Current trends in nanobiosensor technology

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 229-246

  Bellan, Leon M ^a   Wu, Diana ^b   Langer, Robert S ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTE MOLECULES; ANALYTES; BIOSENSING; CURRENT TRENDS; DETECTION SYSTEM; FUNCTIONALIZED NANOPARTICLES; FUNCTIONALIZED SURFACES; HIGH SPECIFICITY; LAB-ON-A-CHIP DEVICES; LOW CONCENTRATIONS; LOW COSTS; MECHANICAL DEVICE; NANO-BIOSENSORS; NANO-SCALE OBJECTS; NANOBIOSENSOR; NANOSCALE BIOSENSORS; RAPID SCREENING; REPRODUCIBILITIES; SINGLE MOLECULE LEVEL; SMALL CONCENTRATION; SMALL SAMPLES;

BIOSENSORS; NANOTUBES; NANOWIRES;

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

BIOMATERIAL; NANOFIBER; NANOPARTICLE; NANOTUBE; NANOWIRE;

BIOSENSOR; NANOBIOSENSOR; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SCREENING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 79953288021     PISSN: 19395116     EISSN: 19390041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wnan.136     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Perlmann P, Perlmann H. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
2. Hempen C, Karst U. Labeling strategies for bioassays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005, 384:572-583.
3. Eteshola E, Leckband D. Development and characterization of an ELISA assay in PDMS microfluidic channels. Sensors Actuat B: Chem 2001, 72:129-133.
4. Weiss JB. DNA probes and PCR for diagnosis of parasitic infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995, 8:113.
5. Yamamoto Y. PCR in diagnosis of infection: detection of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluids. Clin Vac Immunol 2002, 9:508.
6. Cooper M. Label-Free Biosensors: Techniques and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
7. D'Amico A, Di Natale C. A contribution on some basic definitions of sensors properties. IEEE Sensors J 2001, 1:183-190.
8. Saah AJ, Hoover DR. "Sensitivity" and "Specificity" reconsidered: the meaning of these terms in analytical and diagnostic settings. Ann Int Med 1997, 126:91.
9. Huh YS, Erickson D. Aptamer based surface enhanced Raman scattering detection of vasopressin using multilayer nanotube arrays. Biosen Bioelectron 2010, 25:1240-1243.
10. Pavlov V, Xiao Y, Shlyahovsky B, Willner I. Aptamer-functionalized Au nanoparticles for the amplified optical detection of thrombin. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:11768-11769.
11. Liu J, Lu Y. Fast colorimetric sensing of adenosine and cocaine based on a general sensor design involving aptamers and nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006, 45:90-94.
12. Yigit MV, Mazumdar D, Kim H, Lee JH, Odintsov B, Lu Y. Smart "Turn-on" magnetic resonance contrast agents based on aptamer-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. ChemBioChem 2007, 8:1675-1678.
13. Tombelli S, Minunni M, Mascini M. Analytical applications of aptamers. Biosen Bioelectron 2005, 20:2424-2434.
14. Jayasena SD. Aptamers: an emerging class of molecules that rival antibodies in diagnostics. Clin Chem 1999, 45:1628.
15. O'Sullivan C. Aptasensors-the future of biosensing? Anal Bioanal Chem 2002, 372:44-48.
16. Willner I, Zayats M. Electronic aptamer-based sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed 2007, 46:6408-6418.
17. Lee HS, Kim KS, Kim CJ, Hahn SK, Jo MH. Electrical detection of VEGFs for cancer diagnoses using anti-vascular endotherial growth factor aptamer-modified Si nanowire FETs. Biosen Bioelectron 2009, 24:1801-1805.
18. Ikebukuro K, Kiyohara C, Sode K. Novel electrochemical sensor system for protein using the aptamers in sandwich manner. Biosen Bioelectron 2005, 20:2168-2172.
19. Liu J, Lu Y. Preparation of aptamer-linked gold nanoparticle purple aggregates for colorimetric sensing of analytes. Nat Protoc 2006, 1:246-252.
20. Xu Y, Yang X, Wang E. Review: aptamers in microfluidic chips. Anal Chim Acta 2010, 683:12-20.
21. So HM, Won K, Kim YH, Kim BK, Ryu BH, Na PS, Kim H, Lee JO. Single-walled carbon nanotube biosensors using aptamers as molecular recognition elements. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127:11906-11907.
22. Kriz D, Ramstroem O, Svensson A, Mosbach K. A biomimetic sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer as a recognition element combined with fiber-optic detection. Anal Chem 1995, 67:2142-2144.
23. Kriz D, Kempe M, Mosbach K. Introduction of molecularly imprinted polymers as recognition elements in conductometric chemical sensors. Sen Actuat B: Chem 1996, 33:178-181.
24. Andersson LI, Müller R, Vlatakis G, Mosbach K. Mimics of the binding sites of opioid receptors obtained by molecular imprinting of enkephalin and morphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:4788.
25. Haupt K, Mosbach K. Molecularly imprinted polymers and their use in biomimetic sensors. Chem Rev 2000, 100:2495-2504.
26. Ansell RJ, Kriz D, Mosbach K. Molecularly imprinted polymers for bioanalysis: chromatography, binding assays and biomimetic sensors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1996, 7:89-94.
27. Sellergren B. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Man-Made Mimics of Antibodies and Their Applications in Analytical Chemistry. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2001.
28. Hedborg E, Winquist F, Lundström I, Andersson LI, Mosbach K. Some studies of molecularly-imprinted polymer membranes in combination with field-effect devices. Sen Actuat A: Phys 37-38:796-799.
29. Freund MS, Lewis NS. A chemically diverse conducting polymer-based "electronic nose". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:2652-2656.
30. Albert KJ, Lewis NS, Schauer CL, Sotzing GA, Stitzel SE, Vaid TP, Walt DR. Cross-reactive chemical sensor arrays. Chem Rev 2000, 100:2595-2626.
31. Vlasov Y, Legin A, Rudnitskaya A, Di Natale C, D'Amico A. Nonspecific sensor arrays ("electronic tongue") for chemical analysis of liquids (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 2005, 77:1965-1983.
32. Legin A, Smirnova A, Rudnitskaya A, Lvova L, Suglobova E, Vlasov Y. Chemical sensor array for multicomponent analysis of biological liquids. Anal Chim Acta 1999, 385:131-135.
33. Shankaran DR, Miura N. Trends in interfacial design for surface plasmon resonance based immunoassays. J Phys D: Appl Phys 2007, 40:7187.
34. Howarter JA, Youngblood JP. Optimization of silica silanization by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Langmuir 2006, 22:11142-11147.
35. Buriak JM. Organometallic chemistry on silicon surfaces: formation of functional monolayers bound through Si-C bonds. Chem Commun 1999, 1999:1051-1060.
36. Haun JB, Yoon T, Lee H, Weissleder R. Magnetic nanoparticle biosensors. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010, 2:291-304.
37. Nitin N, LaConte L, Zurkiya O, Hu X, Bao G. Functionalization and peptide-based delivery of magnetic nanoparticles as an intracellular MRI contrast agent. J Biol Inorg Chem 2004, 9:706-712.
38. McBain SC, Yiu HH, Dobson J. Magnetic nanoparticles for gene and drug delivery. Int J Nanomed 2008, 3:169-180.
39. Hirsch A, Vostrowsky O. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes. In: Functional Molecular Nanostructures. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 245. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2005, 193-237.
40. Veetil JV, Ye K. Development of immunosensors using carbon nanotubes. Biotechnol Prog 2008, 23:517-531.
41. Hermanson GT. Bioconjugate Techniques. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2008.
42. Datar R, Kim S, Jeon S, Hesketh P, Manalis S, Boisen A, Thundat T. Cantilever Sensors: Nanomechanical Tools for Diagnostics. MRS Bull 2009, 34:449-454.
43. Boisen A, Thundat T. Design & fabrication of cantilever array biosensors. Mater Tod 2009, 12:32-38.
44. Ziegler C. Cantilever-based biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004, 379:946-959.
45. Lavrik NV, Sepaniak MJ, Datskos PG. Cantilever transducers as a platform for chemical and biological sensors. Rev Sci Instrum 2004, 75:2229.
46. Fritz J, Baller MK, Lang HP, Rothuizen H, Vettiger P, Meyer E, Güntherodt H, Gerber C, Gimzewski J. Translating biomolecular recognition into nanomechanics. Science 2000, 288:316-318.
47. Lechugaa LM, Boisenb A. Highly sensitive polymer-based cantilever-sensors for DNA detection. Ultramicroscopy 2005, 105:215-222.
48. Lechugaa LM, Tamayo J, Alvarez M, Carrascosa LG, Yufera A, Doldán R, Peralias E, Rueda A, Plaza JA, Zinoviev K, et al. A highly sensitive microsystem based on nanomechanical biosensors for genomics applications. Sens Actuat B: Chem 2006, 118:2-10.
49. Zhang J, Lang HP, Huber F, Bietsch A, Grange W, Certa U, Mckendry R, Güntherodt H, Hegner M, Gerber C. Rapid and label-free nanomechanical detection of biomarker transcripts in human RNA. Nat Nanotech 2006, 1:214-220.
50. Backmann N, Zahnd C, Huber F, Bietsch A, Plückthun A, Lang HP, Güntherodt HJ, Hegner M, Gerber C. A label-free immunosensor array using single-chain antibody fragments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:14587.
51. Fritz J. Cantilever biosensors. Analyst 2008, 133:855.
52. Verbridge SS, Parpia JM, Reichenbach RB, Bellan LM, Craighead HG. High quality factor resonance at room temperature with nanostrings under high tensile stress. J Appl Phys 2006, 99:124304.
53. Evoy S, Carr DW, Sekaric L, Olkhovets A, Parpia JM, Craighead HG. Nanofabrication and electrostatic operation of single-crystal silicon paddle oscillators. J Appl Phys 1999, 86:6072.
54. Cleland AN, Roukes ML. Fabrication of high frequency nanometer scale mechanical resonators from bulk Si crystals. Appl Phys Lett 1996, 69:2653.
55. Masmanidis SC, Karabalin RB, De Vlaminck I, Borghs G, Freeman MR, Roukes ML. Multifunctional nanomechanical systems via tunably coupled piezoelectric actuation. Science 2007, 317:780-783.
56. Ilic B, Krylov S, Aubin K, Reichenbach R, Craighead HG. Optical excitation of nanoelectromechanical oscillators. Appl Phys Lett 2005, 86:193114.
57. Carr D, Craighead HG. Fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems in single crystal silicon using silicon on insulator substrates and electron beam lithography. J Vac Sci Technol B 1997, 15:2760-2763.
58. Ilic B, Yang Y, Craighead HG. Virus detection using nanoelectromechanical devices. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 85:2604.
59. Ilic B, Yang Y, Aubin K, Reichenbach R, Krylov S, Craighead HG. Enumeration of DNA molecules bound to a nanomechanical oscillator. Nano Lett 2005, 5:925-929.
60. Ilic B, Czaplewski D, Craighead HG, Neuzil P, Campagnolo C, Batt C. Mechanical resonant immunospecific biological detector. Appl Phys Lett 2000, 77:450.
61. Waggoner PS, Varshney M, Craighead HG. Detection of prostate specific antigen with nanomechanical resonators. Lab Chip 2009, 9:3095.
62. Varshney M, Waggoner PS, Tan CP, Aubin K, Montagna RA, Craighead HG. Prion protein detection using nanomechanical resonator arrays and secondary mass labeling. Anal Chem 2008, 80:2141-2148.
63. Waggoner PS, Tan CP, Craighead HG. Microfluidic integration of nanomechanical resonators for protein analysis in serum. Sens Actuat B: Chem 2010, 150:550-555.
64. Ilic B, Czaplewski D, Zalalutdinov M, Craighead HG, Neuzil P, Campagnolo C, Batt C. Single cell detection with micromechanical oscillators. J Vac Sci Technol B 2001, 19:2825.
65. Davila AP, Jang J, Gupta AK, Walter T, Aronson A, Bashir R. Microresonator mass sensors for detection of Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores in air and water. Biosens Bioelectron 2007, 22:3028-3035.
66. Gupta A, Akin D, Bashir R. Single virus particle mass detection using microresonators with nanoscale thickness. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84:1976.
67. Lee JH, Hwang KS, Park J, Yoon KH, Yoon DS, Kim TS. Immunoassay of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using resonant frequency shift of piezoelectric nanomechanical microcantilever. Biosens Bioelectron 2005, 20:2157-2162.
68. Zhang XR, Xu X. Development of a biosensor based on laser-fabricated polymer microcantilevers. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 85:2423.
69. Calleja M, Tamayo J, Nordström M, Boisen A. Low-noise polymeric nanomechanical biosensors. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 88:113901.
70. Ekinci KL, Huang XMH, Roukes ML. Ultrasensitive nanoelectromechanical mass detection. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84:4469.
71. Yang YT, Callegari C, Feng XL, Ekinci KL, Roukes ML. Zeptogram-scale nanomechanical mass sensing. Nano Lett 2006, 6:583-586.
72. Burg TP, Godin M, Knudsen SM, Shen W, Carlson G, Foster JS, Babcock K, Manalis SR. Weighing of biomolecules, single cells and single nanoparticles in fluid. Nature 2007, 446:1066-1069.
73. Godin M, Delgado FF, Son S, Grover WH, Bryan AK, Tzur A, Jorgensen P, Payer K, Grossman AD, Kirschner MW, et al. Using buoyant mass to measure the growth of single cells. Nat Meth 2010, 7:387-390.
74. Bryan AK, Goranov A, Amon A, Manalis SR. Measurement of mass, density, and volume during the cell cycle of yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2010, 107:999.
75. von Muhlen MG, Brault ND, Knudsen SM, Jiang S, Manalis SR. Label-free biomarker sensing in undiluted serum with suspended microchannel resonators. Anal Chem 2010, 82:1905-1910.
76. Barton RA, Ilic B, Verbridge SS, Cipriany BR, Parpia JM, Craighead HG. Fabrication of a nanomechanical mass sensor containing a nanofluidic channel. Nano Lett 2010, 10:2058-2063.
77. Lee J, Shen W, Payer K, Burg TP, Manalis SR. Toward attogram mass measurements in solution with suspended nanochannel resonators. Nano Lett 2010, 10:2537-2542.
78. Sazonova V, Yaish Y, Üstünel H, Roundy D, Arias TA, McEuen PL. A tunable carbon nanotube electromechanical oscillator. Nature 2004, 431:284-287.
79. Chiu H, Hung P, Postma HWC, Bockrath M. Atomic-scale mass sensing using carbon nanotube resonators. Nano Lett 2008, 8:4342-4346.
80. Bunch JS, van der Zande AM, Verbridge SS, Frank IW, Tanenbaum DM, Parpia JM, Craighead HG, McEuen PL. Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science 2007, 315:490-493.
81. Waggoner PS, Craighead HG. Micro- and nanomechanical sensors for environmental, chemical, and biological detection. Lab Chip 2007, 7:1238.
82. Vollmer F, Arnold S. Whispering-gallery-mode biosensing: label-free detection down to single molecules. Nat Meth 2008, 5:591-596.
83. Boyd RW, Heebner JE. Sensitive disk resonator photonic biosensor. Appl Opt 2001, 40:5742-5747.
84. Vollmer F, Braun D, Libchaber A, Khoshsima M, Teraoka I, Arnold S. Protein detection by optical shift of a resonant microcavity. Appl Phys Lett 2002, 80:4057.
85. Arnold S, Khoshsima M, Teraoka I, Holler S, Vollmer F. Shift of whispering-gallery modes in microspheres by protein adsorption. Opt Lett 2003, 28:272-274.
86. Vollmer F, Arnold S, Braun D, Teraoka I, Libchaber A. Multiplexed DNA quantification by spectroscopic shift of two microsphere cavities. Biophys J 2003, 85:1974-1979.
87. Armani AM, Kulkarni RP, Fraser SE, Flagan RC, Vahala KJ. Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities. Science 2007, 317:783.
88. Arnold S, Shopova SI, Holler S. Whispering gallery mode bio-sensor for label-free detection of single molecules: thermo-optic vs. reactive mechanism. Opt Exp 2010, 18:281-287.
89. White IM, Oveys H, Fan X. Liquid-core optical ring-resonator sensors. Opt Lett 2006, 31:1319-1321.
90. Zhu H, White IM, Suter JD, Dale PS, Fan X. Analysis of biomolecule detection with optofluidic ring resonator sensors. Opt Lett 1995, 20:654-656.
91. White IM, Oveys H, Fan X, Smith TL, Zhang J. Integrated multiplexed biosensors based on liquid core optical ring resonators and antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 89:191106.
92. Suter JD, White IM, Zhu H, Shi H, Caldwell CW, Fan X. Label-free quantitative DNA detection using the liquid core optical ring resonator. Biosens Bioelectron 2008, 23:1003-1009.
93. Zhu H, White IM, Suter JD, Zourob M, Fan X. Opto-fluidic micro-ring resonator for sensitive label-free viral detection. Analyst 2008, 133:356.
94. Samiee KT, Moran-Mirabal JM, Cheung YK, Craighead HG. Zero mode waveguides for single-molecule spectroscopy on lipid membranes. Biophys J 2006, 90:3288-3299.
95. Levene MJ, Korlach J, Turner S, Foquet M, Craighead HG, Webb W. Zero-mode waveguides for single-molecule analysis at high concentrations. Science 2003, 299:682-686.
96. Eid J, Fehr A, Gray J, Luong K, Lyle J, Otto G, Peluso P, Rank D, Baybayan P, Bettman B, et al. Real-time DNA sequencing from single polymerase molecules. Science 2009, 323:133.
97. McFarland AD, Van Duyne RP. Single silver nanoparticles as real-time optical sensors with zeptomole sensitivity. Nano Lett 2003, 3:1057-1062.
98. Shanmukh S, Jones L, Driskell J, Zhao Y, Dluhy R, Tripp RA. Rapid and sensitive detection of respiratory virus molecular signatures using a silver nanorod array SERS substrate. Nano Lett 2006, 6:2630-2636.
99. Vo-Dinh T. SERS chemical sensors and biosensors: new tools for environmental and biological analysis. Sens Actuat B: Chem 1995, 29:183-189.
100. Cao YC, Jin R, Nam JM, Thaxton CS, Mirkin CA. Raman dye-labeled nanoparticle probes for proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125:14676-14677.
101. Kneipp K, Kneipp H, Itzkan I, Dasari RR, Feld MS. Ultrasensitive chemical analysis by Raman spectroscopy. Chem Rev 1999, 99:2957-2976.
102. Cao YC, Jin R, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. Science 2002, 297:1536-1540.
103. Lutz B, Dentinger C, Sun L, Nguyen L, Zhang J, Chmura AJ, Allen A, Chan S, Knudsen B. Raman nanoparticle probes for antibody-based protein detection in tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2008, 56:371.
104. Su X, Zhang J, Sun L, Koo T, Chan S, Sundararajan N, Yamakawa M, Berlin AA. Composite organic-inorganic nanoparticles (COINs) with chemically encoded optical signatures. Nano Lett 2005, 5:49-54.
105. Sun L, Sung K, Dentinger C, Lutz B, Nguyen L, Zhang J, Qin H, Yamakawa M, Cao M, Lu Y, et al. Composite organic-inorganic nanoparticles as Raman labels for tissue analysis. Nano Lett 2007, 7:351-356.
106. Jareserijman E, Jovin T. Imaging molecular interactions in living cells by FRET microscopy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006, 10:409-416.
107. Ai H, Hazelwood KL, Davidson MW, Campbell RE. Fluorescent protein FRET pairs for ratiometric imaging of dual biosensors. Nat Meth 2008, 5:401-403.
108. Medintz IL, Clapp AR, Mattoussi H, Goldman ER, Fisher B, Mauro JM. Self-assembled nanoscale biosensors based on quantum dot FRET donors. Nat Mater 2003, 2:630-638.
109. Erickson D, Mandal S, Yang AHJ, Cordovez B. Nanobiosensors: optofluidic, electrical and mechanical approaches to biomolecular detection at the nanoscale. Microfluid Nanofluid 2007, 4:33-52.
110. Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WCW. Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett 2006, 6:662-668.
111. Wang Z, Zhang J, Ekman JM, Kenis PJ, Lu Y. DNA-mediated control of metal nanoparticle shape: one-pot synthesis and cellular uptake of highly stable and functional gold nanoflowers. Nano Lett 2010, 10:1886-1891.
112. Giljohann DA, Seferos DS, Patel PC, Millstone JE, Rosi NL, Mirkin CA. Oligonucleotide loading determines cellular uptake of DNA-modified gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2007, 7:3818-3821.
113. Elghanian R, Storhoff JJ, Mucic RC, Letsinger RL, Mirkin CA. Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. Science 1997, 277:1078-1081.
114. Link S, El-Sayed MA. Size and temperature dependence of the plasmon absorption of colloidal gold nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 1999, 103:4212-4217.
115. Kreibig U, Genzel L. Optical absorption of small metallic particles. Surf Sci 1985, 156:678-700.
116. Han MS, Lytton-Jean AKR, Oh B, Heo J, Mirkin CA. Colorimetric screening of DNA-binding molecules with gold nanoparticle probes. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006, 45:1807-1810.
117. Liu J, Lu Y. Accelerated color change of gold nanoparticles assembled by DNAzymes for simple and fast colorimetric Pb2+ detection. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:12298-12305.
118. Kim Y, Johnson RC, Hupp JT. Gold nanoparticle-based sensing of "spectroscopically silent" heavy metal ions. Nano Lett 2001, 1:165-167.
119. 2+) using DNA/nanoparticle conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2008, 130:3244-3245.
120. Thanh NT, Rosenzweig Z. Development of an aggregation-based immunoassay for anti-protein A using gold nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2002, 74:1624-1628.
121. Liu J, Lu Y. Adenosine-dependent assembly of aptazyme-functionalized gold nanoparticles and its application as a colorimetric biosensor. Anal Chem 2004, 76:1627-1632.
122. Nam JM, Park SJ, Mirkin CA. Bio-barcodes based on oligonucleotide-modified nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124:3820-3821.
123. Nam JM, Stoeva SI, Mirkin CA. Bio-bar-code-based DNA detection with PCR-like sensitivity. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:5932-5933.
124. Nam J, Thaxton C, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticle-based bio-bar codes for the ultrasensitive detection of proteins. Science 2003, 301:1884-1886.
125. Nam J, Jang K, Groves JT. Detection of proteins using a colorimetric bio-barcode assay. Nat Protoc 2007, 2:1438-1444.
126. Rosi NL, Mirkin CA. Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. Chem Rev 2005, 105:1547-1562.
127. Josephson L, Perez JM, Weissleder R. Magnetic nanosensors for the detection of oligonucleotide sequences. Angew Chem 2001, 113:3304-3306.
128. Perez JM, Simeone FJ, Saeki Y, Josephson L, Weissleder R. Viral-induced self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles allows the detection of viral particles in biological media. J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125:10192-10193.
129. Koh I, Hong R, Weissleder R, Josephson L. Sensitive NMR sensors detect antibodies to influenza. Angew Chem Int Ed 2008, 47:4119-4121.
130. Perez JM, Josephson L, O'Loughlin T, Hogemann D, Weissleder R. Magnetic relaxation switches capable of sensing molecular interactions. Nat Biotech 2002, 20:816-820.
131. von Maltzahn G, Min D, Zhang Y, Park J, Harris T, Sailor M, Bhatia S. Nanoparticle self-assembly directed by antagonistic kinase and phosphatase activities. Adv Mater 2007, 19:3579-3583.
132. Perez JM, O'Loughin T, Simeone FJ, Weissleder R, Josephson L. DNA-based magnetic nanoparticle assembly acts as a magnetic relaxation nanoswitch allowing screening of DNA-cleaving agents. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124:2856-2857.
133. Zhao M, Josephson L, Tang Y, Weissleder R. Magnetic sensors for protease assays. Angew Chem 2003, 115:1413-1416.
134. Perez JM, Simeone FJ, Tsourkas A, Josephson L, Weissleder R. Peroxidase substrate nanosensors for MR imaging. Nano Lett 2004, 4:119-122.
135. Taktak S, Sosnovik D, Cima MJ, Weissleder R, Josephson L. Multiparameter magnetic relaxation switch assays. Anal Chem 2007, 79:8863-8869.
136. Kim GY, Josephson L, Langer R, Cima MJ. Magnetic relaxation switch detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Bioconj Chem 2007, 18:2024-2028.
137. Daniel KD, Kim GY, Vassiliou CC, Jalali-Yazdi F, Langer R, Cima MJ. Multi-reservoir device for detecting a soluble cancer biomarker. Lab Chip 2007, 7:1288.
138. von Maltzahn G, Harris TJ, Park JH, Min DH, Schmidt AJ, Sailor MJ, Bhatia SN. Nanoparticle self-assembly gated by logical proteolytic triggers. J Am Chem Soc 2007, 129:6064-6065.
139. Lee H, Sun E, Ham D, Weissleder R. Chip-NMR biosensor for detection and molecular analysis of cells. Nat Med 2008, 14:869-874.
140. Perez JM, Josephson L, Weissleder R. Use of magnetic nanoparticles as nanosensors to probe for molecular interactions. Chembiochem 2004, 5:261-264.
141. Chou I, Benford M, Beier HT, Coté GL, Wang M, Jing N, Kameoka J, Good TA. Nanofluidic biosensing for β-amyloid detection using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 2008, 8:1729-1735.
142. Zheng G, Patolsky F, Cui Y, Wang WU, Lieber CM. Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays. Nat Biotech 2005, 23:1294-1301.
143. Huang XMH, Caldwell R, Huang L, Jun SC, Huang M, Sfeir MY, O'Brien SP, Hone J. Controlled placement of individual carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 2005, 5:1515-1518.
144. Nagahara LA, Amlani I, Lewenstein J, Tsui RK. Directed placement of suspended carbon nanotubes for nanometer-scale assembly. Appl Phys Lett 2002, 80:3826.
145. Lewenstein JC, Burgin TP, Ribayrol A, Nagahara LA, Tsui RK. High-yield selective placement of carbon nanotubes on pre-patterned electrodes. Nano Lett 2002, 2:443-446.
146. Cassell AM, Franklin NR, Tombler TW, Chan EM, Han J, Dai H. Directed growth of free-standing single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 1999, 121:7975-7976.
147. Zheng LX, O'Connell MJ, Doorn SK, Liao XZ, Zhao YH, Akhadov EA, Hoffbauer MA, Roop BJ, Jia QX, Dye RC, et al. Ultralong single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nat Mater 2004, 3:673-676.
148. Hong BH, Lee JY, Beetz T, Zhu Y, Kim P, Kim KS. Quasi-continuous growth of ultralong carbon nanotube arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127: 15336-15337.
149. Dai H. Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. Acc Chem Res 2002, 35:1035-1044.
150. Dai H. Nanotube growth and characterization. In: Carbon Nanotubes. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 80. Berlin: Springer; 2001, 29-53.
151. Wang B, Poa CH, Wei L, Li LJ, Yang Y, Chen Y. (n, m) Selectivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes by different carbon precursors on Co-Mo catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2007, 129:9014-9019.
152. Bandow S, Asaka S, Saito Y, Rao AM, Grigorian L, Richter E, Eklund PC. Effect of the growth temperature on the diameter distribution and chirality of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 1998, 80:3779-3782.
153. Dai H. Controlling nanotube growth. Phys World 2000, 13:43-47.
154. Chen RJ, Bangsaruntip S, Drouvalakis KA, Wong SKN, Shim M, Li Y, Kim W, Utz PJ, Dai H. Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:4984.
155. Drouvalakis KA, Bangsaruntip S, Hueber W, Kozar LG, Utz PJ, Dai H. Peptide-coated nanotube-based biosensor for the detection of disease-specific autoantibodies in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2008, 23:1413-1421.
156. Chen RJ, Choi HC, Bangsaruntip S, Yenilmez E, Tang X, Wang Q, Chang Y, Dai H. An investigation of the mechanisms of electronic sensing of protein adsorption on carbon nanotube devices. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:1563-1568.
157. Sotiropoulou S, Chaniotakis NA. Carbon nanotube array-based biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003, 375:103-105.
158. Besteman K, Lee J, Wiertz FGM, Heering HA, Dekker C. Enzyme-coated carbon nanotubes as single-molecule biosensors. Nano Lett 2003, 3:727-730.
159. Bradley K, Briman M, Star A, Grüner G. Charge transfer from adsorbed proteins. Nano Lett 2004, 4:253-256.
160. Hu P, Fasoli A, Park J, Choi Y, Estrela P, Maeng SL, Milne WI, Ferrari AC. Self-assembled nanotube field-effect transistors for label-free protein biosensors. J Appl Phys 2008, 104:074310.
161. Li C, Curreli M, Lin H, Lei B, Ishikawa FN, Datar R, Cote RJ, Thompson ME, Zhou C. Complementary detection of prostate-specific antigen using In2O3 nanowires and carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127:12484-12485.
162. Star A, Tu E, Niemann J, Gabriel JC, Joiner CS, Valcke C. Label-free detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:921.
163. Gui EL, Li L, Zhang K, Xu Y, Dong X, Ho X, Lee PS, Kasim J, Shen ZX, Rogers JA, et al. DNA sensing by field-effect transistors based on networks of carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2007, 129:14427-14432.
164. Li J, Ng HT, Cassell A, Fan W, Chen H, Ye Q, Koehne J, Han J, Meyyappan M. Carbon nanotube nanoelectrode array for ultrasensitive DNA detection. Nano Lett 2003, 3:597-602.
165. Wang J. Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors: a review. Electroanalysis 2005, 17:7-14.
166. Allen B, Kichambare P, Star A. Carbon nanotube field-effect-transistor-based biosensors. Adv Mater 2007, 19:1439-1451.
167. Zhang GJ, Chua JH, Chee RE, Agarwal A, Wong SM. Label-free direct detection of MiRNAs with silicon nanowire biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2009, 24:2504-2508.
168. Zhang GJ, Chua JH, Chee RE, Agarwal A, Wong SM, Buddharaju KD, Balasubramanian N. Highly sensitive measurements of PNA-DNA hybridization using oxide-etched silicon nanowire biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008, 23:1701-1707.
169. Zhang G, Zhang G, Chua JH, Chee R, Wong EH, Agarwal A, Buddharaju KD, Singh N, Gao Z, Balasubramanian N. DNA sensing by silicon nanowire: charge layer distance dependence. Nano Lett 2008, 8:1066-1070.
170. Gao Z, Agarwal A, Trigg AD, Singh N, Fang C, Tung C, Fan Y, Buddharaju KD, Kong J. Silicon nanowire arrays for label-free detection of DNA. Anal Chem 2007, 79:3291-3297.
171. Cui Y, Wei Q, Park H, Lieber CM. Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science 2001, 293:1289-1292.
172. Hahm J, Lieber CM. Direct ultrasensitive electrical detection of DNA and DNA sequence variations using nanowire nanosensors. Nano Lett 2004, 4:51-54.
173. Heo K, Cho E, Yang J, Kim M, Lee M, Lee BY, Kwon SG, Lee M, Jo M, Choi H, et al. Large-scale assembly of silicon nanowire network-based devices using conventional microfabrication facilities. Nano Lett 2008, 8:4523-4527.
174. Patolsky F, Zheng G, Hayden O, Lakadamyali M, Zhuang X, Lieber CM. Electrical detection of single viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:14017.
175. Malhotra BD, Chaubey A, Singh SP. Prospects of conducting polymers in biosensors. Anal Chim Acta 2006, 578:59-74.
176. Bangar MA, Chen W, Myung NV, Mulchandani A. Conducting polymer 1-dimensional nanostructures for FET sensors. Thin Solid Films 2010, 519:964-973.
177. Ramanathan K, Bangar MA, Yun M, Chen W, Myung NV, Mulchandani A. Bioaffinity sensing using biologically functionalized conducting-polymer nanowire. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127:496-497.
178. Zhu N, Chang Z, He P, Fang Y. Electrochemically fabricated polyaniline nanowire-modified electrode for voltammetric detection of DNA hybridization. Electrochim Acta 2006, 51:3758-3762.
179. Bangar MA, Shirale DJ, Chen W, Myung NV, Mulchandani A. Single conducting polymer nanowire chemiresistive label-free immunosensor for cancer biomarker. Anal Chem 2009, 81:2168-2175.
180. He B, Morrow TJ, Keating CD. Nanowire sensors for multiplexed detection of biomolecules. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008, 12:522-528.
181. Patolsky F, Zheng G, Lieber CM. Nanowire-based biosensors. Anal Chem 2006, 78:4260-4269.
182. Sheehan PE, Whitman LJ. Detection limits for nanoscale biosensors. Nano Lett 2005, 5:803-807.
183. Nair PR, Alam MA. Performance limits of nanobiosensors. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 88:233120.
184. Nair PR, Alam MA. Screening-limited response of nanobiosensors. Nano Lett 2008, 8:1281-1285.
185. Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM, Carrilho E. Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal Chem 2010, 82:3-10.
186. Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Wiley BJ, Gupta M, Whitesides GM. FLASH: a rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 2008, 8:2146.
187. Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Carrilho E, Thomas SW, Sindi H, Whitesides GM. Simple telemedicine for developing regions: camera phones and paper-based microfluidic devices for real-time, off-site diagnosis. Anal Chem 2008, 80:3699-3707.
188. Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM. Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008, 105: 19606.
189. Zhao W, Ali MM, Aguirre SD, Brook MA, Li Y. Paper-based bioassays using gold nanoparticle colorimetric probes. Anal Chem 2008, 80:8431-8437.
190. Zimmermann M, Bentley S, Schmid H, Hunziker P, Delamarche E. Continuous flow in open microfluidics using controlled evaporation. Lab Chip 2005, 5:1355.
191. Goedecke N, Eijkel J, Manz A. Evaporation driven pumping for chromatography application. Lab Chip 2002, 2:219.
192. Lynn NS, Dandy DS. Passive microfluidic pumping using coupled capillary/evaporation effects. Lab Chip 2009, 9:3422.