Physicochemical strategies for inhibition of amyloid fibril formation: An overview of recent advances

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 19, Issue 24, 2012, Pages 4157-4174

  Liu, R ^a   Su, R ^a   Liang, M ^a   Huang, R ^a   Wang, M ^a   Qi, W ^a   He, Z ^a  

^a TIANJIN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Amyloid inhibition; Amyloid related disease; Assembly; Biomolecule; Fibril; Hydrostatic pressure; Laser irradiation; Metal chelator; Nanomaterial; Nucleic acid; Peptide; Polyphenols; Protein; Protein aggregation; Saccharide

Indexed keywords

4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; AMENTOFLAVONE; AMYLOID; APIGENIN; CATECHIN; CROCETIN; CURCUMIN; DAIDZEIN; DELPHINIDIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; EQUOL; FISETIN; GENISTEIN; GENISTIN; HEME; HEMIN; INSULIN; MALVIDIN CHLORIDE; MEVINOLIN; MYRICETIN; NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID; OLEIC ACID; PRION PROTEIN; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; QUERCETIN; RESVERATROL; RIFAMPICIN; TANNIN; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTICLE; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; LASER; LOW TEMPERATURE; OLIGOMERIZATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN STABILITY; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; THERMOSTABILITY;

AMYLOID; CHELATING AGENTS; COLD TEMPERATURE; COUMARINS; HUMANS; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; LASERS; NANOPARTICLES; NUCLEIC ACIDS; PEPTIDES; SMALL MOLECULE LIBRARIES; TREHALOSE;

EID: 84866640341     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986712802430018     Document Type: Article

References (202)

1. Matasci, M.; Hacker, D.L.; Baldi, L.; Wurm, F.M. Recombinant therapeutic protein production in cultivated mammalian cells: current status and future prospects. Drug Discov. Today, 2008, 5, e37-e42.
2. Graumann, K.; Premstaller, A. Manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins in microbial systems. Biotechnol. J., 2006, 1, 164-186.
3. Dingermann, T. Recombinant therapeutic proteins: production platforms and challenges. Biotechnol. J., 2008, 3, 90-97.
4. Mahler, H.C.; Friess, W.; Grauschopf, U.; Kiese, S. Protein aggregation: pathways, induction factors and analysis. J. Pharm. Sci., 2009, 98, 2909-2934.
5. Chi, E.Y.; Krishnan, S.; Randolph, T.W.; Carpenter, J.F. Physical stability of proteins in aqueous solution: mechanism and driving forces in nonnative protein aggregation. Pharm. Res., 2003, 20, 1325-1336.
6. Rosenberg, A.S. Effects of protein aggregates: an immunologic perspective. AAPS J., 2006, 8, E501-507.
7. Jansen, R.; Grudzielanek, S.; Dzwolak, W.; Winter, R. High pressure promotes circularly shaped insulin amyloid. J. Mol. Biol., 2004, 338, 203-206.
8. Manno, M.; Craparo, E.F.; Martorana, V.; Bulone, D.; San Biagio, P.L. Kinetics of insulin aggregation: disentanglement of amyloid fibrillation from large-size cluster formation. Biophys. J., 2006, 90, 4585-4591.
9. Malik, R.; Roy, I. Probing the mechanism of insulin aggregation during agitation. Int. J. Pharm., 2011, 413, 73-80.
10. Mukovozov, I.; Sabijic, T.; Hortelano, G.; Ofosu, F.A. Factors that contribute to the immmunogenicity of therapeutic recombinant human proteins. Thromb. Haemost., 2008, 99, 874-882.
11. Rambaran, R.N.; Serpell, L.C. Amyloid fibrils: abnormal protein assembly. Prion, 2008, 2, 112.
12. DeToma, A.S.; Salamekh, S.; Ramamoorthy, A.; Lim, M.H. Misfolded proteins in Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 608-621.
13. Dobson, C.M. The structural basis of protein folding and its links with human disease. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 2001, 356, 133-145.
14. Stromer, T.; Serpell, L.C. Structure and morphology of the Alzheimer's amyloid fibril. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2005, 67, 210-217.
15. Kumar, S.; Udgaonkar, J.B. Mechanisms of amyloid fibril formation by proteins. Curr. Sci, 2010, 98, 639-656.
16. Chiti, F.; Dobson, C.M. Protein misfolding, functional amyloid, and human disease. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2006, 75, 333-366.
17. Chiti, F.; Webster, P.; Taddei, N.; Clark, A.; Stefani, M.; Ramponi, G.; Dobson, C.M. Designing conditions for in vitro formation of amyloid protofilaments and fibrils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1999, 96, 3590-3594.
18. Nielsen, L.; Khurana, R.; Coats, A.; Frokjaer, S.; Brange, J.; Vyas, S.; Uversky, V.N.; Fink, A.L. Effect of environmental factors on the kinetics of insulin fibril formation: elucidation of the molecular mechanism. Biochemistry, 2001, 40, 6036-6046.
19. Bemporad, F.; Calloni, G.; Campioni, S.; Plakoutsi, G.; Taddei, N.; Chiti, F. Sequence and structural determinants of amyloid fibril formation. Accounts Chem. Res., 2006, 39, 620-627.
20. White, A.R.; Enever, P.; Tayebi, M.; Mushens, R.; Linehan, J.; Brandner, S.; Anstee, D.; Collinge, J.; Hawke, S. Monoclonal antibodies inhibit prion replication and delay the development of prion disease. Nature, 2003, 422, 80-83.
21. Frieden, C. Protein aggregation processes: in search of the mechanism. Protein Sci., 2007, 16, 2334-2344.
22. Zerovnik, E.; Stoka, V.; Mirtic, A.; Guncar, G.; Grdadolnik, J.; Staniforth, R.A.; Turk, D.; Turk, V. Mechanisms of amyloid fibril formation -focus on domain-swapping. FEBS J., 2011, 278, 2263-2282.
23. Wang, W. Protein aggregation and its inhibition in biopharmaceutics. Int. J. Pharm., 2005, 289, 1-30.
24. Porat, Y.; Abramowitz, A.; Gazit, E. Inhibition of amyloid fibril formation by polyphenols: structural similarity and aromatic interactions as a common inhibition mechanism. Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 2006, 67, 27-37.
25. Wang, S.S.S.; Wu, J.W.; Yamamoto, S.; Liu, H.S. Diseases of protein aggregation and the hunt for potential pharmacological agents. Biotechnol. J., 2008, 3, 165-192.
26. Meersman, F.; Smeller, L.; Heremans, K. Protein stability and dynamics in the pressure-temperature plane. BBA-Proteins Proteomics, 2006, 1764, 346-354.
27. Meersman, F.; Dobson, C.M.; Heremans, K. Protein unfolding, amyloid fibril formation and configurational energy landscapes under high pressure conditions. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, 35, 908-917.
28. Mishra, R.; Winter, R. Cold-and pressure-induced dissociation of protein aggregates and amyloid fibrils. Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 2008, 47, 6518-6521.
29. Winter, R.; Lopes, D.; Grudzielanek, S.; Vogtt, K. Towards an understanding of the temperature/pressure configurational and free-energy landscape of biomolecules. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 2007, 32, 41-97.
30. Rivalain, N.; Roquain, J.; Demazeau, G. Development of high hydrostatic pressure in biosciences: pressure effect on biological structures and potential applications in Biotechnologies. Biotechnol. Adv., 2010, 28, 659-672.
31. Torrent, J.; Alvarez-Martinez, M.T.; Harricane, M.C.; Heitz, F.; Liautard, J.P.; Balny, C.; Lange, R. High pressure induces scrapie-like prion protein misfolding and amyloid fibril formation. Biochemistry, 2004, 43, 7162-7170.
32. Silva, J.L.; Foguel, D.; Royer, C.A. Pressure provides new insights into protein folding, dynamics and structure. Trends Biochem.Sci., 2001, 26, 612-618.
33. Boonyaratanakornkit, B.B.; Park, C.B.; Clark, D.S. Pressure effects on intraand intermolecular interactions within proteins. BBA-Protein Struct. Mol. Enzymol., 2002, 1595, 235-249.
34. Foguel, D.; Suarez, M.C.; Ferrão-Gonzales, A.D.; Porto, T.C.R.; Palmieri, L.; Einsiedler, C.M.; Andrade, L.R.; Lashuel, H.A.; Lansbury, P.T.; Kelly, J.W. Dissociation of amyloid fibrils of-synuclein and transthyretin by pressure reveals their reversible nature and the formation of water-excluded cavities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2003, 100, 9831-9836.
35. Kim, H.Y.; Cho, M.K.; Riedel, D.; Fernandez, C.O.; Zweckstetter, M. Dissociation of amyloid fibrils of alpha-synuclein in supercooled water. Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 2008, 47, 5046-5048.
36. Silva, J.L.; Cordeiro, Y.; Foguel, D. Protein folding and aggregation: two sides of the same coin in the condensation of proteins revealed by pressure studies. BBA-Proteins Proteomics, 2006, 1764, 443-451.
37. Dirix, C.; Meersman, F.; MacPhee, C.E.; Dobson, C.M.; Heremans, K. High hydrostatic pressure dissociates early aggregates of TTR105-115, but not the mature amyloid fibrils. J. Mol. Biol., 2005, 347, 903-909.
38. Martins, S.M.; Chapeaurouge, A.; Ferreira, R.T. Folding intermediates of the prion protein stabilized by hydrostatic pressure and low temperature. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 50449-50455.
39. Grudzielanek, S.; Smirnovas, V.; Winter, R. Solvation-assisted pressure tuning of insulin fibrillation: from novel aggregation pathways to biotechnological applications. J. Mol. Biol., 2006, 356, 497-509.
40. Steiner, R. New laser technology and future applications. Medical Laser Application, 2006, 21, 131-140.
41. Ozawa, D.; Yagi, H.; Ban, T.; Kameda, A.; Kawakami, T.; Naiki, H.; Goto, Y. Destruction of amyloid fibrils of a beta2-microglobulin fragment by laser beam irradiation. J. Biol. Chem., 2009, 284, 1009-1017.
42. Liu, R.; Su, R.X.; Qi, W.; He, Z.M. Photo-induced inhibition of insulin amyloid fibrillation on online laser measurement. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2011, 409, 229-234.
43. Yagi, H.; Ozawa, D.; Sakurai, K.; Kawakami, T.; Kuyama, H.; Nishimura, O.; Shimanouchi, T.; Kuboi, R.; Naiki, H.; Goto, Y. Laser-induced propagation and destruction of amyloid beta fibrils. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285, 19660-19667.
44. Ozawa, D.; Kaji, Y.; Yagi, H.; Sakurai, K.; Kawakami, T.; Naiki, H.; Goto, Y. Destruction of amyloid fibrils of keratoepithelin peptides by laser irradiation coupled with amyloid-specific thioflavin. J. Biol. Chem., 2011, 286, 10856-10863.
45. Ishida, Y.; Fujii, T.; Oka, K.; Takahashi, D.; Toshima, K. Inhibition of amyloid beta aggregation and cytotoxicity by photodegradation using a designed fullerene derivative. Chem.-Asian J., 2011, 6, 2312-2315.
46. Re, F.; Airoldi, C.; Zona, C.; Masserini, M.; La Ferla, B.; Quattrocchi, N.; Nicotra, F. Beta amyloid aggregation inhibitors: small molecules as candidate drugs for therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Med. Chem., 2010, 17, 2990-3006.
47. Sinha, S.; Du, Z.; Maiti, P.; Klarner, F.G.; Schrader, T.; Wang, C.; Bitan, G. Comparison of three amyloid assembly inhibitors: the sugar scyllo-inositol, the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate, and the molecular tweezer CLR01. ACS Chem. Neurosci., 2012, 3, 451-458.
48. Kang, I.J.; Jeon, Y.E.; Yin, X.F.; Nam, J.S.; You, S.G.; Hong, M.S.; Jang, B.G.; Kim, M.J. Butanol extract of Ecklonia cava prevents production and aggregation of beta-amyloid, and reduces beta-amyloid mediated neuronal death. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2011, 49, 2252-2259.
49. Levy, M.; Porat, Y.; Bacharach, E.; Shalev, D.E.; Gazit, E. Phenolsulfonphthalein, but not phenolphthalein, inhibits amyloid fibril formation: implications for the modulation of amyloid self-assembly. Biochemistry, 2008, 47, 5896-5904.
50. Li, J.; Zhu, M.; Rajamani, S.; Uversky, V.N.; Fink, A.L. Rifampicin inhibits alpha-synuclein fibrillation and disaggregates fibrils. Chem. Biol., 2004, 11, 1513-1521.
51. Lieu, V.H.; Wu, J.W.; Wang, S.S.S.; Wu, C.H. Inhibition of amyloid fibrillization of hen egg-white lysozymes by rifampicin and p-benzoquinone. Biotechnol. Prog., 2007, 23, 698-706.
52. Ferreira, N.; Saraiva, M.J.; Almeida, M.R. Natural polyphenols inhibit different steps of the process of transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibril formation. FEBS Lett., 2011, 585, 2424-2430.
53. Liu, Y.Q.; Ho, L.H.; Carver, J.A.; Pukala, T.L. Ion mobility mass spectrometry studies of the inhibition of alpha synuclein amyloid fibril formation by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Aust. J. Chem., 2011, 64, 36-40.
54. Harvey, B.S.; Musgrave, I.F.; Ohlsson, K.S.; Fransson, Å.; Smid, S.D. The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits amyloid-evoked fibril formation and neuronal cell death in vitro. Food Chem., 2011, 129, 1729-1736.
55. Meng, F.L.; Abedini, A.; Plesner, A.; Verchere, C.B.; Raleigh, D.P. The flavanol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate inhibits amyloid formation by islet amyloid polypeptide, disaggregates amyloid fibrils, and protects cultured cells against IAPP-induced toxicity. Biochemistry, 2010, 49, 8127-8133.
56. Levy-Sakin, M.; Shreberk, M.; Daniel, Y.; Gazit, E. Targeting insulin amyloid assembly by small aromatic molecules Toward rational design of aggregation inhibitors. Islets, 2009, 1, 210-215.
57. Torok, M.; Abid, M.; Mhadgut, S.C.; Torok, B. Organofluorine inhibitors of amyloid fibrillogenesis. Biochemistry, 2006, 45, 5377-5383.
58. Bratkovic, H. Curcumin binds to the alpha-helical intermediate and to the amyloid form of prion protein -a new mechanism for the inhibition of PrP(Sc) accumulation. J. Neurochem., 2008, 106, 2524-2524.
59. Moss, M.A.; Varvel, N.H.; Nichols, M.R.; Reed, D.K.; Rosenberry, T.L. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid does not disaggregate beta-amyloid (1-40) protofibrils but does inhibit frowth arising from direct protofibril association. Mol. Pharmacol., 2004, 66, 592-600.
60. Jiang, P.; Li, W.F.; Shea, J.E.; Mu, Y.G. Resveratrol inhibits the formation of multiple-layered beta-sheet oligomers of the human islet amyloid polypeptide segment 22-27. Biophys. J., 2011, 100, 2076-2076.
61. Feng, Y.; Wang, X.; Yang, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Du, X.; Sun, X.; Zhao, M.; Huang, L.; Liu, R. Resveratrol inhibits beta-amyloid oligomeric cytotoxicity but does not prevent oligomer formation. Neurotoxicology, 2009, 30, 986-995.
62. Jang, M.H.; Piao, X.L.; Kim, J.M.; Kwon, S.W.; Park, J.H. Inhibition of cholinesterase and amyloid-beta aggregation by resveratrol oligomers from Vitis amurensis. Phytother. Res., 2008, 22, 544-549.
63. Mishra, R.; Sellin, D.; Radovan, D.; Gohlke, A.; Winter, R. Inhibiting islet amyloid polypeptide fibril formation by the red wine compound resveratrol. ChemBioChem, 2009, 10, 445-449.
64. Riviere, C.; Richard, T.; Quentin, L.; Krisa, S.; Merillon, J.M.; Monti, J.P. Inhibitory activity of stilbenes on Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2007, 15, 1160-1167.
65. Kim, H.; Park, B.S.; Lee, K.G.; Choi, C.Y.; Jang, S.S.; Kim, Y.H.; Lee, S.E. Effects of naturally occurring compounds on fibril formation and oxidative stress of beta-amyloid. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 8537-8541.
66. Abe, K.; Ushikubo, H.; Watanabe, S.; Hiza, A.; Ogawa, T.; Asakawa, T.; Kan, T.; Akaishi, T. Inhibitory effects of synthetic fisetin analogs on fibril formation of amyloid beta protein. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2011, 115, 246-246.
67. Akaishi, T.; Morimoto, T.; Shibao, M.; Watanabe, S.; Sakai-Kato, K.; Utsunomiya-Tate, N.; Abe, K. Structural requirements for the flavonoid fisetin in inhibiting fibril formation of amyloid beta protein. Neurosci. Lett., 2008, 444, 280-285.
68. Green, N.S.; Foss, T.R.; Kelly, J.W. Genistein, a natural product from soy, is a potent inhibitor of transthyretin amyloidosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2005, 102, 14545-14550.
69. Henry-Vitrac, C.; Berbille, H.; Merillon, J.M.; Vitrac, X. Soy isoflavones as potential inhibitors of Alzheimer beta-amyloid fibril aggregation in vitro. Food Res. Int., 2010, 43, 2176-2178.
70. Riviere, C.; Richard, T.; Vitrac, X.; Merillon, J.M.; Valls, J.; Monti, J.P. New polyphenols active on beta-amyloid aggregation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2008, 18, 828-831.
71. Wang, J.; Gines, S.; MacDonald, M.E.; Gusella, J.F. Reversal of a full-length mutant huntingtin neuronal cell phenotype by chemical inhibitors of polyglutamine-mediated aggregation. BMC Neurosci., 2005, 6, 1.
72. Vu, T.H.; Shimanouchi, T.; Shimauchi, N.; Yagi, H.; Umakoshi, H.; Goto, Y.; Kuboi, R. Catechol derivatives inhibit the fibril formation of amyloidbeta peptides. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 2010, 109, 629-634.
73. He, L.; Zhao, H.L.; Li, X.L.; Sui, Y.; Tong, P.C.; Chan, J.C. Green tab epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents oligomer formation of human islet amyloid polypeptide. Diabetes, 2009, 58, 620-620.
74. Thapa, A.; Woo, E.R.; Chi, E.Y.; Sharoar, M.G.; Jin, H.G.; Shin, S.Y.; Park, I.S. Biflavonoids are superior to monoflavonoids in inhibiting amyloid-beta toxicity and fibrillogenesis via accumulation of nontoxic oligomer-like structures. Biochemistry, 2011, 50, 2445-2455.
75. Soto-Ortega, D.D.; Murphy, B.P.; Gonzalez-Velasquez, F.J.; Wilson, K.A.; Xie, F.; Wang, Q.A.; Moss, M.A. Inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation by coumarin analogs can be manipulated by functionalization of the aromatic center. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2011, 19, 2596-2602.
76. Howlett, D.; Cutler, P.; Heales, S.; Camilleri, P. Hemin and related porphyrins inhibit beta-amyloid aggregation. FEBS Lett., 1997, 417, 249-251.
77. Atamna, H. Heme binding to amyloid-beta peptide: mechanistic role in Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2006, 10, 255-266.
78. Lamberto, G.R.; Torres-Monserrat, V.; Bertoncini, C.W.; Salvatella, X.; Zweckstetter, M.; Griesinger, C.; Fernandez, C.O. Toward the discovery of effective polycyclic inhibitors of alpha-synuclein amyloid assembly. J. Biol. Chem., 2011, 286, 32036-32044.
79. Lamberto, G.R.; Binolfi, A.; Orcellet, M.L.; Bertoncini, C.W.; Zweckstetter, M.; Griesinger, C.; Fernandez, C.O. Structural and mechanistic basis behind the inhibitory interaction of PcTS on alpha-synuclein amyloid fibril formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2009, 106, 21057-21062.
80. Kim, J.; Harada, R.; Kobayashi, M.; Kobayashi, N.; Sode, K. The inhibitory effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone on the amyloid formation and cytotoxicity of truncated alpha-synuclein. Mol. Neurodegener., 2010, 5, 20-31.
81. Shi, A.; Huang, L.; Lu, C.; He, F.; Li, X. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of novel triazole-containing berberine derivatives as acetylcholinesterase and beta-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Bioorgan. Med. Chem., 2011, 19, 2298-2305.
82. Sood, A.; Abid, M.; Hailemichael, S.; Foster, M.; Torok, B.; Torok, M. Effect of chirality of small molecule organofluorine inhibitors of amyloid self-assembly on inhibitor potency. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2009, 19, 6931-6934.
83. Reinke, A.A.; Seh, H.Y.; Gestwicki, J.E. A chemical screening approach reveals that indole fluorescence is quenched by pre-fibrillar but not fibrillar amyloid-beta. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2009, 19, 4952-4957.
84. Morshedi, D.; Rezaei-Ghaleh, N.; Ebrahim-Habibi, A.; Ghasemi, A.; Ahmadian, S.; Nemat-Gorganil, M. Inhibition of amyloid fibrillation of lysozyme by indole derivatives. FEBS J., 2007, 274-275.
85. Bendheim, P.E.; Poeggeler, B.; Neria, E.; Ziv, V.; Pappolla, M.A.; Chain, D.G. Development of indole-3-propionic acid (OXIGON (TM)) for Alzheimer's disease. J. Mol. Neurosci., 2002, 19, 213-217.
86. Cohen, T.; Frydman-Marom, A.; Rechter, M.; Gazit, E. Inhibition of amyloid fibril formation and cytotoxicity by hydroxyindole derivatives. Biochemistry, 2006, 45, 4727-4735.
87. Campagna, F.; Catto, M.; Purgatorio, R.; Altomare, C.D.; Carotti, A.; De Stradis, A.; Palazzo, G. Synthesis and biophysical evaluation of arylhydrazono-1H-2-indolinones as beta-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2011, 46, 275-284.
88. Howlett, D.R.; George, A.R.; Owen, D.E.; Ward, R.V.; Markwell, R.E. Common structural features determine the effectiveness of carvedilol, daunomycin and rolitetracycline as inhibitors of Alzheimer beta-amyloid fibril formation. Biochem. J., 1999, 343, 419-423.
89. Saengkhae, C.; Salerno, M.; Ades, D.; Siove, A.; Le Moyec, L.; Migonney, V.; Garnier-Suillerot, A. Ability of carbazole salts, inhibitors of Alzheimer beta-amyloid fibril formation, to cross cellular membranes. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 559, 124-131.
90. Lee, Y.R.; Kim, D.J.; Mook-Jung, I.; Yoo, K.H. Synthesis of Thia(oxa)zolopyridines and their inhibitory activities for beta-amyloid fibrillization. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 2008, 29, 2331-2336.
91. Mathura, V.S.; Patel, N.; Bachmeier, C.; Mullan, M.; Paris, D. A 3D-QSAR model based screen for dihydropyridine-like compound library to identify inhibitors of amyloid beta (Abeta) production. Bioinformation, 2010, 5, 122-127.
92. Dolphin, G.T.; Renaudet, O.; Ouberai, M.; Dumy, P.; Garcia, J.; Reymond, J. L. Phenolic oxime oligomers inhibit Alzheimer's amyloid fibril formation and disaggregate fibrils in vitro. ChemBioChem, 2009, 10, 1325-1329.
93. Hong, H.S.; Rana, S.; Barrigan, L.; Shi, A.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, F.; Jin, L.W.; Hua, D.H. Inhibition of Alzheimer's amyloid toxicity with a tricyclic pyrone molecule in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurochem., 2009, 108, 1097-1108.
94. Simons, L.J.; Caprathe, B.W.; Callahan, M.; Graham, J.M.; Kimura, T.; Lai, Y.J.; LeVine, H.; Lipinski, W.; Sakkab, A.T.; Tasaki, Y.; Walker, L.C.; Yasunaga, T.; Ye, Y.Y.; Zhuang, N.; Augelli-Szafran, C.E. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of substituted N-phenyl anthranilic acid analogs as amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2009, 19, 654-657.
95. Familian, A.; Boshuizen, R.S.; Eikelenboom, P.; Veerhuis, R. Inhibitory effect of minocycline on amyloid beta fibril formation and human microglial activation. Glia, 2006, 53, 233-240.
96. Malmo, C.; Vilasi, S.; Iannuzzi, C.; Tacchi, S.; Cametti, C.; Irace, G.; Sirangelo, I. Tetracycline inhibits W7FW14F apomyoglobin fibril extension and keeps the amyloid protein in a pre-fibrillar, highly cytotoxic state. Faseb J., 2006, 20, 346-347.
97. Dolphin, G.T.; Chierici, S.; Ouberai, M.; Dumy, P.; Garcia, J. A multimeric quinacrine conjugate as a potential inhibitor of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibril formation. ChemBioChem, 2008, 9, 952-963.
98. van der Hilst, J.C.H.; Kluve-Beckerman, B.; Bodar, E.J.; van der Meer, J.W.M.; Drenth, J.P.H.; Simon, A. Lovastatin inhibits formation of AA amyloid. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2008, 83, 1295-1299.
99. Matharu, B.; Gibson, G.; Parsons, R.; Huckerby, T.N.; Moore, S.A.; Cooper, L.J.; Millichamp, R.; Allsop, D.; Austen, B. Galantamine inhibits betaamyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity. J. Neurol. Sci., 2009, 280, 49-58.
100. Ahn, J.H.; Hu, Y.; Hernandez, M.; Kim, J.R. Crocetin inhibits beta-amyloid fibrillization and stabilizes beta-amyloid oligomers. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2011, 414, 79-83.
101. Lorenzo, A.; Yankner, B.A. Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibril formation and is inhibited by congo red. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1994, 91, 12243-12247.
102. Frid, P.; Anisimov, S.V.; Popovic, N. Congo red and protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. Rev., 2007, 53, 135-160.
103. Feng, B.Y.; Toyama, B.H.; Wille, H.; Colby, D.W.; Collins, S.R.; May, B.C.H.; Prusiner, S.B.; Weissman, J.; Shoichet, B.K. Small-molecule aggregates inhibit amyloid polymerization. Nat. Chem. Biol., 2008, 4, 197-199.
104. Han, M.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, B.; Qiao, J.P.; Lu, W.D.; Zhu, Y.Y.; Wang, Y.Y.; Zhao, C.Q. Salvianic borneol ester reduces beta-amyloid oligomers and prevents cytotoxicity. Pharm. Biol., 2011, 49, 1008-1013.
105. Zhou, Y.; Jiang, C.Y.; Zhang, Y.P.; Liang, Z.J.; Liu, W.F.; Wang, L.F.; Luo, C.; Zhong, T.T.; Sun, Y.; Zhao, L.X.; Xie, X.; Jiang, H.L.; Zhou, N.M.; Liu, D.X.; Liu, H. Structural optimization and biological evaluation of substituted Bisphenol A derivatives as beta-amyloid peptide aggregation inhibitors. J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53, 5449-5466.
106. Yang, F., Jr.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, B.R.; Chen, J.; Liang, Y. Oleic acid inhibits amyloid formation of the intermediate of alpha-lactalbumin at moderately acidic pH. J. Mol. Biol., 2006, 362, 821-834.
107. Hashimoto, M.; Shahdat, H.M.; Yamashita, S.; Katakura, M.; Tanabe, Y.; Fujiwara, H.; Gamoh, S.; Miyazawa, T.; Arai, H.; Shimada, T.; Shido, O. Docosahexaenoic acid disrupts in vitro amyloid beta(1-40) fibrillation and concomitantly inhibits amyloid levels in cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease model rats. J. Neurochem., 2008, 107, 1634-1646.
108. Bolognin, S.; Messori, L.; Drago, D.; Gabbiani, C.; Cendron, L.; Zatta, P. Aluminum, copper, iron and zinc differentially alter amyloid-A beta(1-42) aggregation and toxicity. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2011, 43, 877-885.
109. Jiao, Y.; Yang, P. Mechanism of copper(II) inhibiting Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide from aggregation: A molecular dynamics investigation. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111, 7646-7655.
110. Wang, Y.; Feng, L.; Zhang, B.; Wang, X.; Huang, C.; Li, Y.; Du, W. Palladium complexes affect the aggregation of human prion protein PrP106-126. Inorg. Chem., 2011, 50, 4340-4348.
111. Melov, S. 'and C is for Clioquinol' -the A-Cs of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci., 2002, 25, 121-123.
112. Dickens, M.G.; Franz, K.J. A prochelator activated by hydrogen peroxide prevents metal-induced amyloid beta aggregation. ChemBioChem, 2010, 11, 59-62.
113. Man, B.Y.W.; Chan, H.M.; Leung, C.H.; Chan, D.S.H.; Bai, L.P.; Jiang, Z.H.; Li, H.W.; Ma, D.L. Group 9 metal-based inhibitors of beta-amyloid (1-40) fibrillation as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Chem. Sci., 2011, 2, 917-921.
114. Lim, S.C.; Paterson, B.M.; Fodero-Tavoletti, M.T.; O'Keefe, G.J.; Cappai, R.; Barnham, K.J.; Villemagne, V.L.; Donnelly, P.S. A copper radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic imaging of alzheimer's disease: A bis (thiosemicarbazonato) copper (II) complex that binds to amyloid-plaques. Chem. Commun., 2010, 46, 5437-5439.
115. Barnham, K.J.; Kenche, V.B.; Ciccotosto, G.D.; Smith, D.P.; Tew, D.J.; Liu, X.; Perez, K.; Cranston, G.A.; Johanssen, T.J.; Volitakis, I.; Bush, A.I.; Masters, C.L.; White, A.R.; Smith, J.P.; Cherny, R.A.; Cappai, R. Platinumbased inhibitors of amyloid-beta as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2008, 105, 6813-6818.
116. Kumar, A.; Moody, L.; Olaivar, J.F.; Lewis, N.A.; Khade, R.L.; Holder, A.A.; Zhang, Y.; Rangachari, V. Inhibition of A beta 42 Peptide Aggregation by a Binuclear Ruthenium(II)-Platinum(II) Complex: Potential for Multimetal Organometallics as Anti-amyloid Agents. ACS Chem. Neurosci., 2010, 1, 691-701.
117. Kim, J.E.; Lee, M. Fullerene inhibits beta-amyloid peptide aggregation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2003, 303, 576-579.
118. Ikeda, K.; Okada, T.; Sawada, S.; Akiyoshi, K.; Matsuzaki, K. Inhibition of the formation of amyloid beta-protein fibrils using biocompatible nanogels as artificial chaperones. FEBS Lett., 2006, 580, 6587-6595.
119. Liu, G.; Men, P.; Kudo, W.; Perry, G.; Smith, M.A. Nanoparticle-chelator conjugates as inhibitors of amyloid-beta aggregation and neurotoxicity: a novel therapeutic approach for Alzheimer disease. Neurosci. Lett., 2009, 455, 187-190.
120. Taylor, M.; Moore, S.; Mourtas, S.; Niarakis, A.; Re, F.; Zona, C.; La Ferla, B.; Nicotra, F.; Masserini, M.; Antimisiaris, S.G.; Gregori, M.; Allsop, D. Effect of curcumin-associated and lipid ligand-functionalized nanoliposomes on aggregation of the Alzheimer's A beta peptide. Nanomed.-Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 2011, 7, 541-550.
121. Araya, E.; Olmedo, I.; Bastus, N.G.; Guerrero, S.; Puntes, V.F.; Giralt, E.; Kogan, M.J. Gold nanoparticles and microwave irradiation inhibit betaamyloid amyloidogenesis. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2008, 3, 435-443.
122. Skaat, H.; Belfort, G.; Margel, S. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated magnetic core-shell nanoparticles for inhibition of insulin amyloid fibril formation. Nanotechnology, 2009, 20, 225106.
123. Antosova, A.; Siposova, K.; Koneracka, M.; Zavisova, V.; Daxnerova, Z.; Vavra, I.; Fedunova, D.; Bagelova, J.; Kopcansky, P.; Gazova, Z. Magnetic fluid-a novel approach to treat amyloid-related diseases. Phys. Procedia, 2010, 9, 262-265.
124. Xiao, L.; Zhao, D.; Chan, W. H.; Choi, M.M.F.; Li, H.W. Inhibition of beta 1-40 amyloid fibrillation with n-acetyl-l-cysteine capped quantum dots. Biomaterials, 2010, 31, 91-98.
125. Yoo, S.I.; Yang, M.; Brender, J.R.; Subramanian, V.; Sun, K.; Joo, N.E.; Jeong, S.H.; Ramamoorthy, A.; Kotov, N.A. Inhibition of amyloid peptide fibrillation by inorganic nanoparticles: functional similarities with proteins. Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 2011, 50, 5110-5115.
126. Zhou, Y.W.; Zheng, L.; Han, F.; Zhang, G.J.; Mac, Y.; Yao, J.N.; Keita, B.; de Oliveira, P.; Nadjo, L. Inhibition of amyloid-beta protein fibrillization upon interaction with polyoxometalates nanoclusters. Colloid Surf. APhysicochem. Eng. Asp., 2011, 375, 97-101.
127. Geng, J.; Li, M.; Ren, J.; Wang, E.; Qu, X. Polyoxometalates as inhibitors of the aggregation of amyloid beta peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease. Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 2011, 50, 4184-4188.
128. Etienne, M.A.; Bett, C.; Aucoin, J.P.; Jensen, T.J.; McCarley, R.L.; Ajmo, T.; Herber, D.; Morgan, D.; Hammer, R.P. In: Understanding Biology Using Peptides, 19th American Peptide Symposium, San Diego, CA, June 18-23, 2005; Blondelle, S.E., Ed.; Springer: New York, USA, 2006; pp. 471-472.
129. Sciarretta, K.L.; Gordon, D.J.; Meredith, S.C. In: Methods in Enzymology, Kheterpal, I.; Wetzel, R., Eds; Academic Press: Massachusetts, USA, 2006; Vol. 413, pp. 273-312.
130. Soto, P.; Griffin, M.A.; Shea, J.E. New insights into the mechanism of Alzheimer amyloid-beta fibrillogenesis inhibition by N-methylated peptides. Biophys. J., 2007, 93, 3015-3025.
131. Doig, A.J. Peptide inhibitors of beta-amyloid aggregation. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev., 2007, 10, 533-539.
132. Kokkoni, N.; Stott, K.; Amijee, H.; Mason, J.M.; Doig, A.J. N-methylated peptide inhibitors of beta-amyloid aggregation and toxicity. Optimization of the inhibitor structure. Biochemistry, 2006, 45, 9906-9918.
133. Esteras Chopo, A.; Pastor, M.T.; Serrano, L.; de la Paz, M.L. New strategy for the generation of specific D-peptide amyloid inhibitors. J. Mol. Biol., 2008, 377, 1372-1381.
134. Grillo-Bosch, D.; Carulla, N.; Cruz, M.; Sanchez, L.; Pujol-Pina, R.; Madurga, S.; Rabanal, F.; Giralt, E. Retro-enantio N-methylated peptides as beta-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. ChemMedChem, 2009, 4, 1488-1494.
135. Sievers, S.A.; Karanicolas, J.; Chang, H.W.; Zhao, A.; Jiang, L.; Zirafi, O.; Stevens, J.T.; Muench, J.; Baker, D.; Eisenberg, D. Structure-based design of non-natural amino-acid inhibitors of amyloid fibril formation. Nature, 2011, 475, 96-117.
136. Rangachari, V.; Davey, Z.S.; Healy, B.; Moore, B.D.; Sonoda, L.K.; Cusack, B.; Maharvi, G.M.; Fauq, A.H.; Rosenberry, T.L. Rationally designed dehydroalanine (Delta Ala)-containing peptides inhibit amyloid-beta (A beta) peptide aggregation. Biopolymers, 2009, 91, 456-465.
137. Bett, C.K.; Serem, W.K.; Fontenot, K.R.; Hammer, R.P.; Garno, J.C. Effects of peptides derived from terminal modifications of the A beta central hydrophobic core on A beta fibrillization. ACS Chem. Neurosci., 2010, 1, 661-678.
138. Yamin, G.; Ruchala, P.; Teplow, D.B. A peptide hairpin inhibitor of amyloid beta-protein oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. Biochemistry, 2009, 48, 11329-11331.
139. Huggins, K.N.L.; Bisaglia, M.; Bubacco, L.; Tatarek-Nossol, M.; Kapurniotu, A.; Andersen, N.H. Designed hairpin peptides interfere with amyloidogenesis pathways: fibril formation and cytotoxicity inhibition, interception of the preamyloid state. Biochemistry, 2011, 50, 8202-8212.
140. Frydman-Marom, A.; Shaltiel-Karyo, R.; Moshe, S.; Gazit, E. The generic amyloid formation inhibition effect of a designed small aromatic betabreaking peptide. Amyloid-J. Protein Fold. Disord., 2011, 18, 119-127.
141. Pawar, A.P.; DuBay, K.F.; Zurdo, J.; Chiti, F.; Vendruscolo, M.; Dobson, C.M. Prediction of "aggregation-prone" and "aggregation- susceptible" regions in proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. J. Mol. Biol., 2005, 350, 379-392.
142. Tartaglia, G.G.; Pawar, A.P.; Campioni, S.; Dobson, C.M.; Chiti, F.; Vendruscolo, M. Prediction of aggregation-prone regions in structured proteins. J. Mol. Biol., 2008, 380, 425-436.
143. Kawasaki, T.; Onodera, K.; Kamijo, S. Identification of novel short peptide inhibitors of soluble 37/48 kda oligomers of amyloid beta 42. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch, 2011, 75, 1496-1501.
144. Bruinsma, I.B.; Karawajczyk, A.; Schaftenaar, G.; de Waal, R.M.W.; Verbeek, M.M.; van Delft, F.L. A rational design to create hybrid beta-sheet breaker peptides to inhibit aggregation and toxicity of amyloid-beta. MedChemComm, 2011, 2, 60-64.
145. Giordano, C.; Masi, A.; Pizzini, A.; Sansone, A.; Consalvi, V.; Chiaraluce, R.; Lucente, G. Synthesis and activity of fibrillogenesis peptide inhibitors related to the 17-21 beta-amyloid sequence. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 44, 179-189.
146. Chafekar, S.M.; Malda, H.; Merkx, M.; Meijer, E.W.; Viertl, D.; Lashuel, H.A.; Baas, F.; Scheper, W. Branched KLVFF tetramers strongly potentiate inhibition of beta-amyloid aggregation. ChemBioChem, 2007, 8, 1857-1864.
147. Austen, B.M.; Paleologou, K.E.; Ali, S.A.E.; Qureshi, M.M.; Allsop, D.; El-Agnaf, O.M.A. Designing peptide inhibitors for oligomerization and toxicity of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptide. Biochemistry, 2008, 47, 1984-1992.
148. Sun, X.; Wu, W.H.; Liu, Q.; Chen, M.S.; Yu, Y.P.; Ma, Y.; Zhao, Y.F.; Li, Y.M. Hybrid peptides attenuate cytotoxicity of beta-amyloid by inhibiting its oligomerization: Implication from solvent effects. Peptides, 2009, 30, 1282-1287.
149. Taylor, M.; Moore, S.; Mayes, J.; Parkin, E.; Beeg, M.; Canovi, M.; Gobbi, M.; Mann, D.M.A.; Allsop, D. Development of a proteolytically stable retroinverso peptide inhibitor of beta-amyloid oligomerization as a potential novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry, 2010, 49, 3261-3272.
150. Wiesehan, K.; Stohr, J.; Nagel-Steger, L.; van Groen, T.; Riesner, D.; Willbold, D. Inhibition of cytotoxicity and amyloid fibril formation by a Damino acid peptide that specifically binds to Alzheimer's diseaseamyloid peptide. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 2008, 21, 241-246.
151. Yamamoto, M.; Kiyota, T.; Walsh, S.M.; Liu, J.U.; Kipnis, J.; Ikezu, T. Cytokine-mediated inhibition of fibrillar amyloid-beta peptide degradation by human mononuclear phagocytes. J. Immunol., 2008, 181, 3877-3886.
152. Kim, M.L.; Zhang, B.; Mills, I.P.; Milla, M.E.; Brunden, K.R.; Lee, V.M.Y. Effects of TNF alpha-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Amyloid beta Production and APP Processing In vitro and In vivo. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 12052-12061.
153. Bhattacharyya, R.; Kovacs, D.M. ACAT inhibition and amyloid beta reduction. BBA-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 2010, 1801, 960-965.
154. Zraika, S.; Aston-Mourney, K.; Marek, P.; Hull, R.L.; Green, P.S.; Udayasankar, J.; Subramanian, S.L.; Raleigh, D.P.; Kahn, S.E. Neprilysin impedes islet amyloid formation by inhibition of fibril formation rather than peptide degradation. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285, 18177-18183.
155. Liao, M.C.; Hoos, M.D.; Aucoin, D.; Ahmed, M.; Davis, J.; Smith, S.O.; Van Nostrand, W.E. N-terminal domain of myelin basic protein inhibits amyloid beta-protein fibril assembly. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285, 35590-35598.
156. Kooistra, J.; Milojevic, J.; Melacini, G.; Ortega, J. A new function of human HtrA2 as an amyloid-beta oligomerization inhibitor. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2009, 17, 281-294.
157. Shorter, J.; Lindquist, S. Hsp104 catalyzes formation and elimination of selfreplicating Sup35 prion conformers. Science, 2004, 304, 1793-1797.
158. Lee, S.; Carson, K.; Rice-Ficht, A.; Good, T. Hsp20, a novel alpha-crystallin, prevents A beta fibril formation and toxicity. Protein Sci., 2005, 14, 593-601.
159. Evans, C.G.; Wisen, S.; Gestwicki, J.E. Heat shock proteins 70 and 90 inhibit early stages of amyloid beta-(1-42) aggregation in vitro. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281, 33182-33191.
160. Arimon, M.; Grimminger, V.; Sanz, F.; Lashuel, H.A. Hsp104 targets multiple intermediates on the amyloid pathway and suppresses the seeding capacity of A beta fibrils and protofibrils. J. Mol. Biol., 2008, 384, 1157-1173.
161. Wilhelmus, M.M.M.; Boelens, W.C.; Otte-Holler, I.; Kamps, B.; de Waal, R.M.W.; Verbeek, M.M. Small heat shock proteins inhibit amyloid-beta protein aggregation and cerebrovascular amyloid-beta protein toxicity. Brain Res., 2006, 1089, 67-78.
162. Wilhelmus, M.M.M.; Boelens, W.C.; Otte-Holler, I.; Kamps, B.; Kusters, B.; Maat-Schieman, M.L.C.; Waal, R.M.W.; Verbeek, M.M. Small heat shock protein HspB8: its distribution in Alzheimer's disease brains and its inhibition of amyloid-beta protein aggregation and cerebrovascular amyloidbeta toxicity. Acta Neuropathol., 2006, 111, 139-149.
163. Rekas, A.; Jankova, L.; Thorn, D.C.; Cappai, R.; Carver, J.A. Monitoring the prevention of amyloid fibril formation by alpha-crystallin. FEBS J., 2007, 274, 6290-6305.
164. Shammas, S.L.; Waudby, C.A.; Wang, S.Y.; Buell, A.K.; Knowles, T.P.J.; Ecroyd, H.; Welland, M.E.; Carver, J.A.; Dobson, C.M.; Meehan, S. Binding of the molecular chaperone alpha B-crystallin to A beta amyloid fibrils inhibits fibril elongation. Biophys. J., 2011, 101, 1681-1689.
165. Waudby, C.A.; Knowles, T.P.J.; Devlin, G.L.; Skepper, J.N.; Ecroyd, H.; Carver, J.A.; Welland, M.E.; Christodoulou, J.; Dobson, C.M.; Meehan, S. The interaction of alpha B-crystallin with mature alpha-synuclein amyloid fibrils inhibits their elongation. Biophys. J., 2010, 98, 843-851.
166. Dedmon, M.M.; Christodoulou, J.; Wilson, M.R.; Dobson, C.M. Heat shock protein 70 inhibits alpha-synuclein fibril formation via preferential binding to prefibrillar species. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280, 14733-14740.
167. Witt, S.N. Hsp70 molecular chaperones and Parkinson's disease. Biopolymers, 2010, 93, 218-228.
168. Evans, C.G.; Chang, L.; Gestwicki, J.E. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) as an emerging drug target. J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53, 4585-4602.
169. Aprile, F.A.; Dhulesia, A.; Stengel, F.; Eliseo, T.; Roodvelt, C.; Bolognesi, B.; Tortora, P.; Salvatella, X.; Cremades, N.; Dobson, C.M. Insights into the molecular mechanisms of Hsp70-mediated inhibition of amyloid formation. Eur. Biophys. J. Biophys. Lett., 2011, 40, 87-87.
170. Rekas, A.; Adda, C.G.; Aquilina, J.A.; Barnham, K.J.; Sunde, M.; Galatis, D.; Williamson, N.A.; Masters, C.L.; Anders, R.F.; Robinson, C.V.; Cappai, R.; Carver, J.A. Interaction of the molecular chaperone alpha B-crystallin with alpha-synuclein: effects on amyloid fibril formation and chaperone activity. J. Mol. Biol., 2004, 340, 1167-1183.
171. Thorn, D.C.; Ecroyd, H.; Sunde, M.; Poon, S.; Carver, J.A. Amyloid fibril formation by bovine milk alpha(s2)-casein occurs under physiological conditions yet is prevented by its natural counterpart, alpha(s1)-casein. Biochemistry, 2008, 47, 3926-3936.
172. Habicht, G.; Haupt, C.; Friedrich, R.P.; Hortschansky, P.; Sachse, C.; Meinhardt, J.; Wieligmann, K.; Gellermann, G.P.; Brodhun, M.; Gotz, J.; Halbhuber, K.J.; Rocken, C.; Horn, U.; Fandrich, M. Directed selection of a conformational antibody domain that prevents mature amyloid fibril formation by stabilizing A beta protofibrils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2007, 104, 19232-19237.
173. Solomon, B.; Koppel, R.; Frankel, D.; Hanan-Aharon, E. Disaggregation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid by site-directed mAb. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1997, 94, 4109-4112.
174. Shamah, S.M.; Healy, J.M.; Cload, S.T. Complex target SELEX. Accounts Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 130-138.
175. Wlotzka, B.; Leva, S.; Eschgfaller, B.; Burmeister, J.; Kleinjung, F.; Kaduk, C.; Muhn, P.; Hess-Stump, H.; Klussmann, S. In vivo properties of an anti-GnRH Spiegelmer: An example of an oligonucleotide-based therapeutic substance class. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2002, 99, 8898-8902.
176. Gilch, S.; Schatzl, H.M. Aptamers against prion proteins and prions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2009, 66, 2445-2455.
177. Thiel, K.W.; Giangrande, P.H. Therapeutic Applications of DNA and RNA Aptamers. Oligonucleotides, 2009, 19, 209-222.
178. Khati, M. The future of aptamers in medicine. J. Clin. Pathol., 2010, 63, 480-487.
179. Weiss, S.; Proske, D.; Neumann, M.; Groschup, M.H.; Kretzschmar, H.A.; Famulok, M.; Winnacker, E.L. RNA aptamers specifically interact with the prion protein PrP. J. Virol., 1997, 71, 8790-8797.
180. Proske, D.; Gilch, S.; Wopfner, F.; Schatzl, H.M.; Winnacker, E.L.; Famulok, M. Prion-protein-specific aptamer reduces PrPSc formation. ChemBioChem, 2002, 3, 717-725.
181. Rhie, A.; Kirby, L.; Sayer, N.; Wellesley, R.; Disterer, P.; Sylvester, I.; Gill, A.; Hope, J.; James, W.; Tahiri-Alaoui, A. Characterization of 2 '-fluoro-RNA aptamers that bind preferentially to disease-associated conformations of prion protein and inhibit conversion. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 39697-39705.
182. Sayer, N.M.; Cubin, M.; Rhie, A.; Bullock, M.; Tahiri-Alaoui, A.; James, W. Structural determinants of conformationally selective, prion-binding aptamers. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 13102-13109.
183. Bunka, D.H.J.; Mantle, B.J.; Morten, I.J.; Tennent, G.A.; Radford, S.E.; Stockley, P.G. Production and characterization of RNA aptamers specific for amyloid fibril epitopes. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, 282, 34500-34509.
184. Tsukakoshi, K.; Harada, R.; Sode, K.; Ikebukuro, K. Screening of DNA aptamer which binds to alpha-synuclein. Biotechnol. Lett., 2010, 32, 643-648.
185. Ylera, F.; Lurz, R.; Erdmann, V.A.; Furste, J.P. Selection of RNA aptamers to the Alzheimer's disease amyloid peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 290, 1583-1588.
186. Rahimi, F.; Murakami, K.; Summers, J.L.; Chen, C.H.B.; Bitan, G. RNA aptamers generated against oligomeric A beta 40 recognize common amyloid aptatopes with low specificity but high sensitivity. PLoS One, 2009, 4, e7694.
187. Rahimi, F.; Bitan, G. Selection of aptamers for amyloid beta-protein, the causative agent of Alzheimer's disease. J. Vis. Exp., 2010, 13, 1955.
188. Takahashi, T.; Tada, K.; Mihara, H. RNA aptamers selected against amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) inhibit the aggregation of A beta. Mol. Biosyst., 2009, 5, 986-991.
189. Takemura, K.; Wang, P.; Vorberg, I.; Surewicz, W.; Priola, S.A.; Kanthasamy, A.; Pottathil, R.; Chen, S.G.; Sreevatsan, S. DNA aptamers that bind to PrPC and not PrPSc show sequence and structure specificity. Exp. Biol. Med., 2006, 231, 204-214.
190. King, D.J.; Safar, J.G.; Legname, G.; Prusiner, S.B. Thioaptamer interactions with prion proteins: sequence-specific and non-specific binding sites. J. Mol. Biol., 2007, 369, 1001-1014.
191. Bibby, D.F.; Gill, A.C.; Kirby, L.; Farquhar, C.F.; Bruce, M.E.; Garson, J.A. Application of a novel in vitro selection technique to isolate and characterise high affinity DNA aptamers binding mammalian prion proteins. J. Virol. Methods, 2008, 151, 107-115.
192. Murakami, K.; Nishikawa, F.; Noda, K.; Yokoyama, T.; Nishikawa, S. Antibovine prion protein RNA aptamer containing tandem GGA repeat interacts both with recombinant bovine prion protein and its beta isoform with high affinity. Prion, 2008, 2, 73-80.
193. Sirangelo, I.; Irace, G. Inhibition of aggregate formation as therapeutic target in protein misfolding diseases: effect of tetracycline and trehalose. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 2010, 14, 1311-1321.
194. Liu, R.; Barkhordarian, H.; Emadi, S.; Park, C.B.; Sierks, M.R. Trehalose differentially inhibits aggregation and neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid 40 and 42. Neurobiol. Dis., 2005, 20, 74-81.
195. Vilasi, S.; Iannuzzi, C.; Portaccio, M.; Irace, G.; Sirangelo, I. Effect of trehalose on W7FW14F apomyoglobin and insulin fibrillization: new insight into inhibition activity. Biochemistry, 2008, 47, 1789-1796.
196. Liu, F.F.; Ji, L.; Dong, X.Y.; Sun, Y. Molecular insight into the inhibition effect of trehalose on the nucleation and elongation of amyloid beta-peptide oligomers. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2009, 113, 11320-11329.
197. Gagnon, J.; Preimesberger, M.; Schwehm, J. Aggregation prevention of amyloid peptide using sugars. Abstr. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 233, 271-271.
198. Miura, Y.; You, C.; Ohnishi, R. In: Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. International Conference on Magneto-Science, Hiroshima, Japan, November, 2007; National Institute for Materials Science: Tsukuba City, Japan, 2008; vol. 9.
199. Wada, M.; Miyazawa, Y.; Miura, Y. A specific inhibitory effect of multivalent trehalose toward A beta(1-40) aggregation. Polym. Chem., 2011, 2, 1822-1829.
200. Miura, Y.; Yasuda, K.; Yamamoto, K.; Koike, M.; Nishida, Y.; Kobayashi, K. Inhibition of alzheimer amyloid aggregation with sulfated glycopolymers. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8, 2129-2134.
201. Hu, J.F.; Geng, M.Y.; Li, J.; Xin, X.L.; Wang, J.; Tang, M.K.; Zhang, J.T.; Zhang, X.; Ding, J. Acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain, a marine-derived acidic oligosaccharide, inhibits the cytotoxicity and aggregation of amyloid beta protein. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2004, 95, 248-255.
202. Dorgeret, B.; Khemtemourian, L.; Correia, I.; Soulier, J.L.; Lequin, O.; Ongeri, S. Sugar-based peptidomimetics inhibit amyloid beta-peptide aggregation. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2011, 46, 5959-5969.