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and dendritic cell-induced T cell polarization. J Immunol. 2004 ; 172: 1146-1156
60. Kandler K, Shaykhiev R, Kleemann P, et al. The anti-microbial peptide LL-37 inhibits the activation of dendritic cells by TLR ligands. Int Immunol. 2006 ; 18: 1729-1736
61. Cantorna MT. Mechanisms underlying the effect of vitamin D on the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 ; 69: 286-289
62. Edfeldt K, Liu PT, Chun R, et al. T-cell cytokines differentially control human monocyte antimicrobial responses by regulating vitamin D metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 ; 107: 22593-22598
63. Guy B, Burdin N. New adjuvants for parenteral and mucosal vaccines. Therapie. 2005 ; 60: 235-241
64. Liu YC, Gray RC, Hardy GA, et al. CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit TLR-dependent and -independent induction of type I IFN in dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2010 ; 184: 3367-3376
65. Burdin N Vaccines: frontiers in design and development. Moingeon P, ed. Wymondham: Horizon Bioscience ; 2005: 41-64.
66. Kim D, Rhee JW, Kwon S, et al. Enhancement of immunomodulatory activity by liposome-encapsulated natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA in a human B cell line. BMB Rep. 2010 ; 43: 250-256
67. Schauber J, Dorschner RA, Yamasaki K, et al. Control of the innate epithelial antimicrobial response is cell-type specific and dependent on relevant microenvironmental stimuli. Immunology. 2006 ; 118: 509-519
68. Sherman H, Chapnik N, Froy O. Albumin and amino acids upregulate the expression of human beta-defensin 1. Mol Immunol. 2006 ; 43: 1617-1623
69. Joly S, Organ CC, Johnson GK, et al. Correlation between beta-defensin expression and induction profiles in gingival keratinocytes. Mol Immunol. 2005 ; 42: 1073-1084
70. Saha B, Jyothi Prasanna S, Chandrasekar B, et al. Gene modulation and immunoregulatory roles of interferon gamma. Cytokine. 2010 ; 50: 1-14
71. Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang H, et al. Hypothalamic IKKbeta/NF-kappaB and ER stress link overnutrition to energy imbalance and obesity. Cell. 2008 ; 135: 61-73
72. Kanda N, Watanabe S. Leptin enhances human beta-defensin-2 production in human keratinocytes. Endocrinology. 2008 ; 149: 5189-5198
73. Hiratsuka T, Nakazato M, Date Y, et al. Nucleotide sequence and expression of rat beta-defensin-1: its significance in diabetic rodent models. Nephron. 2001 ; 88: 65-70
74. Barnea M, Madar Z, Froy O. Glucose and insulin are needed for optimal defensin expression in human cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 ; 367: 452-456
75. Lan CC, Wu CS, Huang SM, et al. High glucose environment reduces human beta-defensin 2 expressions in human keratinocytes: Implications for poor diabetic wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2012 ; 166: 1221-1229
76. Lan CC, Wu CS, Huang SM, et al. High-glucose environment inhibits p38 MAPK signaling and reduces human beta-defensin-3 expression in keratinocytes. Mol Med. 2011 ; 17: 771-779
77. Ahmad MS, Krishnan S, Ramakrishna BS, et al. Butyrate and glucose metabolism by colonocytes in experimental colitis in mice. Gut. 2000 ; 46: 493-499
78. Islam D, Bandholtz L, Nilsson J, et al. Downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial DNA as a potential regulator. Nat Med. 2001 ; 7: 180-185
79. Raqib R, Sarker P, Bergman P, et al. Improved outcome in shigellosis associated with butyrate induction of an endogenous peptide antibiotic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006 ; 103: 9178-9183
80. Sarker P, Ahmed S, Tiash S, et al. Phenylbutyrate counteracts Shigella mediated downregulation of cathelicidin in rabbit lung and intestinal epithelia: a potential therapeutic strategy. PLoS One. 2011 ; 6: e20637 - e20637
81. Mondel M, Schroeder BO, Zimmermann K, et al. Probiotic E. coli treatment mediates antimicrobial human beta-defensin synthesis and fecal excretion in humans. Mucosal Immunol. 2009 ; 2: 166-172
82. Lewis K, Lutgendorff F, Phan V, et al. Enhanced translocation of bacteria across metabolically stressed epithelia is reduced by butyrate. Infl Bowel Dis. 2010 ; 16: 1138-1148
83. Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Villarreal-Fernandez E, Cano-Camacho H, et al. Sodium butyrate inhibits Staphylococcus aureus internalization in bovine mammary epithelial cells and induces the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. Microb Pathog. 2009 ; 47: 1-7
84. Steinmann J, Halldorsson S, Agerberth B, et al. Phenylbutyrate induces antimicrobial peptide expression. Antimic Agents Chemother. 2009 ; 53: 5127-5133
85. Boirivant M, Strober W. The mechanism of action of probiotics. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007 ; 23: 679-692
86. Matsumiya T, Imaizumi T, Yoshida H, et al. Antiviral signaling through retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2011 ; 59: 41-48
87. Harder J, Meyer-Hoffert U, Wehkamp K, et al. Differential gene induction of human beta-defensins (hBD-1, -2, -3, and -4) in keratinocytes is inhibited by retinoic acid. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 ; 123: 522-529
88. Morizane S, Yamasaki K, Kabigting FD, et al. Kallikrein expression and cathelicidin processing are independently controlled in keratinocytes by calcium, vitamin D(3), and retinoic acid. J Invest Dermatol. 2010 ; 130: 1297-1306
89. Eissa A, Diamandis EP. Human tissue kallikreins as promiscuous modulators of homeostatic skin barrier functions. Biol Chem. 2008 ; 389: 669-680
90. Wu H, Zhang G, Minton JE, et al. Regulation of cathelicidin gene expression: induction by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-6, retinoic acid, and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection. Infect Immun. 2000 ; 68: 5552-5558
91. An LL, Ma XT, Yang YH, et al. Marked reduction of LL-37/hCAP-18, an antimicrobial peptide, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol. 2005 ; 81: 45-47
92. Zhu BD, Feng Y, Huang N, et al. Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) enhances human beta-defensin-1 gene transcription in human pulmonary gland epithelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2003 ; 24: 907-912
93. Wehkamp J, Schmid M, Fellermann K, et al. Defensin deficiency, intestinal microbes, and the clinical phenotypes of Crohn's disease. J Leukoc Biol. 2005 ; 77: 460-465
94. Schlee M, Harder J, Koten B, et al. Probiotic lactobacilli and VSL#3 induce enterocyte beta-defensin 2. Clin Exp Immunol. 2008 ; 151: 528-535
95. Wehkamp J, Harder J, Wehkamp K, et al. NF-kappaB- and AP-1-mediated induction of human beta defensin-2 in intestinal epithelial cells by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917: a novel effect of a probiotic bacterium. Infect Immun. 2004 ; 72: 5750-5758
96. Schlee M, Wehkamp J, Altenhoefer A, et al. Induction of human beta-defensin 2 by the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is mediated through flagellin. Infect Immun. 2007 ; 75: 2399-2407
97. Brunner R, Jensen-Jarolim E, Pali-Scholl I. The ABC of clinical and experimental adjuvants-a brief overview. Immunol Lett. 2010 ; 128: 29-35
98. Kumar A, Gao N, Standiford TJ, et al. Topical flagellin protects the injured corneas from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Microb Infect. 2010 ; 12: 978-989
99. Yu FS, Cornicelli MD, Kovach MA, et al. Flagellin stimulates protective lung mucosal immunity: role of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide. J Immunol. 2010 ; 185: 1142-1149
100. Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 ; 11: 373-384
101. Ting JP, Duncan JA, Lei Y. How the noninflammasome NLRs function in the innate immune system. Science. 2010 ; 327: 286-290
102. Pedra JH, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS. Sensing pathogens and danger signals by the inflammasome. Curr Opin Immunol. 2009 ; 21: 10-16
103. Wehkamp J, Salzman NH, Porter E, et al. Reduced Paneth cell alpha-defensins in ileal Crohn's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005 ; 102: 18129-18134
104. Fellermann K, Stange DE, Schaeffeler E, et al. A chromosome 8 gene-cluster polymorphism with low human beta-defensin 2 gene copy number predisposes to Crohn disease of the colon. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 ; 79: 439-448
105. Prado-Montes de Oca E, Velarde-Felix JS, Rios-Tostado JJ, et al. SNP 668C (-44) alters a NF-kappaB1 putative binding site in non-coding strand of human beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1) and is associated with lepromatous leprosy. Infect Genet Evol. 2009 ; 9: 617-625
106. Kalus AA, Fredericks LP, Hacker BM, et al. Association of a genetic polymorphism (-44 C/G SNP) in the human DEFB1 gene with expression and inducibility of multiple beta-defensins in gingival keratinocytes. BMC Oral Health. 2009 ; 9: 21-21
107. Yang D, Chertov O, Bykovskaia SN, et al. Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science. 1999 ; 286: 525-528
108. Prado-Montes de Oca E, Garcia-Vargas A, Lozano-Inocencio R, et al. Association of beta-defensin 1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007 ; 142: 211-218
109. Presicce P, Giannelli S, Taddeo A, et al. Human defensins activate monocyte-derived dendritic cells, promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and up-regulate the surface expression of CD91. J Leukoc Biol. 2009 ; 86: 941-948
110. Ryan LK, Dai J, Yin Z, et al. Modulation of human beta-defensin-1 (hBD-1) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), monocytes, and epithelial cells by influenza virus, Herpes simplex virus, and Sendai virus and its possible role in innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol. 2011 ; 90: 343-356
111. Milanese M, Segat L, Pontillo A, et al. DEFB1 gene polymorphisms and increased risk of HIV-1 infection in Brazilian children. AIDS. 2006 ; 20: 1673-1675
112. Segat L, Milanese M, Boniotto M, et al. DEFB-1 genetic polymorphism screening in HIV-1 positive pregnant women and their children. J Matern Fetal Neona. 2006 ; 19: 13-16
113. Sandrin-Garcia P, Brandao L, Guimaraes R, et al. Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Southern Brazilians. Lupus. 2012 ; 21: 625-631
114. Tiszlavicz Z, Szabolcs A, Takacs T, et al. Polymorphisms of beta defensins are associated with the risk of severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2010 ; 10: 483-490
115. Ozturk A, Famili P, Vieira AR. The antimicrobial peptide DEFB1 is associated with caries. J Dental Res. 2010 ; 89: 631-636
116. Kocsis AK, Kiss ZF, Tiszlavicz L, et al. Potential role of human beta-defensin 1 in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009 ; 44: 289-295
117. Kocsis AK, Lakatos PL, Somogyvari F, et al. Association of beta-defensin 1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008 ; 43: 299-307
118. Baroncelli S, Ricci E, Andreotti M, et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human beta-defensin-1 gene in Mozambican HIV-1-infected women and correlation with virologic parameters. AIDS. 2008 ; 22: 1515-1517
119. Tesse R, Cardinale F, Santostasi T, et al. Association of beta-defensin-1 gene polymorphisms with Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway colonization in cystic fibrosis. Genes Immun. 2008 ; 9: 57-60
120. Leung TF, Li CY, Liu EK, et al. Asthma and atopy are associated with DEFB1 polymorphisms in Chinese children. Genes Immun. 2006 ; 7: 59-64
121. Levy H, Raby BA, Lake S, et al. Association of defensin beta-1 gene polymorphisms with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 ; 115: 252-258
122. Jurevic RJ, Bai M, Chadwick RB, et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human beta-defensin 1: high-throughput SNP assays and association with Candida carriage in type I diabetics and nondiabetic controls. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 ; 41: 90-96
123. Braida L, Boniotto M, Pontillo A, et al. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human beta-defensin 1 gene is associated with HIV-1 infection in Italian children. AIDS. 2004 ; 18: 1598-1600
124. D'Aldebert E, Biyeyeme Bi Mve MJ, Mergey M, et al. Bile salts control the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin through nuclear receptors in the human biliary epithelium. Gastroenterology. 2009 ; 136: 1435-1443
125. White JH. Vitamin D as an inducer of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression: past, present and future. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 ; 121: 234-238
126. Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature. 2007 ; 449: 564-569
127. Shirin T, Rahman A, Danielsson A, et al. Antimicrobial peptides in the duodenum at the acute and convalescent stages in patients with diarrhea due to Vibrio cholerae O1 or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Microb Infect. 2011 ; 13: 1111-1120
128. Raqib R, Sarker P, Mily A, et al. Efficacy of sodium butyrate adjunct therapy in shigellosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2012 ; 12: 111-111
129. Fox R. The post-antibiotic era beckons. J R Soc Med. 1996 ; 89: 602-603
130. Abtin A, Eckhart L, Mildner M, et al. Flagellin is the principal inducer of the antimicrobial peptide S100A7c (psoriasin) in human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to Escherichia coli. FASEB J. 2008 ; 22: 2168-2176
131. Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J. 2005 ; 19: 1067-1077
132. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new target for control of the skin's immune response?. Exp Dermatol. 2008 ; 17: 633-639
133. Nestle FO, Di Meglio P, Qin JZ, et al. Skin immune sentinels in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 ; 9: 679-691
134. Mathews M, Jia HP, Guthmiller JM, et al. Production of beta-defensin antimicrobial peptides by the oral mucosa and salivary glands. Infect Immun. 1999 ; 67: 2740-2745
135. Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Nagaoka I. NF-kappa B-mediated transcriptional regulation of human beta-defensin-2 gene following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. J Leukoc Biol. 2002 ; 71: 154-162
136. Kanda N, Ishikawa T, Watanabe S. Prostaglandin D2 induces the production of human beta-defensin-3 in human keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 ; 79: 982-989
137. Kanda N, Watanabe S. Histamine enhances the production of human beta-defensin-2 in human keratinocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 ; 293: C1916 - C1923
138. Ishikawa T, Kanda N, Hau CS, et al. Histamine induces human beta-defensin-3 production in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2009 ; 56: 121-127
139. Fabri M, Stenger S, Shin DM, et al. Vitamin D is required for IFN-gamma-mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. Sci Transl Med. 2011 ; 3: 104ra102-104ra102
140. Morizane S, Yamasaki K, Muhleisen B, et al. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in psoriasis enables keratinocyte reactivity against TLR9 ligands. J Invest Dermatol. 2012 ; 132: 135-143
141. O'Neil DA, Cole SP, Martin-Porter E, et al. Regulation of human beta-defensins by gastric epithelial cells in response to infection with Helicobacter pylori or stimulation with interleukin-1. Infect Immun. 2000 ; 68: 5412-5415
142. Kim YS, Min KS, Lee SI, et al. Effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the expression and regulation of human beta-defensin 2 in human dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2010 ; 36: 64-69
143. Hao HN, Zhao J, Lotoczky G, et al. Induction of human beta-defensin-2 expression in human astrocytes by lipopolysaccharide and cytokines. J Neurochem. 2001 ; 77: 1027-1035
144. Nitschke M, Wiehl S, Baer PC, et al. Bactericidal activity of renal tubular cells: the putative role of human beta-defensins. Exp Nephrol. 2002 ; 10: 332-337
145. Hiroshima Y, Bando M, Kataoka M, et al. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in human gingival keratinocytes by interleukin-1alpha. Arch Oral Biol. 2011 ; 56: 761-767
146. Goo J, Ji JH, Jeon H, et al. Expression of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37 and hBD-2 in nonlesional skin of atopic individuals. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010 ; 27: 341-348
147. Hase K, Eckmann L, Leopard JD, et al. Cell differentiation is a key determinant of cathelicidin LL-37/human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 expression by human colon epithelium. Infect Immun. 2002 ; 70: 953-963
148. Shin JS, Kim CW, Kwon YS, et al. Human beta-defensin 2 is induced by interleukin-1beta in the corneal epithelial cells. Exp Mol Med. 2004 ; 36: 204-210
149. Bajaj-Elliott M, Fedeli P, Smith GV, et al. Modulation of host antimicrobial peptide (beta-defensins 1 and 2) expression during gastritis. Gut. 2002 ; 51: 356-361
150. Harder J, Meyer-Hoffert U, Teran LM, et al. Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta, but not IL-6, induce human beta-defensin-2 in respiratory epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 ; 22: 714-721
151. Kanda N, Ishikawa T, Kamata M, et al. Increased serum leucine, leucine-37 levels in psoriasis: positive and negative feedback loops of leucine, leucine-37 and pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Hum Immunol. 2010 ; 71: 1161-1171
152. Kao CY, Chen Y, Thai P, et al. IL-17 markedly up-regulates beta-defensin-2 expression in human airway epithelium via JAK and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Immunol. 2004 ; 173: 3482-3491
153. Eyerich K, Pennino D, Scarponi C, et al. IL-17 in atopic eczema: linking allergen-specific adaptive and microbial-triggered innate immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 ; 123: 59-66 e54
154. Fahlgren A, Hammarstrom S, Danielsson A, et al. β-Defensin-3 and -4 in intestinal epithelial cells display increased mRNA expression in ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 ; 137: 379-385
155. Garcia JR, Jaumann F, Schulz S, et al. Identification of a novel, multifunctional beta-defensin (human beta-defensin 3) with specific antimicrobial activity. Its interaction with plasma membranes of Xenopus oocytes and the induction of macrophage chemoattraction. Cell Tissue Res. 2001 ; 306: 257-264
156. Petersson S, Bylander A, Yhr M, et al. S100A7 (Psoriasin), highly expressed in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is regulated by IFN-gamma in mammary epithelial cells. BMC Cancer. 2007 ; 7: 205-205
157. McDermott AM, Redfern RL, Zhang B, et al. Defensin expression by the cornea: multiple signalling pathways mediate IL-1beta stimulation of hBD-2 expression by human corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 2003 ; 44: 1859-1865
158. Weizer-Stern O, Adamsky K, Margalit O, et al. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is transcriptionally activated by p53. Br J Haematol. 2007 ; 138: 253-262
159. Scharf S, Hippenstiel S, Flieger A, et al. Induction of human beta-defensin-2 in pulmonary epithelial cells by Legionella pneumophila: involvement of TLR2 and TLR5, p38 MAPK, JNK, NF-kappaB, and AP-1. Amer J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2010 ; 298: L687-695
160. Steubesand N, Kiehne K, Brunke G, et al. The expression of the beta-defensins hBD-2 and hBD-3 is differentially regulated by NF-kappaB and MAPK/AP-1 pathways in an in vitro model of Candida esophagitis. BMC Immunol. 2009 ; 10: 36-36
161. Wehkamp K, Schwichtenberg L, Schroder JM, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa- and IL-1beta-mediated induction of human beta-defensin-2 in keratinocytes is controlled by NF-kappaB and AP-1. J Invest Dermatol. 2006 ; 126: 121-127
162. Witthoft T, Pilz CS, Fellermann K, et al. Enhanced human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) expression by corticosteroids is independent of NF-kappaB in colonic epithelial cells (CaCo2). Dig Dis Sci. 2005 ; 50: 1252-1259
163. Park K, Elias PM, Oda Y, et al. Regulation of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression by an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, vitamin D receptor-independent pathway. J Biol Chem. 2011 ; 286: 34121-34130
164. Mookherjee N, Hamill P, Gardy J, et al. Systems biology evaluation of immune responses induced by human host defence peptide LL-37 in mononuclear cells. Mol Biosyst. 2009 ; 5: 483-496
165. Sherman H, Froy O. Expression of human beta-defensin 1 is regulated via c-Myc and the biological clock. Mol Immunol. 2008 ; 45: 3163-3167
166. Chung B, Matak P, McKie AT, et al. Leptin increases the expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin in HuH7 human hepatoma cells. J Nutr. 2007 ; 137: 2366-2370
167. Han JH, Kim MS, Lee MY, et al. Modulation of human beta-defensin-2 expression by 17beta-estradiol and progesterone in vaginal epithelial cells. Cytokine. 2010 ; 49: 209-214
168. Imamura Y, Fujigaki Y, Oomori Y, et al. Transcriptional regulation of the salivary histatin gene: finding of a strong positive regulatory element and its binding protein. J Biochem. 2009 ; 145: 279-288
169. Yin L, Chung WO. Epigenetic regulation of human beta-defensin 2 and CC chemokine ligand 20 expression in gingival epithelial cells in response to oral bacteria. Mucosal Immunol. 2011 ; 4: 409-419
170. Termen S, Tollin M, Rodriguez E, et al. PU.1 and bacterial metabolites regulate the human gene CAMP encoding antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in colon epithelial cells. Mol Immunol. 2008 ; 45: 3947-3955
171. Nakatsuji T, Kao MC, Zhang L, et al. Sebum free fatty acids enhance the innate immune defense of human sebocytes by upregulating beta-defensin-2 expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2010 ; 130: 985-994
172. Guani-Guerra E, Negrete-Garcia MC, Montes-Vizuet R, et al. Human beta-defensin-2 induction in nasal mucosa after administration of bacterial lysates. Arch Med Res. 2011 ; 42: 189-194
173. Garcia-Lopez G, Flores-Espinosa P, Zaga-Clavellina V. Tissue-specific human beta-defensins (HBD)1, HBD2, and HBD3 secretion from human extra-placental membranes stimulated with Escherichia coli. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010 ; 8: 146-146
174. Otte JM, Neumann HM, Brand S, et al. Expression of beta-defensin 4 is increased in human gastritis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009 ; 39: 126-138
175. Chakraborty K, Ghosh S, Koley H, et al. Bacterial exotoxins downregulate cathelicidin (hCAP-18/LL-37) and human beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1) expression in the intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol. 2008 ; 10: 2520-2537
176. Kraemer BF, Campbell RA, Schwertz H, et al. Novel anti-bacterial activities of beta-defensin 1 in human platelets: suppression of pathogen growth and signaling of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. PLoS Pathog. 2011 ; 7: e1002355 - e1002355
177. Birchler T, Seibl R, Buchner K, et al. Human Toll-like receptor 2 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 2 in response to bacterial lipoprotein. Eur J Immunol. 2001 ; 31: 3131-3137
178. Shuyi Y, Feng W, Jing T, et al. Human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) upregulated by LPS via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways to enhance lymphatic invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011 ; 112: 616-625
179. Mineshiba J, Myokai F, Mineshiba F, et al. Transcriptional regulation of beta-defensin-2 by lipopolysaccharide in cultured human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005 ; 45: 37-44
180. Pivarcsi A, Nagy I, Koreck A, et al. Microbial compounds induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and human beta-defensin-2 in vaginal epithelial cells. Microbes Infect. 2005 ; 7: 1117-1127
181. Vora P, Youdim A, Thomas LS, et al. Beta-defensin-2 expression is regulated by TLR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol. 2004 ; 173: 5398-5405
182. Chadebech P, Goidin D, Jacquet C, et al. Use of human reconstructed epidermis to analyze the regulation of beta-defensin hBD-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 expression in response to LPS. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2003 ; 19: 313-324
183. Tomita T, Nagase T, Ohga E, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying human beta-defensin-2 gene expression in a human airway cell line (LC2/ad). Respirology. 2002 ; 7: 305-310
184. Pioli PA, Weaver LK, Schaefer TM, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1 beta production by human uterine macrophages up-regulates uterine epithelial cell expression of human beta-defensin 2. J Immunol. 2006 ; 176: 6647-6655
185. Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Kis K, et al. Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. Microb Infect. 2006 ; 8: 2195-2205
186. Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Nagaoka I. Modulation of human beta-defensin-2 transcription in pulmonary epithelial cells by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mononuclear phagocytes via proinflammatory cytokine production. J Immunol. 2003 ; 170: 4226-4236
187. Becker MN, Diamond G, Verghese MW, et al. CD14-dependent lipopolysaccharide-induced beta-defensin-2 expression in human tracheobronchial epithelium. J Biol Chem. 2000 ; 275: 29731-29736
188. Lu Q, Darveau RP, Samaranayake LP, et al. Differential modulation of human {beta}-defensins expression in human gingival epithelia by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide with tetra- and penta-acylated lipid A structures. Innate immunity. 2009 ; 15: 325-335
189. Duits LA, Ravensbergen B, Rademaker M, et al. Expression of beta-defensin 1 and 2 mRNA by human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Immunology. 2002 ; 106: 517-525
190. Gao N, Kumar A, Jyot J, et al. Flagellin-induced corneal antimicrobial peptide production and wound repair involve a novel NF-kappaB-independent and EGFR-dependent pathway. PLoS One. 2010 ; 5: e9351 - e9351
191. Gerstel U, Czapp M, Bartels J, et al. Rhamnolipid-induced shedding of flagellin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa provokes hBD-2 and IL-8 response in human keratinocytes. Cell Microbiol. 2009 ; 11: 842-853
192. Khan MA, Bouzari S, Ma C, et al. Flagellin-dependent and -independent inflammatory responses following infection by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium. Infect Immun. 2008 ; 76: 1410-1422
193. Ogushi K, Wada A, Niidome T, et al. Salmonella enteritidis FliC (flagella filament protein) induces human beta-defensin-2 mRNA production by Caco-2 cells. J Biol Chem. 2001 ; 276: 30521-30526
194. Meyer-Hoffert U, Zimmermann A, Czapp M, et al. Flagellin delivery by Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids induces the antimicrobial protein psoriasin in human skin. PLoS One. 2011 ; 6: e16433 - e16433
195. Fazliana M, Ramos NL, Luthje P, et al. Labisia pumila var. alata reduces bacterial load by inducing uroepithelial cell apoptosis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 ; 136: 111-116
196. Hostanska K, Melzer J, Amon A, et al. Suppression of interleukin (IL)-8 and human beta defensin-2 secretion in LPS-and/or IL-1beta-stimulated airway epithelial A549 cells by a herbal formulation against respiratory infections (BNO 1030). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 ; 134: 228-233
197. Ooi EH, Wormald PJ, Carney AS, et al. Fungal allergens induce cathelicidin LL-37 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis patients in a nasal explant model. Amer J Rhinol. 2007 ; 21: 367-372
198. Mendez-Samperio P, Miranda E, Trejo A. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) stimulates human beta-defensin-2 gene transcription in human epithelial cells. Cell Immunol. 2006 ; 239: 61-66
199. Sow FB, Nandakumar S, Velu V, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis components stimulate production of the antimicrobial peptide hepcidin. Tuberculosis. 2011 ; 91: 314-321
200. Alp S, Skrygan M, Schlottmann R, et al. Expression of beta-defensin 1 and 2 in nasal epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected patients. Eur J Med Res. 2005 ; 10: 1-6
201. Weinberg A, Quinones-Mateu ME, Lederman MM. Role of human beta-defensins in HIV infection. Adv Dent Res. 2006 ; 19: 42-48
202. Nittayananta W, Hladik F, Klausner M, et al. HIV type 1 fails to trigger innate immune factor synthesis in differentiated oral epithelium. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2009 ; 25: 1013-1021
203. Johansson J, Gudmundsson GH, Rottenberg ME, et al. Conformation-dependent antibacterial activity of the naturally occurring human peptide LL-37. J Biol Chem. 1998 ; 273: 3718-3724
204. Glaser R, Harder J, Lange H, et al. Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection. Nat Immunol. 2005 ; 6: 57-64
205. Mildner M, Stichenwirth M, Abtin A, et al. Psoriasin (S100A7) is a major Escherichia coli-cidal factor of the female genital tract. Mucosal Immunol. 2010 ; 3: 602-609
206. Pazgier M, Hoover DM, Yang D, et al. Human beta-defensins. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006 ; 63: 1294-1313
207. Huang LC, Jean D, Proske RJ, et al. Ocular surface expression and in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides. Curr Eye Res. 2007 ; 32: 595-609
208. Gordon YJ, Huang LC, Romanowski EG, et al. Human cathelicidin (LL-37), a multifunctional peptide, is expressed by ocular surface epithelia and has potent antibacterial and antiviral activity. Curr Eye Res. 2005 ; 30: 385-394
209. Smeianov V, Scott K, Reid G. Activity of cecropin P1 and FA-LL-37 against urogenital microflora. Microb Infect. 2000 ; 2: 773-777
210. Dean SN, Bishop BM, van Hoek ML. Natural and synthetic cathelicidin peptides with anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol. 2011 ; 11: 114-114
211. Tohidnezhad M, Varoga D, Podschun R, et al. Thrombocytes are effectors of the innate immune system releasing human beta defensin-3. Injury. 2011 ; 42: 682-686
212. Felgentreff K, Beisswenger C, Griese M, et al. The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin interacts with airway mucus. Peptides. 2006 ; 27: 3100-3106
213. Krishnakumari V, Rangaraj N, Nagaraj R. Antifungal activities of human beta-defensins HBD-1 to HBD-3 and their C-terminal analogs Phd1 to Phd3. Antimic Agents Chem. 2009 ; 53: 256-260
214. Bergman P, Walter-Jallow L, Broliden K, et al. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 inhibits HIV-1 replication. Curr HIV Res. 2007 ; 5: 410-415