Regulating survival and development in the retina: Key roles for simple sphingolipids

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 51, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1247-1262

  Rotstein, Nora P ^a   Miranda, Gisela E ^a   Abrahan, Carolina E ^a   German, O Lorena ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Cell signaling; Ceramides; Eye; Photoreceptor; Sphingosine phosphate

Indexed keywords

CERAMIDE; GLUCOSYLCERAMIDE; SPHINGOLIPID; SPHINGOSINE; SPHINGOSINE 1 PHOSPHATE;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MATURATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRESS; CELL SURVIVAL; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; NERVE DEGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTORECEPTOR; PIGMENT CELL; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RETINA DISEASE; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL SURVIVAL; HUMANS; RETINA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPHINGOLIPIDS;

EID: 77952713295     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: 15397262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R003442     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Nishizuka, Y. 1992. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science. 258: 607-614.
2. Piomelli, D. 1993. Arachidonic acid in cell signaling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5: 274-280.
3. Prescott, S. M., G. A. Zimmerman, D. M. Stafforini, and T. M. McIntyre. 2000. Platelet-activating factor and related lipid mediators. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69: 419-445.
4. Irvine, R. F. 1992. Inositol lipids in cell signalling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4: 212-219.
5. Hannun, Y. A., C. R. Loomis, and R. M. Bell. 1986. Protein kinase C activation in mixed micelles. Mechanistic implications of phospholipid, diacylglycerol, and calcium interdependencies. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 7184-7190.
6. Hannun, Y. A., and L. M. Obeid. 2008. Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9: 139-150.
7. Bartke, N., and Y. A. Hannun. 2009. Bioactive sphingolipids: metabolism and function. J. Lipid Res. 50(Suppl): S91-S96.
8. Brownstein, S., K. Meagher-Villemure, R. C. Polomeno, and J. M. Little. 1978. Optic nerve in globoid leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). Ultrastructural changes. Arch. Ophthalmol. 96: 864-870. (Pubitemid 8314564)
9. Robb, R. M., and T. Kuwarawa. 1973. The ocular pathology of type A Niemann-Pick disease. A light and electron microscopic study. Invest. Ophthalmol. 12: 366-377.
10. Sango, K., S. Yamanaka, K. Ajiki, N. Arai, and M. Takano. 2008. Involvement of retinal neurons and pigment epithelial cells in a murine model of sandhoff disease. Ophthalmic Res. 40: 241-248.
11. Seidova, S. F., K. Kotliar, F. Foerger, M. Klopfer, and I. Lanzl. 2009. Functional retinal changes in Gaucher disease. Doc. Ophthalmol. 118: 151-154.
12. Goñi, F. M., and A. Alonso. 2009. Effects of ceramide and other simple sphingolipids on membrane lateral structure. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1788: 169-177.
13. Pruett, S. T., A. Bushnev, K. Hagedorn, M. Adiga, C. A. Haynes, M. C. Sullards, D. C. Liotta, and A. H. Merrill, Jr. 2008. Biodiversity of sphingoid bases ("sphingosines") and related amino alcohols. J. Lipid Res. 49: 1621-1639.
14. Merrill, A. H., Jr. 2002. De novo sphingolipid biosynthesis: a necessary, but dangerous, pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 25843-25846.
15. Kolesnick, R. N., F. M. Goni, and A. Alonso. 2000. Compartmentalization of ceramide signaling: physical foundations and biological effects. J. Cell. Physiol. 184: 285-300.
16. Furland, N. E., S. R. Zanetti, G. M. Oresti, E. N. Maldonado, and M. I. Aveldaño. 2007. Ceramides and sphingomyelins with high proportions of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in mammalian germ cells. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 18141-18150.
17. Furland, N. E., G. M. Oresti, S. S. Antollini, A. Venturino, E. N. Maldonado, and M. I. Aveldaño. 2007. Very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are the major acyl groups of sphingomyelins and ceramides in the head of mammalian spermatozoa. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 18151-18161.
18. Sprong, H., S. Degroote, T. Nilsson, M. Kawakita, N. Ishida, P. van der Sluijs, and G. van Meer. 2003. Association of the Golgi UDP-galactose transporter with UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase allows UDP-galactose import in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol. Biol. Cell. 14: 3482-3493.
19. Futerman, A. H., and Y. A. Hannun. 2004. The complex life of simple sphingolipids. EMBO Rep. 5: 777-782.
20. Taha, T. A., T. D. Mullen, and L. M. Obeid. 2006. A house divided: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in programmed cell death. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1758: 2027-2036.
21. Rao, R. P., and J. K. Acharya. 2008. Sphingolipids and membrane biology as determined from genetic models. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 85: 1-16.
22. Jana, A., E. L. Hogan, and K. Pahan. 2009. Ceramide and neurodegeneration: susceptibility of neurons and oligodendrocytes to cell damage and death. J. Neurol. Sci. 278: 5-15.
23. Pettus, B. J., C. E. Chalfant, and Y. A. Hannun. 2002. Ceramide in apoptosis: an overview and current perspectives. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1585: 114-125.
24. Lahiri, S., and A. H. Futerman. 2007. The metabolism and function of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64: 2270-2284.
25. Van Blitterswijk, W. J., A. H. Van Der Luit, R. J. Veldman, M. Verheij, and J. Borst. 2003. Ceramide: second messenger or modulator of membrane structure and dynamics? Biochem. J. 369: 199-211.
26. Hueber, A. O., A. M. Bernard, Z. Herincs, A. Couzinet, and H. T. He. 2002. An essential role for membrane rafts in the initiation of Fas/CD95-triggered cell death in mouse thymocytes. EMBO Rep. 3: 190-196.
27. Morales, A., H. Lee, F. M. Goni, R. Kolesnick, and J. C. Fernandez-Checa. 2007. Sphingolipids and cell death. Apoptosis. 12: 923-939.
28. Ira, S. Zou, D. M. Ramirez, S. Vanderlip, W. Ogilvie, Z. J. Jakubek, and L. J. Johnston. 2009. Enzymatic generation of ceramide induces membrane restructuring: correlated AFM and fluorescence imaging of supported bilayers. J. Struct. Biol. 168: 78-89.
29. Grassme, H., A. Jekle, A. Riehle, H. Schwarz, J. Berger, K. Sandhoff, R. Kolesnick, and E. Gulbins. 2001. CD95 signaling via ceramide-rich membrane rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 20589-20596.
30. Paris, F., H. Grassme, A. Cremesti, J. Zager, Y. Fong, A. Haimovitz-Friedman, Z. Fuks, E. Gulbins, and R. Kolesnick. 2001. Natural ceramide reverses Fas resistance of acid sphingomyelinase(2/2) hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 8297-8305.
31. Ruvolo, P. P. 2003. Intracellular signal transduction pathways activated by ceramide and its metabolites. Pharmacol. Res. 47: 383-392.
32. Obeid, L. M., C. M. Linardic, L. A. Karolak, and Y. A. Hannun. 1993. Programmed cell death induced by ceramide. Science. 259: 1769-1771. (Pubitemid 23114667)
33. Arboleda, G., L. C. Morales, B. Benitez, and H. Arboleda. 2009. Regulation of ceramide-induced neuronal death: cell metabolism meets neurodegeneration. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 59: 333-346.
34. Colombaioni, L., and M. Garcia-Gil. 2004. Sphingolipid metabolites in neural signalling and function. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 46: 328-355.
35. Woodcock, J. 2006. Sphingosine and ceramide signalling in apoptosis. IUBMB Life. 58: 462-466.
36. Zhang, Y., B. Yao, S. Delikat, S. Bayoumy, X. H. Lin, S. Basu, M. McGinley, P. Y. Chan-Hui, H. Lichenstein, and R. Kolesnick. 1997. Kinase suppressor of Ras is ceramide-activated protein kinase. Cell. 89: 63-72. (Pubitemid 27180586)
37. Hannun, Y. A., and R. M. Bell. 1989. Functions of sphingolipids and sphingolipid breakdown products in cellular regulation. Science. 243: 500-507.
38. Kagedal, K., M. Zhao, I. Svensson, and U. T. Brunk. 2001. Sphingosine-induced apoptosis is dependent on lysosomal proteases. Biochem. J. 359: 335-343. (Pubitemid 32999777)
39. Nica, A. F., C. C. Tsao, J. C. Watt, T. Jiffar, S. Kurinna, P. Jurasz, M. Konopleva, M. Andreeff, M. W. Radomski, and P. P. Ruvolo. 2008. Ceramide promotes apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia-derived K562 cells by a mechanism involving caspase-8 and JNK. Cell Cycle. 7: 3362-3370.
40. Heinrich, M., J. Neumeyer, M. Jakob, C. Hallas, V. Tchikov, S. Winoto-Morbach, M. Wickel, W. Schneider-Brachert, A. Trauzold, A. Hethke, et al. 2004. Cathepsin D links TNF-induced acid sphingomyelinase to Bid-mediated caspase-9 and -3 activation. Cell Death Differ. 11: 550-563. (Pubitemid 38660140)
41. Goodman, Y., and M. P. Mattson. 1996. Ceramide protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic and oxidative insults, and amyloid beta-peptide toxicity. J. Neurochem. 66: 869-872. (Pubitemid 26036722)
42. Ito, A., and K. Horigome. 1995. Ceramide prevents neuronal programmed cell death induced by nerve growth factor deprivation. J. Neurochem. 65: 463-466.
43. Wiesner, D. A., and G. Dawson. 1996. Staurosporine induces programmed cell death in embryonic neurons and activation of the ceramide pathway. J. Neurochem. 66: 1418-1425.
44. Riboni, L., A. Prinetti, R. Bassi, A. Caminiti, and G. Tettamanti. 1995. A mediator role of ceramide in the regulation of neuroblastoma Neuro2a cell differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 26868-26875.
45. Cutler, R. G., J. Kelly, K. Storie, W. A. Pedersen, A. Tammara, K. Hatanpaa, J. C. Troncoso, and M. P. Mattson. 2004. Involvement of oxidative stress-induced abnormalities in ceramide and cholesterol metabolism in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101: 2070-2075.
46. Ditaranto-Desimone, K., M. Saito, T. L. Tekirian, M. Saito, M. Berg, G. Dubowchik, B. Soreghan, S. Thomas, N. Marks, and A. J. Yang. 2003. Neuronal endosomal/lysosomal membrane destabilization activates caspases and induces abnormal accumulation of the lipid secondary messenger ceramide. Brain Res. Bull. 59: 523-531.
47. Ohta, H., Y. Yatomi, E. A. Sweeney, S. Hakomori, and Y. Igarashi. 1994. A possible role of sphingosine in induction of apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human neutrophils. FEBS Lett. 355: 267-270. (Pubitemid 24359919)
48. Cuvillier, O., L. Edsall, and S. Spiegel. 2000. Involvement of sphingosine in mitochondria-dependent Fas-induced apoptosis of type II Jurkat T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 15691-15700.
49. Cuvillier, O., V. E. Nava, S. K. Murthy, L. C. Edsall, T. Levade, S. Milstien, and S. Spiegel. 2001. Sphingosine generation, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase-7 in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Death Differ. 8: 162-171. (Pubitemid 32201364)
50. Obeid, L. M., and Y. A. Hannun. 2003. Ceramide, stress, and a "LAG" in aging. Sci. Aging Knowledge. Environ. 2003: PE27.
51. Rother, J., G. van Echten, G. Schwarzmann, and K. Sandhoff. 1992. Biosynthesis of sphingolipids: dihydroceramide and not sphinganine is desaturated by cultured cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189: 14-20.
52. Wang, E., W. P. Norred, C. W. Bacon, R. T. Riley, and A. H. Merrill, Jr. 1991. Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins. Implications for diseases associated with Fusarium moniliforme. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 14486-14490.
53. Ohta, H., E. A. Sweeney, A. Masamune, Y. Yatomi, S. Hakomori, and Y. Igarashi. 1995. Induction of apoptosis by sphingosine in human leukemic HL-60 cells: a possible endogenous modulator of apoptotic DNA fragmentation occurring during phorbol ester-induced differentiation. Cancer Res. 55: 691-697.
54. Mao, C., and L. M. Obeid. 2008. Ceramidases: regulators of cellular responses mediated by ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine- 1-phosphate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1781: 424-434.
55. Cuvillier, O. 2002. Sphingosine in apoptosis signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1585: 153-162.
56. Lee, W. J., H. S. Yoo, P. G. Suh, S. Oh, J. S. Lim, and Y. M. Lee. 2004. Sphingosine mediates FTY720-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells. Exp. Mol. Med. 36: 420-427.
57. Bazzi, M. D., and G. L. Nelsestuen. 1987. Mechanism of protein kinase C inhibition by sphingosine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146: 203-207.
58. Levin, D. E. 2005. Cell wall integrity signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69: 262-291.
59. Woodcock, J. M., J. Murphy, F. C. Stomski, M. C. Berndt, and A. F. Lopez. 2003. The dimeric versus monomeric status of 14-3-3zeta is controlled by phosphorylation of Ser58 at the dimer interface. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 36323-36327.
60. Ma, Y., S. Pitson, T. Hercus, J. Murphy, A. Lopez, and J. Woodcock. 2005. Sphingosine activates protein kinase A type II by a novel cAMP-independent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 26011-26017.
61. Urs, A. N., E. Dammer, S. Kelly, E. Wang, A. H. Merrill, Jr., and M. B. Sewer. 2007. Steroidogenic factor-1 is a sphingolipid binding protein. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 265-266: 174-178.
62. Darios, F., C. Wasser, A. Shakirzyanova, A. Giniatullin, K. Goodman, J. L. Munoz-Bravo, J. Raingo, J. Jorgacevski, M. Kreft, R. Zorec, et al. 2009. Sphingosine facilitates SNARE complex assembly and activates synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Neuron. 62: 683-694.
63. Sakakura, C., E. A. Sweeney, T. Shirahama, A. Hagiwara, T. Yamaguchi, T. Takahashi, S. Hakomori, and Y. Igarashi. 1998. Selectivity of sphingosine-induced apoptosis. Lack of activity of DL-erythyro- dihydrosphingosine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246: 827-830.
64. Chang, H. C., L. H. Tsai, L. Y. Chuang, and W. C. Hung. 2001. Role of AKT kinase in sphingosine-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 188: 188-193.
65. Frasch, S. C., J. A. Nick, V. A. Fadok, D. L. Bratton, G. S. Worthen, and P. M. Henson. 1998. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent and -independent intracellular signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis in human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 8389-8397.
66. Broker, L. E., F. A. Kruyt, and G. Giaccone. 2005. Cell death independent of caspases: a review. Clin. Cancer Res. 11: 3155-3162.
67. Spiegel, S., and S. Milstien. 2002. Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a key cell signaling molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 25851-25854.
68. Saba, J. D., and T. Hla. 2004. Point-counterpoint of sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism. Circ. Res. 94: 724-734.
69. Strochlic, L., A. Dwivedy, F. P. van Horck, J. Falk, and C. E. Holt. 2008. A role for S1P signalling in axon guidance in the Xenopus visual system. Development. 135: 333-342. (Pubitemid 351228425)
70. Alvarez, S. E., S. Milstien, and S. Spiegel. 2007. Autocrine and paracrine roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 18: 300-307.
71. Kim, R. H., K. Takabe, S. Milstien, and S. Spiegel. 2009. Export and functions of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1791: 692-696.
72. Takabe, K., S. W. Paugh, S. Milstien, and S. Spiegel. 2008. "Inside-out" signaling of sphingosine-1-phosphate: therapeutic targets. Pharmacol. Rev. 60: 181-195.
73. Toman, R. E., S. G. Payne, K. R. Watterson, M. Maceyka, N. H. Lee, S. Milstien, J. W. Bigbee, and S. Spiegel. 2004. Differential transactivation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors modulates NGF-induced neurite extension. J. Cell Biol. 166: 381-392.
74. Wattenberg, B. W., S. M. Pitson, and D. M. Raben. 2006. The sphingosine and diacylglycerol kinase superfamily of signaling kinases: localization as a key to signaling function. J. Lipid Res. 47: 1128-1139.
75. Taha, T. A., K. Kitatani, M. El-Alwani, J. Bielawski, Y. A. Hannun, and L. M. Obeid. 2006. Loss of sphingosine kinase-1 activates the intrinsic pathway of programmed cell death: modulation of sphingolipid levels and the induction of apoptosis. FASEB J. 20: 482-484.
76. Liu, H., R. E. Toman, S. K. Goparaju, M. Maceyka, V. E. Nava, H. Sankala, S. G. Payne, M. Bektas, I. Ishii, J. Chun, et al. 2003. Sphingosine kinase type 2 is a putative BH3-only protein that induces apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 40330-40336.
77. Igarashi, N., T. Okada, S. Hayashi, T. Fujita, S. Jahangeer, and S. Nakamura. 2003. Sphingosine kinase 2 is a nuclear protein and inhibits DNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 46832-46839.
78. Maceyka, M., H. Sankala, N. C. Hait, S. H. Le, H. Liu, R. Toman, C. Collier, M. Zhang, L. S. Satin, A. H. Merrill, Jr., et al. 2005. SphK1 and SphK2, sphingosine kinase isoenzymes with opposing functions in sphingolipid metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 37118-37129.
79. Okada, T., G. Ding, H. Sonoda, T. Kajimoto, Y. Haga, A. Khosrowbeygi, S. Gao, N. Miwa, S. Jahangeer, and S. Nakamura. 2005. Involvement of N-terminal-extended form of sphingosine kinase 2 in serum-dependent regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 36318-36325.
80. Zhang, H., N. N. Desai, A. Olivera, T. Seki, G. Brooker, and S. Spiegel. 1991. Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a novel lipid, involved in cellular proliferation. J. Cell Biol. 114: 155-167. (Pubitemid 21909788)
81. Spiegel, S., and S. Milstien. 2003. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an enigmatic signalling lipid. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4: 397-407.
82. Wang, F., B. Van, Jr., L. Edsall, V. E. Nava, and S. Spiegel. 1999. Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits motility of human breast cancer cells independently of cell surface receptors. Cancer Res. 59: 6185-6191. (Pubitemid 30035641)
83. Van Brocklyn J. R., M. J. Lee, R. Menzeleev, A. Olivera, L. Edsall, O. Cuvillier, D. M. Thomas, P. J. Coopman, S. Thangada, C. H. Liu, T. Hla, and S. Spiegel. 1998. Dual actions of sphingosine-1-phosphate: extracellular through the Gi-coupled receptor Edg-1 and intracellular to regulate proliferation and survival. J. Cell Biol. 142: 229-240. (Pubitemid 28341153)
84. Spiegel, S., and S. Milstien. 2003. Exogenous and intracellularly generated sphingosine 1-phosphate can regulate cellular processes by divergent pathways. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31: 1216-1219.
85. Young, K. W., and S. R. Nahorski. 2002. Sphingosine 1-phosphate: a Ca2+ release mediator in the balance. Cell Calcium. 32: 335-341.
86. Lebman, D. A., and S. Spiegel. 2008. Cross-talk at the crossroads of sphingosine-1-phosphate, growth factors, and cytokine signaling. J. Lipid Res. 49: 1388-1394.
87. Gellings Lowe, N., J. S. Swaney, K. M. Moreno, and R. A. Sabbadini. 2009. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosine kinase are critical for transforming growth factor-beta-stimulated collagen production by cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc. Res. 82: 303-312.
88. Sasaki, H., H. Arai, M. J. Cocco, and S. H. White. 2009. pH dependence of sphingosine aggregation. Biophys. J. 96: 2727-2733.
89. Garcia-Pacios, M., M. I. Collado, J. V. Busto, J. Sot, A. Alonso, J. L. Arrondo, and F. M. Goni. 2009. Sphingosine-1-phosphate as an amphipathic metabolite: its properties in aqueous and membrane environments. Biophys. J. 97: 1398-1407.
90. Hla, T., and T. Maciag. 1990. An abundant transcript induced in differentiating human endothelial cells encodes a polypeptide with structural similarities to G-protein-coupled receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 9308-9313.
91. Herr, D. R., and J. Chun. 2007. Effects of LPA and S1P on the nervous system and implications for their involvement in disease. Curr. Drug Targets. 8: 155-167.
92. Fukushima, N., I. Ishii, J. J. Contos, J. A. Weiner, and J. Chun. 2001. Lysophospholipid receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41: 507-534.
93. Siehler, S., and D. R. Manning. 2002. Pathways of transduction engaged by sphingosine 1-phosphate through G protein-coupled receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1582: 94-99.
94. Takuwa, Y. 2002. Subtype-specific differential regulation of Rho family G proteins and cell migration by the Edg family sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1582: 112-120.
95. Cuvillier, O., G. Pirianov, B. Kleuser, P. G. Vanek, O. A. Coso, S. Gutkind, and S. Spiegel. 1996. Suppression of ceramide-mediated programmed cell death by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Nature. 381: 800-803. (Pubitemid 26243122)
96. Sattler, K., and B. Levkau. 2009. Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a mediator of high-density lipoprotein effects in cardiovascular protection. Cardiovasc. Res. 82: 201-211.
97. Paris, F., G. I. Perez, Z. Fuks, A. Haimovitz-Friedman, H. Nguyen, M. Bose, A. Ilagan, P. A. Hunt, W. F. Morgan, J. L. Tilly, et al. 2002. Sphingosine 1-phosphate preserves fertility in irradiated female mice without propagating genomic damage in offspring. Nat. Med. 8: 901-902.
98. Otala, M., L. Suomalainen, M. O. Pentikainen, P. Kovanen, M. Tenhunen, K. Erkkila, J. Toppari, and L. Dunkel. 2004. Protection from radiation-induced male germ cell loss by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Biol. Reprod. 70: 759-767.
99. Kleuser, B., O. Cuvillier, and S. Spiegel. 1998. 1Alpha,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits programmed cell death in HL-60 cells by activation of sphingosine kinase. Cancer Res. 58: 1817-1824. (Pubitemid 28217453)
100. Taha, T. A., W. Osta, L. Kozhaya, J. Bielawski, K. R. Johnson, W. E. Gillanders, G. S. Dbaibo, Y. A. Hannun, and L. M. Obeid. 2004. Down-regulation of sphingosine kinase-1 by DNA damage: dependence on proteases and p53. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 20546-20554.
101. Meyer zu Heringdorf, D., K. Liliom, M. Schaefer, K. Danneberg, J. H. Jaggar, G. Tigyi, and K. H. Jakobs. 2003. Photolysis of intracellular caged sphingosine-1-phosphate causes Ca2+ mobilization independently of G-protein-coupled receptors. FEBS Lett. 554: 443-449.
102. Choi, S. K., D. S. Ahn, and Y. H. Lee. 2009. Comparison of contractile mechanisms of sphingosylphosphorylcholine and sphingosine-1-phosphate in rabbit coronary artery. Cardiovasc. Res. 82: 324-332.
103. David, K. C., R. H. Scott, and G. F. Nixon. 2008. Advanced glycation endproducts induce a proliferative response in vascular smooth muscle cells via altered calcium signaling. Biochem. Pharmacol. 76: 1110-1120.
104. Titievsky, A., I. Titievskaya, M. Pasternack, K. Kaila, and K. Tornquist. 1998. Sphingosine inhibits voltage-operated calcium channels in GH4C1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 242-247.
105. Itagaki, K., and C. J. Hauser. 2003. Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a diffusible calcium influx factor mediating store-operated calcium entry. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 27540-27547. (Pubitemid 36899938)
106. Brizuela, L., M. Rabano, P. Gangoiti, N. Narbona, J. M. Macarulla, M. Trueba, and A. Gomez-Munoz. 2007. Sphingosine-1-phosphate stimulates aldosterone secretion through a mechanism involving the PI3K/PKB and MEK/ERK 1/2 pathways. J. Lipid Res. 48: 2264-2274. (Pubitemid 47529568)
107. Betito, S., and O. Cuvillier. 2006. Regulation by sphingosine 1-phosphate of Bax and Bad activities during apoptosis in a MEK-dependent manner. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 340: 1273-1277. (Pubitemid 43083415)
108. Saini, H. S., R. P. Coelho, S. K. Goparaju, P. S. Jolly, M. Maceyka, S. Spiegel, and C. Sato-Bigbee. 2005. Novel role of sphingosine kinase 1 as a mediator of neurotrophin-3 action in oligodendrocyte progenitors. J. Neurochem. 95: 1298-1310.
109. McGiffert, C., J. J. Contos, B. Friedman, and J. Chun. 2002. Embryonic brain expression analysis of lysophospholipid receptor genes suggests roles for s1p(1) in neurogenesis and s1p(1-3) in angiogenesis. FEBS Lett. 531: 103-108. (Pubitemid 35232794)
110. Mizugishi, K., T. Yamashita, A. Olivera, G. F. Miller, S. Spiegel, and R. L. Proia. 2005. Essential role for sphingosine kinases in neural and vascular development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 11113-11121. (Pubitemid 41747151)
111. Kono, M., M. L. Allende, and R. L. Proia. 2008. Sphingosine-1-phosphate regulation of mammalian development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1781: 435-441.
112. Okada, T., T. Kajimoto, S. Jahangeer, and S. Nakamura. 2009. Sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1-phosphate signalling in central nervous system. Cell. Signal. 21: 7-13.
113. Harada, J., M. Foley, M. A. Moskowitz, and C. Waeber. 2004. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces proliferation and morphological changes of neural progenitor cells. J. Neurochem. 88: 1026-1039. (Pubitemid 38199325)
114. Wu, Y. P., K. Mizugishi, M. Bektas, R. Sandhoff, and R. L. Proia. 2008. Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis controls glial proliferation in mice with Sandhoff disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17: 2257-2264.
115. Hait, N. C., C. A. Oskeritzian, S. W. Paugh, S. Milstien, and S. Spiegel. 2006. Sphingosine kinases, sphingosine 1-phosphate, apoptosis and diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1758: 2016-2026.
116. Prieschl, E. E., R. Csonga, V. Novotny, G. E. Kikuchi, and T. Baumruker. 1999. The balance between sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate is decisive for mast cell activation after Fc epsilon receptor I triggering. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1-8.
117. Ozbayraktar, F. B. 2009. Molecular facets of sphingolipids: mediators of diseases. Biotechnol. J. 4: 1028-1041.
118. He, X., Y. Huang, B. Li, C. X. Gong, and E. H. Schuchman. 2008. Deregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.010.
119. Bleicher, R. J., and M. C. Cabot. 2002. Glucosylceramide synthase and apoptosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1585: 172-178.
120. Deguchi, H., J. A. Fernandez, I. Pabinger, J. A. Heit, and J. H. Griffin. 2001. Plasma glucosylceramide deficiency as potential risk factor for venous thrombosis and modulator of anticoagulant protein C pathway. Blood. 97: 1907-1914. (Pubitemid 32239065)
121. Ogretmen, B., and Y. A. Hannun. 2001. Updates on functions of ceramide in chemotherapy-induced cell death and in multidrug resistance. Drug Resist. Updat. 4: 368-377. (Pubitemid 34746871)
122. Senchenkov, A., D. A. Litvak, and M. C. Cabot. 2001. Targeting ceramide metabolism-a strategy for overcoming drug resistance. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93: 347-357. (Pubitemid 32229379)
123. Radin, N. S. 2002. The development of aggressive cancer: a possible role for sphingolipids. Cancer Invest. 20: 779-786. (Pubitemid 37210051)
124. Hinrichs, J. W., K. Klappe, and J. W. Kok. 2005. Rafts as missing link between multidrug resistance and sphingolipid metabolism. J. Membr. Biol. 203: 57-64.
125. Gouaze-Andersson, V., and M. C. Cabot. 2006. Glycosphingolipids and drug resistance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1758: 2096-2103.
126. Kohyama-Koganeya, A., T. Sasamura, E. Oshima, E. Suzuki, S. Nishihara, R. Ueda, and Y. Hirabayashi. 2004. Drosophila glucosylceramide synthase: a negative regulator of cell death mediated by proapoptotic factors. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 35995-36002. (Pubitemid 39100607)
127. Yamashita, T., R. Wada, T. Sasaki, C. Deng, U. Bierfreund, K. Sandhoff, and R. L. Proia. 1999. A vital role for glycosphingolipid synthesis during development and differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 9142-9147. (Pubitemid 29374721)
128. Schwarz, A., and A. H. Futerman. 1997. Distinct roles for ceramide and glucosylceramide at different stages of neuronal growth. J. Neurosci. 17: 2929-2938. (Pubitemid 27175807)
129. Boldin, S., and A. H. Futerman. 1997. Glucosylceramide synthesis is required for basic fibroblast growth factor and laminin to stimulate axonal growth. J. Neurochem. 68: 882-885. (Pubitemid 27044756)
130. Futerman, A. H. 1998. Distinct roles for sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids at different stages of neuronal development. Acta Biochim. Pol. 45: 469-478.
131. Schwarz, A., and A. H. Futerman. 1998. Inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis, but not degradation, alters the rate of dendrite growth in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 108: 125-130. (Pubitemid 28332825)
132. Boldin, S. A., and A. H. Futerman. 2000. Up-regulation of glucosylceramide synthesis upon stimulation of axonal growth by basic fibroblast growth factor. Evidence for post-translational modification of glucosylceramide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 9905-9909.
133. Pelled, D., S. Trajkovic-Bodennec, E. Lloyd-Evans, E. Sidransky, R. Schiffmann, and A. H. Futerman. 2005. Enhanced calcium release in the acute neuronopathic form of Gaucher disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 18: 83-88. (Pubitemid 40092898)
134. Korkotian, E., A. Schwarz, D. Pelled, G. Schwarzmann, M. Segal, and A. H. Futerman. 1999. Elevation of intracellular glucosylceramide levels results in an increase in endoplasmic reticulum density and in functional calcium stores in cultured neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 21673-21678. (Pubitemid 129519709)
135. Fox, T. E., X. Han, S. Kelly, A. H. Merrill, R. E. Martin, R. E. Anderson, T. W. Gardner, and M. Kester. 2006. Diabetes alters sphingolipid metabolism in the retina: a potential mechanism of cell death in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 55: 3573-3580.
136. Martin, R. E., M. H. Elliott, R. S. Brush, and R. E. Anderson. 2005. Detailed characterization of the lipid composition of detergent-resistant membranes from photoreceptor rod outer segment membranes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46: 1147-1154.
137. Pasquare, S. J., G. A. Salvador, and N. M. Giusto. 2008. Involvement of lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramide 1-phosphate in the metabolization of phosphatidic acid by lipid phosphate phosphatases in bovine rod outer segments. Neurochem. Res. 33: 1205-1215.
138. Pasquare, S. J., and N. M. Giusto. 2008. Diacylglyceride lipase activity in rod outer segments depends on the illumination state of the retina. Neurochem. Int. 53: 382-388.
139. Puranam, K., W. H. Qian, K. Nikbakht, M. Venable, L. Obeid, Y. Hannun, and R. M. Boustany. 1997. Upregulation of Bcl-2 and elevation of ceramide in Batten disease. Neuropediatrics. 28: 37-41. (Pubitemid 27283156)
140. Zarbin, M. A., W. R. Green, A. B. Moser, and C. Tiffany. 1988. Increased levels of ceramide in the retina of a patient with Farber's disease. Arch. Ophthalmol. 106: 1163.
141. Zarbin, M. A., W. R. Green, H. W. Moser, and S. J. Morton. 1985. Farber's disease. Light and electron microscopic study of the eye. Arch. Ophthalmol. 103: 73-80. (Pubitemid 15152631)
142. Acharya, U., S. Patel, E. Koundakjian, K. Nagashima, X. Han, and J. K. Acharya. 2003. Modulating sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway rescues photoreceptor degeneration. Science. 299: 1740-1743. (Pubitemid 36342266)
143. Acharya, U., M. B. Mowen, K. Nagashima, and J. K. Acharya. 2004. Ceramidase expression facilitates membrane turnover and endocytosis of rhodopsin in photoreceptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101: 1922-1926. (Pubitemid 38228991)
144. Acharya, J. K., U. Dasgupta, S. S. Rawat, C. Yuan, P. D. Sanxaridis, I. Yonamine, P. Karim, K. Nagashima, M. H. Brodsky, S. Tsunoda, et al. 2008. Cell-nonautonomous function of ceramidase in photoreceptor homeostasis. Neuron. 57: 69-79.
145. Dasgupta, U., T. Bamba, S. Chiantia, P. Karim, A. N. Abou Tayoun, I. Yonamine, S. S. Rawat, R. P. Rao, K. Nagashima, E. Fukusaki, et al. 2009. Ceramide kinase regulates phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol 4, 5, bisphosphate in phototransduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA..
146. Wang, X., R. P. Rao, T. Kosakowska-Cholody, M. A. Masood, E. Southon, H. Zhang, C. Berthet, K. Nagashim, T. K. Veenstra, L. Tessarollo, et al. 2009. Mitochondrial degeneration and not apoptosis is the primary cause of embryonic lethality in ceramide transfer protein mutant mice. J. Cell Biol. 184: 143-158.
147. Tuson, M., G. Marfany, and R. Gonzalez-Duarte. 2004. Mutation of CERKL, a novel human ceramide kinase gene, causes autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP26). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74: 128-138. (Pubitemid 38085244)
148. Auslender, N., D. Sharon, A. H. Abbasi, H. J. Garzozi, E. Banin, and T. Ben-Yosef. 2007. A common founder mutation of CERKL underlies autosomal recessive retinal degeneration with early macular involvement among Yemenite Jews. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48: 5431-5438. (Pubitemid 351260841)
149. Gomez-Munoz, A. 2006. Ceramide 1-phosphate/ceramide, a switch between life and death. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1758: 2049-2056. (Pubitemid 44911057)
150. Graf, C., P. Rovina, L. Tauzin, A. Schanzer, and F. Bornancin. 2007. Enhanced ceramide-induced apoptosis in ceramide kinase overexpressing cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 354: 309-314. (Pubitemid 46123235)
151. Mitra, P., M. Maceyka, S. G. Payne, N. Lamour, S. Milstien, C. E. Chalfant, and S. Spiegel. 2007. Ceramide kinase regulates growth and survival of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. FEBS Lett. 581: 735-740. (Pubitemid 46217927)
152. Tuson, M., A. Garanto, R. Gonzalez-Duarte, and G. Marfany. 2009. Overexpression of CERKL, a gene responsible for retinitis pigmentosa in humans, protects cells from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Mol. Vis. 15: 168-180.
153. Graf, C., S. Niwa, M. Muller, B. Kinzel, and F. Bornancin. 2008. Wild-type levels of ceramide and ceramide-1-phosphate in the retina of ceramide kinase-like-deficient mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 373: 159-163.
154. Inagaki, Y., S. Mitsutake, and Y. Igarashi. 2006. Identification of a nuclear localization signal in the retinitis pigmentosa-mutated RP26 protein, ceramide kinase-like protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 343: 982-987.
155. Zhu, D., P. G. Sreekumar, D. R. Hinton, and R. Kannan. 2009. Expression and regulation of enzymes in the ceramide metabolic pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells and their relevance to retinal degeneration. Vision Res. 10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.002.
156. Barak, A., L. S. Morse, and T. Goldkorn. 2001. Ceramide: a potential mediator of apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42: 247-254. (Pubitemid 32059438)
157. Yamada, Y., J. Tian, Y. Yang, R. G. Cutler, T. Wu, R. S. Telljohann, M. P. Mattson, and J. T. Handa. 2008. Oxidized low density lipoproteins induce a pathologic response by retinal pigmented epithelial cells. J. Neurochem. 105: 1187-1197. (Pubitemid 351590780)
158. Sreekumar, P. G., Y. Ding, S. J. Ryan, R. Kannan, and D. R. Hinton. 2009. Regulation of thioredoxin by ceramide in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 88: 410-417.
159. Kannan, R., M. Jin, M. A. Gamulescu, and D. R. Hinton. 2004. Ceramide-induced apoptosis: role of catalase and hepatocyte growth factor. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37: 166-175. (Pubitemid 38760253)
160. Barak, A., T. Goldkorn, and L. S. Morse. 2005. Laser induces apoptosis and ceramide production in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46: 2587-2591. (Pubitemid 43119510)
161. Vasireddy, V., Y. Uchida, N. Salem, Jr., S. Y. Kim, M. N. Mandal, G. B. Reddy, R. Bodepudi, N. L. Alderson, J. C. Brown, H. Hama, et al. 2007. Loss of functional ELOVL4 depletes very long-chain fatty acids (> or =C28) and the unique omega-O-acylceramides in skin leading to neonatal death. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16: 471-482. (Pubitemid 46522611)
162. McMahon, A., I. A. Butovich, N. L. Mata, M. Klein, R. Ritter III, J. Richardson, D. G. Birch, A. O. Edwards, and W. Kedzierski. 2007. Retinal pathology and skin barrier defect in mice carrying a Stargardt disease-3 mutation in elongase of very long chain fatty acids-4. Mol. Vis. 13: 258-272. (Pubitemid 46323316)
163. Xiao, Q., K. Yu, Y. Y. Cui, and H. C. Hartzell. 2009. Dysregulation of human bestrophin-1 by ceramide-induced dephosphorylation. J. Physiol. 586: 4379-4391.
164. Opreanu, M., T. A. Lydic, G. E. Reid, K. M. McSorley, W. J. Esselman, and J. Busik. 2010. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits cytokine signaling in human retinal endothelial cells by downregulating sphingomyelinases. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Epub ahead of print) 10.1167/iovs.09-4731.
165. Cogan, D. G., D. Touissaint, and T. Kuwabara. 1961. Retinal vascular patterns. IV. Diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 66: 366-378.
166. Cacicedo, J. M., S. Benjachareowong, E. Chou, N. B. Ruderman, and Y. Ido. 2005. Palmitate-induced apoptosis in cultured bovine retinal pericytes: roles of NAD(P)H oxidase, oxidant stress, and ceramide. Diabetes. 54: 1838-1845.
167. Chang, G. Q., Y. Hao, and F. Wong. 1993. Apoptosis: final common pathway of photoreceptor death in rd, rds, and rhodopsin mutant mice. Neuron. 11: 595-605.
168. Portera-Cailliau, C., C. H. Sung, J. Nathans, and R. Adler. 1994. Apoptotic photoreceptor cell death in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 974-978. (Pubitemid 24048491)
169. Dunaief, J. L., T. Dentchev, G. S. Ying, and A. H. Milam. 2002. The role of apoptosis in age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 120: 1435-1442. (Pubitemid 36406417)
170. Carella, G. 2003. Introduction to apoptosis in ophthalmology. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 13(Suppl 3): S5-S10.
171. Carmody, R. J., A. J. McGowan, and T. G. Cotter. 1999. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of photoreceptor apoptosis in vitro. Exp. Cell Res. 248: 520-530. (Pubitemid 29394811)
172. Lohr, H. R., K. Kuntchithapautham, A. K. Sharma, and B. Rohrer. 2006. Multiple, parallel cellular suicide mechanisms participate in photoreceptor cell death. Exp. Eye Res. 83: 380-389.
173. Donovan, M., R. J. Carmody, and T. G. Cotter. 2001. Light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis in vivo requires neuronal nitric-oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase activity and is caspase-3-independent. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 23000-23008. (Pubitemid 37410992)
174. Sanvicens, N., V. Gomez-Vicente, I. Masip, A. Messeguer, and T. G. Cotter. 2004. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in retinal photoreceptor cells is mediated by calpains and caspases and blocked by the oxygen radical scavenger CR-6. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 39268-39278. (Pubitemid 39258188)
175. Andrieu-Abadie, N., V. Gouaze, R. Salvayre, and T. Levade. 2001. Ceramide in apoptosis signaling: relationship with oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31: 717-728. (Pubitemid 32835252)
176. German, O. L., G. E. Miranda, C. E. Abrahan, and N. P. Rotstein. 2006. Ceramide is a mediator of apoptosis in retina photoreceptors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47: 1658-1668.
177. Sanvicens, N., and T. G. Cotter. 2006. Ceramide is the key mediator of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in retinal photoreceptor cells. J. Neurochem. 98: 1432-1444. (Pubitemid 44200435)
178. Mandal, M. A., J. T. A. Tran, L. Zheng, and R. S. Brush. 2009. Sphingolipid Signalling in Retinal Cell Death. ARVO Annual Meeting.
179. Birbes, H., C. Luberto, Y. T. Hsu, B. S. El, Y. A. Hannun, and L. M. Obeid. 2005. A mitochondrial pool of sphingomyelin is involved in TNFalpha-induced Bax translocation to mitochondria. Biochem. J. 386: 445-451. (Pubitemid 40445868)
180. Siskind, L. J., R. N. Kolesnick, and M. Colombini. 2002. Ceramide channels increase the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to small proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 26796-26803.
181. Rotstein, N. P., M. I. Aveldaño, F. J. Barrantes, and L. E. Politi. 1996. Docosahexaenoic acid is required for the survival of rat retinal photoreceptors in vitro. J. Neurochem. 66: 1851-1859. (Pubitemid 26118772)
182. Politi, L., N. Rotstein, and N. Carri. 2001. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on retinal development: cellular and molecular aspects. Lipids. 36: 927-935. (Pubitemid 33065194)
183. German, O. L., M. F. Insua, C. Gentili, N. P. Rotstein, and L. E. Politi. 2006. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents apoptosis of retina photoreceptors by activating the ERK/MAPK pathway. J. Neurochem. 98: 1507-1520.
184. Ding, X. Q., J. B. Fitzgerald, A. V. Matveev, M. E. McClellan, and M. H. Elliott. 2008. Functional activity of photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated channels is dependent on the integrity of cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains. Biochemistry. 47: 3677-3687.
185. Ranty, M. L., S. Carpentier, M. Cournot, I. Rico-Lattes, F. Malecaze, T. Levade, M. B. Delisle, and J. C. Quintyn. 2009. Ceramide production associated with retinal apoptosis after retinal detachment. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 247: 215-224.
186. Ito, M. 2003. Insulin or bFGF and C2 ceramide increase newborn rat retinal ganglion cell survival rate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301: 564-571. (Pubitemid 36279278)
187. Rojas, C. V., J. I. Martinez, I. Flores, D. R. Hoffman, and R. Uauy. 2003. Gene expression analysis in human fetal retinal explants treated with docosahexaenoic acid. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44: 3170-3177.
188. Miranda, G. E., C. E. Abrahan, L. E. Politi, and N. P. Rotstein. 2009. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a key regulator of proliferation and differentiation in retina photoreceptors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50: 4416-4428.
189. Ghidoni, R., G. Sala, P. Signorelli, E. Novelli, B. Ilaria, M. Gardini, and E. Strettoi. 2009. Inhibition of ceramide de novo biosynthesis in an animal model of retnitis pigmentosa: I. Morfological and biochemical effects. ARVO Annual Meeting.
190. Gargini, M., A. Asta, I. Piano, C. Musianti, E. Novelli, E. Strettoi, and R. Ghidoni. 2009. Inhibition of ceramide de novo synthesis in an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa: II. Effects on photoreceptor survival and function. ARVO Annual Meeting.
191. Abrahan, C., G. Miranda, D. Agnolazza, L. Politi, and N. Rotstein. 2010. Synthesis of sphingosine is required for oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of photoreceptors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51: 1171-1180.
192. Sweeney, E. A., J. Inokuchi, and Y. Igarashi. 1998. Inhibition of sphingolipid induced apoptosis by caspase inhibitors indicates that sphingosine acts in an earlier part of the apoptotic pathway than ceramide. FEBS Lett. 425: 61-65.
193. Phillips, D. C., S. Martin, B. T. Doyle, and J. A. Houghton. 2007. Sphingosine-induced apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines is dependent on pre-mitochondrial Bax activation and post-mitochondrial caspases. Cancer Res. 67: 756-764.
194. Lepine, S., B. Lakatos, M. P. Courageot, S. H. Le, J. C. Sulpice, and F. Giraud. 2004. Sphingosine contributes to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of thymocytes independently of the mitochondrial pathway. J. Immunol. 173: 3783-3790. (Pubitemid 39280740)
195. Suzuki, E., K. Handa, M. S. Toledo, and S. Hakomori. 2004. Sphingosine-dependent apoptosis: a unified concept based on multiple mechanisms operating in concert. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101: 14788-14793. (Pubitemid 39410753)
196. Garcia-Ruiz, C., A. Colell, M. Mari, A. Morales, and J. C. Fernandez-Checa. 1997. Direct effect of ceramide on the mitochondrial electron transport chain leads to generation of reactive oxygen species. Role of mitochondrial glutathione. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 11369-11377. (Pubitemid 27184141)
197. Sweeney, E. A., C. Sakakura, T. Shirahama, A. Masamune, H. Ohta, S. Hakomori, and Y. Igarashi. 1996. Sphingosine and its methylated derivative N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) induce apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cell lines. Int. J. Cancer. 66: 358-366.
198. Farooqui, A. A. 2009. Lipid mediators in the neural cell nucleus: their metabolism, signaling, and association with neurological disorders. Neuroscientist. 15: 392-407.
199. Swaney, J. S., K. M. Moreno, A. M. Gentile, R. A. Sabbadini, and G. L. Stoller. 2008. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a novel fibrotic mediator in the eye. Exp. Eye Res. 87: 367-375.
200. Xie, B., J. Shen, A. Dong, A. Rashid, G. Stoller, and P. A. Campochiaro. 2009. Blockade of sphingosine-1-phosphate reduces macrophage influx and retinal and choroidal neovascularization. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 192-198.
201. Caballero, S., J. Swaney, K. Moreno, A. Afzal, J. Kielczewski, G. Stoller, A. Cavalli, W. Garland, G. Hansen, R. Sabbadini, et al. 2009. Anti-sphingosine-1-phosphate monoclonal antibodies inhibit angiogenesis and sub-retinal fibrosis in a murine model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Exp. Eye Res. 88: 367-377.
202. Maines, L. W., K. J. French, E. B. Wolpert, D. A. Antonetti, and C. D. Smith. 2006. Pharmacologic manipulation of sphingosine kinase in retinal endothelial cells: implications for angiogenic ocular diseases. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47: 5022-5031.
203. Skoura, A., T. Sanchez, K. Claffey, S. M. Mandala, R. L. Proia, and T. Hla. 2007. Essential role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in pathological angiogenesis of the mouse retina. J. Clin. Invest. 117: 2506-2516. (Pubitemid 47494352)
204. Jang, S., J. H. Lee, K. R. Choi, D. Kim, H. S. Yoo, and S. Oh. 2007. Cytochemical alterations in the rat retina by LPS administration. Neurochem. Res. 32: 1-10.
205. Nagata, Y., T. A. Partridge, R. Matsuda, and P. S. Zammit. 2006. Entry of muscle satellite cells into the cell cycle requires sphingolipid signaling. J. Cell Biol. 174: 245-253. (Pubitemid 44079859)
206. Donati, C., E. Meacci, F. Nuti, L. Becciolini, M. Farnararo, and P. Bruni. 2005. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates myogenic differentiation: a major role for S1P2 receptor. FASEB J. 19: 449-451. (Pubitemid 40316546)
207. Meacci, E., F. Nuti, C. Donati, F. Cencetti, M. Farnararo, and P. Bruni. 2008. Sphingosine kinase activity is required for myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 214: 210-220. (Pubitemid 350220075)
208. Murakami, M., M. Ichihara, S. Sobue, R. Kikuchi, H. Ito, A. Kimura, T. Iwasaki, A. Takagi, T. Kojima, M. Takahashi, et al. 2007. RET signaling-induced SPHK1 gene expression plays a role in both GDNF-induced differentiation and MEN2-type oncogenesis. J. Neurochem. 102: 1585-1594. (Pubitemid 47256200)
209. Deretic, D., V. Traverso, N. Parkins, F. Jackson, E. B. Rodriguez de Turco, and N. Ransom. 2004. Phosphoinositides, ezrin/moesin, and rac1 regulate fusion of rhodopsin transport carriers in retinal photoreceptors. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15: 359-370. (Pubitemid 38044969)
210. Lem, J., N. V. Krasnoperova, P. D. Calvert, B. Kosaras, D. A. Cameron, M. Nicolo, C. L. Makino, and R. L. Sidman. 1999. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in rhodopsin knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 736-741. (Pubitemid 29061278)
211. Humphries, M. M., D. Rancourt, G. J. Farrar, P. Kenna, M. Hazel, R. A. Bush, P. A. Sieving, D. M. Sheils, N. McNally, P. Creighton, et al. 1997. Retinopathy induced in mice by targeted disruption of the rhodopsin gene. Nat. Genet. 15: 216-219. (Pubitemid 27061648)
212. Sanyal, S., R. A. De, and R. K. Hawkins. 1980. Development and degeneration of retina in rds mutant mice: light microscopy. J. Comp. Neurol. 194: 193-207. (Pubitemid 11212701)
213. Rotstein, N. P., M. I. Aveldaño, F. J. Barrantes, A. M. Roccamo, and L. E. Politi. 1997. Apoptosis of retinal photoreceptors during development in vitro: protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid. J. Neurochem. 69: 504-513.
214. Rotstein, N., G. Miranda, and C. Abrahan. 2009. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: a key mediator in the survival and development of retina photoreceptors. ARVO Annual Meeting.
215. Politi, L. E., N. P. Rotstein, and N. G. Carri. 2001. Effect of GDNF on neuroblast proliferation and photoreceptor survival: additive protection with docosahexaenoic acid. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42: 3008-3015.
216. Rotstein, N. P., L. E. Politi, and M. I. Aveldaño. 1998. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes differentiation of developing photoreceptors in culture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39: 2750-2758.
217. Toman, R. E., and S. Spiegel. 2002. Lysophospholipid receptors in the nervous system. Neurochem. Res. 27: 619-627.
218. Taha, T. A., K. Kitatani, J. Bielawski, W. Cho, Y. A. Hannun, and L. M. Obeid. 2005. Tumor necrosis factor induces the loss of sphingosine kinase-1 by a cathepsin B-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 17196-17202.
219. Borges, S., S. Lindstrom, C. Walters, A. Warrier, and M. Wilson. 2008. Discrete influx events refill depleted Ca2+ stores in a chick retinal neuron. J. Physiol. 586: 605-626.
220. Crousillac, S., J. Colonna, E. McMains, and E. L. Gleason. 2009. Sphingosine-1-phosphate elicits receptor-dependent calcium signaling in retinal amacrine cells. J. Neurophysiol. 102: 3295-3309.