Rho GTPases: Biochemistry and biology

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 21, Issue , 2005, Pages 247-269

  Jaffe, Aron B ^a   Hall, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell cycle; Cytoskeleton; Migration; Morphogenesis

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN;

BIOLOGY; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIVISION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL MOTION; CELL POLARITY; CYTOSKELETON; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME REGULATION; EUKARYOTE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN GENOME; MICROTUBULE; MORPHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGY; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS;

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 27944479854     PISSN: 10810706     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.020604.150721     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Ahringer J. 2003. Control of cell polarity and mitotic spindle positioning in animal cells. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15:73-81
2. Allen WE, Zicha D, Ridley AJ, Jones GE. 1998. A role for Cdc42 in macrophage chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol. 141:1147-57
3. Arimura N, Inagaki N, Chihara K, Menager C, Nakamura N, et al. 2000. Phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein-2 by Rho-kinase. Evidence for two separate signaling pathways for growth cone collapse. J. Biol. Chem. 275:23973-80
4. Aspenstrom P, Fransson A, Saras J. 2004. Rho GTPases have diverse effects on the organization of the actin filament system. Biochem. J. 377:327-37
5. Bashour AM, Fullerton AT, Hart MJ, Bloom GS. 1997. IQGAP1, a Rac- and Cdc42-binding protein, directly binds and cross-links microfilaments. J. Cell Biol. 137:1555-66
6. Bernards A. 2003. GAPs galore! A survey of putative Ras superfamily GTPase activating proteins in man and Drosophila. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1603:47-82
7. Bishop AL, Hall A. 2000. Rho GTPases and their effector proteins. Biochem. J. 348(Pt 2):241-55
8. Braga VM, Betson M, Li X, Lamarche-Vane N. 2000. Activation of the small GTPase Rac is sufficient to disrupt cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion in normal human keratinocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell 11:3703-21
9. Braga VM, Machesky LM, Hall A, Hotchin NA. 1997. The small GTPases Rho and Rac are required for the establishment of cadherin-dependent cell-cell contacts. J. Cell Biol. 137:1421-31
10. Burbelo PD, Drechsel D, Hall A. 1995. A conserved binding motif defines numerous candidate target proteins for both Cdc42 and Rac GTPases. J. Biol. Chem. 270:29071-74
11. Cau J, Hall A. 2005. Cdc42 controls the polarity of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons through two distinct signal transduction pathways. J. Cell Sci. 118(Pt. 12):2579-87
12. Cassimeris L. 2002. The oncoprotein 18/stathmin family of microtubule destabilizers. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14:18-24
13. 2-induced actin polymerization and early development but not for cell viability. Curr. Biol. 10:758-65
14. Chou MM, Masuda-Robens JM, Gupta ML. 2003. Cdc42 promotes G1 progression through p70 S6 kinase-mediated induction of cyclin E expression. J. Biol. Chem. 278:35241-47
15. Coleman ML, Marshall CJ, Olson MF. 2004. RAS and RHO GTPases in G1-phase cell-cycle regulation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5:355-66
16. Coso OA, Chiariello M, Yu JC, Teramoto H, Crespo P, et al. 1995. The small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate the activity of the JNK/SAPK signaling pathway. Cell 81:1137-46
17. Daub H, Gevaert K, Vandekerckhove J, Sobel A, Hall A. 2001. Rac/Cdc42 and p65PAK regulate the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin through phosphorylation at serine 16. J. Biol. Chem. 276:1677-80
18. Dawe HR, Minamide LS, Bamburg JR, Cramer LP. 2003. ADF/cofilin controls cell polarity during fibroblast migration. Curr. Biol. 13:252-57
19. Desmarais V, Ghosh M, Eddy R, Condeelis J. 2005. Cofilin takes the lead. J. Cell Sci. 118:19-26
20. Di Cunto F, Imarisio S, Hirsch E, Broccoli V, Bulfone A, et al. 2000. Defective neurogenesis in citron kinase knockout mice by altered cytokinesis and massive apoptosis. Neuron 28:115-27
21. Diekmann D, Abo A, Johnston C, Segal AW, Hall A. 1994. Interaction of Rac with p67phox and regulation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity. Science 265:531-33
22. Eden S, Rohatgi R, Podtelejnikov AV, Mann M, Kirschner MW. 2002. Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck. Nature 418:790-93
23. Ehrlich JS, Hansen MD, Nelson WJ. 2002. Spatio-temporal regulation of Rac1 localization and lamellipodia dynamics during epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Dev. Cell 3:259-70
24. Etienne-Manneville S, Hall A. 2001. Integrin-mediated activation of Cdc42 controls cell polarity in migrating astrocytes through PKCzeta. Cell 106:489-98
25. Etienne-Manneville S, Hall A. 2002. Rho GTPases in cell biology. Nature 420:629-35
26. Etienne-Manneville S, Hall A. 2003. Cdc42 regulates GSK-3beta and adenomatous polyposis coli to control cell polarity. Nature 421:753-56
27. Fanto M, McNeill H. 2004. Planar polarity from flies to vertebrates. J. Cell Sci. 117:527-33
28. Fukata M, Watanabe T, Noritake J, Nakagawa M, Yamaga M, et al. 2002. Rac1 and Cdc42 capture microtubules through IQGAP1 and CLIP-170. Cell 109:873-85
29. Fukata Y, Itoh TJ, Kimura T, Menager C, Nishimura T, et al. 2002. CRMP-2 binds to tubulin heterodimers to promote microtubule assembly. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:583-91
30. Fukuhara T, Shimizu K, Kawakatsu T, Fukuyama T, Minami Y, et al. 2004. Activation of Cdc42 by trans interactions of the cell adhesion molecules nectins through c-Src and Cdc42-GEF FRG. J. Cell Biol. 166:393-405
31. Gallagher ED, Gutowski S, Sternweis PC, Cobb MH. 2004. Rho A binds to the amino terminus of MEKK1 and regulates its kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 279:1872-77
32. Gao L, Joberty G, Macara IG. 2002. Assembly of epithelial tight junctions is negatively regulated by Par6. Curr. Biol. 12:221-25
33. Gardiner EM, Pestonjamasp KN, Bohl BP, Chamberlain C, Hahn KM, Bokoch GM. 2002. Spatial and temporal analysis of Rac activation during live neutrophil chemotaxis. Curr. Biol. 12:2029-34
34. Ghosh M, Song X, Mouneimne G, Sidani M, Lawrence DS, Condeelis JS. 2004. Cofilin promotes actin polymerization and defines the direction of cell motility. Science 304:743-46
35. Gibson MC, Perrimon N. 2003. Apicobasal polarization: epithelial form and function. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15:747-52
36. Glise B, Noselli S. 1997. Coupling of Jun amino-terminal kinase and Decapentaplegic signaling pathways in Drosophila morphogenesis. Genes Dev. 11:1738-47
37. Glotzer M. 2001. Animal cell cytokinesis. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17:351-86
38. Gotta M, Abraham MC, Ahringer J. 2001. CDC-42 controls early cell polarity and spindle orientation in C. elegans. Curr. Biol. 11:482-88
39. Hess JA, Ross AH, Qiu RG, Symons M, Exton JH. 1997. Role of Rho family proteins in phospholipase D activation by growth factors. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1615-20
40. Hirose T, Izumi Y, Nagashima Y, Tamai-Nagai Y, Kurihara H, et al. 2002. Involvement of ASIP/PAR-3 in the promotion of epithelial tight junction formation. J. Cell Sci. 115:2485-95
41. Ho HY, Rohatgi R, Lebensohn AM, Le M, Li J, et al. 2004. Toca-1 mediates Cdc42-dependent actin nucleation by activating the N-WASP-WIP complex. Cell 118:203-16
42. Ho HY, Rohatgi R, Ma L, Kirschner MW. 2001. CR16 forms a complex with N-WASP in brain and is a novel member of a conserved proline-rich actin-binding protein family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11306-11
43. Hordijk PL, ten Klooster JP, van der Kammen RA, Michiels F, Oomen LC, Collard JG. 1997. Inhibition of invasion of epithelial cells by Tiam1-Rac signaling. Science 278:1464-66
44. Hou XS, Goldstein ES, Perrimon N. 1997. Drosophila Jun relays the Jun amino-terminal kinase signal transduction pathway to the Decapentaplegic signal transduction pathway in regulating epithelial cell sheet movement. Genes Dev. 11:1728-37
45. Houssa B, de Widt J, Kranenburg O, Moolenaar WH, van Blitterswijk WJ. 1999. Diacylglycerol kinase theta binds to and is negatively regulated by active RhoA. J. Biol. Chem. 274:6820-22
46. Hu W, Bellone CJ, Baldassare JJ. 1999. RhoA stimulates p27(Kip) degradation through its regulation of cyclin E/CDK2 activity. J. Biol. Chem. 274:3396-401
47. Huang C, Rajfur Z, Borchers C, Schaller MD, Jacobson K. 2003. JNK phosphorylates paxillin and regulates cell migration. Nature 424:219-23
48. Illenberger D, Schwald F, Pimmer D, Binder W, Maier G, et al. 1998. Stimulation of phospholipase C-beta2 by the Rho GTPases Cdc42Hs and Rac1. EMBO J. 17:6241-49
49. Innocenti M, Zucconi A, Disanza A, Frittoli E, Areces LB, et al. 2004. Abi1 is essential for the formation and activation of a WAVE2 signalling complex. Nat. Cell Biol. 6:319-27
50. Irie K, Shimizu K, Sakisaka T, Ikeda W, Takai Y. 2004. Roles and modes of action of nectins in cell-cell adhesion. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 15:643-56
51. Itoh M, Sasaki H, Furuse M, Ozaki H, Kita T, Tsukita S. 2001. Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) binds to PAR-3: a possible mechanism for the recruitment of PAR-3 to tight junctions. J. Cell Biol. 154:491-97
52. Itoh RE, Kurokawa K, Ohba Y, Yoshizaki H, Mochizuki N, Matsuda M. 2002. Activation of rac and cdc42 video imaged by fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based single-molecule probes in the membrane of living cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 22:6582-91
53. Izumi Y, Hirose T, Tamai Y, Hirai S, Nagashima Y, et al. 1998. An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-3. J. Cell Biol. 143:95-106
54. Jacinto A, Wood W, Balayo T, Turmaine M, Martinez-Arias A, Martin P. 2000. Dynamic actin-based epithelial adhesion and cell matching during Drosophila dorsal closure. Curr. Biol. 10:1420-26
55. Jaffe AB, Hall A. 2002. Rho GTPases in transformation and metastasis. Adv. Cancer Res. 84:57-80
56. Jaffe AB, Hall A, Schmidt A. 2005. Association of CNK1 with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors controls signaling specificity downstream of Rho. Curr. Biol. 15:405-12
57. Jiang H, Guo W, Liang X, Rao Y. 2005. Both the establishment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity require active mechanisms: critical roles of GSK-3 beta and its upstream regulators. Cell 120:123-35
58. Joneson T, Bar-Sagi D. 1998. A Rac1 effector site controlling mitogenesis through superoxide production. J. Biol. Chem. 273:17991-94
59. Joyce D, Bouzahzah B, Fu M, Albanese C, D'Amico M, et al. 1999. Integration of Rac-dependent regulation of cyclin D1 transcription through a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 274:25245-49
60. Kato T, Watanabe N, Morishima Y, Fujita A, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S. 2001. Localization of a mammalian homolog of diaphanous, mDial, to the mitotic spindle in HeLa cells. J. Cell Sci. 114:775-84
61. Kawakatsu T, Shimizu K, Honda T, Fukuhara T, Hoshino T, Takai Y. 2002. Trans-interactions of nectins induce formation of filopodia and lamellipodia through the respective activation of Cdc42 and Rac small G proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 277:50749-55
62. Kheradmand F, Werner E, Tremble P, Symons M, Werb Z. 1998. Role of Rac1 and oxygen radicals in collagenase-1 expression induced by cell shape change. Science 280:898-902
63. Komatsu S, Yano T, Shibata M, Tuft RA, Ikebe M. 2000. Effects of the regulatory light chain phosphorylation of myosin II on mitosis and cytokinesis of mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275:34512-20
64. Kosako H, Yoshida T, Matsumura F, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Inagaki M. 2000. Rho-kinase/ROCK is involved in cytokinesis through the phosphorylation of myosin light chain and not ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins at the cleavage furrow. Oncogene 19:6059-64
65. Kraynov VS, Chamberlain C, Bokoch GM, Schwartz MA, Slabaugh S, Hahn KM. 2000. Localized Rac activation dynamics visualized in living cells. Science 290:333-37
66. Kroschewski R, Hall A, Mellman I. 1999. Cdc42 controls secretory and endocytic transport to the basolateral plasma membrane of MDCK cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 1:8-13
67. Kuroda S, Fukata M, Nakagawa M, Kaibuchi K. 1999. Cdc42, Rac1, and their effector IQ-GAP1 as molecular switches for cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 262:1-6
68. Lai JM, Wu S, Huang DY, Chang ZF. 2002. Cytosolic retention of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and a Rho-associated kinase-mediated signal impair expression of p21(Cip1/Waf1) in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate-induced apoptotic cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 22:7581-92
69. Lambeth JD. 2002. Nox/Duox family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidases. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 9:11-17
70. Lang P, Gesbert F, Delespine-Carmagnat M, Stancou R, Pouchelet M, Bertoglio J. 1996. Protein kinase A phosphorylation of RhoA mediates the morphological and functional effects of cyclic AMP in cytotoxic lymphocytes. EMBO J. 15:510-19
71. Lee JS, Kamijo K, Ohara N, Kitamura T, Miki T. 2004. MgcRacGAP regulates cortical activity through RhoA during cytokinesis. Exp. Cell Res. 293:275-82
72. Li Z, Hannigan M, Mo Z, Liu B, Lu W, et al. 2003. Directional sensing requires G beta gamma-mediated PAK1 and PIX alpha-dependent activation of Cdc42. Cell 114:215-27
73. Lin D, Edwards AS, Fawcett JP, Mbamalu G, Scott JD, Pawson T. 2000. A mammalian PAR-3-PAR-6 complex implicated in Cdc42/Rac1 and aPKC signalling and cell polarity. Nat. Cell Biol. 2:540-47
74. Madaule P, Eda M, Watanabe N, Fujisawa K, Matsuoka T, et al. 1998. Role of citron kinase as a target of the small GTPase Rho in cytokinesis. Nature 394:491-4
75. Magie CR, Pinto-Santini D, Parkhurst SM. 2002. Rho1 interacts with p120ctn and alpha-catenin, and regulates cadherin-based adherens junction components in Drosophila. Development 129:3771-82
76. Malliri A, van Es S, Huveneers S, Collard JG. 2004. The Rac exchange factor Tiam1 is required for the establishment and maintenance of cadherin-based adhesions. J. Biol. Chem. 279:30092-98
77. Martinez-Quiles N, Rohatgi R, Anton IM, Medina M, Saville SP, et al. 2001. WIP regulates N-WASP-mediated actin polymerization and filopodium formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:484-91
78. Matsumura F, Ono S, Yamakita Y, Totsukawa G, Yamashiro S. 1998. Specific localization of serine 19 phosphorylated myosin II during cell locomotion and mitosis of cultured cells. J. Cell Biol. 140:119-29
79. Merlot S, Firtel RA. 2003. Leading the way: directional sensing through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other signaling pathways. J. Cell Sci. 116:3471-18
80. 1 phase of the cell cycle. Mol. Cell 8:115-27
81. Millard TH, Sharp SJ, Machesky LM. 2004. Signalling to actin assembly via the WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein)-family proteins and the Arp2/3 complex. Biochem. J. 380:1-17
82. Minden A, Lin A, Claret FX, Abo A, Karin M. 1995. Selective activation of the JNK signaling cascade and c-Jun transcriptional activity by the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42Hs. Cell 81:1147-57
83. Miralles F, Posern G, Zaromytidou AI, Treisman R. 2003. Actin dynamics control SRF activity by regulation of its coactivator MAL. Cell 113:329-42
84. Morrison DK, Davis RJ. 2003. Regulation of MAP kinase signaling modules by scaffold proteins in mammals. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19:91-118
85. Musch A. 2004. Microtubule organization and function in epithelial cells. Traffic 5:1-9
86. Narumiya S, Oceguera-Yanez F, Yasuda S. 2004. A new look at Rho GTPases in cell cycle: role in kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Cell Cycle 3:855-57
87. Nobes CD, Hall A. 1999. Rho GTPases control polarity, protrusion, and adhesion during cell movement. J. Cell Biol. 144:1235-44
88. Noritake J, Fukata M, Sato K, Nakagawa M, Watanabe T, et al. 2004. Positive role of IQGAP1, an effector of Rac1, in actin-meshwork formation at sites of cell-cell contact. Mol. Biol. Cell 15:1065-76
89. Oceguera-Yanez F, Kimura K, Yasuda S, Higashida C, Kitamura T, et al. 2005. Ect2 and MgcRacGAP regulate the activation and function of Cdc42 in mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 168:221-32
90. Ohashi K, Nagata K, Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Mizuno K. 2000. Rho-associated kinase ROCK activates LIM-kinase 1 by phosphorylation at threonine 508 within the activation loop. J. Biol. Chem. 275:3577-82
91. Olofsson B. 1999. Rho guanine dissociation inhibitors: pivotal molecules in cellular signalling. Cell Signal 11:545-54
92. Olson MF, Ashworth A, Hall A. 1995. An essential role for Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases in cell cycle progression through G1. Science 269:1270-72
93. Olson MF, Paterson HF, Marshall CJ. 1998. Signals from Ras and Rho GTPases interact to regulate expression of p21Waf1/Cip1. Nature 394:295-99
94. Palazzo AF, Cook TA, Alberts AS, Gundersen GG. 2001. mDia mediates Rho-regulated formation and orientation of stable microtubules. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:723-29
95. Perona R, Montaner S, Saniger L, Sanchez-Perez I, Bravo R, Lacal JC. 1997. Activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB by Rho, CDC42, and Rac-1 proteins. Genes Dev. 11:463-75
96. Peterson FC, Penkert RR, Volkman BF, Prehoda KE. 2004. Cdc42 regulates the Par-6 PDZ domain through an allosteric CRIB-PDZ transition. Mol. Cell 13:665-76
97. Plant PJ, Fawcett JP, Lin DC, Holdorf AD, Binns K, et al. 2003. A polarity complex of mPar6 and atypical PKC binds, phosphorylates and regulates mammalian Lg1. Nat. Cell Biol. 5:301-8
98. Pollard TD, Borisy GG. 2003. Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Cell 112:453-65
99. Prokopenko SN, Brumby A, O'Keefe L, Prior L, He Y, et al. 1999. A putative exchange factor for Rho1 GTPase is required for initiation of cytokinesis in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 13:2301-14
100. Puls A, Eliopoulos AG, Nobes CD, Bridges T, Young LS, Hall A. 1999. Activation of the small GTPaseCdc42 by the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1, and by the Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1. J. Cell Sci. 112:2983-92
101. Ricos MG, Harden N, Sem KP, Lim L, Chia W. 1999. Dcdc42 acts in TGF-beta signaling during Drosophila morphogenesis: distinct roles for the Drac1/JNK and Dcdc42/TGF-beta cascades in cytoskeletal regulation. J. Cell Sci. 112(Pt 8):1225-35
102. Ridley AJ, Schwartz MA, Burridge K, Firtel RA, Ginsberg MH, et al. 2003. Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back. Science 302:1704-9
103. Riento K, Ridley AJ. 2003. Rocks: multifunctional kinases in cell behaviour. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4:446-56
104. 1 phase cyclin-dependent kinases. Mol. Cell Biol. 23:4283-94
105. Roovers K, Klein EA, Castagnino P, Assoian RK. 2003. Nuclear translocation of LIM kinase mediates Rho-Rho kinase regulation of cyclin D1 expression. Dev. Cell 5:273-84
106. Rosenblatt J, Cramer LP, Baum B, McGee KM. 2004. Myosin II-dependent cortical movement is required for centrosome separation and positioning during mitotic spindle assembly. Cell 117:361-72
107. Sahai E, Marshall CJ. 2003. Differing modes of tumour cell invasion have distinct requirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis. Nat. Cell Biol. 5:711-19
108. Sahai E, Olson MF, Marshall CJ. 2001. Cross-talk between Ras and Rho signalling pathways in transformation favours proliferation and increased motility. EMBO J. 20:755-66
109. Sander EE, van Delft S, ten Klooster JP, Reid T, van der Kammen RA, et al. 1998. Matrix-dependent Tiam1/Rac signaling in epithelial cells promotes either cell-cell adhesion or cell migration and is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J. Cell Biol. 143:1385-98
110. Schmidt A, Hall A. 2002. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho GTPases: turning on the switch. Genes Dev. 16:1587-609
111. Schwamborn JC, Puschel AW. 2004. The sequential activity of the GTPases Rap1B and Cdc42 determines neuronal polarity. Nat. Neurosci. 7:923-29
112. Shi SH, Cheng T, Jan LY, Jan YN. 2004. APC and GSK-3beta are involved in mPar3 targeting to the nascent axon and establishment of neuronal polarity. Curr. Biol. 14:2025-32
113. Shi SH, Jan LY, Jan YN. 2003. Hippocampal neuronal polarity specified by spatially localized mPar3/mPar6 and PI 3-kinase activity. Cell 112:63-75
114. Simon MN, De Virgilio C, Souza B, Pringle JR, Abo A, Reed SI. 1995. Role for the Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 in yeast mating-pheromone signal pathway. Nature 376:702-5
115. Sugihara K, Asano S, Tanaka K, Iwamatsu A, Okawa K, Ohta Y. 2002. The exocyst complex binds the small GTPase RalA to mediate filopodia formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:73-78
116. Suzuki A, Yamanaka T, Hirose T, Manabe N, Mizuno K, et al. 2001. Atypical protein kinase C is involved in the evolutionarily conserved par protein complex and plays a critical role in establishing epithelia-specific junctional structures. J. Cell Biol. 152:1183-96
117. Svitkina TM, Borisy GG. 1999. Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia. J. Cell Biol. 145:1009-26
118. Svitkina TM, Bulanova EA, Chaga OY, Vignjevic DM, Kojima S, et al. 2003. Mechanism of filopodia initiation by reorganization of a dendritic network. J. Cell Biol. 160:409-21
119. Takaishi K, Sasaki T, Kotani H, Nishioka H, Takai Y. 1997. Regulation of cell-cell adhesion by rac and rho small G proteins in MDCK cells. J. Cell Biol. 139:1047-59
120. Takeya R, Sumimoto H. 2003. Molecular mechanism for activation of superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases. Mol. Cell. 16:271-77
121. Takeya R, Ueno N, Kami K, Taura M, Kohjima M, et al. 2003. Novel human homologues of p47phox and p67phox participate in activation of superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases. J. Biol. Chem. 278:25234-46
122. Tapon N, Nagata K, Lamarche N, Hall A. 1998. A new rac target POSH is an SH3-containing scaffold protein involved in the JNK and NF-kappaB signalling pathways. EMBO J. 17:1395-404
123. Tatsumoto T, Xie X, Blumenthal R, Okamoto I, Miki T. 1999. Human ECT2 is an exchange factor for Rho GTPases, phosphorylated in G2/M phases, and involved in cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 147:921-28
124. Teramoto H, Coso OA, Miyata H, Igishi T, Miki T, Gutkind JS. 1996. Signaling from the small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 to the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase pathway. A role for mixed lineage kinase 3/protein-tyrosine kinase 1, a novel member of the mixed lineage kinase family. J. Biol. Chem. 271:27225-28
125. Tolias KF, Hartwig JH, Ishihara H, Shibasaki Y, Cantley LC, Carpenter CL. 2000. Type Iα phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase mediates Rac-dependent actin assembly. Curr. Biol. 10:153-56
126. Vaezi A, Bauer C, Vasioukhin V, Fuchs E. 2002. Actin cable dynamics and Rho/Rock orchestrate a polarized cytoskeletal architecture in the early steps of assembling a stratified epithelium. Dev. Cell 3:367-81
127. Vasioukhin V, Bauer C, Yin M, Fuchs E. 2000. Directed actin polymerization is the driving force for epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Cell 100:209-19
128. Vidal A, Millard SS, Miller JP, Koff A. 2002. Rho activity can alter the translation of p27 mRNA and is important for RasV12-induced transformation in a manner dependent on p27 status. J. Biol. Chem. 277:16433-40
129. Vignjevic D, Yarar D, Welch MD, Peloquin J, Svitkina T, Borisy GG. 2003. Formation of filopodia-like bundles in vitro from a dendritic network. J. Cell Biol. 160:951-62
130. 3Ks maintain persistent cell polarity and directed motility in neutrophils. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:513-8
131. Wang HR, Zhang Y, Ozdamar B, Ogunjimi AA, Alexandrova E, et al. 2003. Regulation of cell polarity and protrusion formation by targeting RhoA for degradation. Science 302:1775-79
132. Watanabe T, Wang S, Noritake J, Sato K, Fukata M, et al. 2004. Interaction with IQGAP1 links APC to Rac1, Cdc42, and actin filaments during cell polarization and migration. Dev. Cell 7:871-83
133. Weber JD, Hu W, Jefcoat SC Jr, Raben DM, Baldassare JJ. 1997. Ras-stimulated extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and RhoA activities coordinate platelet-derived growth factor-induced G1 progression through the independent regulation of cyclin D1 and p27. J. Biol. Chem. 272:32966-71
134. Weernink PA, Meletiadis K, Hommeltenberg S, Hinz M, Ishihara H, et al. 2004. Activation of type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase isoforms by the Rho GTPases, RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. J. Biol. Chem. 279:7840-49
135. Welsh CF, Roovers K, Villanueva J, Liu Y, Schwartz MA, Assoian RK. 2001. Timing of cyclin D1 expression within G1 phase is controlled by Rho. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:950-57
136. Wen Y, Eng CH, Schmoranzer J, Cabrera-Poch N, Morris EJ, et al. 2004. EB1 and APC bind to mDia to stabilize microtubules downstream of Rho and promote cell migration. Nat. Cell Biol. 6:820-30
137. Westwick JK, Lambert QT, Clark GJ, Symons M, Van Aelst L, et al. 1997. Rac regulation of transformation, gene expression, and actin organization by multiple, PAK-independent pathways. Mol. Cell Biol. 17:1324-35
138. Wittmann T, Waterman-Storer CM. 2001. Cell motility: Can Rho GTPases and microtubules point the way? J. Cell Sci. 114:3795-803
139. Worthylake RA, Burridge K. 2003. RhoA and ROCK promote migration by limiting membrane protrusions. J. Biol. Chem. 278:13578-84
140. Xu Z, Kukekov NV, Greene LA. 2003. POSH acts as a scaffold for a multiprotein complex that mediates JNK activation in apoptosis. EMBO J. 22:252-61
141. Yamamoto M, Marui N, Sakai T, Morii N, Kozaki S, et al. 1993. ADP-ribosylation of the rhoA gene product by botulinum C3 exoenzyme causes Swiss 3T3 cells to accumulate in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Oncogene 8:1449-55
142. Yamanaka T, Horikoshi Y, Sugiyama Y, Ishiyama C, Suzuki A, et al. 2003. Mammalian Lgl forms a protein complex with PAR-6 and aPKC independently of PAR-3 to regulate epithelial cell polarity. Curr. Biol. 13:734-43
143. Yamanaka T, Horikoshi Y, Suzuki A, Sugiyama Y, Kitamura K, et al. 2001. PAR-6 regulates aPKC activity in a novel way and mediates cell-cell contact-induced formation of the epithelial junctional complex. Genes Cells 6:721-31
144. Yamashiro S, Totsukawa G, Yamakita Y, Sasaki Y, Madaule P, et al. 2003. Citron kinase, a Rho-dependent kinase, induces di-phosphorylation of regulatory light chain of myosin II. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:1745-56
145. Yasuda S, Oceguera-Yanez F, Kato T, Okamoto M, Yonemura S, et al. 2004. Cdc42 and mDia3 regulate microtubule attachment to kinetochores. Nature 428:767-71
146. Yoshimura T, Kawano Y, Arimura N, Kawabata S, Kikuchi A, Kaibuchi K. 2005. GSK-3beta regulates phosphorylation of CRMP-2 and neuronal polarity. Cell 120:137-49
147. Yu W, Datta A, Leroy P, O'Brien LE, Mak G, et al. 2005. β1-integrin orients epithelial polarity via Rac1 and laminin. Mol. Biol. Cell 16:433-45
148. Zegers MM, O'Brien LE, Yu W, Datta A, Mostov KE. 2003. Epithelial polarity and tubulogenesis in vitro. Trends Cell Biol. 13:169-76
149. Zhang X, Bi E, Novick P, Du L, Kozminski KG, et al. 2001. Cdc42 interacts with the exocyst and regulates polarized secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 276:46745-50
150. Zheng Y, Bagrodia S, Cerione RA. 1994. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity by Cdc42Hs binding to p85. J. Biol. Chem. 269:18727-30
151. Zigmond SH. 2004. Formin-induced nucleation of actin filaments. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16:99-105