UV-induced skin damage

Toxicology

Volumn 189, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 21-39

  Ichihashi, M ^a   Ueda, M ^a   Budiyanto, A ^a   Bito, T ^a   Oka, M ^a   Fukunaga, M ^a   Tsuru, K ^a   Horikawa, T ^a  

^a KOBE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

DNA damage; DNA repair; Immunosuppression; Mutation; Nucleotide excision repair (NER); Olive oil; Prevention; Protein kinase C (PKC); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Transcription coupled repair (TCR); Ultraviolet light (UV); UV apoptosis

Indexed keywords

8 HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BLACK TEA EXTRACT; CYCLOBUTANE DERIVATIVE; CYTOSINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; OLEUROPEIN; OLIVE OIL; PHYTIC ACID; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN; PROTEIN KINASE C DELTA; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN XPB; PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; PYRIMIDINONE DERIVATIVE; RAC PROTEIN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; THYMINE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM GROUP D PROTEIN;

AGING; APOPTOSIS; BENIGN TUMOR; CANCER CELL; CANCER PREVENTION; COCKAYNE SYNDROME; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIETARY INTAKE; DNA ADDUCT; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; DNA SYNTHESIS; DNA TRANSCRIPTION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EXCISION REPAIR; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC COMPLEMENTATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; MELANOMA; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION PROTECTION; REVIEW; SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; SKIN CARCINOMA; SKIN DEFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; TOPICAL TREATMENT; TRICHOTHIODYSTROPHY; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET C RADIATION; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0037735453     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00150-1     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Aboussekhra A., Biggerstaff M., Shivji M.K., Vilpo J.A., Moncollin V., Podust V.N., Protic M., Hubscher U., Egly J.M., Wood R.D. Mammalian DNA nucleotide excision repair reconstituted with purified protein components. Cell. 80:1995;859-868.
2. Aburatani H., Hippo Y., Ishida T., Takashima R., Matsuba C., Kodama T., Takao M., Yasui A., Yamamoto K., Asano M., Fukasawa K., Yoshinari T., Inoue H., Ohtsuka E., Nishimura S. Cloning and characterization of mammalian 8-hydroxyguanine-specific DNA glycosylase/apurinic, apyrimidinic lyase, a functional mutM homologue. Cancer Res. 57:1997;2151-2156.
3. Ando O., Suemoto Y., Kurimoto M., Horikawa T., Ichihashi M. Deficient Th1-type immune responses via impaired CD28 signaling in ultraviolet B-induced systemic immunosuppression and the restorative effect of IL-12. J. Dermatol. Sci. 24:2000;190-202.
4. Applegate L.A., Ley R.D., Alcalay J., Kripke M.L. Indentification of the molecular target for the suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UV radiation. J. Exp. Med. 170:1989;1117-1131.
5. Aragane Y., Kulms D., Metze D., Wilkes G., Poppelmann B., Luger T.A., Schwarz T. Ultraviolet light induces apoptosis via direct activation of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) independently of its ligand CD95L. J. Cell Biol. 140:1998;171-182.
6. Aszterbaum M., Rothman A., Johnson R.L., Fisher M., Xie J., Bonifas J.M., Zhang X., Scott M.P., Epstein E.H. Jr. Identification of mutations in the human patched gene in sporadic basal cell carcinomas and in patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome. J. Invest. Dermatol. 110:1998;885-888.
7. 2. Carcinogenesis. 13:1992;2003-2007.
8. Beissert S., Mohammad T., Torri H., Loanti A., Yan Z., Morrison H., Granstein R.D. Regulation of tumor antigen presentation by urocanic acid. J. Immunol. 159:1997;92-96.
9. Bohr V.A., Smith C.A., Okumoto D.S., Hanawalt P.C. DNA repair in an active gene: removal of pyrimidine dimers from the DHFR gene of CHO cells is much more efficient than in the genome overall. Cell. 40:1985;359-368.
10. Brash D.E., Rudolph J.A., Simon J.A., Lin A., Mckenna G.J., Baden H.P., Halperin A.J., Ponten J. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;10124-10128.
11. Brash D.E., Ziegler A., Jonason A., Simon J.A., Kunala S., Leffell D.J. Sunlight and sunburn in human skin cancer: p53, apoptosis, and tumor promotion. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 1:1996;136-142.
12. Budiyanto A., Ahmed N.U., Wu A., Bito T., Nikaido O., Osawa T., Ueda M., Ichihashi M. Protective effect of topically applied olive oil against photocarcinogenesis following UVB exposure of mice. Carcinogenesis. 21:2000;2085-2090.
13. Cadet J., Douki T., Pouget J.-P., Ravanat J.-L. Singlet oxygen DNA damage products: formation and measurement. Methods Enzymol. 319:2000;143-153.
14. Campbell, C., Quinn, A.G., Ro, Y.S., Angus, B., Ress, J.L., 1993. p53 mutations are common and early events that precede tumor invasion in squamous cell neoplasia of skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 746-748.
15. Cerutti P.A. Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science. 227:1985;375-381.
16. Chen N., Ma W.-Y., Dong Z. Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits ultraviolet B-induced signal transduction. Mol. Carcinog. 31:2001;139-144.
17. Cheng K.C., Cahill D.S., Kasai H., Nishimura S., Loeb L.A. 8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage causes G to T and A to C substitution. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;166-172.
18. Cleaver J.E. Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum. Nature. 218:1968;652-655.
19. Cleaver J.E., Kraemer K.H. Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome. Scriver C.R., Beaudet A.L., Sly W.S., Valle D. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. 1995;4393-4419 McGraw-Hill, New York.
20. Clingen P.H., Arlett C.F., Cole J., Waugh A.P., Lowe J.E., Harcourt S.A., Hermanova N., Roza L., Mori T., Nikaido O., Michael H.L., et al. Correlation of UVC and UVB cytotoxicity with the induction of specific photoproducts in T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts from normal human donors. Photochem. Photobiol. 61:1995;163-170.
21. Coffer P.J., Burgering B.M.T., Peppelenbosch M.P., Bos J.L., Kruijer W. UV activation of receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Oncogenesis. 11:1995;561-568.
22. Cooper K.D., Duraiswamy N., Hammerber C., Allen E., Kimbrough-Green C., Dillon W., Thomas D. Neutrophils, differentiated macrophages, and monocyte macrophage antigen presenting cells infiltrate murine epidermis after UV injury. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101:1993;155-163.
23. Dahmane N., Lee J., Robins P., Heller P., Ruiz I., Altaba A. Activation of the transcription factor Gli1 and the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in skin tumours. Nature. 389:1997;876-881.
24. Daya-Grosjean L., Sarasin A. UV-specific mutation of the human patched gene in basal cell carcinomas from normal individuals and xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Mutat. Res. 450:2000;193-199.
25. Daya-Grosjean L., Dumaz N., Sarasin A. The specificity of p53 mutation spectra in sunlight-induced human cancers. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 28:1995;115-124.
26. de Boer J., Hoeijimakers J.H.J. Nucleotide excision repair and human syndromes. Carcinogenesis. 21:2000;453-460.
27. Denning M.F., Dlugosz A.A., Williams E.K., Szallasi Z., Blumberg P.M., Yuspa S.H. Specific protein kinase C isozymes mediate the induction of keratinocyte differentiation markers by calcium. Cell Growth Differ. 6:1995;149-157.
28. Derijard B., Hibi M., Wu I.-H., Barrett T., Su B., Deng T., Karin M., Davis R.J. JHK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell. 76:1994;1025-1037.
29. Devary Y., Gottlieb R.A., Smeal T., Karin M. The mammalian ultraviolet response is triggered by activation of src tyrosine kinases. Cell. 71:1992;1031-1091.
30. Elmets C.A., Bergstresser P.R., Tigelaar R.E., Wood P.J., Streilein J.W. Analysis of the mechanism of unresponsiveness produced by haptens painted on skin exposed to low dose ultraviolet radiation. J. Exp. Med. 158:1983;781-794.
31. Eveno E., Bourre F., Quilliet X., Chevallier-Lagente O., Roza L., Eker A.P., Kleijer W.J., Nikaido O., Stefanini M., Hoeijmakers J.H., et al. Different removal of ultraviolet photoproducts in genetically related xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy diseases. Cancer Res. 55:1995;4325-4332.
32. Fisher M.S., Kripke M.L. Suppressor T lymphocytes control the development of primary skin cancers in ultraviolet-irradiated mice. Science. 216:1982;1133-1134.
33. Fisher M.S., Kripke M.L. Systemic alteration induced in mice by ultraviolet irradiation and its relationship to ultraviolet carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:1997;1688-1692.
34. Fukunaga M., Oka M., Ichihashi M., Yamamoto T., Matsuzaki H., Kikkawa U. UV-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PKC δ and promotion of apoptosis in the HaCaT cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 289:2001;573-579.
35. Gailani M.R., Stahle-Backdahl M., Leffell D.J., Glynn M., Zaphiropoulos P.G., Pressman C., Unden A.B., Dean M., Brash D.E., Bale A.E., Toftgard R. The role of the human homologue of drosophila patched in sporadic basal cell carcinomas. Nature Genet. 14:1996;78-81.
36. Gherzi R., Sparatore B., Patrone M., Sciutto A., Briata P. Protein kinase C mRNA levels and activity in reconstituted normal human epidermis: relationships to cell differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184:1992;283-291.
37. Gshwendt M. Protein kinase C δ Eur. J. Biochem. 259:1999;555-564.
38. Hahn H., Wicking C., Zaphiropoulous P.G., Gailani M.R., Shanley S., Chidambaram A., Vorechovsky I., Holmberg E., Unden A.B., Gillies S., Negus K., Smyth I., Pressman C., Leffell D.J., Gerrard B., Goldstein A.M., Dean M., Toftgard R., Chenevix-Trench G., Wainwright B., Bale A.E. Mutations of the human homolog of drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell. 85:1996;841-851.
39. Howie S., Norval M., Maingy J. Exposure to low doses ultraviolet B light suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity to herpes simplex in mice by suppressor cell induction. J. Invest. Dermatol. 86:1998;125-128.
40. Huang C., Ma W.Y., Hecht S.S., Dong Z. Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by targeting phosphatidylinositol-3′ Cancer Res. 57:1997;2873-2878.
41. Huang C., Ma W.Y., Li J., Hecht S.S., Dong Z. Essential role of p53 in phenethyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 58:1998;4102-4106.
42. Hwang B.J., Toering S., Francke U., Chu G. p48 Activates a UV-damaged DNA binding factor and is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells that lack binding activity. Mol. Cell Biol. 18:1998;4391-4399.
43. Ichihashi M., Yamamura K., Hiramoto T., et al. No apparent neurologic defect in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group F: a review of cases from Japan. Br. J. Dermatol. 124:1988;256-260.
44. Ichihashi, M., Funasaka, Y., Ahmed, N.U., Chakraborty, A.K., Ueda, M., 1998. Efficacy of antioxidant substances and prevention of UV damage, in symposium on skin: In: J.A. Parrish, H. Tagami, T. Ozawa (Eds.), Interface of a Living System, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 167-175.
45. Ichihashi, M., Budiyanto, A., Ahmed, N.U., Ueda, M., Bito, T., Osawa, T., Matsugou, S., 2001. Oleuropein, a component of olive oil reduces UV-induced 8-OHdG formation, and may prevent skin cancer in mice. Read at Redox Processes in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, A Joint Scientific Meeting for Free Radical Research (Australia) and the Society for Free Radical Research (Japan), November 30-December 4, Sydney, Australia.
46. Ichijo H. From receptors to stress-activated MAP kinases. Oncogenesis. 18:1999;6087-6093.
47. Ito K., Kawanishi S. Site-specific DNA damage induced by UVA radiation in the presence of endogenous photosensitizer. Biol. Chem. 378:1997;1307-1312.
48. Jimbo T., Ichihashi M., Mishima Y., Fujiwara Y. Role of excision repair in UVB-induced depletion and recovery of human epidermal Langerhans cells. Arch. Dermatol. 128:1992;61-67.
49. Johnson R.L., Rothman A.L., Xie J., Goodrich L.V., Bare J.W., Bonifas J.M., Quinn A.G., Myers R.M., Cox D.R., Epstein E.H. Jr., Scott M.P. Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science. 272:1996;1668-1671.
50. Kasai H., Nishimura S. Hydroxylation of deoxyguanosine at the C-8 position by ascorbic acid and other reducing agents. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:1984;2137-2145.
51. Kato M., Iwashita T., Takeda K., Akhand A.A., Liu W., Yoshihara M., Asai N., Suzuki H., Takahashi M., Nakashima I. Ultraviolet light induces redox reaction mediated dimerization and superactivation of oncogenic Ret tyrosine kinases. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:2000;93-101.
52. Kawakami Y., Hartman S.E., Holland P.M., Cooper J.A., Kawakami T. Multiple signaling pathways for the activation of JNK in mast cells: involvement of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, and JNK kinases, SEK1 and MKK7. J. Immunol. 161:1998;1795-1802.
53. ++ - independent protein kinase C, in normal human skin and skin diseases. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101:1993;858-863.
54. 2-treated cells and its activation by tyrosine kinase in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;6587-6592.
55. Kraemer K.H. Sunlight and skin cancer: another link revealed. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;11-14.
56. Kripke M.L. Immunological unresponsiveness induced by ultraviolet radiation. Immunol. Rev. 80:1984;87-102.
57. Kripke M.L., Alas L.G., Yarosh D.B. Pyrimidine dimers in DNA initiate systemic immunosuppression in UV-irradiated mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;7516-7520.
58. Krokan H.E., Standal R., Slupphaug G. DNA glycosylases in the base excision repair of DNA. Biochem. J. 325:1997;1-16.
59. Lee Y.S., Dlugosz A.A., McKay R., Dean N.M., Yuspa S.H. Definition by specific antisense oligonucleotides of a role for protein kinase C alpha in expression of differentiation markers in normal and neoplastic mouse epidermal keratinocytes. Mol. Carcinog. 18:1997;44-53.
60. Levitt N.C., Hickson I.D. Caretaker tumour suppressor genes that defend genome integrity. Trends. Mol. Med. 8:2002;179-186.
61. Lu Y.P., Lou Y.R., Li X.H., Xie J.G., Brash D., Huang M.T., Conney A.H. Stimulatory effect of oral administration of green tea or caffeine on ultraviolet light-induced increases in epidermal wild-type p53, p21 (WAF1/CIP1), and apoptotic sunburn cells in SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res. 60:2000;4785-4791.
62. Masutani C., Kusumoto R., Yamada A., Dohmae N., Yokoi M., Yuasa M., Araki M., Iwai S., Takio K., Hanaoka F. The XPV(xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta. Nature. 399:1999;700-704.
63. Mayne L.V., Lehmann A.R. Failure of RNA synthesis to recover after UV irradiation: an early defect in cells from individuals with Cockayne's syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum. Cancer Res. 42:1982;1473-1478.
64. Miller J.H. Mutagenic specificity of ultraviolet light. J. Mol. Biol. 182:1985;45-68.
65. Mitchell D.L. The relative cytotoxicity of (6-4) photoproducts and cyclobutane dimers in mammalian cells. Photochem. Photobiol. 48:1988;51-57.
66. Mitchell D.L., Haipek C.A., Clarkson J.M. (6-4) Photoproducts are removed from the DNA of UV-irradiated mammalian cells more efficiently than cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Mutat. Res. 143:1985;109-112.
67. Mitchell D.L., Jen J., Cleaver J.E. Relative induction of cyclobutane dimers and cytosine photohydrates in DNA irradiated in vitro and in vivo with ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-B light. Photochem. Photobiol. 54:1991;741-746.
68. Miyauchi-Hashimoto H., Tanaka K., Horio T. Enhanced inflammation and immunosuppression by ultraviolet radiation in xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) model mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 107:1996;343-348.
69. Miyauchi-Hashimoto H., Okamoto H., Tanaka K., Horio T. Ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity is enhanced in xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) model mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 112:1999;965-970.
70. Nagano T., Ueda M., Ichihashi M. Expression of p53 protein is an early event in ultraviolet light-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis. Arch. Dermatol. 129:1993;1157-1161.
71. Nagano T., Bito T., Kallassy M., Nakazawa H., Ichihashi M., Ueda M. Overexpression of the human homologue of drosophila patched (PTCH) in skin tumours: specificity for basal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 140:1999;287-290.
72. Nakagawa A., Kobayashi N., Muramatsu T., Yamashina Y., Shirai T., Hashimoto M.W., Ikenaga M., Mori T. Three-dimensional visualization of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage and its repair in human cell nuclei. J. Invest. Dermatol. 110:1998;143-148.
73. Newton A.C. Protein kinase C: structure, function, and regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;28495-28498.
74. Nichols A.F., Ong P., Linn S. Mutations specific to the xeroderma pigmentosum group E DDB-phenotype. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;24317-24320.
75. Nishigori C., Wang S., Miyakoshi J., Sato M., Tsukuda T., Yagi T., Imamura S., Takebe H. Mutations in ras genes in cells cultured from mouse skin tumors induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;7189-7193.
76. Nishigori C., Yarosh D.B., Ullrich S.E., Vink A.A., Bucana C.D., Roza L., Kripke M.L. Evidence that DNA damage triggers interleukin 10 cytokine production in UV-irradiated murine keratinocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;10354-10359.
77. Nishimura S. Involvement of mammalian OGG1 (MMH) in excision of the 8-hydroxyguanine residue in DNA(1, 2). Free Radic. Biol. Med. 32:2002;813-821.
78. Nishizuka Y. The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumour promotion. Nature. 308:1984;693-698.
79. Nishizuka Y. Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses. FASEB J. 9:1995;484-496.
80. Norval M., Gilmour J.W., Simpson T.J. The effect of histamine receptor antagonists on immunosupression induced by the cis-isomer of urocanic acid. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 7:1990;243-248.
81. Norval M., Gibbs N.K., Gilmour J. The role of urocanic acid in UV-induced immunosuppression: recent advances (1992-1994). Photochem. Photobiol. 62:1995;209-217.
82. Ohba M., Ishino K., Kashiwagi M., Kawabe S., Chida K., Huh N.H., Kuroki T. Induction of differentiation in normal human keratinocytes by adenovirus-mediated introduction of the η and δ isoforms of protein kinase C. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1998;5199-5207.
83. Ouhtit A., Ueda M., Nakazawa H., Ichihashi M., Dumaz N., Sarasin A., Yamasaki H. Quantitative detection of ultraviolet-specific p53 mutations in normal skin from Japanese patients. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6:1997;433-438.
84. Owen R.W., Mier W., Giacosa A., Hull W.E., Spiegelhalder B., Bartsch H. Identification of lignans as major components in the phenolic fraction of olive oil. Clin. Chem. 46:2000;976-988.
85. Pascucci B., Maga G., Hubscher U., Bjoras M., Seeberg E., Hickson I.D., Villani G., Giordano C., Cellai L., Dogliotti E. Reconstitution of the base excision repair pathway for 7, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine with purified human proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:2002;2124-2130.
86. 2 is an important mediator of UVB-induced EGF-receptor phosphorylation in cultured keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 110:1998;966-971.
87. Peus D., Vasa R.A., Beyerle A., Meves A., Krautmacher C., Pittelkow M.R. UVB activates ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways via reactive oxygen species in cultured keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 112:1999;751-756.
88. Qin S., Minami Y., Kurosaki T., Yamamura H. Distinctive functions of Syk and Lyn in mediating osmotic stress- and ultraviolet C irradiation-induced apoptosis in chicken B cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;17994-17999.
89. Rady P., Scinicariello F., Wagner R.F. Jr., Tyring S.K. p53 mutations in basal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 52:1992;3804-3806.
90. Reardon J.T., Nichols A.F., Keeney S., Smith C.A., Taylor J.S., Linn S., Sancar A. Comparative analysis of binding of human damaged DNA-binding protein (XPE) and Escherichia coli damage recognition protein (UvrA) to the major ultraviolet photoproducts: T[c, s]T, T[t, s]T, T[6-4], and T[Dewar]T. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;21301-21308.
91. Raingeaud J., Gupta S., Rogers J.S., Dichens M., Han J., Ulevitch R.J., Davis R.J. Proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;7420-7426.
92. Reardon J.T., Bessho T., Kung H.C., Bolton P.H., Sancar A. In vitro repair of oxidative DNA damage by human nucleotide excision repair system: possible explanation for neurodegeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;9463-9468.
93. Rees J. Genetic alterations in non-melanoma skin cancer. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103:1994;747-750.
94. Rehemtulla A., Hamilton C.A., Chinnaiyan A.M., Dixit V.M. Ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of CD-95(Fas/APO-1). J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;25783-25786.
95. Rivas J., Ullrich S.E. Systemic suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity by supernatants from UV-irradiated keratinocytes: an essential role for keratinocyte-derived IL-10. J. Immunol. 149:1992;3865-3871.
96. Rivas J.M., Ullrich S.E. The role of IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α in the immune suppression induced by ultraviolet radiation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56:1994;769-775.
97. Robbins J.H., Kraemer K.H., Lutzner M.A., Festoff B.W., Coon H.G. Xeroderma pigmentosum. An inherited disease with sun sensitivity, multiple cutaneous neoplasms, and abnormal DNA repair. Ann. Intern. Med. 80:1974;221-248.
98. Rosenstein B.S., Mitchell D.L. Action spectra for the induction of pyrimidine photoproducts and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in normal human skin fibroblasts. Photochem. Photobiol. 45:1987;775-780.
99. Sachsenmaier C., Radler-Pohl A., Zinck R., Nordheim A., Herrlich P., Rahmsdorf H.J. Involvement of growth factor receptors in the mammalian UVC response. Cell. 78:1994;963-972.
100. Sancar A. Mechanisms of DNA excision repair. Science. 266:1994;1954-1956.
101. Schmitt D.A., Owen-Schaub L., Ullrich S.E. Effect of IL-12 on immune suppression and suppressor cell induction by ultraviolet radiation. J. Immunol. 154:1995;5114-5120.
102. Schwarz A., Bhardwaj R., Aragane Y., Mahnke K., Riemann H., Metze D., Luger T.A., Schwarz T. Ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes: evidence for partial involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the formation of sunburn cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104:1995;922-927.
103. Schwarz A., Stander S., Berneburgt M., Bohm M., Kulms D., van Steegt H., Grosse-Heitmeyer K., Krutmannt J., Schwarz T. Interleukin-12 suppresses ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis by inducing DNA repair. Nature Cell Biol. 4:2002;26-31.
104. Shamsuddin A.M. Metabolism and cellular functions of IP6: A review. Anticancer Res. 19:1999;3733-3736.
105. Sijbers A.M., de Laat W.L., Ariza R.R., Biggerstaff M., Wei Y.F., Moggs J.G., Carter K.C., Shell B.K., Evans E., de Jong M.C., Rademakers S., de Rooij J., Jaspers N.G., Hoeijmakers J.H., Wood R.D. Xeroderma pigmentosum group F caused by a defect in a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease. Cell. 86:1996;811-822.
106. Simon J.C., Tigelaar R.E., Bergstresser P.R., Edellbaum D., Cruz P.D. Ultraviolet B radiation converts Langerhans cells from immunogenic to tolerogenic antigen presenting cells. J. Immunol. 146:1991;485-491.
107. Su B., Karin M. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and regulation of gene expression. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8:1996;402-411.
108. Suemoto Y., Ando O., Kurimoto M., Horikawa T., Ichihashi M. IL-12 promotes the accessory cell function of epidermal Langerhans cells. J. Dermatol. Sci. 18:1998;98-108.
109. Sugasawa K., Ng J.M., Masutani C., Iwai S., van der Spek P.J., Eker A.P., Hanaoka F., Bootsma D., Hoeijmakers J.H. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex is the initiator of global genome nucleotide excision repair. Mol. Cell. 2:1998;223-232.
110. Suzuki T., Yoshida M., Yamada M., Ide H., Kobayashi M., Kanaori K., Tajima K., Makino K. Misincorporation of 2′-deoxyoxanosine 5′-triphosphate by DNA polymerases and its implication for mutagenesis. Biochemistry. 37:1998;11592-11598.
111. Taguchi M., Watanabe S., Yashima K., Murakami Y., Sekiya T., Ikeda S. Aberrations of the tumor suppression p53 gene and p53 protein in solar keratosis in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103:1994;500-503.
112. Tokiwa G., Dikic I., Lev S., Schlessinger J. Activation of Pyk2 by stress signals and coupling with JNK signaling pathway. Science. 273:1996;792-794.
113. Trinchieri G. Immunology of interleukin-12. Immunol. Res. 17:1998;269-278.
114. Ueda E., Ohno S., Kuroki T., Livneh E., Yamada K., Yamanishi K., Yasuno H. The eta isoform of protein kinase C mediates transcriptional activation of the human transglutaminase 1 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;9790-9794.
115. van Steeg H., Kraemer K.H. Xeroderma pigmentosum and the role of UV-indued DNA damage in skin cancer. Mol. Med. Today. 5:1999;86-94.
116. Vermeer M., Streilein J.W. Ultraviolet B light-induced alterations in epidermal Langerhans cells are mediated in part by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 7:1990;258-265.
117. Visioli F., Galli V. Natural antioxidants and prevention of coronary heart disease: the potential role of olive oil and its minor constituents. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 5:1995;306-314.
118. Visioli F., Bellomo G., Galli C. Free radical-scavenging properties of olive polyphenols. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247:1998;60-64.
119. Vreeswijk M.P.G., van Hoffen A., Westland B.E., Vrieling H., van Zeeland A.A., Mullenders L.H.F. Analysis of repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone photoproducts in transcriptionally active and inactive genes in Chinese hamster cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;31858-31863.
120. Wang Z.Y., Agarwal R., Bickers D.R., Mukhtar H. Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis. 12:1991;1527-1530.
121. Wang Z.Y., Huang M.T., Ferraro T., Wong C.Q., Lou Y.R., Iatropoulos M., Yang C.S., Conney A.H. Inhibitory effect of green tea in the drinking water on tumorigenesis by ultraviolet light and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in the skin of SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res. 52:1992;1162-1170.
122. Wang Z.Y., Huang M.T., Lou Y.R., Xie J.G., Reuhl K., Newmark H.L., Ho C.T., Uang C.S., Conney A.H. Inhibitory effects of black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, and decaffeinated green tea on ultraviolet B light-induced skin carcinogenesis in 7, 2-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene-initiated SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res. 54:1994;3428-3435.
123. Warmuth I., Harth Y., Matsui M.S., Wang N., DeLeo V.A. Ultraviolet radiation induces phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 54:1994;374-376.
124. Watanabe T., Ono Y., Taniyama Y., Hazama K., Igarashi K., Ogita K., Kikkawa U., Nishizuka Y. Cell division arrest induced by phorbol ester in CHO cells overexpressing protein kinase C-δ subspecies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;10159-10163.
125. Wilson D.M., Thompson L.H. Life without DNA repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;12754-12757.
126. Wood R.D. DNA repair in eukaryotes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 65:1996;135-167.
127. Wood R.D. Nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;23465-23468.
128. Xia Z., Dickens M., Raingeaud J., Davis R.J. Greenberg ME: opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science. 270:1995;1326-1331.
129. Xie J., Murone M., Luih S.M., Ryan A., Gu Q., Zhang C., Bonifas J.M., Lam C.W., Hynes M., Goddard A., Rosenthal A., Epstein E.H. Jr., de-Sauvage F.J. Activating smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma. Nature. 391:1998;90-92.
130. Xie J., Aszterbaum M., Zhang X., Bonifas J.M., Zachary C., Epstein E. A role of PDGFRa in basal cell carcinoma proliferation. Med. Sci. 98:2001;9255-9259.
131. Yang C.S., Wang A.Y. Tea and cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:1993;1038-1048.
132. Yoshikawa T., Rae V., Bruins-Slot W., Van den Berg J-W., Taylor J.R., Streilein J.W. Susceptibility to effect of UVB radiation on induction of contact hypersensitivity as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 95:1990;530-536.
133. Zhao X., Taylor J.-S. Mutation spectra of TA, the major photoproduct of thymidylyl-(3′5′)-deoxyadenosine, in Escherichia coli under SOS conditions. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1996;1561-1565.
134. Ziegler A., Leffell D.J., Kunala S., Sharma H.W., Gailani M., Simon J.A., Halperin A.J., Baden H.P., Sharporo P.E., Bale A.E., et al. Mutation hotspots due to sunlight in the p53 gene of nonmelanoma skin cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;4216-4220.
135. Ziegler A., Jonason A.S., Leffell D.J., Simon J.A., Sharma H.W., Kimmelman J., Remington L., Jacks T., Brash D.E. Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer. Nature. 372:1994;22-29.