The Use of Natural Compounds and Botanicals in the Development of Anti-Aging Skin Care Products

Skin Aging Handbook

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 205-263

  Angerhofer, Cindy K ^a   Maes, Daniel ^b   Giacomoni, Paolo U ^b  

^a Aveda Corporation   (United States)

^b Estee Lauder Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79957870890     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-8155-1584-5.50014-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (262)

1. Genders R Cosmetics from the Earth 1986, 87-102. Alfred van der Marck, New York.
2. Dattner AM "From medical herbalism to phytotherapy in dermatology: Back to the future.". Dermatol Ther 2003, 16(2):106-113.
3. Robbers J.E., Speedie M.K., Tyler V.E. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology 1996, 12. Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
4. Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z "Medicinal plants in therapy.". Bull World Health Organ 1985, 63(6):965-981.
5. Cragg GM, Newman DJ "Natural product drug discovery in the next millennium.". Pharm Biol 2001, 39(Supplement):8-17.
6. Levine RL "Carbonyl modified proteins in cellular regulation, aging, and disease.". Free Radic Biol Med 2001, 32(9):790-796.
7. Rabe JH, Mamelak AJ, McElgunn PJS, Morison WL, Sauder DN "Photoaging: Mechanisms and repair.". J Am Acad Dermatol 2006, 55(1):1-19.
8. Kohen R "Skin antioxidants: Their role in aging and in oxidative stress-New approaches for their evaluation.". Biomed Pharmacother 1999, 53(4):181-192.
9. Thiele J, Barland CO, Ghadially R, Elias PM Permeability and antioxidant barriers in aged epidermis. Skin Aging 2006, 65-79. Springer, New York. B.A. Gilchrest, J. Krutmann (Eds.).
10. Harman D "Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry.". J Gerontol 1956, 11(3):298-300.
11. Harman D "Free radical theory of aging: An update: Increasing the functional life span.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1067:10-21.
12. Cross CE, Halliwell B, Borish ET, Pryor WA, Ames BN, Saul RL, McCord JM, Harman D "Oxygen radicals and human disease.". Ann Intern Med 1987, 107(4):526-545.
13. Krutmann J, Gilchrest BA Photoaging of skin. Skin Aging 2006, 33-43. Springer, New York. J. Krutmann, B.A. Gilchrest (Eds.).
14. Ichihashi M, Ueda M, Budiyanto A, Bito T, Oka M, Fukunaga M, Tsuru K, Horikawa T "UV-induced skin damage.". Toxicology 2003, 189(1-2):21-39.
15. Valacchi G, Pagnin E, Corbacho AM, Olano E, Davis PA, Packer L, Cross CE "In vivo ozone exposure induces antioxidant/stress-related responses in murine lung and skin.". Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 36(5):673-681.
16. Pelle E, Miranda EP, Fthenakis C, Mammone T, Marenus K, Maes D "Cigarette smoke-induced lipid peroxidation in human skin and its inhibition by topically applied antioxidants.". Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002, 15(1):63-68.
17. Podda M, Traber MC, Weber C, Yan LJ, Packer L "UV-irradiation depletes antioxidants and causes oxidative damage in a model of human skin.". Free Radic Biol Med 1998, 24(1):55-65.
18. Shindo Y, Hashimoto T "Time course of changes in antioxidant enzymes in human skin fibroblasts after UVA irradiation.". J Dermatol Sci 1997, 14(3):225.
19. 2 accumulation by catalase reduction changes MAP kinase signaling aged in human skin in vivo.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 125(2):221-229.
20. Jones DP "Extracellular redox state: Refining the definition of oxidative stress in aging.". Rejuvenation Res 2006, 9(2):169-181.
21. Passi S, Pita OD, Puddu P, Littarru GP "Lipophilic antioxidants in human sebum and aging.". Free Radic Res 2002, 36(4):471-474.
22. Arck PC, Overall R, Spatz K, Liezman C, Handjiski B, Klapp BF, Birch-Machin MA, Peters EM "Toward a 'free radical theory of graying': Melanocyte apoptosis in the aging human hair follicle is an indicator of oxidative stress induced tissue damage.". FASEB J 2006, 20(9):1567-1569.
23. Lee HC, Wei YH "Mitochondrial alterations, cellular response to oxidative stress and defective degradation of proteins in aging.". Biogerontology 2001, 2(4):231-244.
24. Stolzing A, Grune T "The proteasome and its function in the aging process.". Clin Exp Dermatol 2001, 26(7):566-572.
25. Terman A, Brunk UT "Oxidative stress, accumulation of biological 'garbage,' and aging.". Antioxid Redox Signal 2006, 8(1-2):197-204.
26. Polte T, Tyrrell RM "Involvement of lipid peroxidation and organic peroxides in UVA-induced metalloproteinase-1 expression.". Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 36(12):1566-1574.
27. Mantena SK, Katiyar SK "Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UV-irradiation-induced oxidative stress and activation of MAPK and NF-kB signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes.". Free Radic Biol Med 2006, 40(9):1603-1614.
28. Chung JH, Kang S, Varani J, Lin J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ "Decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and increased stress-activated MAP kinase in aged human skin in vivo.". J Invest Dermatol 2000, 115(2):177-182.
29. Burke K "Photodamage of the skin: Protection and reversal with topical antioxidants.". J Cosmet Dermatol 2004, 3(3):149-155.
30. Farris PK "Topical vitamin C: A useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions.". Dermatol Surg 2005, 31(7 Pt 2):814-818.
31. Thiele JJ, Hsieh SN, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S "Vitamin E: Critical review of its current use in cosmetic and clinical dermatology.". Dermatol Surg 2005, 31(7 Pt 2):805-813.
32. Kashino G, Kodama S, Nakayama Y, Suzuki K, Fukase K, Goto M, Watanabe M "Relief of oxidative stress by ascorbic acid delays cellular senescence of normal human and Werner syndrome fibroblast cells.". Free Radic Biol Med 2003, 35(4):438-443.
33. Yoshida E, Watanabe T, Takata J, Yamazaki A, Karube Y, Kobayashi S "Topical application of a novel, hydrophilic g-tocopherol derivative reduces photo-inflammation in mice skin.". J Invest Dermatol 2006, 126(7):1633-1640.
34. Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN "g-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention.". Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74(6):714-722.
35. Offord EA, Gautier JC, Avanti O, Scaletta C, Runge F, Krämer K, Applegate LA "Photoprotective potential of lycopene, b-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.". Free Radic Biol Med 2002, 32(12):1293-1303.
36. Lin JY, Selim MA, Shea CR, Grichnik JM, Omar MM, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Pinnell SR "UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E.". J Am Acad Dermatol 2003, 48(6):866-874.
37. Lin FH, Lin JL, Grupta RD, Tournas JA, Burch JA, Selim MA, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Grichnik JM, Zielinski J, Pinnell SR "Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 125(4):826-832.
38. Eberlein-König B, Placzak M, Pryzbilla B "Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-a-tocopherol (vitamin E).". J Am Acad Dermatol 1998, 38(1):45-48.
39. Fuchs J, Kern H "Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by d-alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid: A clinical study using solar simulated radiation.". Free Radic Biol Med 1998, 25(9):1006-1012.
40. Greul AK, Grundmann JU, Heinrich F, Pfitzner I, Bernhardt J, Ambach A, Biesalski HK, Gollnik H "Photoprotection of UV-irradiated human skin: An antioxidative combination of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyanidins.". Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002, 15(5):307-315.
41. McArdle F, Rhodes LE, Parslew R, Jack CIA, Friedmann PS, Jackson MJ "UVR-induced oxidative stress in human skin in vivo: Effects of oral vitamin C supplementation.". Free Radic Biol Med 2002, 33(10):1355-1362.
42. Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S, Tavakkol A, Polefka TG, Nabi Z, Elsner P, Thiele JJ "Vitamin E delivery to human skin by a rinse-off product: Penetration of a-tocopherol versus wash-out effects of skin surface lipids.". Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005, 18(1):20-26.
43. Beyer RE "The participation of coenzyme Q in free radical production and antioxidation.". Free Radic Biol Med 1990, 8(6):545-565.
44. Hoppe U, Bergemann J, Diembeck W, Ennen J, Gohla S, Harris I, Jacob J, Kielholz J, Mei W, Pollet P "Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer.". Biofactors 1999, 9(2-4):371-378.
45. Tournas JA, Lin FH, Burch JA, Selim MA, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Zielinski JE, Pinnell SR "Ubiquinone, idebenone, and kinetin provide ineffective photoprotection to skin when compared to a topical antioxidant combination of vitamins C and E with ferulic acid.". J Invest Dermatol 2006, 126(5):1185-1187.
46. Suh JH, Wang H, Liu RM, Liu JK, Hagen TM "(R)-a-lipoic acid reverses the age-related loss in GHS redox status in post-mitotic tissue: Evidence for increased cysteine requirement for GSH synthesis.". Arch Biochem Biophys 2004, 423(1):126-135.
47. Podda M, Grundmann-Kollmann M "Low molecular weight antioxidants and their role in skin ageing.". Clin Exp Dermatol 2001, 26(7):578-582.
48. Lin JY, Lin FH, Burch JA, Selim MA, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Grichnik JM, Pinnell SR "a-Lipoic acid is ineffective as a topical antioxidant for photoprotection of skin.". J Invest Dermatol 2004, 123(5):996-998.
49. Rajendran M, Manisankar P, Gandhidasan R, Murugesan R "Free radicals scavenging efficiency of a few naturally occurring flavonoids: A comparative study.". J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(24):7389-7394.
50. Afaq F, Mukhtar H "Photochemoprevention by botanical antioxidants.". Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002, 15(5):297-306.
51. Afaq F, Mukhtar H "Botanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging.". Exp Dermatol 2006, 15(9):678-684.
52. Gao K, Henning SM, Niu Y, Youssefian AA, Seeram NP, Xu A, Heber D "The citrus flavonoid naringenin stimulates DNA repair in prostate cancer cells.". J Nutr Biochem 2006, 17(2):89-95.
53. Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C "Flavonoids: Antioxidants or signaling molecules?". Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 36(7):838-849.
54. Nguyen T, Sherratt PJ, Pickett CB "Regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression mediated by the antioxidant response element.". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2003, 43:233-260.
55. Darvin M, Zastrow L, Sterry W, Lademann J "Effect of supplemented and topically applied antioxidant substances on human tissue.". Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006, 19(5):238-247.
56. Linnane AW, Eastwood H "Cellular redox regulation and prooxidant signaling systems: A new perspective on the free radical theory of aging.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1067:47-55.
57. Ohshima H, Yoshie Y, Auriol S, Gilibert I "Antioxidant and pro-oxidant actions of flavonoids: Effects on DNA damage induced by nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and nitroxyl anion.". Free Radic Biol Med 1998, 25(9):1057-1065.
58. Wei H, Saladi R, Lu Y, Wang Y, Palep SR, Moore J, Phelps R, Shyong E, Lebwohl MG "Isoflavone genistein: photoprotection and clinical implications in dermatology.". J Nutr 2003, 133(11 Supplement 1):3811S-3819S.
59. Kang S, Chung JH, Lee JH, Fisher GJ, Wan YS, Duell EA, Voorhees JJ "Topical N-acetyl cysteine and genistein prevent ultraviolet-light-induced signaling that leads to photoaging in human skin in vivo.". J Invest Dermatol 2003, 120(5):835-841.
60. Moore JO, Wang Y, Stebbins WG, Gao D, Zhou X, Phelps R, Lebwohl M, Wei H "Photoprotective effect of isoflavone genistein on ultraviolet B-induced pyrimidine dimer formation and PCNA expression in human reconstituted skin and its implications in dermatology and prevention of cutaneous carcinogenesis.". Carcinogenesis 2006, 27(8):1627-1635.
61. Casagrande R, Georgetti SR, Verri JWA, Dorta DJ, Santos ACD, Fonseca MJ "Protective effect of topical formulations containing quercetin against UVB-induced oxidation stress in hairless mice.". J Photochem Photobiol B 2006, 84(1):21-27.
62. Wolber R, Stab F, Max H, Wehmeyer A, Hadshiew I, Wenck F, Rippke F, Wittern KP "[Alpha-glucosylrutin, a highly effective flavonoid for protection against oxidative stress].". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2004, 2(7):580-587.
63. Proteggente AR, Basu-Modak S, Kuhnle G, Gordon MJ, Youdim K, Tyrrell R, Rice-Evans CA "Hesperetin glucuronide, a photoprotective agent arising from flavonoid metabolism in human skin fibroblasts.". Photochem Photobiol 2003, 78(3):256-261.
64. Wei H, Zhang X, Zhao JF, Wang ZY, Bickers D, Lebwohl M "Scavenging of hydrogen peroxide and inhibition of ultraviolet light-induced oxidative DNA damage by aqueous extracts from green and black teas.". Free Radic Biol Med 1999, 26(11-12):1427-1435.
65. Katiyar SK "Skin photoprotection by green tea: Antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.". Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2003, 3(3):234-242.
66. Ahmed S, Rahman A, Hasnain A, Lalonde M, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM "Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the IL-1 beta-induced activity and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase-2 in human chondrocytes.". Free Radic Biol Med 2002, 33(8):1097-1105.
67. Choi JH, Chai YM, Joo GJ, Rhee IK, Lee IS, Kim KR, Choi MS, Rhee SJ "Effects of green tea catechin on polymorphonuclear leukocyte 5'-lipoxygenase activity, leukotriene B4 synthesis, and renal damage in diabetic rats.". Ann Nutr Metab 2004, 48(3):151-155.
68. Levites Y, Weinreb O, Maor G, Youdim MBH, Mandel S "Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration.". J Neurochem 2001, 78(5):1073-1082.
69. Mandel S, Weinreb O, Amit T, Youdim MBH "Cell signaling pathways in the neuroprotective actions of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.". J Neurochem 2004, 88(6):1555-1569.
70. Okabe S, Fujimoto N, Sueoka N, Suganuma M, Fujiki H "Modulation of gene expression by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in PC-9 cells using a cDNA expression array.". Biol Pharm Bull 2001, 24(8):883-886.
71. Takano K, Nakaima K, Nitta M, Shibata F, Nakagawa H "Inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, a polyphenol of green tea, on neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo.". J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(14):4571-4576.
72. Trompezinski S, Denis A, Schmitt D, Viac J "Comparative effects of polyphenols from green tea (EGCG) and soybean (genistein) on VEGF and IL-8 release from normal human keratinocytes stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-a.". Arch Dermatol Res 2003, 295(3):112-116.
73. Ahmad N, Mukhtar H "Cutaneous photochemoprotection by green tea: A brief review.". Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2001, 14(2):69-76.
74. Khan N, Afaq F, Saleem M, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H "Targeting multiple signaling pathways by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate.". Cancer Res 2006, 66(5):2500-2505.
75. Klaunig JE "Chemopreventive effects of green tea compounds on hepatic carcinogenesis.". Prev Med 1992, 21(4):510-519.
76. Yang CS, Maliakal P, Meng X "Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea.". Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2002, 42:25-54.
77. Huang CC, Fang JY, Wu WB, Chiang HS, Wei YJ, Hung CF "Protective effects of (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate on UVA-induced damage in HaCaT keratinocytes.". Arch Dermatol Res 2005, 296(10):473-481.
78. Kim J, Hwang JS, Cho YK, Han Y, Jeon YJ, Yang KH "Protective effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on UVA- and UVB-induced skin damage.". Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2001, 14(1):11-19.
79. Vayalil PK, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK "Treatments of green tea polyphenols in hydrophilic cream prevents UVB-induced oxidation of lipids and proteins, depletion of antioxidant enzymes and phosphorylation of MAPK proteins in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin.". Carcinogenesis 2003, 24(5):927-936.
80. Zykova TA, Zhang Y, Zhu F, Bode AM, Dong Z "The signal transduction networks required for phosphorylation of STAT1 at Ser727 in mouse epidermal JB6 cells in the UVB response and inhibitory mechanisms of tea polyphenols.". Carcinogenesis 2005, 26(2):331-342.
81. Meeran SM, Mantena SK, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK "(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents photocarcinogenesis in mice through interleukin-12-dependent DNA repair.". Cancer Res 2006, 66(10):5512-5520.
82. Katiyar SK, Perez A, Mukhtar H "Green tea polyphenol treatment to human skin prevents formation of ultraviolet light B-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA.". Clin Cancer Res 2000, 6(10):3864-3869.
83. Zhao JF, Zhang YJ, Jin XH, Athar M, Santella RM, Bickers DR, Wang ZY "Green tea protects against psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced photochemical damage to skin.". J Invest Dermatol 1999, 113(6):1070-1075.
84. Katiyar SK, Matsui MS, Elmets CA, Mukhtar H "Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin.". Photochem Photobiol 1999, 69(2):148-153.
85. Chiu AE, Chan JL, Kern DG, Kohler S, Rehmus WE, Kimball AB "Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin.". Dermatolog Surgery 2005, 31(7 Pt2):855-859.
86. Suganuma M, Okabe S, Kai Y, Sueoka N, Sueoka E, Fujiki H "Synergistic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate with (-)-epicatechin, sulindac, or tamoxifen on cancer-preventive activity in the human lung cancer cell line PC-9.". Cancer Res 1999, 59(1):44-47.
87. da Cunha FM, Duma D, Assreuy J, Buzzi FC, Niero R, Campos MM, Calixto JB "Caffeic acid derivatives: In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties.". Free Radic Res 2004, 38(11):1241-1253.
88. Staniforth V, Chiu LT, Yang NS "Caffeic acid suppresses UVB radiation-induced expression of interleukin-10 and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in mouse.". Carcinogenesis 2006, 27(9):1803-1811.
89. Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P "Vitis vinifera L.". Fitoterapia 1995, 66(4):291-317.
90. McCaleb RS, Leigh E, Morien K The Encyclopedia of Popular Herbs 2000, 229-237. Prima Publishing, Roseville, CA.
91. Sun AY, Simonyi A, Sun GY "The 'French Paradox' and beyond: Neuroprotective effects of polyphenols.". Free Radic Biol Med 2002, 32(4):314-318.
92. Albers AR, Varghese S, Vitseva O, Vita JA, Freedman JE "The antiinflammatory effects of purple grape juice consumption in subjects with stable coronary artery disease.". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24(11):179-180.
93. Folts JD "Potential health benefits from the flavonoids in grape products on vascular disease.". Adv Exp Med Biol 2002, 505:95-111.
94. Zern TL, Wood RJ, Greene C, West KL, Liu Y, Aggarwal D, Shachter NS, Fernandez ML "Grape polyphenols exert a cardioprotective effect in pre- and post menopausal women by lowering plasma lipids and reducing oxidative stress.". J Nutr 2005, 135(8):1911-1917.
95. Li WG, Zhang XY, Wu YJ, Tian X "Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds.". Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001, 22(12):1117-1120.
96. Shi J, Yu J, Pohorly JE, Kakuda Y "Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality.". J Med Food 2003, 6(4):291-299.
97. Mittal A, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK "Dietary feeding of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds prevents photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice: Relationship to decreased fat and lipid peroxidation.". Carcinogenesis 2003, 24(8):1379-1388.
98. Frankel EN, Meyer AS "Antioxidants in grapes and grape juices and their potential health effects.". Pharm Biol 1998, 36S:14-20.
99. Holmes-McNary M, Baldwin JAS "Chemopreventive properties of trans-resveratrol are associated with inhibition of activation of the Ikappa B kinase.". Cancer Res 2000, 60(13):3477-3483.
100. Jang M, Pezzuto JM "Resveratrol blocks eicosanoid production and chemically-induced cellular transformation: Implications for cancer chemoprevention.". Pharm Biol 1998, 36S:28-34.
101. Steele VE, Wargovich MJ, MeKee K, Sharma S, Wilkinson BP, Wyatt GP, Gao P, Kelloff GF "Cancer chemoprevention drug development strategies for resveratrol.". Pharm Biol 1998, 36S:62-68.
102. Subbaramaiah K, Michaluart P, Chung WJ, Dannenberg AJ "Resveratrol inhibits the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human mammary and oral epithelial cells.". Pharm Biol 1998, 36S:35-36.
103. Tao HY, Wu CF, Zhou Y, Gong WH, Zhang X, Iribarren P, Zhao YQ, Le YY, Wang JM "The grape component resveratrol interferes with the function of chemoattractant receptors on phagocytic leukocytes.". Cell Mol Immunol 2004, 1(1):50-56.
104. Afaq F, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N "Abstract 695.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 117:505.
105. Aziz MH, Reagan-Shaw S, Wu J, Longley BJ, Ahmad N "Chemoprevention of skin cancer by grape constituent resveratrol: Relevance to human disease?". FASEB J 2005, 19(9):1193-1195.
106. Seve M, Chimienti F, Devergnas S, Aouffen M, Douki T, Chantegrel J, Cadet J, Favier A "Resveratrol enhances UVA-induced DNA damage in HaCaT human keratinocytes.". Med Chem 2005, 1(6):629-633.
107. Saliou C, Rimbach G, Moini H, McLaughlin L, Hosseini S, Lee J, Watson RR, Packer L "Solar ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin and nuclear factor-kappa-B-dependent gene expression in keratinocytes are modulated by a French maritime pine bark extract.". Free Radic Biol Med 2001, 30(2):154-160.
108. Sime S, Reeve VE "Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression, and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol.". Photochem Photobiol 2004, 79(2):193-198.
109. Afaq F, Saleem M, Krueger CG, Reed JD, Mukhtar H "Anthocyanin- and hydrolyzable tannin-rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD-1 mice.". Int J Cancer 2005, 113(3):423-433.
110. Syed DN, Malik A, Hadi N, Sarfaraz S, Afaq F, Mukhtar H "Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.". Photochem Photobiol 2006, 82(2):398-405.
111. Afaq F, Syed DN, Malik A, Hadi N, Sarfaraz S, Kweon MH, Khan N, Zaid MA, Mukhtar H "Delphinidin, an anthocyanidin in pigmented fruit and vegetables, protects human HaCaT keratinocytes and mouse skin against UVB-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis.". J Invest Dermatol 2007, 127(1):222-232.
112. Kapoor LD Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants 2001, 175-176. CRC Press, New York.
113. Chaudhuri RK "Emblica cascading antioxidant: A novel skin care ingredient.". Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002, 15(5):374-380.
114. Dhanalakshmi S, Mallikarjuna GU, Singh RP, Agarwal R "Silibinin prevents ultraviolet radiation-caused skin damages in SKH-1 hairless mice via a decrease in thymine dimer positive cells and and up-regulation of p53-p21/Cip1 in epidermis.". Carcinogenesis 2004, 25(8):1459-1465.
115. Gu M, Dhanalakshmi S, Mohan S, Singh RP, Agarwal R "Silibinin inhibits ultraviolet B radiation-induced mitogenic and survival signaling, and associated biological responses in SKH-1 mouse skin.". Carcinogenesis 2005, 26(8):1404-1413.
116. Katiyar SK, Korman NJ, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R "Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model.". J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89(8):556-565.
117. Saliou C, Kitazawa M, McLaughlin L, Yang JP, Lodge JK, Tetsuka T, Iwasaki K, Cillard J, Okamoto T, Packer L "Antioxidants modulate acute solar ultraviolet radiation-induced NF-kappa-B activation in a human keratinocyte cell line.". Free Radic Biol Med 1999, 26(1/2):174-183.
118. Meeran SM, Katiyar S, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK "Silymarin inhibits UV radiation-induced immunosuppression through augmentation of interleukin-12 in mice.". Mol Cancer Ther 2006, 5(7):1660-1668.
119. Zhao J, Sharma Y, Agarwal R "Significant inhibition by the flavonoid antioxidant silymarin against 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-caused modulation of antioxidant and antiinflammatory enzymes, and cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1a expression in SENCAR mouse epidermis: Implications in the prevention of stage I tumor promotion.". Mol Carcinog 1999, 26(4):321-333.
120. Gu M, Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal R "Dietary feeding of silibinin prevents early biomarkers of UVB radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse epidermis.". Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers & Prev 2005, 14(5):1344-1349.
121. Kapoor LD Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants 2001, 149-150. CRC Press, New York.
122. Maheshwari RK, Singh, Gaddipati J, Srimal RC "Multiple biological activities of curcumin: A short review.". Life Sci 2006, 78(18):2081-2087.
123. Sreejayan Rao MN "Curcuminoids as potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation.". J Pharm Pharmacol 1994, 46(12):1013-1016.
124. Phan TT, See P, Lee ST, Chan SY "Protective effects of curcumin against oxidative damage on skin cells in vitro: Its implication for wound healing.". J Trauma 2001, 51(5):927-931.
125. Hong J, Bose M, Ju J, Ryu JH, Chen X, Sang S, Lee MJ, Yang CS "Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by curcumin and related beta-diketone derivatives: Effects on cytosolic phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase.". Carcinogenesis 2004, 25(9):1671-1679.
126. Jobin C, Bradham CA, Russo MP, Juma B, Narula AS, Brenner DA, Sartor RB "Curcumin blocks cytokine-mediated NF-kappa B activation and proinflammatory gene expression by inhibiting inhibitory factor I-kappa B kinase activity.". J Immunol 1999, 163(6):3474-3483.
127. Jagetia GC, Rajanikant GK "Curcumin treatment enhances the repair and regeneration of wounds in mice exposed to hemibody gamma-irradiation.". Plast Reconstr Surg 2005, 115(2):515-528.
128. Leu TH, Maa MC "The molecular mechanisms for the antitumorigenic effect of curcumin.". Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 2002, 2(3):357-370.
129. Ruby AJ, Kuttan G, Babu KD, Rajasekharan KN, Kuttan R "Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids.". Cancer Lett 1995, 94(1):79-83.
130. Chen YR, Tan TH "Inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway by curcumin.". Oncogene 1998, 17(2):173-178.
131. Oguro T, Yoshida T "Effect of ultraviolet A on ornithine decarboxylase and metallothionein gene expression in mouse skin.". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2001, 17(2):71-78.
132. Jee SH, Shen SC, Tseng CR, Chiu HC, Kuo ML "Curcumin induces a p53-dependent apoptosis in human basal cell carcinoma cells.". J Invest Dermatol 1998, 111(4):656-661.
133. Shishodia S, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB "Curcumin: Getting back to the roots.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1056:206-217.
134. Suryanarayana P, Saraswat M, Mrudula T, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K, Reddy GB "Curcumin and tumeric delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats.". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005, 46(6):2092-2099.
135. Jain SK, Rains J, Jones K "Effect of curcumin on protein glycosylation, lipid peroxidation, and oxygen radical generation in human red blood cells exposed to high glucose levels.". Free Radic Biol Med 2006, 41(1):92-96.
136. Bonte F, Noel-Hudson MS, Wepierre J, Meybeck A "Protective effect of curcuminoids on epidermal skin cells under free oxygen radical stress.". Planta Med 1997, 63(3):265-266.
137. Petersen M, Simmonds MS "Rosmarinic acid.". Phytochemistry 2003, 62(2):121-125.
138. Qiao S, Li W, Tsubouchi R, Haneda M, Murakami K, Takeuchi F, Nisimoto Y, Yoshino M "Rosmarinic acid inhibits the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in RAW 264.7 macrophages.". Free Radic Res 2005, 39(9):995-1003.
139. Kim DS, Kim HR, Woo ER, Hong ST, Chae HJ, Chae SW "Inhibitory effects of rosmarinic acid on adriamycin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and the activations of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase.". Biochem Pharmacol 2005, 70(7):1066-1078.
140. Park CH, Lee MJ, Kim JP, Yoo ID, Chung JH "Prevention of UV radiation-induced premature skin aging in hairless mice by the novel compound Melanocin A.". Photochem Photobiology 2006, 82(2):574-578.
141. Middlekamp-Hup MA, Pathak MA, Parrado C, Garcia-Caballero T, Rius-Diaz F, Fitzpatrick TB, Gonzalez S "Orally administered Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases psoralen-UVA-induced phototoxicity, pigmentation, and damage of human skin.". J Am Acad Dermatol 2004, 50(1):41-49.
142. Gombau L, Garcia F, Lahoz A, Fabre M, Roda-Navarro P, Majano P, Alonso-Lebrero AL, Pivel JP, Castell JV, Gomez-Lechon MJ Polypodium leucotomos extract: Antioxidant activity and disposition Toxicology. in vitro 2006, 20(4):464-471.
143. Philips N, Smith J, Keller T, Gonzalez S "Predominant effects of Polypodium leucotomos on membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, and expression of elastin and matrix metalloproteinase-1 in ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts, and keratinocytes.". J Dermatol Sci 2003, 32(1):1-9.
144. Kumar SS, Priyadarsini KI, Sainis KB "Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated reactions by vanillin.". J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(1):139-145.
145. Kaur M, Agarwal C, Singh RP, Guan X, Dwivedi C, Agarwal R "Skin cancer chemopreventive agent, {alpha}-santalol, induces apoptotic death of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells via caspase activation together with dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release.". Carcinogenesis 2005, 26(2):369-380.
146. Pelle E, Huang X, Mammone T, Marenus K, Maes D, Frenkel K "Ultraviolet-B-induced oxidative DNA base damage in primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes and inhibition by a hydroxyl radical scavenger.". J Invest Dermatol 2003, 121(1):177-183.
147. D'Angelo S, Ingrosso D, Migliardi V, Sorrentino A, Donnarumma G, Baroni A, Masella L, Tufano MA, Zappia M, Galletti P "Hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant from olive oil, prevents protein damage induced by long-wave ultraviolet radiation in melanoma cells.". Free Radic Biol Med 2005, 38(7):908-919.
148. Roche M, Dufour C, Mora N, Dangles O "Antioxidant activity of olive phenols: Mechanistic, investigation and characterization of oxidation products by mass spectrometry.". Org Biomol Chem 2005, 3(3):423-430.
149. Fisher GJ, Talwar HS, Lin J, Lin P, McPhillips F, Wang ZQ, Li X, Wan Y, Kang S, Voorhees JJ "Retinoic acid inhibits induction of c-Jun protein by ultraviolet radiation that occurs subsequent to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in human skin in vivo.". J Clin Invest 1998, 101(6):1432-1440.
150. Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ "Molecular mechanisms of retinoid actions in skin.". FASEB J 1996, 10(9):1002-1013.
151. Gilchrest BA "Treatment of photodamage with topical tretinoin: An overview.". J Am Acad Dermatol 1997, 36(3Pt2):S27-S36.
152. Griffiths CEM "The role of retinoids in the prevention and repair of aged and photoaged skin.". Clin Exp Dermatol 2001, 26(7):613-618.
153. Eichler O, Sies H, Stahl W "Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblasts.". Photochem Photobiol 2002, 75(5):503-506.
154. Wertz K, Seifer N, Hunziker P, Riss G, Wyss A, Lankin C, Goralczyk R "b-Carotene inhibits UVA-induced matrix metalloprotease 1 and 10 expression in keratinocytes by a singlet oxygen-dependent mechanism.". Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 37(5):654-670.
155. Lyons NM, O'Brien NM "Modulatory effects of an algal extract containing astaxanthin on UVA-irradiated cells in culture.". J Dermatol Sci 2002, 30(1):73-84.
156. Gonzales S, Astner S, An W, Goukassian D, Pathak MA "Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases ultraviolet B-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and acute inflammation in hairless mice.". J Invest Dermatol 2003, 121(2):399-405.
157. Lee EH, Faulhaber D, Hanson KM, Ding W, Peters S, Kodali S, Granstein RD "Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression.". J Invest Dermatol 2004, 122(2):510-517.
158. Heinrich U, Tronnier H, Stahl W, Bejot M, Maurette JM "Antioxidant supplements improve parameters related to skin structure in humans.". Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006, 19(4):224-231.
159. Cesarini JP, Michel L, Maurette JM, Adhoute H, Bejot M "Immediate effects of UV radiation on the skin: Modifications by an antioxidant complex containing carotenoids.". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2003, 19(4):182-189.
160. Bulteau AL, Moreau M, Saunois A, Nizard C, Friguet B "Algae extract-mediated stimulation and protection of proteasome activity within human keratinocytes exposed to UVA and UVB irradiation.". Antioxid Redox Signal 2006, 8(1-2):136-143.
161. Ali RE, Rattan SIS "Curcumin's biphasic hormetic response on proteosome activity and heat-shock protein synthesis in human keratinocytes.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1067:394-399.
162. Ogawa F, Sander CS, Hansel A, Oehrl W, Kaspercyzk H, Elsner P, Shimizu K, Heinemann SH, Thiele JJ "The repair enzyme peptide methionine-S-sulfoxide reductase is expressed in human epidermis and upregulated by UVA radiation.". J Invest Dermatol 2006, 126(5):1128-1134.
163. Lenz H, Schmidt M, Welge V, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Elsässer HP, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, Blatt T "The creatine kinase system in human skin: Protective effects of creatine against oxidative and UV damage in vitro and in vivo.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 124(2):443-452.
164. Berneburg M, Gremmel T, Kürten V, Schroeder P, Hertel I, Mikecz AV, Wild S, Chen M, Declercq L, Matsui M "Creatine supplementation normalizes mutagenesis of mitochondrial DNA as well as functional consequences.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 125(2):213-220.
165. Steinman RM, Hemmi H "Dendritic cells: translating innate to adaptive immunity.". Curr Top in Microbiol Immunol 2006, 311:17-58.
166. Gil EM, Kim TH "UV-induced immune suppression and sunscreen.". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2000, 16(3):101-110.
167. Frodin T, Molin L, Skogh M "Effects of single doses of UVA, UVB, and UVC on skin blood flow, water content, and barrier function measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry, optothermal infrared spectrometry, and evaporimetry.". Photo-Dermatology 1988, 5(4):187-195.
168. Pastore S, Mascia F, Girolomoni G "The contribution of keratinocytes to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.". Eur J Dermatol 2006, 16(2):125-131.
169. Lewis JG, Adams DO "Inflammation, oxidative DNA damage, and carcinogenesis.". Environ Health Perspect 1987, 76:19-27.
170. Toy LW "Matrix metalloproteinases: their function in tissue repair.". J Wound Care 2005, 14(1):20-22.
171. Lammintausta K, Maibach HI, Wilson D "Human cutaneous irritation: induced hyporeactivity.". Contact Dermatitis 1987, 17(4):193-198.
172. Short RW, Chan JL, Choi JM, Egbert BM, Rehmus WE, Kimball AB "Effects of moisturization on epidermal homeostasis and differentiation.". Clin Exp Dermatol 2006.
173. Man MQM, Feingold KR, Thornfeldt CR, Elias PM "Optimization of physiological lipid mixtures for barrier repair.". J Invest Dermatol 1996, 106(5):1096-1101.
174. Zettersten EM, Ghadially R, Feingold KR, Crumrine D, Elias PM "Optimal ratios of topical stratum corneum lipids improve barrier recovery in chronologically aged skin.". J Am Acad Dermatol 1997, 37(3 Pt 1):403-408.
175. Landmann L "The epidermal permeability barrier.". Anatomy and Embryology 1988, 178(1):1-13.
176. Takahashi H, Honma M, Miyauchi Y, Nakamura S, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Iizuka H "Cyclic AMP differentially regulates cell proliferation of normal human keratinocytes through ERK activation depending on the expression pattern of B-Raf.". Arch Dermatol Res 2004, 296(2):74-82.
177. Bouwstra JA, Ponec M "The skin barrier in healthy and diseased state.". Biochim Biophys Acta 2006.
178. Maury E, Julie S, Charveron M, Gall Y, Chap H "[Lipids and skin inflammation: role of phospholipases A2].". Pathol Biol 2003, 51(5):248-252.
179. Lansky EP, Jiang W, Mo H, Bravo L, Froom P, Yu W, Harris NM, Neeman I, Campbell MJ "Possible synergistic prostate cancer suppression by anatomically discrete pomegranate fractions. Invest New Drugs 2005, 23(1):11-20.
180. Muller-Decker K [Cyclooxygenases in the skin].". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2004, 2(8):668-675.
181. Szewczuk LM, Forti L, Stivala LA, Penning TM "Resveratrol is a peroxidase-mediated inactivator of COX-1 but not COX-2: A mechanistic approach to the design of COX-1 selective agents.". J Biol Chem 2004, 279(21):22727-22737.
182. Signorelli P, Ghidoni R "Resveratrol as an anticancer nutrient: molecular basis, open questions and promises.". J Nutr Biochem 2005, 16(8):449-466.
183. Borra MT, Smith BC, Denu JM "Mechanism of human SIRT1 activation by resveratrol.". J Biol Chem 2005, 280(17):17187-17195.
184. Bray MA, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Smith MJ "Leukotriene B4: An inflammatory mediator in vivo.". Prostaglandins 1981, 22(2):213-222.
185. Saarinen JV, Harvima RJ, Horsmanheimo M, Harvima IT "Modulation of the immediate allergic wheal reaction in the skin by drugs inhibiting the effects of leukotriene C4 and prostaglandin D2.". Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 57(1):1-4.
186. Nolan JC, Pickett WC "Studies on the effects of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors on the macrophage stimulated synthesis of collagenase by rabbit chondrocytes.". Agents Actions 1985, 17(1):73-76.
187. Maziere JC, Maziere C "[Inflammation cytokines and peroxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL)].". Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de biologie et de ses filiales 1995, 189(5):811-825.
188. Lupusoru CE, Tartau L, Ghiciuc C "[New inflammation modulator interleukins. Therapeutic implications].". Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 2002, 106(1):24-29.
189. Girard C, Dourlat J, Savarin A, Surcin C, Leue S, Escriou V, Largeau C, Herscovici J, Scherman D "Sialyl Lewis(x) analogs based on a quinic acid scaffold as the fucose mimic.". Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005, 15(13):3224-3228.
190. Clavel C, Birembaut P "[Proteases and breast carcinoma].". Annales de pathologie 1988, 8(1):20-24.
191. Sin BY, Kim HP "Inhibition of collagenase by naturally-occurring flavonoids.". Arch Pharmacol Res 2005, 28(10):1152-1155.
192. Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Papini Dermatology 2003, 1483-1495. Mosby, New York.
193. Waller JM, Maibach HI "Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (II): Protein, glycosaminoglycans, water, and lipid content and structure.". Skin Res Technol 2006, 12(3):145-154.
194. Kähäri VM, Saarialho-Kere U "Matrix metalloproteinases in skin.". Exp Dermatol 1997, 66(5):199-213.
195. Hornbeck W "Down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) in aged human skin contributes to matrix degradation and impaired cell growth and survival.". Pathol Biol (Paris) 2003, 51(10):569-573.
196. Fisher GJ, Wang Z, Datta SC, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ "Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light.". N Eng J Med 1997, 337(20):1419-1428.
197. Jenkins G "Molecular mechanisms of skin aging.". Mech Ageing Dev 2002, 123(7):801-810.
198. Rijken F, Kiekens RC, Worm Evd, Lee PL, Weelden Hv, Bruijnzeel PL "Pathophysiology of photoaging of human skin: Focus on neutrophils.". Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006, 5(2):184-189.
199. Han YP, Downey S, Garner WL "Interleukin-1a-induced proteolytic activation of metalloproteinase-9 by human skin. Surgery 2005, 138(5):932-939.
200. Nelson KK, Melendez JA Mitochondrial redox control of matrix metalloproteinases.". Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 37(6):768-784.
201. Sartor L, Pezzato E, Dell'Aica I, Caniato R, Biggin S, Garbisa S "Inhibition of matrix-proteases by polyphenols: Chemical insights for anti-inflammatory and anti-invasion drug design.". Biochem Pharmacol 2002, 64(2):299-337.
202. Ropke CD, Silva VVd, Kera CZ, Miranda DV, Almeida RLd, Sawada TCH, Barros SBM "In vitro and in vivo inhibition of skin matrix metalloproteinases by Pothomorphe umbrellata root extract.". Photochem Photobiol 2006, 82(2):439-442.
203. Lee JH, Chung JH, Cho KH "The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on extracellular matrix metabolism.". J Dermatol Sci 2005, 40(3):195-204.
204. Aslam MN, Lansky EP, Varani J "Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: Pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells.". J Ethnopharmacol 2006, 103(3):311-318.
205. Matchett MD, MacKinnon SL, Sweeney MI, Gottschall-Pass KT, Hurta RAR "Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity in DU145 human prostate cancer cells by flavonoids from lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium): Possible roles for protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein-kinase-mediated events.". J Nutr Biochem 2006, 17(2):117-125.
206. Lee S, Lim JM, Jin MH, Park HK, Lee EJ, Kang S, Kim YS, Cho WG "Partially purified paeoniflorin exerts protective effects on UV-induced DNA damage and reduces facial wrinkles in human skin.". J Cosmet Sci 2006, 57(1):57-64.
207. Singh NP "Microgels for estimation of DNA strand breaks, DNA protein crosslinks and apoptosis.". Mutat Res 2000, 455(1-2):111-127.
208. Jimenez F, Mitts TF, Liu K, Wang Y, Hinek A "Ellagic and tannic acids protect newly synthesized elastic fibers from premature enzymatic degradation in dermal fibroblast cultures.". J Invest Dermatol 2006, 126(6):1272-1280.
209. Leu SJ, Lin YP, Lin RD, Wen CL, Cheng KT, Hsu FL, Lee MH "Phenolic constituents of Malus doumeri var. formosana in the field of skin care.". Biol Pharm Bull 2006, 29(4):740-745.
210. Moon H, Jung JC "Effect of meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid from Machilus thunbergii Sieb et Zucc on MMP-1 expression in heat shock-induced cultured primary human fibroblasts.". Phytother Res 2006, 20(8):714-716.
211. Moon HI, Kim EJ, Lee J, Lee HK, Chung JH "The effects of sativan from Viola verecunda A. Gray on the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-1 caused by ultraviolet irradiated cultured primary human skin fibroblasts.". J Ethnopharmacol 2006, 104(1-2):12-17.
212. Ricciarelli R, Maroni P, Ozer N, Zingg JM, Azzi A "Age-dependent increase of collagenase expression can be reduced by a-tocopherol via protein kinase C inhibition.". Free Radic Biol Med 1999, 27(7-8):729-737.
213. Raine-Fenning NJ, Brincat MP, Muscat-Baron Y "Skin aging and menopause: Implications for treatment.". Am J Clin Dermatol 2003, 4(6):371-378.
214. Qu L, Abe M, Yokoyama Y, Ishikawa O "Effects of 17b-estradiol on matrix metalloproteinase-1 synthesis by human dermal fibroblasts.". Maturitas 2006, 54(1):39-46.
215. Son ED, Lee JY, Lee S, Kim MS, Lee BG, Chang IS, Chung JH "Topical application of 17b-estradiol increases extracellular matrix protein synthesis by stimulating TGF-b signaling in aged human skin in vivo.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 124(6):1149-1161.
216. Geller SE, Studee L "Soy and red clover for mid-life and aging.". Climacteric 2006, 9(4):245-263.
217. Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, Ross S, Miguel GS "The effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.". Gynecol Endocrinol 2005, 21(5):257-264.
218. Circosta C, Pasquale RD, Palumbo DR, Samperi S, Occhiuto F "Effects of isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense) on skin changes induced by ovariectomy in rats.". Phytother Res 2006, 20(12):1096-1099.
219. Shin MH, Rhie GE, Park CH, Kim KH, Cho KH, Eun HC, Chung JH "Modulation of collagen metabolism by the topical application of dehydroepiandrosterone to human skin.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 124(2):315-323.
220. Aslam MN, Fligiel H, Lateef H, Fisher GJ, Ginsburg I, Varani J "PADMA 28: A multi-component herbal preparation with retinoid-like dermal activity but without epidermal effects.". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 124(3):524-529.
221. Südel KM, Venzke K, Mielke H, Breitenbach U, Mundt C, Jaspers S, Koop U, Sauermann K, Knussmann-Hartig E, Moll I "Novel aspects of intrinsic and extrinsic aging human skin: Beneficial effects of soy extract.". Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005, 18(3):581-587.
222. Ho JN, Lee YH, Lee YD, Jun WJ, Kim HK, Hong BS, Shin DH, Cho HY "Inhibitory effect of Aucubin isolated from Eucommia ulmoides against UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin fibroblasts.". Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005, 69(11):2227-2231.
223. Lee J, Jung E, Kim Y, Park J, Park J, Hong S, Kim J, Hyun C, Kim YS, Park D "Asiaticoside induces human collagen I synthesis through TGF beta receptor I kinase (TbetaI kinase)-independent Smad signaling.". Planta Med 2006, 72(4):324-328.
224. Moon HI, Kim MR, Woo ER, Chung JH "Triterpenoid from Styrax japonica Sieb et Zucc, and its effects on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and type 1 procollagen caused by ultraviolet irradiated cultured primary human skin fibroblasts.". Biol Pharm Bull 2005, 28(10):2003-2006.
225. Obayashi K, Kurihara K, Okano Y, Masaki H, Yarosh DB "L-Ergothioneine scavenges superoxide and singlet oxygen and suppressed TNF-a and MMP-1 expression in UV-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts.". J Cosmet Sci 2005, 56(1):17-27.
226. Bae JT, Sim SG, Lee DH, Lee BC, Pyo HB, Choe TB, Yun JW "Production of exopolysaccharide from mycelial culture of Grifola frondosa and its inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in UV-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts.". FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005, 251(2):347-554.
227. Kim HH, Cho S, Lee S, Kim KH, Cho KH, Eun HC, Chung JH "Photoprotective and anti-skin-aging effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in human skin in vivo.". J Lipid Res 2006, 47(5):921-930.
228. Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeira-Martin SM, Feingold KR, Elias PM "The aged epidermal permeability barrier. Structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model.". J Clin Invest 1995, 95(5):2281-2290.
229. Rogers J, Harding C, Mayo A, Banks J, Rawlings A "Stratum corneum lipids: The effects of ageing and the seasons.". Arch Dermatol Res 1996, 288(12):765-770.
230. Haratake A, Komiya A, Horikoshi T, Uchiwa H, Watanabe S "Acceleration of de novo cholesterol synthesis in the epidermis influences desquamation of the stratum corneum in aged mice.". Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006, 19(5):275-282.
231. Dermatology 2003, 89. Mosby, New York, J.L. Bolognia, J.L. Jorizzo, R.P. Rapini (Eds.).
232. Ghersetich I, Lotti T, Campanile G, Grappone C, Dini G "Hyaluronic acid in cutaneous intrinsic aging.". Int J Dermatol 1994, 33(2):119-122.
233. Kucharekova M, Kerhof PGMVd, Valk PGMVd "A randomized comparison of an emollient containing skin-related lipids with a petrolatum-based emollient as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis.". Contact Dermatitis 2003, 48(6):293-299.
234. Loden M, Andersson AC "Effect of topically applied lipids on surfactant-irritated skin.". Br J Dermatol 1996, 134(2):215-220.
235. Held E, Agner T "Effect of moisturizers on skin susceptibility to irritants.". Acta Derm Venereol 2001, 81(2):104-107.
236. Weindl G, Schaller M, Schafer-Korting M, Korting HC "Hyaluronic acid in the treatment and prevention of skin diseases: Molecular, biological, pharmaceutical, and clinical aspects.". Skin Pharmacol Physio l 2004, 17(5):207-213.
237. Sayo T, Sakai S, Inoue S "Synergistic effect on N-acetylglucosamine and retinoids on hyaluronan production in human keratinocytes.". Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004, 17(2):77-83.
238. Choi EH, Man MQ, Wang F, Zhang X, Brown BE, Feingold KR, Elias PM "Is endogenous glycerol a determinant of stratum corneum hydration in humans?". J Invest Dermatol 2005, 125(2):288-293.
239. Deocaris CC, Shrestha BG, Kraft DC, Yamasaki K, Kaul SC, Rattan SIS, Wadhwa R "Geroprotection by glycerol: Insights into its mechanisms and clinical potentials.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1067:488-492.
240. Denda M, Tsuchiya T, Shoji K, Tanida M "Odorant inhalation affects skin barrier homeostasis in mice and humans.". Br J Dermatol 2000, 142(5):1007-1010.
241. Denda M, Inoue K, Inomata S, Denda S "g-Aminobutyric acid (A) receptor agonists accelerate cutaneous barrier recovery and prevent epidermal hyperplasia induced by barrier disruption.". J Invest Dermatol 2002, 119(5):1041-1047.
242. Choi SE, Choi S, Lee JH, Whiting PJ, Lee SM, Nah SY "Effects of ginsenosides on GABA(A) receptor channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.". Arch Pharm Res 2003, 26(1):28-33.
243. Liao JF, Hung WY, Chen CF "Anxiolytic-like effects of baicalein and baicalin in the Vogel conflict test in mice.". Eur J Pharmacol 2003, 464 (2-3):141-146.
244. Yuan CS, Mehendale S, Xiao Y, Aung HH, Xie JT, Ang-Lee MK "The gamma aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity.". Anesth Analg 2004, 98(2):353-358.
245. Giacomoni PU Aging and cellular defence mechanism. Ageing and Cellular Defence Mechanism 1992, Volume 663:1-3. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. C. Franceschi, G. Crepaldi, V. Cristofalo (Eds.).
246. Fukuyama K, Epstein WL, Epstein JH "Effect of ultraviolet light on RNA and protein synthesis in differentiated epidermal cells.". Nature 1967, 216(5119):1031-1032.
247. Brunet S, Giacomoni PU "Heat shock mRNA in mouse epidermis after UV irradiation.". Mutat Res 1989, 219(4):217-224.
248. Trautinger F, Kokesch C, Klosner G, Knobler RM, Kindas-Mugge I "Expression of the 72-kD heat shock protein is induced by ultraviolet A radiation in a human fibrosarcoma cell line.". Exp Dermatol 1999, 8(3):187-192.
249. Cantoni O, Sestili P, Cattabeni F, Bellomo G, Pou S, Cohen M, Cerutti P "Calcium chelator Quin 2 prevents hydrogen-peroxide-induced DNA breakage and cytotoxicity.". Eur J Biochem 1989, 182(2):209-212.
250. Carson DA, Seto S, Wasson DB, Carreras CJ "DNA strand breaks, NAD metabolism and programmed cell death.". Exp Cell Res 1986, 164(2):273-281.
251. Balard B, Giacomoni PU "Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide level in dimethylsulfate-treated or UV-irradiated mouse epidermis.". Mutat Res 1989, 219(1):71-79.
252. Maass, H. and Schubert, G., Early biochemical reactions after X-ray irradiation Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Peaceful Utilization of Atomic Energy, No. 22, Geneva, 449-454, 1958.
253. Straface E, Falchi M, Giacomoni PU, Malorni W Cytotoxicity and morphological endpoints of exposure to UV: Cultured cells as a model system. Sun Protection in Man 2001, 321-335. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.U. Giacomoni (Ed.).
254. Giacomoni PU, D'Alessio P Skin aging: The relevance of antioxidants. Molecular Gerontology 1996, 177-192. Plenum Press, New York. S.O. Rattan, O. Toussaint (Eds.).
255. Hawk JLM, Murphy GM, Holden GA "The presence of neutrophils in human cutaneous ultraviolet-B inflammation.". Br J Dermatol 1988, 118(1):27-30.
256. Bissett R, Hannon DP, Orr TV "Wavelength dependence of histological, physical, and visible changes in chronologically UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin.". Photochem Photobiol 1989, 50(6):763-769.
257. Fourtanier A, Berrebi C "Miniature pig as animal model to study photoaging.". Photochem Photobiol 1989, 50(6):771-784.
258. Wlaschek M, Tantcheva-Poor I, Brenneisen P, Kuhr L, Razi-Wolf Z, Hellweg C, Schneider LA, Meewes C, Scharffetter-Kochanek K The negative effects of solar and artificial irradiation: Photoaging of the skin, its clinical appearance and underlying mechanisms. Sun Protection in Man 2001, 115-130. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.U. Giacomoni (Ed.).
259. Gilchrest B Aging of skin. Dermatology in General Medicine 1993, 150-157. McGraw-Hill, New York. T.B. Fitzpatrick, A.Z. Hausen, K. Wolff, I.M. Freedberg, K.F. Autsen (Eds.).
260. Yarosh D Enhancement of repair of UV damage in humans. Sun Protection in Man 2001, 593-611. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.U. Giacomoni (Ed.).
261. Jacobson EL, Giacomoni PU, Roberts MJ, Wondrak GT, Jacobson MK Metabolic effects of solar radiation and enhancers of energy metabolism. Sun Protection in Man 2001, 277-285. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.U. Giacomoni (Ed.).
262. Stege H, Roza L, Vink AA, Grewe M, Ruzicka T, Grether-Beck S, Krutmann J "Enzyme plus light therapy to repair DNA damage in ultraviolet-B-irradiated human skin.". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97(4):1790-1795.