Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (II): Protein, glycosaminoglycan, water, and lipid content and structure

Skin Research and Technology

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 145-154

  Waller, Jeanette M ^a   Maibach, Howard I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Glycosaminoglycan; Lipids; Protein; Skin physiology; Water

Indexed keywords

AGING PROCESS; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN; SKIN FUNCTION; SKIN PHYSIOLOGY; SKIN STRUCTURE;

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; DERMATOLOGY; HUMAN ENGINEERING; LIPIDS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEINS; WATER;

SKIN;

CHONDROITIN SULFATE; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN FIBER; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; COLLAGEN TYPE 3; ELASTIN; FIBRILLIN; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN; HYALURONIC ACID; HYDROXYPROLINE; LIPID;

AGING; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; EMBASE; HUMAN; HYDROPHOBICITY; LIGHT EXPOSURE; MEDLINE; PHOTOAGING; PROTEIN CONTENT; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SCISEARCH; SKIN FUNCTION; SKIN STRUCTURE; SUN EXPOSURE; WATER CONTENT; XEROSIS;

BODY WATER; COLLAGEN; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS; HUMANS; LIPIDS; PROTEINS; SKIN AGING; SKIN PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; SKIN PHYSIOLOGY; SOLUBILITY;

EID: 33745620223     PISSN: 0909752X     EISSN: 16000846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0909-752X.2006.00146.x     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Ritz-Timme S, Laumier I, Collins MJ. Aspartic acid racemization- evidence for marked longevity of elastin in human skin. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 951-959.
2. Gniadecka M, Nielsen OF, Christensen DH, Wulf HC. Structure of water, proteins, and lipids in intact human skin, hair, and nail. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: 393-398.
3. Oikaren A. Aging of the skin connective tissue: How to measure the biochemical and mechanical properties of aging dermis. Photodermatol Photoimnunol Photomed 1994; 10: 47-52.
4. Gniadecka M, Gniadecki R, Serup J, Sondergaard J. Ultrasound structure and digital image analysis of the subepidermal low echogenic band in aged human skin: Diurnal changes and interindividual variability. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 362-365.
5. Uitto J. Connective tissue biochemistry of the aging dermis. Clin Geriatric Med 1989; 5: 127-147.
6. Lovell CR, Smolenski KA, Duance VC, Light ND, Young S, Dyson M Type I and III collagen content and fibre distribution in normal human skin during aging. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117: 419-428.
7. Lavker RM, Zheng P, Dong G. Aged skin: A study by light, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 88: 44s-53s.
8. Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, Garbelli R, Rossi VD. Immunocytochemical localization of collagen types I, II, IV, and fibronectin in the human dermis: Modifications with aging. Cell Tissue Res 1992; 268: 505-511.
9. Bernstein EF, Chen YQ, Tamai K et al. Enhanced elastin and fibrillin gene expression in chronically photodamaged skin. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103: 182-186.
10. Robert C, Lesty C, Robert AM. Ageing of the skin: Study of elastic fiber network modifications by computerized image analysis. Gerontology 1988; 34: 91-96.
11. Powell JT, Vine N, Crossman M. On the accumulation of D-aspartate in elastin and other proteins of the ageing aorta. Atherosclerosis 1992; 97: 201-208.
12. Gniadecka M, Nielsen OF, Wessel S, Heidenheim M, Christensen DH, Wulf HC. Water and protein structure in photoaged and chronically aged skin. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 11: 1129-1133.
13. Jacobson T, Yuksel Y, Geesin JC, Gordon JS, Lane AT, Gracy RW. Effects of aging and xerosis on the amino acid composition of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95: 296-300.
14. Bernstein EF, Underhill CB, Hahn PJ, Brown DB, Uitto J. Chronic sun exposure alters both the content and distribution of dermal glycosaminoglycans. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 255-262.
15. Rogers J, Harding C, Mayo A, Banks J, Rawlings A. Stratum corneum lipids: The effects of ageing and the seasons. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288: 765-770.
16. Roskos KV The effect of skin aging on the percutaneous penetration of chemicals through human skin. Dissertation, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
17. Saint Leger D, Francois AM, Leveque JL, Stoudemayer TJ, Grove GL, Kligman AM. Age-associated changes in the stratum corneum lipids and their relation to dryness. Dermatologica 1988; 177: 159-164.
18. Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI. Skin surface lipid and skin friction. Relation to age, sex, and anatomical region. Skin Pharmacol 1995; 8: 246-251.
19. Ritz-Timme S, Collins MJ. Racemization of aspartic acid in human proteins. Age Res Rev 2002; 1: 43-59.
20. Schreiner V, Gooris G, Pfeiffer S, Lanzendorfer G, Wenck H, Diembeck W, Proksch E, Bouwstra J. Barrier characteristics of different human skin types investigated with x-ray diffraction, lipid analysis, and electron microscopy imaging. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114: 654-660.
21. Shuster S, Black M, McVitie E. The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen, and density. Br J Dermatol 1975; 93: 639.
22. Takahashi Y, Ishikawa O, Okada Y, Lojima Y, Igarahi Y, Miyachi Y. Disaccharide analysis of human skin glycosaminoglycans in sun-exposed and sun-protected skin of aged people. J Dermatol Sci 1996; 11: 129-133.
23. Wright AC, Bohning DE, Pecheny AP, Spicer KM. Magnetic resonance chemical shift microimaging of aging human skin in initial findings. Skin Res Technol 1998; 4: 55-62.
24. WoodwardSM. Study design. In: Epidemiology: study design and data analysis. London: Chapman & Hall, 1999: 22-27.
25. Shah MG, Maibach HI. Estrogen and skin. An overview. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001; 2: 143-150.
26. Gniadecka M, Gniadecki R, Serup J, Sondergaard J. Ultrasound structure and digital image analysis of the subepidermal low echogenic band in aged human skin: Diurnal changes and interindividual variability. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 362-365.
27. Tsukahara K, Takema Y, Moriwaki S, Fujimura T, Imokawa G. Dermal fluid translocation is an important determinant of diurnal variation in human skin thickness. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145: 590-596.
28. Tsukahara K, Takema Y, Moriwaki S, Fujimura T, Imokawa G. Diurnal variation affects age-related profile in skin thickness. J Cosmet Sci 2001; 52: 391-397.