Metabolic Syndrome and Prediabetes

Disease-a-Month

Volumn 52, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 55-144

  Babu, Ambika ^a   Fogelfeld, Leon ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACARBOSE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENDOCANNABINOID; EZETIMIBE; FIBRINOGEN; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; METFORMIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RESISTIN; SIBUTRAMINE; STATIN; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TROGLITAZONE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIET; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESTYLE; LIVER DISEASE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

COMORBIDITY; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMANS; HYPERINSULINISM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PREDIABETIC STATE; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33646833461     PISSN: 00115029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (395)

1. Reaven G.M. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37 (1988) 1595-1607
2. Kahn R., Buse J., Ferrannini E., et al. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2289-2304
3. Prevention. CfDCa. National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2005.
4. Hogan P., Dall T., and Nikolov P. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 917-932
5. Alberti K.G., and Zimmet P.Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetes Med 15 (1998) 539-553
6. World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. report of a WHO Consultation (1999)
7. Balkau B., Charles M.A., and European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. Diabetes Med 16 (1999) 442-443
8. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285 (2001) 2486-2497
9. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Daniels S.R., et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112 (2005) 2735-2752
10. Genuth S., Alberti K.G., Bennett P., et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 3160-3167
11. Einhorn D., Reaven G.M., Cobin R.H., et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 9 (2003) 237-252
12. Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., and Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome-a new worldwide definition. Lancet 366 (2005) 1059-1062
13. Ford E.S., Giles W.H., and Dietz W.H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 287 (2002) 356-359
14. Alexander C.M., Landsman P.B., Teutsch S.M., et al. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes 52 (2003) 1210-1214
15. Meigs J.B., Wilson P.W., Nathan D.M., et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2160-2167
16. Scuteri A., Najjar S.S., Morrell C.H., et al. The metabolic syndrome in older individuals: prevalence and prediction of cardiovascular events: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 882-887
17. Hanley A.J., Wagenknecht L.E., D'Agostino Jr. R.B., et al. Identification of subjects with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction using alternative definitions of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2740-2747
18. Ford E.S., Abbasi F., and Reaven G.M. Prevalence of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome with alternative definitions of impaired fasting glucose. Atherosclerosis 181 (2005) 143-148
19. Ford E.S. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2745-2749
20. Adams R.J., Appleton S., Wilson D.H., et al. Population comparison of two clinical approaches to the metabolic syndrome. implications of the new International Diabetes Federation consensus definition. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2777-2779
21. Cook S., Weitzman M., Auinger P., et al. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents. findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 (2003) 821-827
22. de Ferranti S.D., Gauvreau K., Ludwig D.S., et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents. findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 110 (2004) 2494-2497
23. Braunschweig C.L., Gomez S., Liang H., et al. Obesity and risk factors for the metabolic syndrome among low-income, urban, African American schoolchildren. the rule rather than the exception?. Am J Clin Nutr 81 (2005) 970-975
24. Pande M C.M.D., Lopez C., and Fogelfeld L. Metabolic Syndrome Factors in Hispanic Adolescents. Association with Atherosclerosis Markers (2004) American Diabetes Association, 64th Annual Meeting, 1028-P
25. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Ogden C.L., et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 288 (2002) 1723-1727
26. Hedley A.A., Ogden C.L., Johnson C.L., et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 291 (2004) 2847-2850
27. Park Y.W., Zhu S., Palaniappan L., et al. The metabolic syndrome. prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 163 (2003) 427-436
28. Dallongeville J., Cottel D., Ferrieres J., et al. Household income is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in a sex-specific manner. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 409-415
29. Ford E.S., Kohl III H.W., Mokdad A.H., et al. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Obes Res 13 (2005) 608-614
30. Ekelund U., Brage S., Franks P.W., et al. Physical activity energy expenditure predicts progression toward the metabolic syndrome independently of aerobic fitness in middle-aged healthy Caucasians. the Medical Research Council Ely Study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1195-1200
31. Camargo MD PM, Lopez C, Fogelfeld L. Social and behavioral factors are associated with Metabolic Syndrome Components in Hispanic Adolescents. American Diabetes Association, 64th Annual Meeting, 2004. 1029-P.
32. Troxel W.M., Matthews K.A., Gallo L.C., et al. Marital quality and occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in women. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005) 1022-1027
33. Orchard T.J., Temprosa M., Goldberg R., et al. The effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome. the Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 142 (2005) 611-619
34. Lemieux I., Pascot A., Couillard C., et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist. a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men?. Circulation 102 (2000) 179-184
35. Carr D.B., Utzschneider K.M., Hull R.L., et al. Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 53 (2004) 2087-2094
36. Doll S., Paccaud F., Bovet P., et al. Body mass index, abdominal adiposity and blood pressure. consistency of their association across developing and developed countries. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 (2002) 48-57
37. Rexrode K.M., Carey V.J., Hennekens C.H., et al. Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 280 (1998) 1843-1848
38. Rexrode K.M., Buring J.E., and Manson J.E. Abdominal and total adiposity and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 (2001) 1047-1056
39. Folsom A.R., Kushi L.H., Anderson K.E., et al. Associations of general and abdominal obesity with multiple health outcomes in older women. the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 2117-2128
40. Bergman R.N., Van Citters G.W., Mittelman S.D., et al. Central role of the adipocyte in the metabolic syndrome. J Investig Med 49 (2001) 119-126
41. Shulman G.I. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 106 (2000) 171-176
42. Griffin M.E., Marcucci M.J., Cline G.W., et al. Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade. Diabetes 48 (1999) 1270-1274
43. Dresner A., Laurent D., Marcucci M., et al. Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. J Clin Invest 103 (1999) 253-259
44. Boden G., and Chen X. Effects of fat on glucose uptake and utilization in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest 96 (1995) 1261-1268
45. Boden G., Chen X., Rosner J., et al. Effects of a 48-h fat infusion on insulin secretion and glucose utilization. Diabetes 44 (1995) 1239-1242
46. Petersen K.F., and Shulman G.I. Pathogenesis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 90 (2002) 11G-18G
47. Petersen K.F., and Shulman G.I. Cellular mechanism of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. J R Soc Med 95 suppl 42 (2002) 8-13
48. Yu C., Chen Y., Cline G.W., et al. Mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in muscle. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 50230-50236
49. Ginsberg H.N. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 106 (2000) 453-458
50. Ginsberg H.N., and Stalenhoef A.F. The metabolic syndrome. targeting dyslipidaemia to reduce coronary risk. J Cardiovasc Risk 10 (2003) 121-128
51. Grundy S.M. Metabolic complications of obesity. Endocrine 13 (2000) 155-165
52. Katsuki A., Sumida Y., Urakawa H., et al. Increased visceral fat and serum levels of triglyceride are associated with insulin resistance in Japanese metabolically obese, normal weight subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 2341-2344
53. Carr M.C., Hokanson J.E., Deeb S.S., et al. A hepatic lipase gene promoter polymorphism attenuates the increase in hepatic lipase activity with increasing intra-abdominal fat in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 (1999) 2701-2707
54. Pascot A., Despres J.P., Lemieux I., et al. Contribution of visceral obesity to the deterioration of the metabolic risk profile in men with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 43 (2000) 1126-1135
55. Pascot A., Lemieux I., Prud'homme D., et al. Reduced HDL particle size as an additional feature of the atherogenic dyslipidemia of abdominal obesity. J Lipid Res 42 (2001) 2007-2014
56. Nieves D.J., Cnop M., Retzlaff B., et al. The atherogenic lipoprotein profile associated with obesity and insulin resistance is largely attributable to intra-abdominal fat. Diabetes 52 (2003) 172-179
57. Pykalisto O.J., Smith P.H., and Brunzell J.D. Determinants of human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. Effect of diabetes and obesity on basal- and diet-induced activity. J Clin Invest 56 (1975) 1108-1117
58. Juhan-Vague I., Morange P.E., and Alessi M.C. The insulin resistance syndrome. implications for thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 32 (2002) 269-273
59. Noushmehr H., D'Amico E., Farilla L., et al. Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) is localized on insulin-containing granules in human pancreatic beta-cells and mediates fatty acid effects on insulin secretion. Diabetes 54 (2005) 472-481
60. Dubois M., Kerr-Conte J., Gmyr V., et al. Non-esterified fatty acids are deleterious for human pancreatic islet function at physiological glucose concentration. Diabetologia 47 (2004) 463-469
61. Brochu M., Starling R.D., Tchernof A., et al. Visceral adipose tissue is an independent correlate of glucose disposal in older obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000) 2378-2384
62. Nyholm B., Nielsen M.F., Kristensen K., et al. Evidence of increased visceral obesity and reduced physical fitness in healthy insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Endocrinol 150 (2004) 207-214
63. Carey D.G., Jenkins A.B., Campbell L.V., et al. Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women. direct measurements reveal a strong relationship in subjects at both low and high risk of NIDDM. Diabetes 45 (1996) 633-638
64. Cnop M., Landchild M.J., Vidal J., et al. The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations. distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments. Diabetes 51 (2002) 1005-1015
65. Cnop M., Hannaert J.C., Grupping A.Y., et al. Low density lipoprotein can cause death of islet beta-cells by its cellular uptake and oxidative modification. Endocrinology 143 (2002) 3449-3453
66. Wagenknecht L.E., Langefeld C.D., Scherzinger A.L., et al. Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and abdominal fat. the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2490-2496
67. Fujimoto W.Y., Abbate S.L., Kahn S.E., et al. The visceral adiposity syndrome in Japanese-American men. Obes Res 2 (1994) 364-371
68. Steppan C.M., Bailey S.T., Bhat S., et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409 (2001) 307-312
69. Reilly M.P., Lehrke M., Wolfe M.L., et al. Resistin is an inflammatory marker of atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation 111 (2005) 932-939
70. Hara T., Fujiwara H., Shoji T., et al. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels in young obese males. J Atheroscler Thromb 10 (2003) 234-238
71. Kern P.A., Di Gregorio G.B., Lu T., et al. Adiponectin expression from human adipose tissue. relation to obesity, insulin resistance, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Diabetes 52 (2003) 1779-1785
72. Berg A.H., Combs T.P., Du X., et al. The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7 (2001) 947-953
73. Xydakis A.M., Case C.C., Jones P.H., et al. Adiponectin, inflammation, and the expression of the metabolic syndrome in obese individuals. the impact of rapid weight loss through caloric restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 2697-2703
74. Okamoto Y., Kihara S., Ouchi N., et al. Adiponectin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 106 (2002) 2767-2770
75. Hotta K., Funahashi T., Arita Y., et al. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 1595-1599
76. Juhan-Vague I., Alessi M.C., Mavri A., et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance and vascular risk. J Thromb Haemost 1 (2003) 1575-1579
77. Shimomura I., Funahashi T., Takahashi M., et al. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat. possible contributor to vascular disease in obesity. Nat Med 2 (1996) 800-803
78. Uysal K.T., Wiesbrock S.M., Marino M.W., et al. Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function. Nature 389 (1997) 610-614
79. Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., and Mokdad A.H. The metabolic syndrome and concentrations of C-reactive protein among U.S. youth. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 878-881
80. You T., Yang R., Lyles M.F., et al. Abdominal adipose tissue cytokine gene expression. relationship to obesity and metabolic risk factors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288 (2005) E741-E747
81. Weisberg S.P., McCann D., Desai M., et al. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112 (2003) 1796-1808
82. Montague C.T., and O'Rahilly S. The perils of portliness. causes and consequences of visceral adiposity. Diabetes 49 (2000) 883-888
83. Spiegelman B.M., and Flier J.S. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell 104 (2001) 531-543
84. Ruan H., and Lodish H.F. Insulin resistance in adipose tissue. direct and indirect effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14 (2003) 447-455
85. Chen J., Wildman R.P., Hamm L.L., et al. Association between inflammation and insulin resistance in U.S. nondiabetic adults. results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2960-2965
86. Ferreira I., Henry R.M., Twisk J.W., et al. The metabolic syndrome, cardiopulmonary fitness, and subcutaneous trunk fat as independent determinants of arterial stiffness. the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005) 875-882
87. Scuteri A., Najjar S.S., Muller D.C., et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 1388-1395
88. Urbina E.M., Srinivasan S.R., Kieltyka R.L., et al. Correlates of carotid artery stiffness in young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 176 (2004) 157-164
89. Mikhail N., and Tuck M.L. Insulin and the vasculature. Curr Hypertens Rep 2 (2000) 148-153
90. Rakugi H., Kamide K., and Ogihara T. Vascular signaling pathways in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 4 (2002) 105-111
91. Le Roith D., and Zick Y. Recent advances in our understanding of insulin action and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 588-597
92. Cusi K., Maezono K., Osman A., et al. Insulin resistance differentially affects the PI 3-kinase- and MAP kinase-mediated signaling in human muscle. J Clin Invest 105 (2000) 311-320
93. Dandona P., Aljada A., and Mohanty P. The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin. a new paradigm. Diabetologia 45 (2002) 924-930
94. Montagnani M., Golovchenko I., Kim I., et al. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhances mitogenic actions of insulin in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 1794-1799
95. Hsueh W.A., and Law R.E. Insulin signaling in the arterial wall. Am J Cardiol 84 (1999) 21J-24J
96. Barbato J.E., Zuckerbraun B.S., Overhaus M., et al. Nitric oxide modulates vascular inflammation and intimal hyperplasia in insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289 (2005) H228-H236
97. Meigs J.B., Hu F.B., Rifai N., et al. Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 291 (2004) 1978-1986
98. De Jongh R.T., Serné E.H., IJzerman R.G., et al. Impaired microvascular function in obesity. implications for obesity-associated microangiopathy, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Circulation 109 (2004) 2529-2535
99. Engeli S., Gorzelniak K., Kreutz R., et al. Co-expression of renin-angiotensin system genes in human adipose tissue. J Hypertens 17 (1999) 555-560
100. Ruano M., Silvestre V., Castro R., et al. Morbid obesity, hypertensive disease and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. Obes Surg 15 (2005) 670-676
101. Rattarasarn C., Leelawattana R., Soonthornpun S., et al. Regional abdominal fat distribution in lean and obese Thai type 2 diabetic women. relationships with insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors. Metabolism 52 (2003) 1444-1447
102. Bacha F., Saad R., Gungor N., et al. Obesity, regional fat distribution, and syndrome X in obese black versus white adolescents. race differential in diabetogenic and atherogenic risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 (2003) 2534-2540
103. Tuck M.L. Obesity, the sympathetic nervous system, and essential hypertension. Hypertension 19 (1992) I67-I77
104. Ruderman N., Chisholm D., Pi-Sunyer X., et al. The metabolically obese, normal-weight individual revisited. Diabetes 47 (1998) 699-713
105. Dvorak R.V., DeNino W.F., Ades P.A., et al. Phenotypic characteristics associated with insulin resistance in metabolically obese but normal-weight young women. Diabetes 48 (1999) 2210-2214
106. Chandalia M., Abate N., Garg A., et al. Relationship between generalized and upper body obesity to insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 (1999) 2329-2335
107. Raji A., Seely E.W., Arky R.A., et al. Body fat distribution and insulin resistance in healthy Asian Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 5366-5371
108. St-Pierre A.C., Cantin B., Mauriege P., et al. Insulin resistance syndrome, body mass index and the risk of ischemic heart disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal 172 (2005) 1301-1305
109. Brage S., Wedderkopp N., Ekelund U., et al. Features of the metabolic syndrome are associated with objectively measured physical activity and fitness in Danish children. the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS). Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2141-2148
110. Ferreira I., Twisk J.W., van Mechelen W., et al. Development of fatness, fitness, and lifestyle from adolescence to the age of 36 years: determinants of the metabolic syndrome in young adults: the amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005) 42-48
111. Freire R.D., Cardoso M.A., Gimeno S.G., et al. Dietary fat is associated with metabolic syndrome in Japanese Brazilians. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1779-1785
112. Sonnenberg L., Pencina M., Kimokoti R., et al. Dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome in obese and non-obese Framingham women. Obes Res 13 (2005) 153-162
113. Freiberg M.S., Cabral H.J., Heeren T.C., et al. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the US. a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2954-2959
114. McKeown N.M., Meigs J.B., Liu S., et al. Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 538-546
115. Ong K.K., Ahmed M.L., Emmett P.M., et al. Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood. prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal 320 (2000) 967-971
116. Jaquet D., Deghmoun S., Chevenne D., et al. Dynamic change in adiposity from fetal to postnatal life is involved in the metabolic syndrome associated with reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 48 (2005) 849-855
117. Biddinger S.B., Almind K., Miyazaki M., et al. Effects of diet and genetic background on sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and the development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 54 (2005) 1314-1323
118. Seidelmann S.B., De Luca C., Leibel R.L., et al. Quantitative trait locus mapping of genetic modifiers of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. identification of a locus for metabolic syndrome and increased atherosclerosis on chromosome 4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 204-210
119. Collier G.R., McMillan J.S., Windmill K., et al. Beacon. a novel gene involved in the regulation of energy balance. Diabetes 49 (2000) 1766-1771
120. Jowett J.B., Elliott K.S., Curran J.E., et al. Genetic variation in BEACON influences quantitative variation in metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes. Diabetes 53 (2004) 2467-2472
121. Guettier J.M., Georgopoulos A., Tsai M.Y., et al. Polymorphisms in the fatty acid-binding protein 2 and apolipoprotein C-III genes are associated with the metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in a South Indian population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 1705-1711
122. Tang W., Miller M.B., Rich S.S., et al. Linkage analysis of a composite factor for the multiple metabolic syndrome. the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2840-2847
123. Ng M.C., So W.Y., Lam V.K., et al. Genome-wide scan for metabolic syndrome and related quantitative traits in Hong Kong Chinese and confirmation of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q21-q25. Diabetes 53 (2004) 2676-2683
124. Rich S.S., Bowden D.W., Haffner S.M., et al. A genome scan for fasting insulin and fasting glucose identifies a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 17p. the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study (IRAS) family study. Diabetes 54 (2005) 290-295
125. Hamid Y.H., Rose C.S., Urhammer S.A., et al. Variations of the interleukin-6 promoter are associated with features of the metabolic syndrome in Caucasian Danes. Diabetologia 48 (2005) 251-260
126. Ohashi K., Ouchi N., Kihara S., et al. Adiponectin I164T mutation is associated with the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 1195-1200
127. National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults-The Evidence Report. Obes Res 6 suppl 2 (1998) 51S-209S
128. Lee I.M., Manson J.E., Hennekens C.H., et al. Body weight and mortality. A 27-year follow-up of middle-aged men. JAMA 270 (1993) 2823-2828
129. Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Stampfer M.J., et al. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 322 (1990) 882-889
130. Wei M., Kampert J.B., Barlow C.E., et al. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 282 (1999) 1547-1553
131. Jousilahti P., Tuomilehto J., Vartiainen E., et al. Body weight, cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary mortality. 15-year follow-up of middle-aged men and women in eastern Finland. Circulation 93 (1996) 1372-1379
132. Yeh W.T., Chang H.Y., Yeh C.J., et al. Do centrally obese Chinese with normal BMI have increased risk of metabolic disorders?. Int J Obes (Lond) 29 (2005) 818-825
133. Jensen M.D., Haymond M.W., Rizza R.A., et al. Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity. J Clin Invest 83 (1989) 1168-1173
134. Perseghin G., Ghosh S., Gerow K., et al. Metabolic defects in lean nondiabetic offspring of NIDDM parents. a cross-sectional study. Diabetes 46 (1997) 1001-1009
135. Abate N., Chandalia M., Snell P.G., et al. Adipose tissue metabolites and insulin resistance in nondiabetic Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 2750-2755
136. Abate N., Garg A., Peshock R.M., et al. Relationships of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Invest 96 (1995) 88-98
137. Abate N., Garg A., Peshock R.M., et al. Relationship of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensitivity in men with NIDDM. Diabetes 45 (1996) 1684-1693
138. Goodpaster B.H., Thaete F.L., Simoneau J.A., et al. Subcutaneous abdominal fat and thigh muscle composition predict insulin sensitivity independently of visceral fat. Diabetes 46 (1997) 1579-1585
139. Sites C.K., Calles-Escandon J., Brochu M., et al. Relation of regional fat distribution to insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 73 (2000) 61-65
140. Nielsen S., Guo Z., Johnson C.M., et al. Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity. J Clin Invest 113 (2004) 1582-1588
141. Bosello O., and Zamboni M. Visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 1 (2000) 47-56
142. Rendell M., Hulthen U.L., Tornquist C., et al. Relationship between abdominal fat compartments and glucose and lipid metabolism in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 744-749
143. Ross R., Freeman J., Hudson R., et al. Abdominal obesity, muscle composition, and insulin resistance in premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002) 5044-5051
144. Pouliot M.C., Despres J.P., Lemieux S., et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter. best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol 73 (1994) 460-468
145. Zhu S., Heymsfield S.B., Toyoshima H., et al. Race-ethnicity-specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 81 (2005) 409-415
146. Janssen I. Waist circumference and not body-mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr 79 (2004) 379-384
147. Hayashi T., Boyko E.J., Leonetti D.L., et al. Visceral adiposity and the risk of impaired glucose tolerance. a prospective study among Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 650-655
148. Hayashi T., Boyko E.J., Leonetti D.L., et al. Visceral adiposity is an independent predictor of incident hypertension in Japanese Americans. Ann Intern Med 140 (2004) 992-1000
149. Wahrenberg H., Hertel K., Leijonhufvud B.M., et al. Use of waist circumference to predict insulin resistance. retrospective study. BMJ 330 (2005) 1363-1364
150. Mori Y., Hoshino K., Yokota K., et al. Increased visceral fat and impaired glucose tolerance predict the increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Japanese middle-aged men. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 113 (2005) 334-339
151. Kanai H., Tokunaga K., Fujioka S., et al. Decrease in intra-abdominal visceral fat may reduce blood pressure in obese hypertensive women. Hypertension 27 (1996) 125-129
152. Ribeiro-Filho F.F., Faria A.N., Kohlmann N.E., et al. Two-hour insulin determination improves the ability of abdominal fat measurement to identify risk for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 1725-1730
153. Nicklas B.J., Penninx B.W., Ryan A.S., et al. Visceral adipose tissue cutoffs associated with metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 1413-1420
154. Phillips G.B., Jing T., and Heymsfield S.B. Relationships in men of sex hormones, insulin, adiposity, and risk factors for myocardial infarction. Metabolism 52 (2003) 784-790
155. Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., Chrysohoou C., et al. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the ATTICA study. Am Heart J 147 (2004) 106-112
156. Benetos A., Thomas F., Bean K., et al. Prognostic value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in treated hypertensive men. Arch Intern Med 162 (2002) 577-581
157. Yusuf S. Two decades of progress in preventing vascular disease. Lancet 360 (2002) 2-3
158. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289 (2003) 2560-2572
159. Chiasson J.L., Josse R.G., Gomis R., et al. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 290 (2003) 486-494
160. Gordon T., Castelli W.P., Hjortland M.C., et al. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 62 (1977) 707-714
161. Sacks F.M., Tonkin A.M., Shepherd J., et al. Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors. the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation 102 (2000) 1893-1900
162. Hokanson J.E., and Austin M.A. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 3 (1996) 213-219
163. Jeppesen J., Hein H.O., Suadicani P., et al. Relation of high TG-low HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to the incidence of ischemic heart disease. An 8-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 1114-1120
164. Han T., Woo S.K., Shin S., et al. Visceral adiposity and apolipoprotein C-III in apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins are independent predictors in determining atherogenic lipid profiles. Ann Nutr Metab 50 (2006) 31-36
165. Solati M., Ghanbarian A., Rahmani M., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in males with hypertriglycemic waist (Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28 (2004) 706-709
166. Blackburn P., Lamarche B., Couillard C., et al. Postprandial hyperlipidemia. another correlate of the "hypertriglyceridemic waist" phenotype in men. Atherosclerosis 171 (2003) 327-336
167. Bos G., Dekker J.M., and Heine R.J. Non-HDL cholesterol contributes to the "hypertriglyceridemic waist" as a cardiovascular risk factor. the Hoorn study. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 283-284
168. St-Pierre J., Lemieux I., Vohl M.C., et al. Contribution of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia to impaired fasting glucose and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 90 (2002) 15-18
169. Dokras A., Bochner M., Hollinrake E., et al. Screening women with polycystic ovary syndrome for metabolic syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 106 (2005) 131-137
170. Wang Y., and Oram J.F. Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit cholesterol efflux from macrophages by increasing degradation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 5692-5697
171. Hansel B., Giral P., Nobecourt E., et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying impaired antioxidative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 4963-4971
172. Holvoet P., Kritchevsky S.B., Tracy R.P., et al. The metabolic syndrome, circulating oxidized LDL, and risk of myocardial infarction in well-functioning elderly people in the health, aging, and body composition cohort. Diabetes 53 (2004) 1068-1073
173. Sattar N., Williams K., Sniderman A.D., et al. Comparison of the associations of apolipoprotein B and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with the metabolic syndrome in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation 110 (2004) 2687-2693
174. Wallenfeldt K., Bokemark L., Wikstrand J., et al. Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I in relation to the metabolic syndrome and change in carotid artery intima-media thickness during 3 years in middle-aged men. Stroke 35 (2004) 2248-2252
175. Satoh A., Adachi H., Tsuruta M., et al. High plasma level of remnant-like particle cholesterol in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2514-2518
176. Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., et al. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 836-843
177. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Rose L., et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1557-1565
178. Rutter M.K., Meigs J.B., Sullivan L.M., et al. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and prediction of cardiovascular events in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation 110 (2004) 380-385
179. Piche M.E., Lemieux S., Weisnagel S.J., et al. Relation of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and fibrinogen to abdominal adipose tissue, blood pressure, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 96 (2005) 92-97
180. Mardi T., Toker S., Melamed S., et al. Increased erythropoiesis and subclinical inflammation as part of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 69 (2005) 249-255
181. Santos A.C., Lopes C., Guimaraes J.T., and Barros H. Central obesity as a major determinant of increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 29 (2005) 1452-1456
182. Kumar B.N., Meyer H.E., Wandel M., et al. Ethnic differences in obesity among immigrants from developing countries, in Oslo, Norway. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 30 (2006) 684-690
183. Muntner P., He J., Chen J., et al. Prevalence of non-traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors among persons with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Ann Epidemiol 14 (2004) 686-695
184. Langer R.D., Pradhan A.D., Lewis C.E., et al. Baseline associations between postmenopausal hormone therapy and inflammatory, haemostatic, and lipid biomarkers of coronary heart disease. The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Thromb Haemost 93 (2005) 1108-1116
185. Verma S., Kuliszewski M.A., Li S.H., et al. C-reactive protein attenuates endothelial progenitor cell survival, differentiation, and function. further evidence of a mechanistic link between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 109 (2004) 2058-2067
186. Ridker P.M. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein. potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 103 (2001) 1813-1818
187. Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 107 (2003) 363-369
188. Malik S., Wong N.D., Franklin S., et al. Cardiovascular disease in U.S. patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and elevated C-reactive protein. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 690-693
189. Pearson T.A., Mensah G.A., Alexander R.W., et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107 (2003) 499-511
190. Anand S.S., Yi Q., Gerstein H., et al. Relationship of metabolic syndrome and fibrinolytic dysfunction to cardiovascular disease. Circulation 108 (2003) 420-425
191. Pischon T., Girman C.J., Hotamisligil G.S., et al. Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in men. JAMA 291 (2004) 1730-1737
192. Tzou W.S., Douglas P.S., Srinivasan S.R., et al. Increased subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults with metabolic syndrome. the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005) 457-463
193. McNeill A.M., Rosamond W.D., Girman C.J., et al. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and carotid arterial thickening in patients with the metabolic syndrome (The ARIC Study). Am J Cardiol 94 (2004) 1249-1254
194. Ellison R.C., Zhang Y., Wagenknecht L.E., et al. Relation of the metabolic syndrome to calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries and aorta. Am J Cardiol 95 (2005) 1180-1186
195. Wong N.D., Sciammarella M.G., Polk D., et al. The metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by coronary calcium. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003) 1547-1553
196. Kullo I.J., Cassidy A.E., Peyser P.A., et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults. Am J Cardiol 94 (2004) 1554-1558
197. Wong N.D., Rozanski A., Gransar H., et al. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are associated with an increased likelihood of inducible myocardial ischemia among patients with subclinical atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1445-1450
198. Chinali M., Devereux R.B., Howard B.V., et al. Comparison of cardiac structure and function in American Indians with and without the metabolic syndrome (the Strong Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 93 (2004) 40-44
199. Ford E.S. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome. a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1769-1778
200. Sattar N., Gaw A., Scherbakova O., et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 108 (2003) 414-419
201. McNeill A.M., Rosamond W.D., Girman C.J., et al. The metabolic syndrome and 11-year risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 385-390
202. Hunt K.J., Resendez R.G., Williams K., et al. National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation 110 (2004) 1251-1257
203. Ninomiya J.K., L'Italien G., Criqui M.H., et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 109 (2004) 42-46
204. Schillaci G., Pirro M., Vaudo G., et al. Prognostic value of the metabolic syndrome in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 1817-1822
205. Malik S., Wong N.D., Franklin S.S., et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation 110 (2004) 1245-1250
206. Stern M.P., Williams K., and Hunt K.J. Impact of diabetes/metabolic syndrome in patients with established cardiovascular disease. Atheroscler Suppl 6 (2005) 3-6
207. Zeller M., Steg P.G., Ravisy J., et al. Prevalence and impact of metabolic syndrome on hospital outcomes in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005) 1192-1198
208. Kataoka Y., Yasuda S., Morii I., et al. Quantitative coronary angiographic studies of patients with angina pectoris and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2217-2222
209. D'Agostino Sr. R.B., Grundy S., Sullivan L.M., et al. Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores. results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA 286 (2001) 180-187
210. Stern M.P., Williams K., Gonzalez-Villalpando C., et al. Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease?. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2676-2681
211. Girman C.J., Rhodes T., Mercuri M., et al. The metabolic syndrome and risk of major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Am J Cardiol 93 (2004) 136-141
212. Kelley D.E., Thaete F.L., Troost F., et al. Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278 (2000) E941-E948
213. Ferrannini E., Natali A., Capaldo B., et al., European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and blood pressure. role of age and obesity. Hypertension 30 (1997) 1144-1149
214. DeFronzo R.A., Goldberg M., and Agus Z.S. The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport. J Clin Invest 58 (1976) 83-90
215. Angelico F., Del Ben M., Conti R., et al. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 1578-1582
216. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Lipid, lipoproteins, C-reactive protein, and hemostatic factors at baseline in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2472-2479
217. Reilly M.P., Wolfe M.L., Rhodes T., et al. Measures of insulin resistance add incremental value to the clinical diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in association with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 110 (2004) 803-809
218. Bonora E., Kiechl S., Willeit J., et al. Population-based incidence rates and risk factors for type 2 diabetes in white individuals. the Bruneck study. Diabetes 53 (2004) 1782-1789
219. Eschwege E., and Balkau B. Hyperglycaemia. link to excess mortality. Int J Clin Pract Suppl (2001) 3-6
220. Jensen C.C., Cnop M., Hull R.L., et al. Beta-cell function is a major contributor to oral glucose tolerance in high-risk relatives of four ethnic groups in the U.S. Diabetes 51 (2002) 2170-2178
221. Knowler W.C., Barrett-Connor E., Fowler S.E., et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 393-403
222. Edelstein S.L., Knowler W.C., Bain R.P., et al. Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM. an analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes 46 (1997) 701-710
223. Lillioja S., Mott D.M., Howard B.V., et al. Impaired glucose tolerance as a disorder of insulin action. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in Pima Indians. N Engl J Med 318 (1988) 1217-1225
224. Saad M.F., Knowler W.C., Pettitt D.J., et al. The natural history of impaired glucose tolerance in the Pima Indians. N Engl J Med 319 (1988) 1500-1506
225. Modan M., Karasik A., Halkin H., et al. Effect of past and concurrent body mass index on prevalence of glucose intolerance and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and on insulin response. The Israel study of glucose intolerance, obesity and hypertension. Diabetologia 29 (1986) 82-89
226. Gabir M.M., Hanson R.L., Dabelea D., et al. The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes. Diabetes Care 23 (2000) 1108-1112
227. Charles M.A., Fontbonne A., Thibult N., et al., Paris prospective study. Risk factors for NIDDM in white population. Diabetes 40 (1991) 796-799
228. de Vegt F., Dekker J.M., Jager A., et al. Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population. the Hoorn Study. JAMA 285 (2001) 2109-2113
229. Vaccaro O., Ruffa G., Imperatore G., et al. Risk of diabetes in the new diagnostic category of impaired fasting glucose. a prospective analysis. Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 1490-1493
230. Stern M.P., Williams K., and Haffner S.M. Identification of persons at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. do we need the oral glucose tolerance test?. Ann Intern Med 136 (2002) 575-581
231. Lorenzo C., Okoloise M., Williams K., et al. The metabolic syndrome as predictor of type 2 diabetes. the San Antonio heart study. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 3153-3159
232. Weiss R., Taksali S.E., Tamborlane W.V., et al. Predictors of changes in glucose tolerance status in obese youth. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 902-909
233. Pan X.R., Li G.W., Hu Y.H., et al., The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 20 (1997) 537-544
234. Tuomilehto J., Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 1343-1350
235. Buchanan T.A., Xiang A.H., Peters R.K., et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes 51 (2002) 2796-2803
236. Nelson K.M., and Boyko E.J. Predicting impaired glucose tolerance using common clinical information. data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 2058-2062
237. Meigs J.B., Williams K., Sullivan L.M., et al. Using metabolic syndrome traits for efficient detection of impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 1417-1426
238. The DECODE Study Group. Consequences of the new diagnostic criteria for diabetes in older men and women. DECODE Study (Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative Analysis of Diagnostic Criteria in Europe). Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 1667-1671
239. Shaw J.E., de Courten M., Boyko E.J., et al. Impact of new diagnostic criteria for diabetes on different populations. Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 762-766
240. Saydah S.H., Byrd-Holt D., and Harris M.I. Projected impact of implementing the results of the diabetes prevention program in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care 25 (2002) 1940-1945
241. Anand S.S., Razak F., Vuksan V., et al. Diagnostic strategies to detect glucose intolerance in a multiethnic population. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 290-296
242. Lindahl B., Weinehall L., Asplund K., et al. Screening for impaired glucose tolerance. Results from a population-based study in 21,057 individuals. Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 1988-1992
243. American Diabetes Association. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20 (1997) 1183-1197
244. Hanley A.J., Festa A., D'Agostino Jr. R.B., et al. Metabolic and inflammation variable clusters and prediction of type 2 diabetes. factor analysis using directly measured insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 53 (2004) 1773-1781
245. Grundy S.M., Brewer Jr. H.B., Cleeman J.I., et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 109 (2004) 433-438
246. Hanson R.L., Imperatore G., Bennett P.H., et al. Components of the "metabolic syndrome" and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51 (2002) 3120-3127
247. Laaksonen D.E., Lakka H.M., Niskanen L.K., et al. Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus. application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 156 (2002) 1070-1077
248. Herman W.H., Smith P.J., Thompson T.J., et al. A new and simple questionnaire to identify people at increased risk for undiagnosed diabetes. Diabetes Care 18 (1995) 382-387
249. Baan C.A., Ruige J.B., Stolk R.P., et al. Performance of a predictive model to identify undiagnosed diabetes in a health care setting. Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 213-219
250. Schmidt M.I., Duncan B.B., Vigo A., et al. Detection of undiagnosed diabetes and other hyperglycemia states. the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 1338-1343
251. Schmidt M.I., Duncan B.B., Bang H., et al. Identifying individuals at high risk for diabetes. the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2013-2018
252. Tabaei B.P., and Herman W.H. A multivariate logistic regression equation to screen for diabetes. development and validation. Diabetes Care 25 (2002) 1999-2003
253. Barriga K.J., Hamman R.F., Hoag S., et al. Population screening for glucose intolerant subjects using decision tree analyses. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 34 suppl (1996) S17-S29
254. Griffin S.J., Little P.S., Hales C.N., et al. Diabetes risk score. towards earlier detection of type 2 diabetes in general practice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 16 (2000) 164-171
255. Lindstrom J., and Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score. a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 725-731
256. D'Agostino Jr. R.B., Hamman R.F., Karter A.J., et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors predict the development of type 2 diabetes. the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2234-2240
257. Kanaya A.M., Fyr C.L., de Rekeneire N., et al. Predicting the development of diabetes in older adults. the derivation and validation of a prediction rule. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 404-408
258. Wen C.P., Cheng T.Y., Tsai S.P., et al. Increased mortality risks of pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose) in Taiwan. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2756-2761
259. Laaksonen D.E., Niskanen L., Nyyssonen K., et al. C-reactive protein and the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetologia 47 (2004) 1403-1410
260. Doi Y., Kiyohara Y., Kubo M., et al. Elevated C-reactive protein is a predictor of the development of diabetes in a general Japanese population. the Hisayama Study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2497-2500
261. Sattar N., Scherbakova O., Ford I., et al. Elevated alanine aminotransferase predicts new-onset type 2 diabetes independently of classical risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and C-reactive protein in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study. Diabetes 53 (2004) 2855-2860
262. Rossi R., Cioni E., Nuzzo A., et al. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation and incidence of type 2 diabetes in a population of healthy postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 702-707
263. Weyer C., Funahashi T., Tanaka S., et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes. close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 1930-1935
264. Lindsay R.S., Funahashi T., Hanson R.L., et al. Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet 360 (2002) 57-58
265. Daimon M., Oizumi T., Saitoh T., et al. Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese Population. the Funagata study. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 2015-2020
266. Spranger J., Kroke A., Mohlig M., et al. Adiponectin and protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 361 (2003) 226-228
267. Duncan B.B., Schmidt M.I., Pankow J.S., et al. Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes. the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 53 (2004) 2473-2478
268. Osei K., Rhinesmith S., Gaillard T., et al. Is glycosylated hemoglobin A1c a surrogate for metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic, first-degree relatives of African-American patients with type 2 diabetes?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 (2003) 4596-4601
269. Thamer C., Tschritter O., Haap M., et al. Elevated serum GGT concentrations predict reduced insulin sensitivity and increased intrahepatic lipids. Horm Metab Res 37 (2005) 246-251
270. Nannipieri M., Gonzales C., Baldi S., et al. Liver enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and incident diabetes. the Mexico City diabetes study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1757-1762
271. Yeh H.C., Punjabi N.M., Wang N.Y., et al. Vital capacity as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes. the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1472-1479
272. Ford E.S., and Mannino D.M. Prospective association between lung function and the incidence of diabetes. findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2966-2970
273. Foy C.G., Bell R.A., Farmer D.F., et al. Smoking and incidence of diabetes among U.S. adults. findings from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2501-2507
274. Cho N.H., Lim S., Jang H.C., et al. Elevated homocysteine as a risk factor for the development of diabetes in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus. a 4-year prospective study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2750-2755
275. Schulze M.B., Hoffmann K., Manson J.E., et al. Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 82 (2005) 675-684 quiz 714-5
276. Ruhl C.E., and Everhart J.E. Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology 124 (2003) 71-79
277. Nomura H., Kashiwagi S., Hayashi J., et al. Prevalence of fatty liver in a general population of Okinawa, Japan. Jpn J Med 27 (1988) 142-149
278. Green R.M.N.A.S. H-hepatic metabolism and not simply the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 38 (2003) 14-17
279. Donati G., Stagni B., Piscaglia F., et al. Increased prevalence of fatty liver in arterial hypertensive patients with normal liver enzymes. role of insulin resistance. Gut 53 (2004) 1020-1023
280. Marchesini G., Brizi M., Morselli-Labate A.M., et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 107 (1999) 450-455
281. Wannamethee S.G., Shaper A.G., Lennon L., et al. Hepatic enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older men. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2913-2918
282. Tiikkainen M., Bergholm R., Vehkavaara S., et al. Effects of identical weight loss on body composition and features of insulin resistance in obese women with high and low liver fat content. Diabetes 52 (2003) 701-707
283. Liangpunsakul S., and Chalasani N. Unexplained elevations in alanine aminotransferase in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. results from the third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III). Am J Med Sci 329 (2005) 111-116
284. Ruhl C.E., and Everhart J.E. Relation of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity with iron and antioxidant levels in the United States. Gastroenterology 124 (2003) 1821-1829
285. Ioannou G.N., Weiss N.S., Boyko E.J., et al. Contribution of metabolic factors to alanine aminotransferase activity in persons with other causes of liver disease. Gastroenterology 128 (2005) 627-635
286. Shen Y.H., Yang W.S., Lee T.H., et al. Bright liver and alanine aminotransferase are associated with metabolic syndrome in adults. Obes Res 13 (2005) 1238-1245
287. Vehmas T., Kaukiainen A., Immonen-Raiha P., et al. Liver echogenicity. relation to systemic blood pressure and other components of the metabolic syndrome. Ultrasound Med Biol 31 (2005) 293-299
288. Bugianesi E., Pagotto U., Manini R., et al. Plasma adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver is related to hepatic insulin resistance and hepatic fat content, not to liver disease severity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 3498-3504
289. Holt H.B., Wild S.H., Wood P.J., et al. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations are independently associated with hepatic steatosis in obese subjects. Diabetologia 49 (2006) 141-148
290. Apridonidze T., Essah P.A., Iuorno M.J., et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 1929-1935
291. Ehrmann D.A., Liljenquist D.R., Kasza K., et al. Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 (2006) 48-53
292. Coviello A.D., Legro R.S., and Dubaif A. Adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome associated with increasing androgen levels independent of obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 (2006) 492-497
293. Puder J.J., Varga S., Kraenzlin M., et al. Central fat excess in polycystic ovary syndrome. relation to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 6014-6021
294. Meyer C., McGrath B.P., and Teede H.J. Overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 5711-5716
295. Paradisi G., Steinberg H.O., Hempfling A., et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 103 (2001) 1410-1415
296. Orio Jr. F., Palomba S., Cascella T., et al. Early impairment of endothelial structure and function in young normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 4588-4593
297. Guzick D.S., Talbott E.O., Sutton-Tyrrell K., et al. Carotid atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. initial results from a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 (1996) 1224-1229 discussion 1229-32.
298. Talbott E.O., Guzick D.S., Sutton-Tyrrell K., et al. Evidence for association between polycystic ovary syndrome and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 2414-2421
299. Wong T.Y., Duncan B.B., Golden S.H., et al. Associations between the metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular signs. the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 (2004) 2949-2954
300. Lauenborg J., Mathiesen E., Hansen T., et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Danish population of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus is three-fold higher than in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 4004-4010
301. Coughlin S.R., Mawdsley L., Mugarza J.A., et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 25 (2004) 735-741
302. Teramoto S., Kume H., and Matsuse T. Ambulatory blood pressure after sleep apnoea treatment. Lancet 360 (2002) 341 author reply 341-2.
303. Teramoto S., Kume H., Matsuse T., et al. The risk of future cardiovascular diseases in the patients with OSAS is dependently or independently associated with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 17 (2001) 573-574
304. Grundy S.M. Cholesterol gallstones. a fellow traveler with metabolic syndrome?. Am J Clin Nutr 80 (2004) 1-2
305. Petrlova B., Rosolova H., Hess Z., et al. Depressive disorders and the metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance. Semin Vasc Med 4 (2004) 161-165
306. Mackin P., Watkinson H.M., and Young A.H. Prevalence of obesity, glucose homeostasis disorders and metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients taking typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs. a cross-sectional study. Diabetologia 48 (2005) 215-221
307. Jerico C., Knobel H., Montero M., et al. Metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients. prevalence, characteristics, and related factors. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 132-137
308. Liu S., Song Y., Ford E.S., et al. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2926-2932
309. Chiu K.C., Chu A., Go V.L., et al. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 79 (2004) 820-825
310. Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., McGuire L.C., et al. Concentrations of serum vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1228-1230
311. Eriksson K.F., and Lindgarde F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. The 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia 34 (1991) 891-898
312. Li G., Hu Y., Yang W., et al. Effects of insulin resistance and insulin secretion on the efficacy of interventions to retard development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. the DA Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 58 (2002) 193-200
313. Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., Valle T.T., et al. Prevention of diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish diabetes prevention study. results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (2003) S108-S113
314. Ratner R., Goldberg R., Haffner S., et al. Impact of intensive lifestyle and metformin therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 888-894
315. Katzmarzyk P.T., Church T.S., and Blair S.N. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Arch Intern Med 164 (2004) 1092-1097
316. Lee S., Kuk J.L., Katzmarzyk P.T., et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 895-901
317. Desai M.Y., Nasir K., Rumberger J.A., et al. Relation of degree of physical activity to coronary artery calcium score in asymptomatic individuals with multiple metabolic risk factors. Am J Cardiol 94 (2004) 729-732
318. Petrella R.J., Lattanzio C.N., Demeray A., et al. Can adoption of regular exercise later in life prevent metabolic risk for cardiovascular disease?. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 694-701
319. Krauss R.M., Eckel R.H., Howard B., et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102 (2000) 2284-2299
320. Franz M.J., Bantle J.P., Beebe C.A., et al. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 26 suppl 1 (2003) S51-S61
321. Seshadri P., Iqbal N., Stern L., et al. A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Am J Med 117 (2004) 398-405
322. Cutler J.A., Follmann D., and Allender P.S. Randomized trials of sodium reduction. an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 65 (1997) 643S-651S
323. Graudal N.A., Galloe A.M., and Garred P. Effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride. a meta-analysis. JAMA 279 (1998) 1383-1391
324. Pitsavos C., Panagiotakos D.B., Chrysohoou C., et al. The associations between physical activity, inflammation, and coagulation markers, in people with metabolic syndrome. the ATTICA study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 12 (2005) 151-158
325. Kelly A.S., Wetzsteon R.J., Kaiser D.R., et al. Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents. the role of exercise. J Pediatr 145 (2004) 731-736
326. Aronson D., Sella R., Sheikh-Ahmad M., et al. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004) 2003-2007
327. Esposito K., Marfella R., Ciotola M., et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. a randomized trial. JAMA 292 (2004) 1440-1446
328. Heilbronn L.K., Noakes M., and Clifton P.M. Energy restriction and weight loss on very-low-fat diets reduce C-reactive protein concentrations in obese, healthy women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 968-970
329. Bastard J.P., Jardel C., Bruckert E., et al. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000) 3338-3342
330. Orio Jr. F., Palomba S., Cascella T., et al. Improvement in endothelial structure and function after metformin treatment in young normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. results of a 6-month study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 6072-6076
331. Wolford J.K., Yeatts K.A., Dhanjal S.K., et al. Sequence variation in PPARG may underlie differential response to troglitazone. Diabetes 54 (2005) 3319-3325
332. Xiang A.H., Peters R.K., Kjos S.L., et al. Effect of Pioglitazone on pancreatic β-cell function and diabetes risk in Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes. Diabetes 55 (2006) 517-522
333. Torgerson J.S., Hauptman J., Boldrin M.N., et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study. a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 155-161
334. Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J., et al., The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 145-153
335. Yusuf S., Gerstein H., Hoogwerf B., et al. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA 286 (2001) 1882-1885
336. Dahlof B., Devereux R.B., Kjeldsen S.E., et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE). a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359 (2002) 995-1003
337. Lindholm L.H., Ibsen H., Dahlof B., et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE). a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359 (2002) 1004-1010
338. Julius S., Kjeldsen S.E., Weber M., et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine. the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 363 (2004) 2022-2031
339. Krutzfeldt J., Raasch W., and Klein H.H. Ramipril increases the protein level of skeletal muscle IRS-1 and alters protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 362 (2000) 1-6
340. Iyer S.N., and Katovich M.J. Effect of acute and chronic losartan treatment on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. Am J Hypertens 9 (1996) 662-668
341. Iyer S.N., Raizada M.K., and Katovich M.J. AT1 receptor density changes during development of hypertension in hyperinsulinemic rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 18 (1996) 793-810
342. Ortlepp J.R., Breuer J., Eitner F., et al. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system ameliorates genetically determined hyperinsulinemia. Eur J Pharmacol 436 (2002) 145-150
343. Prasad A., Tupas-Habib T., Schenke W.H., et al. Acute and chronic angiotensin-1 receptor antagonism reverses endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 101 (2000) 2349-2354
344. The WOSCOPS Study Group. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study: implications for clinical practice. The WOSCOPS Study Group. Eur Heart J 17 (1996) 163-164
345. Heymsfield S.B., Segal K.R., Hauptman J., et al. Effects of weight loss with orlistat on glucose tolerance and progression to type 2 diabetes in obese adults. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 1321-1326
346. Schneider R., Golzman B., Turkot S., et al. Effect of weight loss on blood pressure, arterial compliance, and insulin resistance in normotensive obese subjects. Am J Med Sci 330 (2005) 157-160
347. Yesilbursa D., Serdar A., Heper Y., et al. The effect of orlistat-induced weight loss on interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels in obese subjects. Acta Cardiol 60 (2005) 265-269
348. Chanoine J.P., Hampl S., Jensen C., et al. Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents. a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293 (2005) 2873-2883
349. Filippatos T.D., Kiortsis D.N., Liberopoulos E.N., et al. Effect of orlistat, micronised fenofibrate and their combination on metabolic parameters in overweight and obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. the FenOrli study. Curr Med Res Opin 21 (2005) 1997-2006
350. Tong N.W., Ran X.W., Li Q.F., et al. [Effects of sibutramine on blood glucose and lipids, body fat mass and insulin resistance in obese patients. a multi-center clinical trial]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 44 (2005) 659-663
351. Faria A.N., Ribeiro Filho F.F., Kohlmann N.E., et al. Effects of sibutramine on abdominal fat mass, insulin resistance and blood pressure in obese hypertensive patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 7 (2005) 246-253
352. Tankova T., Dakovska G., Lazarova M., et al. Sibutramine in the treatment of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients and in nondiabetic subjects. Acta Diabetol 41 (2004) 146-153
353. de Simone G., Romano C., De Caprio C., et al. Effects of sibutramine-induced weight loss on cardiovascular system in obese subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 15 (2005) 24-30
354. Despres J.P., Golay A., and Sjostrom L. Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 2121-2134
355. Van Gaal L.F., Rissanen A.M., Scheen A.J., et al. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients. 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet 365 (2005) 1389-1397
356. Dixon J.B., and O'Brien P.E. Health outcomes of severely obese type 2 diabetic subjects 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Diabetes Care 25 (2002) 358-363
357. Pontiroli A.E., Folli F., Paganelli M., et al. Laparoscopic gastric banding prevents type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension and induces their remission in morbid obesity. a 4-year case-controlled study. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 2703-2709
358. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288 (2002) 2981-2997
359. Rubins H.B., Robins S.J., Collins D., et al., Department of Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial Study Group. Distribution of lipids in 8,500 men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 75 (1995) 1196-1201
360. Mosca L., Merz N.B., Blumenthal R.S., et al. Opportunity for intervention to achieve American Heart Association guidelines for optimal lipid levels in high-risk women in a managed care setting. Circulation 111 (2005) 488-493
361. NCEP Expert Panel on the Detection and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106 (2002) 3143-3421
362. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Merz C.N., et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 110 (2004) 227-239
363. Ericsson C.G., Nilsson J., Grip L., et al. Effect of bezafibrate treatment over five years on coronary plaques causing 20% to 50% diameter narrowing (The Bezafibrate Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial [BECAIT]). Am J Cardiol 80 (1997) 1125-1129
364. Elkeles R.S., Diamond J.R., Poulter C., et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of bezafibrate: the St. Mary's, Ealing, Northwick Park Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (SENDCAP) Study. Diabetes Care 21 (1998) 641-648
365. Meade T., Zuhrie R., Cook C., et al. Bezafibrate in men with lower extremity arterial disease. randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325 (2002) 1139
366. Frick M.H., Elo O., Haapa K., et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 317 (1987) 1237-1245
367. Rubins H.B., Robins S.J., Collins D., et al., Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 410-418
368. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes. the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet 357 (2001) 905-910
369. Tenenbaum A., Motro M., Fisman E.Z., et al. Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005) 1154-1160
370. Koh K.K., Han S.H., Quon M.J., et al. Beneficial effects of fenofibrate to improve endothelial dysfunction and raise adiponectin levels in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1419-1424
371. Grundy S.M., Hansen B., Smith Jr. S.C., et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome. report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation 109 (2004) 551-556
372. Vega G.L., Ma P.T., Cater N.B., et al. Effects of adding fenofibrate (200 mg/day) to simvastatin (10 mg/day) in patients with combined hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 91 (2003) 956-960
373. Ballantyne C.M., Stein E.A., Paoletti R., et al. Efficacy of rosuvastatin 10 mg in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 91 (2003) 25C-27C discussion 28C.
374. Deedwania P.C., Hunninghake D.B., Bays H.E., et al. Effects of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin on atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 95 (2005) 360-366
375. Knopp R.H., Alagona P., Davidson M., et al. Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given once-a-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. Metabolism 47 (1998) 1097-1104
376. Goldberg A.C. Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan). dose-escalation study. Am J Cardiol 82 (1998) 35U-38U discussion 39U-41U.
377. McKenney J.M., McCormick L.S., Schaefer E.J., et al. Effect of niacin and atorvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 88 (2001) 270-274
378. Zambon A., Hokanson J.E., Brown B.G., et al. Evidence for a new pathophysiological mechanism for coronary artery disease regression. hepatic lipase-mediated changes in LDL density. Circulation 99 (1999) 1959-1964
379. Miller B.D., Alderman E.L., Haskell W.L., et al. Predominance of dense low-density lipoprotein particles predicts angiographic benefit of therapy in the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project. Circulation 94 (1996) 2146-2153
380. Stampfer M.J., Krauss R.M., Ma J., et al. A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 276 (1996) 882-888
381. Shepherd J., Betteridge J., and Van Gaal L. Nicotinic acid in the management of dyslipidaemia associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. a position paper developed by a European Consensus Panel. Curr Med Res Opin 21 (2005) 665-682
382. Khan B.V., Sola S., Lauten W.B., et al. Quinapril, an ACE inhibitor, reduces markers of oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 1712-1715
383. Wakino S., Kintscher U., Kim S., et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit retinoblastoma phosphorylation and G1 → S transition in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 22435-22441
384. Xiang A.H., Peters R.K., Kjos S.L., et al. Effect of thiazolidinedione treatment on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in premenopausal women at high risk for type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 1986-1991
385. Hetzel J., Balletshofer B., Rittig K., et al. Rapid effects of rosiglitazone treatment on endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 1804-1809
386. Szapary P.O., Bloedon L.T., Samaha F.F., et al. Effects of pioglitazone on lipoproteins, inflammatory markers, and adipokines in nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006) 182-188
387. Marx N., Wohrle J., Nusser T., et al. Pioglitazone reduces neointima volume after coronary stent implantation. a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in nondiabetic patients. Circulation 112 (2005) 2792-2798
388. Sola S., Mir M.Q., Cheema F.A., et al. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation 111 (2005) 343-348
389. Pearson T.A., Blair S.N., Daniels S.R., et al., American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update: Consensus Panel Guide to Comprehensive Risk Reduction for Adult Patients Without Coronary or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases. Circulation 106 (2002) 388-391
390. Caldwell S.H., Hespenheide E.E., Redick J.A., et al. A pilot study of a thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 519-525
391. Neuschwander-Tetri B.A., Brunt E.M., Wehmeier K.R., et al. Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone. Hepatology 38 (2003) 1008-1017
392. Shadid S., and Jensen M.D. Effect of pioglitazone on biochemical indices of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in upper body obesity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 1 (2003) 384-387
393. Setola E., Monti L.D., Galluccio E., et al. Insulin resistance and endothelial function are improved after folate and vitamin B12 therapy in patients with metabolic syndrome. relationship between homocysteine levels and hyperinsulinemia. Eur J Endocrinol 151 (2004) 483-489
394. Shulman A.I., and Mangelsdorf D.J. Retinoid x receptor heterodimers in the metabolic syndrome. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 604-615
395. Luquet S., Gaudel C., Holst D., et al. Roles of PPAR delta in lipid absorption and metabolism. a new target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1740 (2005) 313-317