Stability of responsive polymer-protein bioconjugates

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 459-486

  Shakya, Akhilesh Kumar ^a   Sami, Haider ^a   Srivastava, Akshay ^a   Kumar, Ashok ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR   (India)

Author keywords

Bioconjugation; End functionalized; Responsive polymer; Responsive polymer protein bioconjugates; Stability of responsive polymer protein bioconjugates

Indexed keywords

BIO-CONJUGATION; BIOCONJUGATES; FUNCTIONALIZED; RESPONSIVE POLYMER;

BIOMOLECULES; COMPLEXATION; CONFORMATIONS; CROSSLINKING; FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS; IONIC STRENGTH; REUSABILITY; STABILITY; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

PROTEINS;

EID: 77649179434     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.003     Document Type: Review

References (307)

1. Abuchowski A., McCoy J.R., Palczuk N.C., van Es T., and Davis F.F. Effect of covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol on immunogenicity and circulating life of bovine liver catalase. J Biol Chem 252 (1977) 3582-3586
2. Charles M., Coughlin R.W., and Haselbrger F.X. Letter: soluble-insoluble catalysts. Biotechnol Bioeng 16 (1974) 1553-1556
3. Hoffman A.S. Applications of thermally reversible polymers and hydrogels in therapeutics and diagnostics. J Controlled Release 6 (1987) 297-305
4. Kumar A., Kamihira M., Galaev I.Y., Mattiasson B., and Lijima S. Specific separation of animal cells in aqueous two phase systems using antibody conjugates with temperature-sensitive polymers. Biotechnol Bioeng 75 (2001) 570-580
5. Monji N., and Hoffman A.S. A novel immunoassay system and bioseparation process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 14 (1987) 107-120
6. Goodsell D.S. Bionanotechnology: lessons from nature (2004), Wiley-Liss, Hoboken New Jersey
7. Kochendoerfer G.G., Chen S.Y., Mao F., Cressman S., Traviglia S., Shao H., et al. Design and chemical synthesis of a homogeneous polymer-modified erythropoiesis protein. Science 299 (2003) 884-887
8. Nicolas J., Mantovani G., and Haddleton D.M. Living radical polymerization as a tool for the synthesis of polymer-protein/peptide bioconjugates. Macromol Rapid Commun 28 (2007) 1083-1111
9. Davis B.G. Chemical modification of biocatalysts. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14 (2003) 379-386
10. Chilkoti A., Tan P.H., and Stayton P.S. Site directed mutagenesis studies of the high-affinity streptavidin-biotin complex: contributions of tryptophan residues 79, 108, and 120. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (1995) 1754-1758
11. Beatty K.E., and Tirrell D.A. Noncanonical amino acids in protein science and engineering. In: Kohrer C., and RajBhandary U.L. (Eds). Protein engineering (2009), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 127-153
12. Wang L., and Schultz P.G. Expanding the genetic code. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 4 (2004) 34-66
13. Zoungrana T., Gerhard H., and Norde W. Structure, stability and activity of adsorbed enzymes. J Colloid Interface Sci 190 (1997) 437-448
14. Yang X., Hua L., Gong H., and Tan S.N. Covalent immobilizaton of an enzyme (glucose oxidase) onto a carbon sol-gel silicate composite surface as a biosensing platform. Anal Chim Acta 478 (2003) 67-75
15. Jancsik V., Beleznai Z., and Keleti T. Enzyme immobilization by poly(vinyl) alcohol gel entrapment. J Mol Catal 14 (1982) 297-306
16. Nigam S.C., Tsao I.F., Sakoda A., and Wang H.Y. Techniques for preparing hydrogel membrane capsules. Biotechnol Tech 2 (1988) 271-276
17. Lambermon M.H.L., Hendriks L.J.A., Schoffelen S., Vos M.R.J., Hatzakis N.S., Carette N., et al. Assembly strategies for enzyme immobilization. Polym Prepr (Am Chem Soc Div Polym Chem) 47 2 (2006) 209-210
18. Quik Y., and Park K. Environment sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 53 (2001) 321-339
19. In: Stark G.R. (Ed). Biochemical aspects of reactions on solid supports (1971), Academic Press, New York
20. Vieth W.R., and Venkatasubramanian K. Enzyme engineering. Part II. Properties of immobilized enzyme systems. Chem Tech 4 (1974) 309-320
21. Eggers D.K., and Valentine J.S. Molecular confinement influences protein structure and enhances thermal protein stability. Protein Sci 10 (2001) 250-261
22. Arica M.Y., Yavuz H., and Denizli A. Immobilization of glucoamylase on the plain and on the spacer arm-attached poly(HEMA-EGDMA) microspheres. J Appl Polym Sci 81 (2001) 2702-2710
23. Guisan J.M. Aldehyde gels as activated support for immobilisation-stabilisation of enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol 10 (1988) 375-382
24. Abian O., Mateo C., Fernandez-lorente G., Palomo J.M., Fernandez-Lafuente R., and Guisan J.M. Stabilization of immobilized enzymes against water-soluble organic co-solvents and generation of hyperhydrophilic micro-environments surrounding enzyme molecules. Biocatal Biotransform 19 (2001) 489-503
25. Mateo C., Abian O., Bernedo M., Cuenca E., Fuentes M., Fernandez-Lorente G., et al. Some special features of glyoxyl supports to immobilize proteins. Enzyme Microb Technol 37 (2005) 456-462
26. Kalisz H.M., Hecht H.J., Schomburg D., and Schmid R.D. Effects of carbohydrate depletion on the structure, stability and activity of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. Biochim Biophys Acta 1080 (1991) 138-142
27. Fernandez-Lafuente R., Rodriguez V., Mateo C., Penzol G., Hernandez-Justiz O., Irazoqui G., et al. Stabilization of multimeric enzymes via immobilization and post-immobilization techniques. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 7 (1999) 181-189
28. Jaworek D., Botsch H., and Maier J. Preparation and properties of enzymes immobilized by copolymerization. Methods Enzymol 44 (1976) 195-200
29. Kumar A., Srivastava A., Galaev I.Y., and Mattiasson B. Smart polymers: physical forms and bioengineering applications. Prog Polym Sci 32 (2007) 1205-1237
30. Aguilar M.R., Elvira C., Gallardo A., Varquez B., and Roman J.S. Smart polymers and their applications as biomaterials. In: Ashammakhi N., Reis R., and Chiellini (Eds). Topics in tissue engineering (2007), Expert issues e-books Biomaterials and tissue engineering group 1-27
31. Zhang X., Zhuo R., and Yang Y. Using mixed solvent to synthesize temperature sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel with rapid dynamic properties. Biomaterials 23 (2002) 1313-1318
32. Brown W., Schillen K., and Hvidt S. Triblock copolymers in aqueous solution studied by static and dynamic light scattering and oscillatory shear measurements: influence of relative block sizes. J Phys Chem 96 (1992) 6038-6044
33. Schmaljohann D. Thermo- and pH-responsive polymers in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58 (2006) 1650-1670
34. Miyata T., Jikihara A., Nakamae K., and Hoffman A.S. Preparation of poly(2-glycosyloxyethyl methacrylate)-concanavalin A complex hydrogel and its glucose sensitivity. Macromol Chem Phys 197 (1996) 1135-1146
35. Cameron Alexander C., and Shakesheff K.M. Responsive polymers at the biology/materials science interface. Adv Mater 18 (2006) 3321-3328
36. Kakizawa Y., Harada A., and Kataoka K. Glutathione-sensitive stabilization of block copolymer micelles composed of antisense DNA and thiolated poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine); a potential carrier for systemic delivery of antisense DNA. Biomacromolecules 2 (2001) 491-497
37. Chaterji S., Kwon K., and Park K. Smart polymeric gels: redefining the limits of biomedical devices. Prog Polym Sci 32 (2007) 1083-1122
38. Lutz J.F., and Borner H.G. Modern trends in polymer bioconjugates design. Prog Polym Sci 33 (2008) 1-39
39. Hoffman A.S., and Stayton P.S. Conjugates of stimuli-responsive polymers and proteins. Prog Polym Sci 32 (2007) 922-932
40. Chen G., and Hoffman A.S. Temperature and pH sensitive graft copolymers. In: Mattiasson B., and Galaev I.Y. (Eds). Smart polymers for bioseparations and bioprocessing (2001), Howard Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1-27
41. Shimoboji T., Ding Z., Stayton P.S., and Hoffman A.S. Mechanistic investigation of smart polymer-protein bioconjugates. Bioconjugate Chem 12 (2001) 314-319
42. Hao Y., Andersson M., Virto C., Galaev I.Y., Mattiasson B., and Hatti-kaul R. Stability properties of thermoresponsive conjugates poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-trypsin. Biocatal Biotronsform 19 (2001) 341-359
43. Chen G., and Hoffman A.S. Preparation and properties of thermoreversible, phase-separating enzyme-oligo(N-isopropylacrylamide) conjugates. Bioconjugate Chem 4 (1993) 509-514
44. Ding Z., Fong R.B., Long C.J., Stayton P.S., and Hoffman A.S. Size-dependent control of the binding of biotinylated proteins to streptavidin using a polymer shield. Nature 411 (2001) 59-62
45. Stayton P.S., Shimoboji T., Long C., Chilkoti A., Ghen G., Harris J.M., et al. Control of protein-ligand recognition using a stimuli-responsive polymer. Nature 378 (1995) 472-474
46. Bulmus V., Ding Z., Long C.J., and Hoffman A.S. Site-specific polymer-streptavidin bioconjugate for pH-controlled binding and triggered release of biotin. Bioconjugate Chem 11 (2000) 78-83
47. Kim H.K., and Park T.G. Synthesis and characterization of thermally reversible bioconjugates composed of α-chymotrypsin and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose). Enzyme Microb Technol 25 (1999) 31-37
48. Kolb H.C., Finn M.G., and Sharpless K.B. Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 40 (2001) 2004-2021
49. Roberts M.J., Bently M.D., and Harris J.M. Chemistry for peptide and protein PEGylation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54 (2002) 459-476
50. Pasut G., and Veronese F.M. PEGylation of proteins as tailored chemistry for optimized bioconjugates. In: Duncan R., and Satchi-Fainaro R. (Eds). Advanced in polymer science, polymer therapeutics: polymers as drugs, conjugates and gene delivery systems (2006), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 95-134
51. Chilkoti A., Ghen G., Stayton P.S., and Hoffman A.S. Site-specific conjugation of a temperature-sensitive polymer to a genetically engineered protein. Bioconjugate Chem 5 (1994) 504-507
52. Pennadam S.S., Lavigne M.D., Dutta C.F., Firman K., Mernagh D., Gorecki D.C., et al. Control of multisubunit motor by a thermoresponsive polymer switch. J Am Chem Soc 126 (2004) 13208-13209
53. Zhao Y., and Perrier S. Synthesis of well-defined conjugated copolymers by RAFT polymerization using cysteine and glutathione-based chain transfer agents. Chem Commun (2007) 4294-4296
54. Heredia K.L., Grover G.N., Tao L., and Maynard H.D. Synthesis of heterotelechelic polymers for conjugation of two different proteins. Macromolecules 42 (2009) 2360-2367
55. Tao L., Geng J., Chen G., Xu Y., Ladmiral V., Mantovania G., et al. Bioconjugation of biotinylated PAMAM dendrons to avidin. Chem Commun (2007) 3441-3443
56. Boerakker M.J., Botterhuis N.E., Bomnas P.H.H., Friederik P.M., Meijer E.M., Nolte R.J.M., et al. Aggregation behaviour of giant amphiphiles prepared by cofactor reconstitution. Chem Eur J 12 (2006) 6071-6080
57. Bontempo D., Li R.C., Ly T., Brubaker C.E., and Maynard H.D. One-step synthesis of low polydispersity, biotinylated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) by ATRP. Chem Commun (2005) 4702-4704
58. Neugebauer D., and Matyjaszewski K. Copolymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide with n-butyl acrylate via atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecules 36 (2003) 2598-2603
59. Hwang J., Li R.C., and Maynard H.D. Well-defined polymers with activated ester and protected aldehyde side chains for bio-functionalization. J Controlled Release 122 (2007) 279-286
60. Binder W.H., and Sachsenhofer R. Click' chemistry in polymer and material science: an update. Macromol Rapid Commun 29 (2008) 952-981
61. Binder W.H., and Sachsenhofer R. Click' chemistry in polymer and material science. Macromol Rapid Commun 28 (2007) 15-54
62. Lutz J.F., and Zarafshani Z. Efficient construction of therapeutics, bioconjugates, biomaterials and bioactive surfaces using azide-alkyne click' chemistry. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 60 (2008) 958-970
63. Lutz J.F. Copper-free azide-alkyne cycloadditions: new insights and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed 47 (2008) 2182-2184
64. Lutz J.F., Borner H.G., and Weichenhan K. "Click" Bioconjugation of a well-defined synthetic polymer and a protein transduction domain, invited article for the research front: "click" chemistry in polymer synthesis. Aust J Chem 60 (2007) 410-413
65. Dirks A.T.J., Cornelissen J.J.L.M., van Delft F.L., van Hest J.C.M., Notle R.J.M., Rowan A.E., et al. From (bio) molecules to biohybrid materials with the click chemistry approach. QSAR Comb Sci 26 (2007) 1200-1210
66. Helms B., Mynar J.L., Hawker C.J., and Frechet J.M.J. Dendronized linear polymers via "click chemistry". J Am Chem Soc 126 (2004) 15020-15021
67. Fleming D.A., Thode C.J., and Williams M.E. Triazole cycloaddition as a general route for functionalization of Au nanoparticles. Chem Mater 18 (2006) 2327-2334
68. Parrish B., Breitenkamp R.B., and Emrick T. PEG and peptide-grafted aliphatic polyesters by click chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005) 7404-7410
69. Joralemon M.J., O'Reilly R.K., Hawker C.J., and Wooley K.L. Shell click-crosslinked (SCC) nanoparticles: a new methodology for synthesis and orthogonal functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005) 16892-16899
70. Li M., De P., Gondi S.R., and Sumerlin B.S. Responsive polymer-protein bioconjugates prepared by RAFT polymerization and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne click chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 29 (2008) 1172-1176
71. In: Matyjaszewski K., and Davis T.P. (Eds). Handbook of radical polymerization (2002), Wiley Interscience, New York 691-773
72. Lacroix-Desmazes P., Lutz J.F., Chauvin F., Severac R., and Boutevin B. Living radical polymerization: use of an excess of nitroxide as a rate moderator. Macromolecules 34 (2001) 8866-8871
73. Becker M.L., Liu J.Q., and Wooley K.L. Peptide-polymer bioconjugates: hybrid block copolymers generated via living radical polymerizations from resin supported peptides. Chem Commun 9 (2003) 180-181
74. Rettig H., Krause E., and Boerner H.G. Atom transfer radical polymerization with polypeptide initiators: a general approach to block copolymers of sequence defined polypeptides and synthetic polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 25 (2004) 1251-1256
75. Heredia K.L., Bontempo D., Ly T., Byers J.T., Halstenberg S., and Maynard H.D. In situ preparation of protein-"smart" polymer conjugates with retention of bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005) 16955-16960
76. Bontempo D., and Maynard H.D. Streptavidin as a macroinitiator for polymerization: in situ protein-polymer conjugate formation. J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005) 6508-6509
77. Mei Y., Beers K.L., Byrd H.C.M., Vander Hart D.L., and Washburn N.R. Solid-phase ATRP synthesis of peptide-polymer hybrids. J Am Chem Soc 126 (2004) 3472-3476
78. Geng J., Mantovani G., Tao L., Nicolas J., Chen G., Wallis R., et al. Site-directed conjugation of "Clicked" glycopolymers to form glycoprotein mimics: binding to mammalian lectin and induction of immunological function. J Am Chem Soc 129 (2007) 15156-15163
79. Hawker C.J., Bosman A.W., and Harth E. New polymer synthesis by nitroxide mediated living radical polymerizations. Chem Rev 101 (2001) 3661-3688
80. Cate M.G.J.T., Rettig H., Bernhardt K., and Borner H.G. Sequence-defined polypeptide-polymer conjugates utilizing reversible addition fragmentation transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecules 38 (2005) 10643-10649
81. Hentschel J., Bleek K., Ernst O., Lutz J.F., and Borner H.G. Easy access to bioactive peptide-polymer conjugates via RAFT. Macromolecules 41 (2008) 1073-1075
82. Hentschel J., Cate M.G.J.T., and Borner H.G. Peptide-guided organization of peptide-polymer conjugates: expanding the approach from oligo- to polymers. Macromolecules 40 (2007) 9224-9232
83. Chong Y.K., Krstina J., Le T.P.T., Moad G., Postma A., Rizzardo E., et al. Thiocarbonyl thio compounds[s=c(Ph)s-r] in free radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT) polymerization. Role of the free-radical leaving group (R). Macromolecules 36 (2003) 2256-2272
84. Lele B.S., Murata H., Matyjaszewski K., and Russell A.J. Synthesis of uniform protein-polymer conjugates. Biomacromolecules 6 (2005) 3380-3387
85. Yamamoto Y., Tsutsumi Y., Yoshioka Y., Nishibata T., Kobayashi K., Okamoto T., et al. Site-specific PEGylation of a lysine-deficient TNF-α with full bioactivity. Nat Biotechnol 21 (2003) 546-552
86. Schlick T.L., Ding Z.B., Kovacs E.W., and Francis M.B. Dual surface modification of tobacco mosaic virus. J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005) 3718-3723
87. Saxon E., and Bertozzi C.R. Cell surface engineering by a modified staudinger reaction. Science 287 (2000) 2007-2010
88. Chen G., Heim A., Riether D., Yee D., Milgrom Y., Gawinowicz M.A., et al. Reactivity of functional groups on the protein surface: development of epoxide probes for protein labelling. J Am Chem Soc 125 (2003) 8130-8133
89. Baskina J.M., and Bertozzia C.R. Bioorthogonal click chemistry: covalent labeling in living systems. QSAR Comb Sci 26 (2007) 1211-1219
90. Van Swieten P.F., Leeuwenburgh M.A., Kessler B.M., and Overkleeft H.S. Bioorthogonal organic chemistry in living cells: novel strategies for labeling biomolecules. Org Biomol Chem 3 (2005) 20-27
91. Wilson D.S., Keefe A.D., and Szostak J.W. The use of mRNA display to select high-affinity protein-binding peptides. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 3750-3755
92. Baker D.P., Lin E.Y., Lin K., Pellegrini M., Petter R.C., Chen L.L., et al. N-terminally PEGylated human interferon-β-1a with improved pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy in a melanoma angiogenesis model. Bioconjugate Chem 17 (2006) 179-188
93. Gilmore J.M., Scheck R.A., Esser-Kahn A.P., Joshi N.S., and Francis M.B. N-terminal protein modification through a biomimetic transamination reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed 45 (2006) 5307-5311
94. Kushnir S., Marsac Y., Breitling R., Granovsky I., Brok-Volchanskaya V., Goody R.S., et al. Rapid production of functionalized recombinant proteins: marrying ligation independent cloning and in vitro protein ligation. Bioconjugate Chem 17 (2006) 610-617
95. Tanaka N., and Nagamune K.T. N-terminal glycine-specific protein conjugation catalyzed by microbial transglutaminase. FEBS Lett 579 (2005) 2092-2096
96. Janssen M.H.A., van Langen L.M., Pereira S.R.M., van Rantwijk F., and Sheldon R.A. Evaluation of the performance of immobilized penicillin G acylase using active-site titration. Biotechnol Bioeng 78 (2002) 425-432
97. Cetinus S.A., Sahin E., and Saraydin D. Preparation of Cu(II) adsorbed chitosan beads for catalase immobilization. Food Chem 114 (2009) 962-969
98. Delanoy G., Li Q., and Yu J. Activity and stability of laccase in conjugation with chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 35 (2005) 89-95
99. Goldstein L., Levin Y., Pecht M., and Katchalski E. A water-insoluble polyanionic derivatives of trypsin, effect of the polyelectrolyte carrier on the kinetic behaviour of the bound trypsin. Biochemistry 3 (1964) 1913-1919
100. Goto M., Hatanakaa C., and Goto M. Immobilization of surfactant-lipase complexes and their high heat resistance in organic media. Biochem Eng J 24 (2005) 91-94
101. Ursini A., Maragni P., Bismara C., and Tamburini B. Enzymatic method of preparation of optically active trans-2-amino cyclohexanol derivatives. Synth Commun 29 (1999) 1369-1377
102. Ivanov A.E., Edink E., Kumar A., Galaev I.Y., Arendsen S., and Bruggink A. Conjugation of penicillin acylase with the reactive copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide: a step towards thermosensitive industrial biocatalyst. Biotechnol Progr 19 (2003) 1167-1175
103. Mondal K., Mehta P., Mehta B.R., Varandani D., and Gupta M.N. A bioconjugate of pseudomonas cepacia lipase with alginate with enhanced catalytic efficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 1764 (2006) 1080-1086
104. Ding Z., Chen G., and Hoffman A.S. Synthesis and purification of thermally sensitive oligomer-enzyme conjugates of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-trypsin. Bioconjugate Chem 7 (1996) 121-126
105. Mohy Eldin M.S., Portaccio M., Diano N., Rossi S., Bencivenga U., D'Uva A., et al. Influence of the microenvironment on the activity of enzymes immobilized on teflon membranes grafted by γ-radiation. J Mol Catal 7 (1999) 251-261
106. Arica M.Y., and Hasirci V. Immobilization of glucose oxidase: a comparison of entrapment and covalent bonding. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 58 (1993) 287-292
107. Takei Y.G., Matsukata M., Akoi T., Sanui K., Ogata N., Kikuchi A., et al. Temperature-responsive bioconjugates. 3. Antibody-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) conjugates for temperature-modulated precipitations and affinity bio separations. Bioconjugate Chem 5 (1994) 577-582
108. Derewenda U., Brzozowski A.M., Lawson D.M., and Derewenda Z.S. Catalysis at the interface: the anatomy of a conformational change in a triglyceride lipase. Biochemistry 31 (1992) 1532-1541
109. Yi S.S., Noh J.M., and Lee Y.S. Amino acid modified chitosan beads: Improved polymer supports for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa. J Mol Catal B Enzym 57 (2009) 123-129
110. Ferandez-Lafuente R., Aemisen P., Sabuquillo P., Fernandez-Lorente G., and Guisan J.M. Immobilization of lipase by selective adsorption on hydrophobic supports. Chem Phys Lipids 93 (1998) 185-197
111. Gaertner H.F., and Puigserver A.J. Increased activity and stability of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified trypsin. Enzyme Microb Technol 14 (1992) 150-155
112. Ma L., Wang X.T., You D.L., Tang S., Huang Z.L., and Chen Y.H. Immobilization of prostaglandin synthetase by hydrophobic adsorption. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 56 (1996) 223-233
113. Yan M., Ge J., Dong W., Liu Z., and Ouyang P. Preparation and characterization of a temperature sensitive sulfobetaine polymer-trypsin conjugate. Biochem Eng J 30 (2006) 48-54
114. Jiang Y., Guo C., Xia H., Mahmood I., Liu C., and Liu H. Magnetic nanoparticles supported ionic liquids for lipase immobilization: Enzyme activity in catalyzing esterification. J Mol Catal B Enzym 58 (2009) 103-109
115. Taylor R.F. A comparison of various commercially available liquid chromatographic supports for immobilisation of enzymes and immunoglobulins. Anal Chim Acta 172 (1985) 241-248
116. Frattali V., and Steiner R.F. Soybean inhibitors. 1. Separation and some properties of three inhibitors from commercial crude soybean trypsin inhibitor. Biochemistry 7 (1968) 521-530
117. Johansson A.C., and Mosbach K. Acrylic copolymers as matrixes for the immobilization of enzymes. I. Covalent binding or entrapping of various enzymes to bead-formed acrylic copolymers. Biochim Biophys Acta 370 (1974) 339-347
118. Johansson A.C., and Mosbach K. Acrylic copolymers as matrixes for the immobilization of 150 enzymes. II. Effect of a hydrophobic microenvironment on enzyme reactions studied with alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized to different acrylic copolymers. Biochim Biophys Acta 370 (1974) 348-353
119. Kasche V., Haufler U., and Riechmann L. Kinetically controlled semisynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics and peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 434 (1984) 99-105
120. Dickensheet P.A., Chen L.F., and Tsao G.T. Characterization of yeast invertase immobilised on porous cellulose beads. Biotechnol Boeng 19 (1977) 365-375
121. Hayashi T., and Ikada Y. Protease immobilization onto polyacrolein microspheres. Biotechnol Bioeng 35 (1990) 518-524
122. Itoyama K., Tokura S., and Hayashi T. Lipoprotein lipase immobilization onto porous chitosan beads. Biotechnol Progr 10 (1994) 225-229
123. Tosa T., Mori T., and Chibata I. Studies on continuous enzyme reactions. VII. Activation of water-insoluble aminoacylase by protein denaturing agents. Enzymologia 40 (1971) 49-63
124. Itoyama K., Tanibe H., Hayashij T., and Ikada Y. Spacer effects on enzyme activity of papain immobilized on porous chitosan beads. Biomaterials 15 (1994) 107-112
125. Cassell S., and Halling J. Effect of thermodynamic water activity on thermolysin catalysed peptide synthesis in organic two phase synthesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 10 (1988) 486-491
126. Aksoy S., Tumturk H., and Hasirci N. Stability of α-amylase immobilized on poly(methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) microspheres. J Biotechnol 60 (1998) 37-46
127. Li T., Li S., Wang N., and Tain L. Immobilization and stabilization of pectinase by multipoint attachment onto an activated agar-gel support. Food Chem 109 (2008) 703-708
128. Bernath F.R., and Vieth W.R. Lysozyme activity in the presence of nonionic detergent micelles. Biotechnol Bioeng 14 (1972) 737-752
129. Stark M.B., and Kolmberg K. Covalent immobilisation of lipase in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 34 (1989) 942-950
130. Turkova J. Oriented immobilization of biologically active proteins as a tool for revealing protein interactions and function. J Chromatogr B: Biomed Sci Appl 722 (1999) 11-31
131. Matsukata M., Akoi T., Sanui K., Ogata N., and Kikuchi A. Effect of molecular architecture of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-trypsin conjugates on their solution and enzymatic properties. Bioconjugate Chem 7 (1996) 96-101
132. Shimoboji T., Larenas E., Fowler T., Kulkarni S., Hoffman A.S., and Stayton P.S. Temperature-induced switching of enzyme activity with smart polymer-enzyme conjugates. Bioconjugate Chem 14 (2003) 517-525
133. Nikolaos G., Chalkias, and Emmanuel P. An avidin-biotin immobilization approach for horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase on layered silicates with high catalytic activity retention and improved thermal behavior. Ind Biotechnol 3 (2007) 82-88
134. Tuncagil S., Kayahana S.K., Bayramoglub G., Aricac M.Y., and Toppare L. l-Dopa synthesis using tyrosinase immobilized on magnetic beads. J Mol Catal B Enzym 58 (2009) 187-193
135. Sharma S., Kaur P., Jain A., Rajeswari M.R., and Gupta M.N. A smart bioconjugate of chymotrypsin. Biomacromolecules 4 (2003) 330-336
136. Spagnaa G., Barbagallo R.N., Casarini D., and Pifferi P.G. A novel chitosan derivative to immobilize α-L-rhamnopyranosidase from Aspergillus niger for application in beverage technologies. Enzyme Microb Technol 28 (2001) 427-438
137. 2+ ions on the enzyme activity. Food Chem 68 (2000) 259-266
138. Arica M.Y., Hasirci V., and Alaeddinoglu N.G. Covalent immobilization of α-amylase onto pHEMA microspheres, preparation and application to fixed bed reactor. Biomaterials 16 (1995) 761-768
139. Kang K., Kan C., Yeung A., and Liu D. The properties of covalently immobilized trypsin on soap-free P(MMA-EA-AA) latex particles. Macromol Biosci 5 (2005) 344-351
140. Bolivar J.M., Rocha-Martin R., Mateo C., Cava F., Berenguer J., Fernandez-Lafuente R., et al. Coating of soluble and immobilized enzymes with ionic polymers: full stabilization of the quaternary structure of multimeric enzymes. Biomacromolecules 10 (2009) 742-747
141. Tanford C. Protein denaturation. Adv Protein Chem 23 (1968) 121-282
142. Tanford C. Protein denaturation Part C. Theoretical models for the mechanism of denaturation. Adv Protein Chem 24 (1970) 1-95
143. Klibanov A.M. Stabilization of enzymes against thermal inactivation. Adv Appl Microbiol 29 (1983) 1-28
144. Gianfreda L., and Scarfi M.R. Enzyme stabilization: state of the art. Mol Cell Biochem 100 (1991) 97-128
145. Ulbrich R.A.K. Studies on the thermal inactivation of immobilized enzymes. Biotechnol Bioeng 28 (1986) 511-522
146. Emi S., Murase Y., Hayashi T., and Nakajima A. Protease immobilization onto copoly(ethylene/acrylic acid) fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 41 (1990) 2753-2767
147. Lenders J.P., and Crichton R.R. Thermal stabilization of amylolytic enzymes by covalent coupling to soluble polysaccharides. Biotechnol Bioeng 26 (1984) 1343-1351
148. Wang F., Guoa C., Liu H.Z., and Liu C.Z. Reversible immobilization of glucoamylase by metal affinity adsorption on magnetic chelator particles. J Mol Catal B Enzym 48 (2007) 1-7
149. Lutz J.F., Akdemir O., and Hoth A. Point by point comparison of two thermosensitive polymers exhibiting a similar LCST: Is the age of Poly(NIPAM) over?. J Am Chem Soc 128 (2006) 13046-13047
150. Ding Z., Chen G., and Hoffman A.S. Unusual properties of thermally sensitive oligomer-enzyme conjugates of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-trypsin. J Biomed Mater Res 39 (1998) 498-505
151. Zhai M., Ha H., and Wu J. Radiation synthesis of a water-soluble temperature sensitive polymer, activated copolymer and applications in immobilization of proteins. Radiat Phys Chem 42 (1993) 919-922
152. Roy I., Sardar M., and Gupta M.N. Evaluation of a smart bioconjugate of pectinase for chitin hydrolysis. Biochem Eng J 16 (2003) 329-335
153. Darias R., Herrera I., Fragoso A., Cao R., and Villalonga R. Supramolecular interactions mediated thermal stabilization for α-amylase modified with a β-cyclodextrin-carboxymethylcellulose polymer. Biotechnol Lett 24 (2002) 1665-1668
154. Sundaram P.V., and Venkatesh R. Retardation of thermal and urea induced inactivation of α-chymotrypsin by modification with carbohydrate polymers. Protein Eng 11 (1998) 691-698
155. Villalonga R., Villalonga M.L., and Gomez L. Preparation and functional properties of trypsin modified by carboxymethylcellulose. J Mol Catal B Enzym 10 (2000) 483-490
156. Gomez L., and Villalonga R. Functional stabilization of invertase by covalent modification with pectin. Biotechnol Lett 22 (2000) 1191-1195
157. Gomez L., Ramirez H.L., and Villalonga R. Stabilization of invertase by modification of sugar chains with chitosan. Biotechnol Lett 22 (2000) 347-350
158. Fagain C.O. Enzyme stabilization-recent experimental progress. Enzyme Microb Technol 13 (2003) 137-149
159. Arica M.Y., Yavuz H., Patir S., and Denizili A. Immobilization of glucoamylase onto spacer-arm attached magnetic poly(methylmethacrylate)/microspheres: characterization and application to a continuous flow reactor. J Mol Catal B Enzym 11 (2000) 127-138
160. D'souza S.F., and Kubal B.S. A cloth strip bioreactor with immobilized glucoamylase. J Biochem Biophys Methods 51 (2002) 151-159
161. Hamerska-Dudra A., Bryjak J., and Trochimczuk A.W. Immobilization of glucoamylase and trypsin on crosslinked thermosensitive carriers. Enzyme Micro Technol 41 (2007) 197-204
162. Gaur R., Pant H., Jain R., and Khare S.K. Galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis by immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase. Food Chem 97 (2006) 426-430
163. Roy I., Gupta A., Khare S.K., Bisaria V.S., and Gupta M.N. Immobilization of xylan-degrading enzymes from Melanocarpus albomyces IIS 68 on the smart polymer Eudragit L-100. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 61 (2003) 309-313
164. Gaur R., Lata, and Khare S.K. Immobilization of xylan-degrading enzymes from Scytalidium thermophilum on Eudragit L-100. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21 (2005) 1123-1128
165. Gawande P.V., and Kamat M.Y. Preparation, characterization and application of Aspergillus sp. xylanase immobilized on Eudragit. S-100. J Biotechnol 66 (1998) 165-175
166. Sardar M., Roy I., and Gupta M.N. Simultaneous purification and immobilization of Aspergillus niger xylanase on the reversibly soluble polymer Eudragit TM L-100. Enzyme Microb Technol 27 (2000) 672-679
167. Bailey M.J., Biely P., and Poutanen K. Interlaboratory testing of methods for assay of xylanase activity. J Biotechnol 23 (1992) 257-270
168. Vaidya S., Srivastava R., and Gupta M.N. Immobilization of acid phosphatase from Arachis hypogaea on CM cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 24 (1987) 1040-1043
169. Petersen L.C., and Cox R.P. The effect of complex-formation with polyanions on the redox properties of cytochrome c. Biochem J 192 (1980) 687-693
170. Bonfils C., Nato F., Bourrillon R., and Balny C. Polyanionic character of plasma membrane sialoglycoproteins. FEBS Lett 123 (1981) 222-224
171. Jin K.M., and Kim Y.H. Injectable, thermo-reversible and complex coacervate combination gels for protein drug delivery. J Controlled Release 127 (2008) 249-256
172. Daly M.M., and Knorr D.W. Chitosan-alginate complex coacervate capsules: effects of calcium choloride, plasticizersand polyelectrolytes on mechanical stability. Biotechnol Progr 4 (1988) 76-81
173. Sedlak E., and Antalik M. Columbic and noncolumbic effect of polyanions on cytochrome c structure. Biopolymers 46 (1998) 145-154
174. Romanini D., Braia M., Angarten R.G., Loh W., and Pico G. Interaction of lysozyme with negatively charged flexible chain polymers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 857 (2007) 25-31
175. Boeris V., Romanini D., Farruggia B., and Picó G. Interaction and complex formation between catalase and cationic polyelectrolytes: Chitosan and Eudragit E100. Int J Biol Macromol 45 (2009) 103-108
176. Simsek-Ege F.A., Bond G.M., and Stringer J. Matrix molecular weight cut off for encapsulation of carbonic anhydrase in polyelectrolyte beads. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 13 (2002) 1175-1187
177. Taqieddin E., and Amiji M. Enzyme immobilization in novel alginate chitosan core shell microcapsules. Biomaterials 25 (2004) 1937-1945
178. Balabushevich N.G., and Larionova N.I. Fabrication and characterization of polyelectrolyte microparticles with protein. Biochemistry 69 (2004) 757-762
179. Hornby W.E., and Goldstein L. Immobilization of enzymes on nylon. Methods Enzymol 44 (1976) 118-134
180. Woytczak L., Famulski K.S., Nalecz M.I., and Zborowski I. Influence of the surface potential on the michaelis constant of membrane-bound enzymes: effect of membrane solubilization. FEBS Lett 139 (1982) 221-224
181. Gomez L., Ramirez H.L., Villalonga M.L., Hernandez J., and Villalonga R. Immobilization of chitosan-modified invertase on alginate-coated chitin support via polyelectrolyte complex formation. Enzyme Microb Technol 38 (2006) 22-27
182. An L., Wang S., and Zhu D. Conjugated polyelectrolytes for protein assays and for the manipulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes. Chem Asian J 3 (2008) 1601-1606
183. Czichocki G., Dautzenberg H., Capan E., and Vorlop K.D. New and effective entrapment of polyelectrolyte-enzyme-complexes in LentiKats. Biotechnol Lett 23 (2001) 1303-1307
184. Torres R., Mateo C., Fuentes M., Palomo J.M., Ortiz C., Fernandez-Lafuente R., et al. Reversible immobilization of invertase on sepabeads coated with polyethyleneimine: optimization of the biocatalyst's stability. Biotechnol Progr 18 (2002) 1221-1226
185. Trauble H. Membrane electrostatics. In: Abrahamson S., and Paschner I. (Eds). Structure of biological membranes (1981), Plenum Press, New York 509-550
186. Tamura A., and Fujii T. Roles of charged groups on the surface of membrane lipid bilayer of human erythrocytes in induction of shape change. J Biochem 90 (1981) 629-634
187. Marshall A.G. Biophysical chemistry: principles, techniques and applications (1979), John Wiley and Sons, New York p. 34-41
188. Lestienne P., and Bieth J.G. Inhibition of human leucocyte elastase by polynucleotides. Biochimie 65 (1983) 49-52
189. Mao S., Bakowsky U., Jintapattanakit A., and Kissel T. Self-assembled polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes between chitosan derivatives and insulin. J Pharm Sci 95 (2006) 1035-1048
190. Zhang H., Saiani A., Guenet J.M., and Curtis R. Effect of stereoregular polyelectrolyte on protein thermal stability. Macromol Symp 251 (2007) 25-32
191. Aranaz I., Acosta N., and Heras A. Encapsulation of an agrobacterium radiobacter extract containing d-hydantoinase and d-carbamoylase activities into alginate-chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes. Preparation of the biocatalyst. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 58 (2009) 54-64
192. Sankalia M.G., Mashru R.C., Sankalia J.M., and Sutariya V.B. Reversed chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte complex for stability improvement of alpha-amylase: optimization and physicochemical characterization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 65 (2007) 215-232
193. Margolin A.L., Izumrudov V.A., Sherstyuk S.F., Zezin A.B., and Svedas V.K. Enzymes incorporated in polyelectrolyte complexes. Effect of matrix conformational changes and phase transitions in solutions on catalytic properties. Mol Biol 17 (1983) 1001-1008
194. Zezin A.B., and Kabanov V.A. New class of complex water-soluble polyelectrolytes. Usp Khim 51 (1982) 1447-1483
195. Muronetz V.I., Kazakov S.V., Dainiak M.B., Izumrudov V.A., Galaev I.Y., and Mattiasson B. Interaction of antibodies and antigens conjugated with synthetic polyanions: on the way creating an artificial chaperone. Biochim Biophys Acta 1475 (2000) 141-150
196. Dianiak M.B., Izumrudov V.A., Muronetz V.I., Galaev I.Y., and Mattiasson B. Conjugates of monoclonal antibodies with polyelectrolytecomplexes-an attempt to make an artificial chaperone. Biochim Biophys Acta 1381 (1998) 279-285
197. Park J.M., Muhoberac B.B., Dubin P.L., and Xia J. Effects of protein charge heterogeneity in protein-polyelectrolyte complexation. Macromolecules 25 (1992) 290-295
198. Dautzenberg H., Karibyants N., and Zuitsev S.Y. Immobilization of trypsin in polycation-polyanion complexes. Macromol Rapid Commun 18 (1997) 175-182
199. Shalova I.N., Asryants R.A., Sholukh M.V., Saso L., Kurganov B.I., Muronetz V.I., et al. Interactions of polyanions with basic proteins, 2(a): influence of complexing polyanions on the thermoaggregation of oligomeric enzymes. Macromol Biosci 5 (2005) 1184-1192
200. Sarath Babu V.R., Kumar M.A., Karanth N.G., and Thakur M.S. Stabilization of immobilized glucose oxidase against thermal inactivation by silanization for biosensor applications. Biosens Bioelectron 19 (2004) 1337-1341
201. Tischer W., and Wedekind F.G. Immobilized enzymes: methods and applications. Top Curr Chem 200 (1999) 95-126
202. Kennedy J.F., Melo E.H.M., and Jumel K. Immobilized enzymes and cells. Chem Eng Prog 86 (1990) 81-89
203. Chang T.M. Recycling of NAD(P) by multienzyme systems immobilized by microencapsulation in artificial cells. Methods Enzymol 136 (1987) 67-82
204. Shefer S.D., Rosenberger V., Vahanian G., Wong W.T., and Langer R. Implantable hollow fiber bioreactor as a potential treatment for hyperchloesterolemia: characterization of the catalytic unit. Biotechnol Bioeng 48 (1995) 36-41
205. DeSantis G., and Jones J.B. Chemical modification of enzymes for enhanced functionality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10 (1999) 324-330
206. Govardhan C.P. Cross-linking of enzymes for improved stability and performance. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10 (1999) 331-335
207. Cerovsky V., and Jakubke H.D. Peptide synthesis catalyzed by cross-linked α-chymotrypsin in water/dimethylformamide solvent system. Biocatal Biotransform 11 (1994) 233-240
208. Khalaf N., Goverdhan C.P., Lalonde J.J., Persichetti R.A., Wang Y.F., and Margolin A.L. Cross-linked enzyme crystals as highly active catalysts in organic solvents. J Am Chem Soc 118 (1996) 5494-5495
209. Biro E., Nemeth A.S., Sisak C., Feczko T., and Gyenis J. Preparation of chitosan particles suitable for enzyme immobilization. J Biochem Biophys Methods 70 (2008) 1240-1246
210. Lackey C.A., Murthy N., Press O.W., Tirrell D.A., Hoffman A.S., and Stayton P.S. Hemolytic activity of pH-responsive polymer-streptavidin bioconjugates. Bioconjugate Chem 10 (1999) 401-405
211. Arica M.Y., and Bayramoglu G. Polyethyleneimine-grafted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) membranes for reversible glucose oxidase immobilization. Biochem Eng J 20 (2004) 73-77
212. Bayramoglu G., Yilmaz M., and Arica M.Y. Immobilization of a thermostable α-amylase onto reactive membranes: kinetics characterization and application to continuous starch hydrolysis. Food Chem 84 (2004) 591-599
213. Caruso F., and Schuler C. Enzyme multilayers on colloid particles: assembly, stability, and enzymatic activity. Langmuir 16 (2000) 9595-9603
214. Daubresse C., Grandfils C., Jerome R., and Teyssie P. Enzyme immobilization in reactive nanoparticles produced by inverse microemulsion polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 274 (1996) 482-489
215. Martins M.B.F., Simoes S.I.D., Cruz M.E.M., and Gaspar R. Development of enzyme-loaded nanoparticles: effect of pH. J Mater Sci Mater Med 7 (1996) 413-414
216. Liao M.H., and Chen D.H. Immobilization of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase on magnetic nanoparticles for improving its stability. Biotechnol Lett 23 (2001) 1723-1727
217. Jia H., Zhu G., Vugrinovich B., Kataphinan W., Reneker D.H., and Wang P. Enzyme-carrying polymeric nanofibers prepared via electrospinning for use as unique biocatalysts. Biotechnol Progr 18 (2002) 1027-1032
218. Kamei S., Okubo M., and Matsumoto T. Adsorption of trypsin onto poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/polystyrene composite microspheres and its enzymatic activity. J Appl Polym Sci 34 (1987) 1439-1446
219. Horak D., Karpisek M., Turkova J., and Benes M. Hydrazide-functionalized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microspheres for immobilization of horseradish peroxidase. Biotechnol Progr 15 (1999) 208-215
220. Wang P., Dai S., Waezsada S.D., Tsao A.Y., and Davison B.H. Enzyme stabilization by covalent binding in nanoporous sol-gel glass for nonaqueous biocatalysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 74 (2001) 249-255
221. Huang F.C., Ke C.H., Kao C.Y., and Lee W.C. Preparation and application of partially porous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) particles for lipase immobilization. J Appl Polym Sci 80 (2001) 39-46
222. Heichal-Segal O., Rappoport S., and Braun S. Immobilization in alginate-silicate sol-gel matrix protects β-glucosidase against thermal and chemical denaturation. Nat Biotechnol 13 (1995) 798-800
223. Cantarella M., Cantarella L., and Alfani F. Entrapping of acid phosphatatse in poly(2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate) matrices: preparation and kinetic properties. Br Polym J 20 (1988) 477-485
224. Baran T., Arica M.Y., Denizli A., and Hasirci V. Comparison of β-galactosidase immobilization by entrapment in and adsorption on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membranes. Polym Int 44 (1997) 530-536
225. Arica M.Y., Baran T., and Denizli A. β-Galactosidase immobilization into poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membrane and performance in a continuous system. J Appl Polym Sci 72 (1999) 1367-1373
226. Balcao V.M., Paiva A.L., and Malcata F.X. Bioreactors with immobilized lipases: state of the art. Enzyme Microb Technol 18 (1996) 392-416
227. Martinek K., Klibanov A.M., Goldmacher V.S., and Berezin I.V. The principles of enzyme stabilization I. Increase in thermostability of enzymes covalently bound to a complementary surface of a polymer support in a multipoint fashion. Biochim Biophys Acta 485 (1977) 1-12
228. Wang P., Sergeeva M.V., Lim L., and Dordick J.S. Biocatalytic plastics as active and stable materials for biotransformations. Nat Biotechnol 15 (1997) 789-793
229. Haring D., and Schreier P.G. Cross-linked enzyme crystals. Curr Opin Chem Biol 3 (1999) 35-38
230. Bahar T., and Celebi S.S.T. Characterization of glucoamylase immobilized on magnetic poly(styrene) particles. Enzyme Microb Technol 23 (1998) 301-304
231. Bagi K., Simon L.M., and Szajani B. Immobilization and characterization of porcine pancreas lipase. Enzyme Microb Technol 20 (1997) 531-535
232. Szczesna-Antkazak M., Antkazak T., Rzyska M., and Bielecki S. Catalytic properties of membrane-bound mucor lipase immobilized in a hydrophilic carrier. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 19-20 (2002) 261-268
233. Lozinsky V.I., Zubov A.L., and Titova E.F. Enzyme poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels employed as matrices for cell immobilization. 2. Entrapped cells resemble porous fillers in their effects on the properties of PVA-cryogel carrier. Enzyme Microb Technol 20 (1997) 182-190
234. Plieva F.M., Kochetkov K.A., Singh I., Parmar V.S., Belokon Y.N., and Lozinsky V.I. Immobilization of hog pancreas lipase in macroporous poly(vinyl alcohol)-cryogel carrier for the biocatalysis in water-poor media. Biotechnol Lett 22 (2000) 551-554
235. Wijffels RH, Buitelaar RM, Bucke C, Tramper J Editors, Muscat A, Prube U, et al. Stable support materials for immobilization of viable cells. In: Wijffels RH, Buitelaar RM, Bucke C, Tramper J, editors. Immobilized cells: basic and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996. p. 55-61.
236. Leenon E.J.T.M., Dos Santos V.A.P.M., Tramper J., and Wijffels H. Characteristics and selection criteria of support materials for immobilization of nitrifying bacteria. In: Wijffels R.H., Buitelaar R.M., Bucke C., and Tramper J. (Eds). Immobilized cells: basic and applications (1996), Elsevier, Amsterdam 205-254
237. Szczesna-Antczak M., and Galas E. Bacillus subtilis cells immobilised in PVA-cryogels. Biomol Eng 17 (2001) 55-63
238. Klotzbach T., Watt M., Ansari Y., and Minteer S.D. Effects of hydrophobic modification of chitosan and Nafion on transport properties, ion-exchange capacities, and enzyme immobilization. J Membr Sci 282 (2006) 276-283
239. Sjoholm K.H., Cooney M., and Minteer S.D. Effects of degree of de-acetylation on enzyme immobilization in hydrophobically modified chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 77 (2009) 420-424
240. Decher G., Hong J.D., and Schmitt J. Build up of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly process: III. Consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on charged surfaces. Thin Solid Films 210-211 (1992) 831-835
241. Sukhorukov G.B., Donath E., Davis S., Lichtenfield H., Caruso F., Popov V.I., et al. Stepwise polyelectrolyte assembly on particle surfaces: a novel approach to colloid design. Polym Adv Technol 9 (1998) 759-767
242. Lee C.S., and Chu I.M. Characterization of modified alginate-poly-L-lyisne microcapsules. Artif Organs 21 (1997) 1002-1006
243. Liu L., Liu S., Ng S.Y., Froix M., Ohno T., and Heller J. Controlled release of interleukin-2 for tumour immunotherapy using alginate/chitosan porous microspheres. J Controlled Release 43 (1997) 65-74
244. Huiguang Z., Srivastava R., Brown J.Q., and Mcshane M.J. Combined physical and chemical immobilization of glucose oxidase in alginate microspheres improves stability of encapsulation and activity. Bioconjugate Chem 16 (2005) 1451-1458
245. In: Berezin I.V., and Martinek K. (Eds). Introduction to applied enzymology (1982), Moscow University Press, Moscow
246. Fernandez-Lafuente R., Cowan D.A., and Wood A.N.P. Hyperstabilization of a thermophilic esteraseby multipoint covalent attachment. Enzyme Microb Technol 17 (1995) 366-372
247. Gupta M.N. Thermostabilization of proteins. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 14 (1991) 1-11
248. Mateo C., Palomo J.M., Fuentes M., Betancor L., Grazu V., Lopez-Gallego F., et al. Glyoxyl agarose: a fully inert and hydrophilic support for immobilization and high stabilization of proteins. Enzyme Microb Technol 39 (2006) 274-280
249. Pedroche J., Yust M.dM., Mateo C., Fernandez-Lafuente R., Giron-cale J., Aliaz M., et al. Effect of the support and experimental conditions in the intensity of the multipoint covalent attachment of proteins on glyoxyl-agarose supports: correlation between enzyme-support linkages and thermal stability. Enzyme Microb Technol 40 (2007) 1160-1166
250. Adriano W.S., Filho E.H.C., Silva J.A., and Gonçalves L.R.B. Optimization of penicillin G acylase multipoint immobilization on to glutaraldehyde-chitosan beads. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 41 (2005) 201-207
251. Mateo C., Abain O., Fernandez-Lafuente R., and Guisan J.M. Increase in conformational stability of enzymes immobilized on epoxy-activated support by favouring additional multipoint covalent attachment. Enzyme Microb Technol 26 (2000) 509-515
252. Fernandez-Lafuente R., Rodriguez V., Mateo C., Fernandez-Lorente G., Arminsen P., Sabuquillo P., et al. Stabilization of enzyme (D-amino acid oxidase) against hydrogen peroxide via immobilization and postimmobilizaion techniques. J Mol Catal B Enzym 7 (1999) 173-179
253. Goncalves L.R.B., Fernandez-Lafuente R., Guisan J.M., and Giordano R.L.C. The role of 6-aminopenicillanic acid on the kinetics of amoxicillin enzymatic synthesis catalyzed by penicillin G acylase immobilized onto glyoxyl-agarose. Enzyme Microb Technol 31 (2002) 464-471
254. Mozhaev V.V., Melik-Nubarov N.S., Sergeeva M.V., Sikrnis V., and Martinek K. Strategy for stabilising enzymes. I. Increasing stability of enzymes via their multi-point interaction with a support. Biocatal Biotransform 3 (1990) 179-187
255. Chen J.P., Chu D.H., and Sun Y.M. Immobilization of α-amylase to temperature responsive polymers by single or multi point attachments. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 69 (1997) 421-428
256. Vazquez-Duhalt R., Tinoco R., D'Antonio P., Topoleski L.D., and Payne G.F. Enzyme conjugation to the polysaccharide chitosan: smart biocatalysts and biocatalytic hydrogels. Bioconjugate Chem 12 (2001) 301-306
257. Villalonga R., Tachibana S., Cao R., Ramirez H.L., and Asano Y. Supramolecular-mediated thermostabilization of phenylalaninedehydrogenase modified with β-cyclodextrin derivatives. Biochem Eng J 30 (2006) 26-32
258. O'Connor T.F., Debenedetti P.G., and Carbeck J.D. Simultaneous determination of structural and thermodynamic effects of carbohydrate solutes on the thermal stability of ribonuclease A. J Am Chem Soc 126 (2004) 11794-11795
259. Xie G., and Timasheff S.N. Mechanism of the stabilization of ribonuclease A by sorbitol: preferential hydration is greater for the denatured than for the native protein. Protein Sci 6 (1997) 211-221
260. Darias R., and Villalonga R. Functional stabilization of cellulase by covalent modification with chitosan. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 76 (2001) 489-493
261. Marshall J.J., and Rabinowitz M.L. Enzyme stabilisation by covalent attachment of carbohydrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 167 (1975) 777-779
262. Srivastava R.A.K. Studies on stabilization of amylase by covalent coupling to soluble polysaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 13 (1991) 164-170
263. Rajalakshmi N., and Sundaram P.V. Stability of native and covalently modified papain. Protein Eng 8 (1995) 1039-1047
264. Villalonga R., Gomez L., Ramirez H.L., and Villalonga M.L. Stabilization of α-amylase by chemical modification with carboxymethylcellulose. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 74 (1999) 635-638
265. Gomez L., Ramirez H.L., and Villalonga R. Immobilization of chitosan-invertase neoglycoconjugate on carboxymethylcellulose-modified chitin. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 36 (2006) 259-271
266. Pazur J.H., Knull H.R., and Simpson D.L. Glycoenzymes: a note on the role for the carbohydrate moieties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 40 (1970) 110-116
267. Narhi L.O., Arakawa T., Aoki K.H., Elmore R., Rohde F.M., Boone T., et al. The effect of carbohydrate on the structure and stability of erythropoietin. J Biol Chem 266 (1991) 23022-23026
268. Sinclair A.M., and Elliott S. Glycoengineering: the effect of glycosylation on the properties of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm sci 94 (2005) 1626-1635
269. Wang P., Hill T.G., Wartchow C.A., Huston M.E., Oehler L.M., Smith M.B., et al. New carbohydrate-based materials for the stabilization of proteins. J Am Chem Soc 114 (1992) 378-380
270. Joao H.C., and Dwek R.A. Effects of glycosylation on protein structure and dynamics in ribonuclease B and some of its individual glycoforms. Eur J Biochem 218 (1993) 239-244
271. Mer G., Hietter H., and Lefevre J.F. Stabilization of proteins by glycosylation examined by NMR analysis of a fucosylated proteinase inhibitor. Nat Struct Biol 3 (1996) 45-53
272. Arnold W.N. Heat inactivation kinetics of yeast β-fructofuranosidase. A polydisperse system. Biochim Biophys Acta 178 (1969) 347-353
273. Klibanov A.M. Enzyme stabilization by immobilization. Anal Biochem 93 (1979) 1-25
274. Marshall J.J. Manipulation of the properties of enzymes by covalent attachment of carbohydrate. Trends Biochem Sci 3 (1978) 79-83
275. Perutz M.F. Electrostatic effects in proteins. Science 201 (1978) 1187-1191
276. Blomhoff H.K., and Chrisrensen T.B. Effect of dextran and dextran modifications on the thermal and proteolytic stability of bioconjugated bovine testis β-galactosidase and human serum albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta 743 (1983) 401-407
277. Lee H., and Park T.G. Conjugation of trypsin by temperature-sensitive polymers containing a carbohydrate moiety: thermal modulation of enzyme activity. Biotechnol Progr 14 (1998) 508-516
278. Ladmiral V., Mantovani G., Clarkson G.J., Cauet S., Irwin J.L., and Haddleton D.M. Synthesis of neoglycopolymers by a combination of "click chemistry" and living radical polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 128 (2006) 4823-4830
279. Martinek K., Goldmacher V.S., Klibanov A.M., and Berezin I.V. Denaturing agents (urea, acrylamide) protect enzymes against irreversible thermoinactivation: a study with native and immobilized α-chymotrypsin and trypsin. FEBS Lett 51 (1975) 152-155
280. Fischer L., and Peibker F.A. Covalent two-step immobilization technique using itaconic anhydride. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49 (1998) 129-135
281. Kennedy J.F., and Chabral J.M.S. Enzyme immobilization in biotechnology. In: Rehm H.J., and Reed G. (Eds). Enzyme technology (1987), VCH Publishers, New York 347-404
282. Kamihira M., and Kumar A. development of separation techniques for stem cells. Adv Biochem Eng/Biotechnol 106 (2007) 173-193
283. Torchilin V.P., Trubetskoy V.S., Omelyanenko V.G., and Martinek K. Stabilization of subunit enzyme by Intramolecular crosslinking with bifunctional reagents: studies with glyceraldehydes 3-phosphatate dehydrogenase. J Mol Catal 19 (1983) 291-301
284. Blanco R.M., Calvete J.J., and Guisan J.M. Immobilization stabilization of enzymes; Variables that control the intensity of the trypsin (amine)-agarose (aldehyde) multipoint covalent attachment. Enzyme Microb Technol 11 (1989) 353-359
285. Guisan J.M., Blanco R.M., Femandez-Lafuente R., Rosell C.M., Alvaro G., and Bastida A. Enzyme stabilization by multipoint covalent attachment on activated pre-existing supports. In: Van Den Tweel W.I.J. (Ed). Protein stability and stabilization (1993), Elsevier Science Publishers, New York 55-62
286. Fernandez-Lafuente R., Rosell C.M., Rodriguez V., and Guisan J.M. Strategies for enzyme stabilization by intramolecular crosslinking with bifunctional reagents. Enzyme Microb Technol 17 (1995) 517-523
287. D'Souza S.E., Altekar W., and D'Souza S.F. Immobilization of Haloferax mediterranei aldolase by cross-linking in a proteinic matrix: stability and halophilic characteristics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 13 (1997) 561-564
288. Hess G.P. Chymotrypsin. Chemical properties and catalysis. In: Boyer P.D. (Ed). The enzymes (1971), Academic Press, New York 213-248
289. Hasegawa A., Miwa N., Oshima T., and Imahori K. Studies on α-Amylase from a thermophilic bacterium II. Thermal stability of the thermophilic α-Amylase. J Biochem 79 (1976) 35-42
290. Kennedy J.H., Kricka L.J., and Wilding P. Protein-protein coupling reactions and the applications of protein conjugates. Clin Chim Acta 70 (1976) 1-31
291. Lopez-Gallego F.A., Betancor L., Mateo C., Hidalgo A., Alonso-Morales N., Dellamora-Ortiz G., et al. Enzyme stabilization by glutaraldehyde crosslinking of adsorbed proteins on aminated supports. J Biotechnol 119 (2005) 70-75
292. Roy J.J., and Abraham T.E. Preparation and characterization of cross-linked enzyme crystals of laccase. J Mol Catal B Enzym 38 (2006) 31-36
293. Khare S.K., and Gupta M.N. An active insoluble aggregate of E. coli galactosidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 35 (1990) 94-98
294. Imoto T., and Yamada H. Chemical modification. In: Creighton T.E. (Ed). Protein function: a practical approach (1989), IRL Press, Oxford UK 247-278
295. Torchilin V.P., and Martinek K. Enzyme stabilization without carriers. Enzyme Microb Technol 1 (1979) 74-82
296. Franco T.T., Galaev I.Y., Hatti-Kaul R., Niklas H., Bulow L., and Mattiasson B. Aqueous two-phase system formed by thermoreactive vinyl imidazole/vinyl caprolactam and dextran for portioning of a protein with polyhistidine tail. Biotechnol Tech 11 (1997) 231-235
297. Lee S.C., Parthasarathy R., Botwin K., Kunneman D., Rowold E., Lange G., et al. Biochemical and immunological properties of cytokines conjugated to dendritic polymers. Biomed Microdevices 6 (2004) 191-202
298. Harris J.M., and Chess R.B. Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 2 (2003) 214-221
299. Caliceti P., and Veronese F.M. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-protein conjugates. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 55 (2003) 1261-1277
300. Suzuki T., Ikeda K., and Tomono T. Physicochemical and biological properties of poly(ethy1ene glycol)-coupled immunoglobulin G. Part II. Effect of molecular weight of poly-(ethylene glycol). J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1 (1989) 71-84
301. Pasta P., Riva S., and Carrea G. Circular dichroism and fluorescence of polyethylene glycol-subtilisin in organic solvents. FEBS Lett 236 (1988) 329-332
302. Vicent M.J., and Duncan R. Polymer conjugates: nanosized medicines for treating cancer. Trends Biotechnol 24 (2006) 39-47
303. Chilkoti A., Dreher M.R., Meyer D.E., and Raucher D. Targeted drug delivery by thermally responsive polymers. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 54 (2002) 613-630
304. Salmaso S., Bersani S., Pennadam S.S., Alexender C., and Caliceti P. Avidin bioconjugate with a thermoresponsive polymer for biological and pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm 340 (2007) 20-28
305. Meyer D.E., Kong G.A., Dewhirst M.W., Zalutsky M.R., and Chilkoti A. Targeting a genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptide to solid tumors by local hyperthermia. Cancer Res 61 (2001) 1548-1554
306. Hoffman A.S., and Stayton P.S. Bioconjugates of smart polymers and proteins: synthesis and applications. Macromol Symp 207 (2004) 139-151
307. Yamanaka H., Yoshizako K., Akiyama Y., Sota H., Hasegawa Y., Shinohara Y., et al. Affinity chromatography with collapsibly tethered ligands. Anal Chem 75 (2003) 1658-1663