메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 442-456

Genetic strategies for antibacterial drug discovery

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETAMIDE; AMINO ACID TRANSFER RNA LIGASE; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ARABINOSE; BACTERIAL DNA; BACTERICIDE; BETA LACTAM; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); DNA TOPOISOMERASE IV; ELONGATION FACTOR G; FUCOSE; GLYCOPEPTIDE; INITIATION FACTOR 1; LACTOSE; MACROLIDE; MESSENGER RNA; METICILLIN; OXAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHASE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RHAMNOSE; RNA POLYMERASE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; XYLOSE;

EID: 0038779197     PISSN: 14710056     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrg1086     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (132)

References (161)
  • 1
    • 0029653518 scopus 로고
    • Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd
    • Fleischmann, R. D. et al. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269, 496-512 (1995).
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 496-512
    • Fleischmann, R.D.1
  • 2
    • 0030841073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility
    • Hiramatsu, K. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 135-136 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.40 , pp. 135-136
    • Hiramatsu, K.1
  • 3
    • 15444350252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12
    • Blattner, F. R. et al. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277, 1453-1474 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 1453-1474
    • Blattner, F.R.1
  • 4
    • 0030731108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis
    • Kunst, F. et al. The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature 390, 249-256 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 249-256
    • Kunst, F.1
  • 5
    • 10244239321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life with 6000 genes
    • Goffeau, A. et al. Life with 6000 genes. Science 274, 546, 563-567 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 546
    • Goffeau, A.1
  • 6
    • 0033257746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new antibiotics
    • Breithaupt, H. The new antibiotics. Nature Biotechnol. 17, 1165-1169 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature Biotechnol. , vol.17 , pp. 1165-1169
    • Breithaupt, H.1
  • 7
    • 0034646538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious history
    • Lederberg, J. Infectious history. Science 288, 287-293 (2000).
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 287-293
    • Lederberg, J.1
  • 8
    • 23444440823 scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes
    • Davies, J. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Science 264, 375-382 (1994).
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , pp. 375-382
    • Davies, J.1
  • 9
    • 0034680167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance
    • Walsh, C. Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance. Nature 406, 775-781 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 775-781
    • Walsh, C.1
  • 11
    • 0025156911 scopus 로고
    • Discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents
    • Gootz, T. D. Discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3, 13-31 (1990). References 10 and 11 review the approaches for finding antimicrobials before the insurgence of genomics-based strategies. The challenges to the identification of antimicrobial compounds from microbial fermentation broths are discussed.
    • (1990) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.3 , pp. 13-31
    • Gootz, T.D.1
  • 12
    • 0035581737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploiting genomics to discover new antibiotics
    • McDevitt, D. & Rosenberg, M. Exploiting genomics to discover new antibiotics. Trends Microbiol. 9, 611-617 (2001).
    • (2001) Trends Microbiol. , vol.9 , pp. 611-617
    • McDevitt, D.1    Rosenberg, M.2
  • 13
    • 0036716795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-alkyl urea hydroxamic acids as a new class of peptide deformylase inhibitors with antibacterial activity
    • Hackbarth, C. J. et al. N-alkyl urea hydroxamic acids as a new class of peptide deformylase inhibitors with antibacterial activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 2752-2764 (2002).
    • (2002) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.46 , pp. 2752-2764
    • Hackbarth, C.J.1
  • 14
    • 0036783668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of a novel and potent class of Fabl-directed antibacterial agents
    • Payne, D. J. et al. Discovery of a novel and potent class of Fabl-directed antibacterial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 3118-3124 (2002). References 13 and 14 describe the development of antibacterial compounds from enzyme inhibitors that had little initial antibacterial activity.
    • (2002) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.46 , pp. 3118-3124
    • Payne, D.J.1
  • 16
    • 0027208707 scopus 로고
    • Recognition of genes in DNA sequence with ambiguities
    • Borodovsky, M. & McIninch, J. Recognition of genes in DNA sequence with ambiguities. Biosystems 30, 161-171 (1993).
    • (1993) Biosystems , vol.30 , pp. 161-171
    • Borodovsky, M.1    McIninch, J.2
  • 17
    • 0031586003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA
    • Burge, C. & Karlin, S. Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 268, 78-94 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.268 , pp. 78-94
    • Burge, C.1    Karlin, S.2
  • 18
    • 0030786488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automated gene identification in large-scale genomic sequences
    • Xu, Y. & Uberbacher, E. C. Automated gene identification in large-scale genomic sequences. J. Comput. Biol. 4, 325-338 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Comput. Biol. , vol.4 , pp. 325-338
    • Xu, Y.1    Uberbacher, E.C.2
  • 20
    • 0037252705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology
    • Wheeler, D. L. et al. Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology. Nucl. Acids Res. 31, 28-33 (2003).
    • (2003) Nucl. Acids Res. , vol.31 , pp. 28-33
    • Wheeler, D.L.1
  • 21
    • 0033971754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EcoGene: A genome sequence database for Escherichia coli K-12
    • Rudd, K. E. EcoGene: a genome sequence database for Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 60-64 (2000).
    • (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.28 , pp. 60-64
    • Rudd, K.E.1
  • 22
    • 0036081063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SubtiList: The reference database for the Bacillus subtilis genome
    • Moszer, I., Jones, L. M., Moreira, S., Fabry, C. & Danchin, A. SubtiList: the reference database for the Bacillus subtilis genome. Nucleic Acids Res 30, 62-65 (2002).
    • (2002) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.30 , pp. 62-65
    • Moszer, I.1    Jones, L.M.2    Moreira, S.3    Fabry, C.4    Danchin, A.5
  • 23
    • 0033039066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
    • Cole, S. T. Learning from the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. FEBS Lett. 452, 7-10 (1999).
    • (1999) FEBS Lett. , vol.452 , pp. 7-10
    • Cole, S.T.1
  • 24
    • 0030801002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs
    • Altschul, S. et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucl. Acids Res. 25, 3389-3402 (1997).
    • (1997) Nucl. Acids Res. , vol.25 , pp. 3389-3402
    • Altschul, S.1
  • 25
    • 0035162592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The COG database: New developments in phylogenetic classification of proteins from complete genomes
    • Tatusov, R. L. et al. The COG database: new developments in phylogenetic classification of proteins from complete genomes. Nucl. Acids Res. 29, 22-28 (2001).
    • (2001) Nucl. Acids Res. , vol.29 , pp. 22-28
    • Tatusov, R.L.1
  • 26
    • 0036791908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural proteomics: The potential of high-throughput structure determination
    • Schmid, M. B. Structural proteomics: the potential of high-throughput structure determination. Trends Microbiol. 10, 27-31 (2002).
    • (2002) Trends Microbiol. , vol.10 , pp. 27-31
    • Schmid, M.B.1
  • 27
    • 0033873929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative protein structure modeling of genes and genomes
    • Marti-Renom, M. A. et al. Comparative protein structure modeling of genes and genomes. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 29, 291-325 (2000).
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. , vol.29 , pp. 291-325
    • Marti-Renom, M.A.1
  • 28
    • 0037349407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-throughput crystallography at an affordable cost: The TB structural genomics consortium crystallization facility
    • Rupp, B. High-throughput crystallography at an affordable cost: the TB structural genomics consortium crystallization facility. Acc. Chem. Res. 36, 173-181 (2003).
    • (2003) Acc. Chem. Res. , vol.36 , pp. 173-181
    • Rupp, B.1
  • 29
    • 0029789824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A minimal gene set for cellular life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes
    • Mushegian, A. R. & Koonin, E. V. A minimal gene set for cellular life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10268-10273 (1996).
    • (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 10268-10273
    • Mushegian, A.R.1    Koonin, E.V.2
  • 30
    • 0034571148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How many genes can make a cell: The minimal-gene-set concept
    • Koonin, E. V. How many genes can make a cell: the minimal-gene-set concept. Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. 1, 99-116 (2000).
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. , vol.1 , pp. 99-116
    • Koonin, E.V.1
  • 31
    • 0032764518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome
    • Hutchison, C. A. et al. Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome. Science 286, 2165-2169 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 2165-2169
    • Hutchison, C.A.1
  • 32
    • 0031784044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-based approach for the identification of essential bacterial genes
    • Arigoni, F. et al. A genome-based approach for the identification of essential bacterial genes. Nature Biotechnol. 16, 851-856 (1998). This manuscript heralded the fact that conserved genes are not necessarily essential. Furthermore, some genes that are essential for one organism can be dispensable for another (see also references 33-36).
    • (1998) Nature Biotechnol. , vol.16 , pp. 851-856
    • Arigoni, F.1
  • 33
    • 0036334571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From genetic footprinting to antimicrobial drug targets: Examples in cofactor biosynthetic pathways
    • Gerdes, S. Y. et al. From genetic footprinting to antimicrobial drug targets: examples in cofactor biosynthetic pathways. J. Bacteriol. 184, 4555-4572 (2002). This article shows an example of the identification of conserved biochemical pathways using bioinformatics and genetic footprinting to distinguish essential enzymes of the pathways.
    • (2002) J. Bacteriol. , vol.184 , pp. 4555-4572
    • Gerdes, S.Y.1
  • 35
    • 0036844170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bex, the Bacillus subtilis homolog of the essential Escherichia coli GTPase Era, is required for normal cell division and spore formation
    • Minkovsky, N. et al. Bex, the Bacillus subtilis homolog of the essential Escherichia coli GTPase Era, is required for normal cell division and spore formation. J. Bacteriol. 184, 6389-6394 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Bacteriol. , vol.184 , pp. 6389-6394
    • Minkovsky, N.1
  • 36
    • 0034644010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A triclosan-resistant bacterial enzyme
    • Heath, R. J. & Rock, C. O. A triclosan-resistant bacterial enzyme. Nature 406, 145-146 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 145-146
    • Heath, R.J.1    Rock, C.O.2
  • 37
    • 0035993441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational identification of new antibacterial drug targets that are essential for viability using a genomics-based approach
    • Chalker, A. F. & Lunsford, R. D. Rational identification of new antibacterial drug targets that are essential for viability using a genomics-based approach. Pharmacol. Ther. 95, 1-20 (2002). This review provides comprehensive descriptions of the many methods for the identification of essential genes in bacteria.
    • (2002) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.95 , pp. 1-20
    • Chalker, A.F.1    Lunsford, R.D.2
  • 38
    • 0035110921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic footprinting in bacteria
    • Hare, R. S. et al. Genetic footprinting in bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 183, 1694-1706 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Bacteriol. , vol.183 , pp. 1694-1706
    • Hare, R.S.1
  • 39
    • 0032555218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic identification of essential genes by in vitro mariner mutagenesis
    • Akerley, B. J. et al. Systematic identification of essential genes by in vitro mariner mutagenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8927-8932 (1998).
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 8927-8932
    • Akerley, B.J.1
  • 40
    • 0034761603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection analyses of insertional mutants using subgenic-resolution arrays
    • Badarinarayana, V. et al. Selection analyses of insertional mutants using subgenic-resolution arrays. Nature Biotechnol. 19, 1060-1065 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Biotechnol. , vol.19 , pp. 1060-1065
    • Badarinarayana, V.1
  • 41
    • 0035940515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive identification of conditionally essential genes in mycobacteria
    • Sassetti, C. M., Boyd, D. H. & Rubin, E. J. Comprehensive identification of conditionally essential genes in mycobacteria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 12712-12717 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 12712-12717
    • Sassetti, C.M.1    Boyd, D.H.2    Rubin, E.J.3
  • 42
    • 0037154255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-scale analysis for identification of genes required for growth or survival of Haemophilus influenzae
    • Akerley, B. J. et al. A genome-scale analysis for identification of genes required for growth or survival of Haemophilus influenzae. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 966-971 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 966-971
    • Akerley, B.J.1
  • 43
    • 0034730128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic footprinting with mariner-based transposition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Wong, S. M. & Mekalanos, J. J. Genetic footprinting with mariner-based transposition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 10191-10196 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 10191-10196
    • Wong, S.M.1    Mekalanos, J.J.2
  • 44
    • 0032947578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction and analysis of a library for random insertional mutagenesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Use for recovery of mutants defective in genetic transformation and for identification of essential genes
    • Lee, M. S., Dougherty, B. A., Madeo, A. C. & Morrison, D. A. Construction and analysis of a library for random insertional mutagenesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae: use for recovery of mutants defective in genetic transformation and for identification of essential genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 1883-1890 (1999).
    • (1999) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.65 , pp. 1883-1890
    • Lee, M.S.1    Dougherty, B.A.2    Madeo, A.C.3    Morrison, D.A.4
  • 45
    • 0031737309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A vector for systematic gene inactivation in Bacillus subtilis
    • Vagner, V., Dervyn, E. & Ehrlich, S. A vector for systematic gene inactivation in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 144, 3097-3104 (1998).
    • (1998) Microbiology , vol.144 , pp. 3097-3104
    • Vagner, V.1    Dervyn, E.2    Ehrlich, S.3
  • 46
    • 0345668475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential Bacillus subtilis genes
    • Kobayashi, K. et al. Essential Bacillus subtilis genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 4678-4683 (2003). This landmark paper describes target-directed disruptions of ∼3,000 B. subtilis genes. Online tables list the essential genes in Bacillus, and their cellular functions in essential biochemical pathways are depicted in online figures. This complete analysis provides a crucial comparison for all other target validation efforts.
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , pp. 4678-4683
    • Kobayashi, K.1
  • 47
    • 0037100683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of 113 conserved essential genes using a high-throughput gene disruption system in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Thanassi, J. A., Hartman-Neumann, S. L., Dougherty, T. J., Dougherty, B. A. & Pucci, M. J. Identification of 113 conserved essential genes using a high-throughput gene disruption system in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 3152-3162 (2002).
    • (2002) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.30 , pp. 3152-3162
    • Thanassi, J.A.1    Hartman-Neumann, S.L.2    Dougherty, T.J.3    Dougherty, B.A.4    Pucci, M.J.5
  • 48
    • 0019570557 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous tandem genetic duplications in Salmonella typhimurium arise by unequal recombination between rRNA (rrn) cistrons
    • Anderson, P. & Roth, J. Spontaneous tandem genetic duplications in Salmonella typhimurium arise by unequal recombination between rRNA (rrn) cistrons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 78, 3113-3117 (1981).
    • (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.78 , pp. 3113-3117
    • Anderson, P.1    Roth, J.2
  • 49
    • 0024354604 scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of temperature-sensitive lethal mutants of Salmonella typhimurium
    • Schmid, M. B., Kapur, N., Isaacson, D. R., Lindroos, P. & Sharpe, C. Genetic analysis of temperature-sensitive lethal mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Genetics 123, 625-633 (1989).
    • (1989) Genetics , vol.123 , pp. 625-633
    • Schmid, M.B.1    Kapur, N.2    Isaacson, D.R.3    Lindroos, P.4    Sharpe, C.5
  • 52
    • 0031022928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of an antisense hla fragment in Staphylococcus aureus reduces α-toxin production in vitro and attenuates lethal activity in a murine model
    • Kernodle, D., Voladri, R., Menzies, B., Hager, C. & Edwards, K. Expression of an antisense hla fragment in Staphylococcus aureus reduces α-toxin production in vitro and attenuates lethal activity in a murine model. Infect. Immun. 65, 179-184 (1997).
    • (1997) Infect. Immun. , vol.65 , pp. 179-184
    • Kernodle, D.1    Voladri, R.2    Menzies, B.3    Hager, C.4    Edwards, K.5
  • 53
    • 0030884810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and use of a conditional antisense mutagenesis system in mycobacteria
    • Parish, T. & Stoker, N. G. Development and use of a conditional antisense mutagenesis system in mycobacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 154, 151-157 (1997).
    • (1997) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , vol.154 , pp. 151-157
    • Parish, T.1    Stoker, N.G.2
  • 54
    • 0031733825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antisense RNA to ahpC, an oxidative stress defence gene involved in isoniazid resistance, indicates that AhpC of Mycobacterium bovis has virulence properties
    • Wilson, T., de Lisle, G., Marcinkeviciene, J., Blanchard, J. & Collins, D. Antisense RNA to ahpC, an oxidative stress defence gene involved in isoniazid resistance, indicates that AhpC of Mycobacterium bovis has virulence properties. Microbiology 144, 2687-2695 (1998).
    • (1998) Microbiology , vol.144 , pp. 2687-2695
    • Wilson, T.1    De Lisle, G.2    Marcinkeviciene, J.3    Blanchard, J.4    Collins, D.5
  • 55
    • 0036957272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional expression of Mycobacterium smegmatis dnaA, an essential DNA replication gene
    • Greendyke, R., Rajagopalan, M., Parish, T. & Madiraju, M. V. V. S. Conditional expression of Mycobacterium smegmatis dnaA, an essential DNA replication gene. Microbiology 148, 3887-3900 (2002). This study used antisense RNA and an inducible promoter to construct conditionally defective strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Along with references 77, 78 and 82, this provides the tools for characterizing essential genes in mycobacteria.
    • (2002) Microbiology , vol.148 , pp. 3887-3900
    • Greendyke, R.1    Rajagopalan, M.2    Parish, T.3    Madiraju, M.V.V.S.4
  • 56
    • 0035929121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of critical staphylococcal genes using conditional phenotypes generated by antisense RNA
    • Ji, Y. et al. Identification of critical staphylococcal genes using conditional phenotypes generated by antisense RNA. Science 293, 2266-2269 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 2266-2269
    • Ji, Y.1
  • 57
    • 0036271625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-wide strategy for the identification of essential genes in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Forsyth, R. A. et al. A genome-wide strategy for the identification of essential genes in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol. Microbiol. 43, 1387-1400 (2002). This paper describes a comprehensive analysis of the S. aureus genome by the conditional inactivation of genes with antisense RNA. It also describes the use of antisense-bearing strains to identify the cellular targets of antimicrobials.
    • (2002) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.43 , pp. 1387-1400
    • Forsyth, R.A.1
  • 58
    • 0036231777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of RNase E scarcity in Escherichia coli
    • Jain, C., Deana, A. & Belasco, J. G. Consequences of RNase E scarcity in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 43, 1053-1064 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.43 , pp. 1053-1064
    • Jain, C.1    Deana, A.2    Belasco, J.G.3
  • 59
    • 0029018327 scopus 로고
    • Tight regulation, modulation, and high-level expression by vectors containing the arabinose PBAD promoter
    • Guzman, L. M., Belin, D., Carson, M. J. & Beckwith, J. Tight regulation, modulation, and high-level expression by vectors containing the arabinose PBAD promoter. J. Bacteriol. 177, 4121-4130 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Bacteriol. , vol.177 , pp. 4121-4130
    • Guzman, L.M.1    Belin, D.2    Carson, M.J.3    Beckwith, J.4
  • 60
    • 0031884183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of new methods for construction of tightly regulated arabinose and rhamnose promoter fusions in studies of the Escherichia coli phosphate regulon
    • Haldimann, A., Daniels, L. L. & Wanner, B. L. Use of new methods for construction of tightly regulated arabinose and rhamnose promoter fusions in studies of the Escherichia coli phosphate regulon. J. Bacteriol. 180, 1277-1286 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Bacteriol. , vol.180 , pp. 1277-1286
    • Haldimann, A.1    Daniels, L.L.2    Wanner, B.L.3
  • 61
    • 0009201090 scopus 로고
    • Tn5tac 1, a derivative of transposon Tn5 that generates conditional mutations
    • Chow, W. Y. & Berg, D. E. Tn5tac1, a derivative of transposon Tn5 that generates conditional mutations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 6468-6472 (1988).
    • (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.85 , pp. 6468-6472
    • Chow, W.Y.1    Berg, D.E.2
  • 62
    • 0030885156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Tn10 derivative (T-POP) for isolation of insertions with conditional (tetracycline-dependent) phenotypes
    • Rappleye, C. A. & Roth, J. R. A Tn10 derivative (T-POP) for isolation of insertions with conditional (tetracycline-dependent) phenotypes. J. Bacteriol. 179, 5827-5834 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Bacteriol. , vol.179 , pp. 5827-5834
    • Rappleye, C.A.1    Roth, J.R.2
  • 63
    • 0027390501 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of Pseudomonas gene products using laclq/Ptrp-lac plasmids and transposons that confer conditional phenotypes
    • de Lorenzo, V., Eltis, L., Kessler, B. & Timmis, K. N. Analysis of Pseudomonas gene products using laclq/Ptrp-lac plasmids and transposons that confer conditional phenotypes. Gene 123, 17-24 (1993).
    • (1993) Gene , vol.123 , pp. 17-24
    • De Lorenzo, V.1    Eltis, L.2    Kessler, B.3    Timmis, K.N.4
  • 64
    • 0025143351 scopus 로고
    • Regulated expression of heterologous genes in Bacillus subtilis using the Tn10 encoded tet regulatory elements
    • Geissendorfer, M. & Hillen, W. Regulated expression of heterologous genes in Bacillus subtilis using the Tn10 encoded tet regulatory elements. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33, 657-663 (1990).
    • (1990) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , vol.33 , pp. 657-663
    • Geissendorfer, M.1    Hillen, W.2
  • 65
    • 0035941008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two essential DNA polymerases at the bacterial replication fork
    • Dervyn, E. et al. Two essential DNA polymerases at the bacterial replication fork. Science 294, 1716-1719 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 1716-1719
    • Dervyn, E.1
  • 66
    • 0034846604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulated ectopic expression and allelic-replacement mutagenesis as a method for gene essentiality testing in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Fan, F. et al. Regulated ectopic expression and allelic-replacement mutagenesis as a method for gene essentiality testing in Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmid 46, 71-75 (2001).
    • (2001) Plasmid , vol.46 , pp. 71-75
    • Fan, F.1
  • 67
    • 0033927088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for demonstrating gene essentiality in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Jana, M., Luong, T. T., Komatsuzawa, H., Shigeta, M. & Lee, C. Y. A method for demonstrating gene essentiality in Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmid 44, 100-104 (2000).
    • (2000) Plasmid , vol.44 , pp. 100-104
    • Jana, M.1    Luong, T.T.2    Komatsuzawa, H.3    Shigeta, M.4    Lee, C.Y.5
  • 68
    • 0033590613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrational plasmids for the tetracycline-regulated expression of genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Stieger, M., Wohlgensinger, B., Kamber, M., Lutz, R. & Keck, W. Integrational plasmids for the tetracycline-regulated expression of genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Gene 226, 243-251 (1999).
    • (1999) Gene , vol.226 , pp. 243-251
    • Stieger, M.1    Wohlgensinger, B.2    Kamber, M.3    Lutz, R.4    Keck, W.5
  • 69
    • 0345313624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of genomics to identify bacterial undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase: Cloning, expression, and characterization of the essential uppS gene
    • Apfel, C. M., Takacs, B., Fountoulakis, M., Stieger, M. & Keck, W. Use of genomics to identify bacterial undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase: cloning, expression, and characterization of the essential uppS gene. J. Bacteriol. 181, 483-492 (1999). This paper describes the use of genomic sequences in combination with proteomics approaches to identify putative targets and initiate functional studies.
    • (1999) J. Bacteriol. , vol.181 , pp. 483-492
    • Apfel, C.M.1    Takacs, B.2    Fountoulakis, M.3    Stieger, M.4    Keck, W.5
  • 70
    • 0037336363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a novel fucose-regulated promoter (PfcsK) suitable for gene essentiality and antibacterial mode-of-action studies in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Chan, P. F. et al. Characterization of a novel fucose-regulated promoter (PfcsK) suitable for gene essentiality and antibacterial mode-of-action studies in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 185, 2051-2058 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Bacteriol. , vol.185 , pp. 2051-2058
    • Chan, P.F.1
  • 71
    • 0033910576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TnAraOut, a transposon-based approach to identify and characterize essential bacterial genes
    • Judson, N. & Mekalanos, J. J. TnAraOut, a transposon-based approach to identify and characterize essential bacterial genes. Nature Biotechnol. 18, 740-745 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature Biotechnol. , vol.18 , pp. 740-745
    • Judson, N.1    Mekalanos, J.J.2
  • 72
    • 0032575051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A broad-host-range Flp-FRT recombination system for site-specific excision of chromosomally-located DNA sequences: Application for isolation of unmarked Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants
    • Hoang, T. T., Karkhoff-Schweizer, R. R., Kutchma, A. J. & Schweizer, H. P. A broad-host-range Flp-FRT recombination system for site-specific excision of chromosomally-located DNA sequences: application for isolation of unmarked Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants. Gene 212, 77-86 (1998).
    • (1998) Gene , vol.212 , pp. 77-86
    • Hoang, T.T.1    Karkhoff-Schweizer, R.R.2    Kutchma, A.J.3    Schweizer, H.P.4
  • 73
    • 0030796260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type Escherichia coli: Application to open reading frame characterization
    • Link, A., Phillips, D. & Church, G. Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type Escherichia coli: application to open reading frame characterization. J. Bacteriol. 179, 6228-6237 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Bacteriol. , vol.179 , pp. 6228-6237
    • Link, A.1    Phillips, D.2    Church, G.3
  • 74
    • 0036034078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new mutation delivery system for genome-scale approaches in Bacillus subtilis
    • Fabret, C., Ehrlich, S. D. & Noirot, P. A new mutation delivery system for genome-scale approaches in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 46, 25-36 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.46 , pp. 25-36
    • Fabret, C.1    Ehrlich, S.D.2    Noirot, P.3
  • 75
    • 0036164801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR ligation mutagenesis in transformable streptococci: Application and efficiency
    • Lau, P. C. Y., Sung, C. K., Lee, J. H., Morrison, D. A. & Cvitkovitch, D. G. PCR ligation mutagenesis in transformable streptococci: application and efficiency. J. Microbiol. Methods 49, 193-205 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Microbiol. Methods , vol.49 , pp. 193-205
    • Lau, P.C.Y.1    Sung, C.K.2    Lee, J.H.3    Morrison, D.A.4    Cvitkovitch, D.G.5
  • 76
    • 0032820632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid method for the identification of essential genes in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Xia, M., Lunsford, R. D., McDevitt, D. & Lordanescu, S. Rapid method for the identification of essential genes in Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmid 42, 144-149 (1999).
    • (1999) Plasmid , vol.42 , pp. 144-149
    • Xia, M.1    Lunsford, R.D.2    McDevitt, D.3    Lordanescu, S.4
  • 77
    • 0036774617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specialized transduction: An efficient method for generating marked and unmarked targeted gene disruptions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis BCG and M. smegmatis
    • Bardarov, S. et al. Specialized transduction: an efficient method for generating marked and unmarked targeted gene disruptions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis BCG and M. smegmatis. Microbiology 148, 3007-3017 (2002).
    • (2002) Microbiology , vol.148 , pp. 3007-3017
    • Bardarov, S.1
  • 78
    • 0345363304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the construction of unmarked deletion mutations in Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37Rv by allelic exchange
    • Pavelka, M. S. & Jacobs, W. R. Comparison of the construction of unmarked deletion mutations in Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by allelic exchange. J. Bacteriol. 181, 4780-4789 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Bacteriol. , vol.181 , pp. 4780-4789
    • Pavelka, M.S.1    Jacobs, W.R.2
  • 79
    • 0033968474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration-proficient plasmids for Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Site-specific integration and use for engineering of reporter and expression strains
    • Hoang, T. T., Kutchma, A. J., Becher, A. & Schweizer, H. P. Integration-proficient plasmids for Pseudomonas aeruginosa: site-specific integration and use for engineering of reporter and expression strains. Plasmid 43, 59-72 (2000).
    • (2000) Plasmid , vol.43 , pp. 59-72
    • Hoang, T.T.1    Kutchma, A.J.2    Becher, A.3    Schweizer, H.P.4
  • 80
    • 0035682064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional-replication, integration, excision, and retrieval plasmid-host systems for gene structure-function studies of bacteria
    • Haldimann, A. & Wanner, B. L. Conditional-replication, integration, excision, and retrieval plasmid-host systems for gene structure-function studies of bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 183, 6384-6393 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Bacteriol. , vol.183 , pp. 6384-6393
    • Haldimann, A.1    Wanner, B.L.2
  • 81
    • 0030597337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmids for ectopic integration in Bacillus subtilis
    • Guerout-Fleury, A. M., Frandsen, N. & Stragier, P. Plasmids for ectopic integration in Bacillus subtilis. Gene 180, 57-61 (1996).
    • (1996) Gene , vol.180 , pp. 57-61
    • Guerout-Fleury, A.M.1    Frandsen, N.2    Stragier, P.3
  • 82
    • 0036436740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic methods for deciphering virulence determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Braunstein, M., Bardarov, S. S. & Jacobs, W. R. Genetic methods for deciphering virulence determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods Enzymol. 358, 67-99 (2002).
    • (2002) Methods Enzymol. , vol.358 , pp. 67-99
    • Braunstein, M.1    Bardarov, S.S.2    Jacobs, W.R.3
  • 83
    • 0034612342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products
    • Datsenko, K. A. & Wanner, B. L. One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6640-6645 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 6640-6645
    • Datsenko, K.A.1    Wanner, B.L.2
  • 84
    • 0016273515 scopus 로고
    • DNA ligase: Structure, mechanism, and function
    • Lehman, I. R. DNA ligase: structure, mechanism, and function. Science 186, 790-797 (1974).
    • (1974) Science , vol.186 , pp. 790-797
    • Lehman, I.R.1
  • 85
    • 0035960904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the yaeL gene product and its S2P-protease motifs in Escherichia coli
    • Kanehara, K., Akiyama, Y. & Ito, K. Characterization of the yaeL gene product and its S2P-protease motifs in Escherichia coli. Gene 281, 71-79 (2001). The conditional inactivation of yaeL causes a rapid bactericidal effect. Unfortunately, it is not an ideal target, as null mutations in another gene bypass the requirement for this gene (see reference 97).
    • (2001) Gene , vol.281 , pp. 71-79
    • Kanehara, K.1    Akiyama, Y.2    Ito, K.3
  • 86
    • 0036785228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the depletion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
    • Campbell, T. L. & Brown, E. D. Characterization of the depletion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 184, 5609-5618 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Bacteriol. , vol.184 , pp. 5609-5618
    • Campbell, T.L.1    Brown, E.D.2
  • 87
    • 0037315109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo functional activity of Chlamydia MurA, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and fosfomycin resistance
    • McCoy, A. J., Sandlin, R. C. & Maurelli, A. T. In vitro and in vivo functional activity of Chlamydia MurA, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and fosfomycin resistance. J. Bacteriol. 185, 1218-1228 (2003). References 87 and 88 provide superb examples of validating targets with conditional mutants and antimicrobial compounds. Conditional mutants of murA and inhA cause bactericidal effects, such as the antimicrobial compounds that target these functions - fosfomycin (reference 101) and isoniazid (reference 102).
    • (2003) J. Bacteriol. , vol.185 , pp. 1218-1228
    • McCoy, A.J.1    Sandlin, R.C.2    Maurelli, A.T.3
  • 88
    • 0038410325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of the inhA-encoded fatty acid synthase II (FASII) enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase induces accumulation of the FASI end products and cell lysis of Mycobacterium smegmatis
    • Vilcheze, C. et al. Inactivation of the inhA-encoded fatty acid synthase II (FASII) enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase induces accumulation of the FASI end products and cell lysis of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J. Bacteriol. 182, 4059-4067 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Bacteriol. , vol.182 , pp. 4059-4067
    • Vilcheze, C.1
  • 89
    • 0035788799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficiency of essential GTP-binding protein ObgE in Escherichia coli inhibits chromosome partition
    • Kobayashi, G., Moriya, S. & Wada C. Deficiency of essential GTP-binding protein ObgE in Escherichia coli inhibits chromosome partition. Mol. Microbiol. 41, 1037-1051 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.41 , pp. 1037-1051
    • Kobayashi, G.1    Moriya, S.2    Wada, C.3
  • 90
    • 0025803531 scopus 로고
    • The FtsQ protein of Escherichia coli: Membrane topology, abundance, and cell division phenotypes due to overproduction and insertion mutations
    • Carson, M. J., Barondess, J. & Beckwith, J. The FtsQ protein of Escherichia coli: membrane topology, abundance, and cell division phenotypes due to overproduction and insertion mutations. J. Bacteriol. 173, 2187-2195 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Bacteriol. , vol.173 , pp. 2187-2195
    • Carson, M.J.1    Barondess, J.2    Beckwith, J.3
  • 91
    • 0024331888 scopus 로고
    • envM genes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli
    • Turnowsky, F., Fuchs, K., Jeschek, C. & Hogenauer, G. envM genes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171, 6555-6565 (1989).
    • (1989) J. Bacteriol. , vol.171 , pp. 6555-6565
    • Turnowsky, F.1    Fuchs, K.2    Jeschek, C.3    Hogenauer, G.4
  • 92
    • 0034052755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evernimicin binds exclusively to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation in cell-free systems derived from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
    • McNicholas, P. M. et al. Evernimicin binds exclusively to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation in cell-free systems derived from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 1121-1126 (2000).
    • (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 1121-1126
    • McNicholas, P.M.1
  • 93
    • 0015903663 scopus 로고
    • Conditional mutations affecting the cell envelope of Escherichia coli K-12
    • Egan, A. F. & Russell, R. R. Conditional mutations affecting the cell envelope of Escherichia coli K-12. Genet. Res. 21, 139-152 (1973).
    • (1973) Genet. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 139-152
    • Egan, A.F.1    Russell, R.R.2
  • 94
    • 0032980766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role in cell permeability of an essential two-component system in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Martin, P. K., Li, T., Sun, D., Biek, D. P. & Schmid, M. B. Role in cell permeability of an essential two-component system in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 181, 3666-3673 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Bacteriol. , vol.181 , pp. 3666-3673
    • Martin, P.K.1    Li, T.2    Sun, D.3    Biek, D.P.4    Schmid, M.B.5
  • 95
    • 0034911878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotype microarrays for high-throughput phenotypic testing and assay of gene function
    • Bochner, B. R., Gadzinski, P. & Panomitros, E. Phenotype microarrays for high-throughput phenotypic testing and assay of gene function. Genome Res. 11, 1246-1255 (2001).
    • (2001) Genome Res. , vol.11 , pp. 1246-1255
    • Bochner, B.R.1    Gadzinski, P.2    Panomitros, E.3
  • 96
    • 0028953111 scopus 로고
    • A double counter-selection system for the study of null alleles of essential genes in Escherichia coli
    • Murphy, C. K., Stewart, E. J. & Beckwith, J. A double counter-selection system for the study of null alleles of essential genes in Escherichia coli. Gene 155, 1-7 (1995).
    • (1995) Gene , vol.155 , pp. 1-7
    • Murphy, C.K.1    Stewart, E.J.2    Beckwith, J.3
  • 97
    • 0037102509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DegS and YaeL participate sequentially in the cleavage of RseA to activate the σ-E-dependent extracytoplasmic stress response
    • Alba, B. M., Leeds, J. A., Onufryk, C., Lu, C. Z. & Gross, C. A. DegS and YaeL participate sequentially in the cleavage of RseA to activate the σ-E-dependent extracytoplasmic stress response. Genes Dev. 16, 2156-2168 (2002).
    • (2002) Genes Dev. , vol.16 , pp. 2156-2168
    • Alba, B.M.1    Leeds, J.A.2    Onufryk, C.3    Lu, C.Z.4    Gross, C.A.5
  • 98
    • 0035080531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptide deformylase as an antibacterial drug target: Target validation and resistance development
    • Apfel, C. M. et al. Peptide deformylase as an antibacterial drug target: target validation and resistance development. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 1058-1064 (2001).
    • (2001) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.45 , pp. 1058-1064
    • Apfel, C.M.1
  • 99
    • 0033919993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptide deformylase in Staphylococcus aureus: Resistance to inhibition is mediated by mutations in the formyltransferase gene
    • Margolis, P. S. et al. Peptide deformylase in Staphylococcus aureus: resistance to inhibition is mediated by mutations in the formyltransferase gene. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 1825-1831 (2000). References 98 and 99 describe spontaneous resistance to deformylase inhibitors that occurs by null mutations that bypass the requirement for deformylase. See references 139-140 for a more positive view of the deformylase target.
    • (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 1825-1831
    • Margolis, P.S.1
  • 100
    • 0037649342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • eds Hughes, D. & Andersson, D. I. Taylor and Francis, New York
    • Schmid, M. B. in Antibiotic Development and Resistance. (eds Hughes, D. & Andersson, D. I.) 197-208 (Taylor and Francis, New York, 2001).
    • (2001) Antibiotic Development and Resistance , pp. 197-208
    • Schmid, M.B.1
  • 101
    • 0026803196 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and sequencing of Escherichia coli murZ and purification of its product, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase
    • Marquardt, J. L., Siegele, D. A., Kolter, R. & Walsh, C. T. Cloning and sequencing of Escherichia coli murZ and purification of its product, a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase. J. Bacteriol. 174, 5748-5722 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Bacteriol. , vol.174 , pp. 5748-5722
    • Marquardt, J.L.1    Siegele, D.A.2    Kolter, R.3    Walsh, C.T.4
  • 102
    • 0028156861 scopus 로고
    • inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Banerjee, A. et al. inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 263, 227-230 (1994).
    • (1994) Science , vol.263 , pp. 227-230
    • Banerjee, A.1
  • 103
    • 0021112681 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli clone overproducing prolipoprotein signal peptidase
    • Tokunaga, M., Loranger, J. M. & Wu, H. Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli clone overproducing prolipoprotein signal peptidase. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 12102-12105 (1983).
    • (1983) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.258 , pp. 12102-12105
    • Tokunaga, M.1    Loranger, J.M.2    Wu, H.3
  • 104
    • 0034687158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulated gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus for identifying conditional lethal phenotypes and antibiotic mode of action
    • Zhang, L. et al. Regulated gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus for identifying conditional lethal phenotypes and antibiotic mode of action. Gene 255, 297-305 (2000).
    • (2000) Gene , vol.255 , pp. 297-305
    • Zhang, L.1
  • 105
    • 0034673093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actinonin, a naturally occurring antibacterial agent, is a potent deformylase inhibitor
    • Chen, D. Z. et al. Actinonin, a naturally occurring antibacterial agent, is a potent deformylase inhibitor. Biochemistry 39, 1256-1262 (2000).
    • (2000) Biochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 1256-1262
    • Chen, D.Z.1
  • 106
    • 0036256037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An array of target-specific screening strains for antibacterial discovery
    • DeVito, J. A. et al. An array of target-specific screening strains for antibacterial discovery. Nature Biotechnol. 20, 478-483 (2002). This paper describes the use of conditionally defective strains to identify new target-directed antimicrobials.
    • (2002) Nature Biotechnol. , vol.20 , pp. 478-483
    • DeVito, J.A.1
  • 107
    • 0033574422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of triclosan inhibition of bacterial fatty acid synthesis
    • Heath, R. J. et al. Mechanism of triclosan inhibition of bacterial fatty acid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 11110-11114 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 11110-11114
    • Heath, R.J.1
  • 108
    • 0019404624 scopus 로고
    • Molecular properties of two mutant species of the elongation factor Tu
    • Van der Meide, P. H. et al. Molecular properties of two mutant species of the elongation factor Tu. Eur. J. Biochem. 117, 1-6 (1981).
    • (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. , vol.117 , pp. 1-6
    • Van der Meide, P.H.1
  • 109
    • 0036265773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive essential gene identification as a platform for novel anti-infective drug discovery
    • Haselbeck, R. J. et al. in Comprehensive essential gene identification as a platform for novel anti-infective drug discovery. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8, 1155-1172 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Pharm. Des. , vol.8 , pp. 1155-1172
    • Haselbeck, R.J.1
  • 111
    • 0037075682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: Pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA'::lux fusions
    • Bechor, O., Smulski, D. R., Van Dyk, T. K., LaRossa, R. A. & Belkin, S. Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA'::lux fusions. J. Biotechnol. 94, 125-132 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Biotechnol. , vol.94 , pp. 125-132
    • Bechor, O.1    Smulski, D.R.2    Van Dyk, T.K.3    LaRossa, R.A.4    Belkin, S.5
  • 112
    • 0023945746 scopus 로고
    • Structural gene for NAD synthetase in Salmonella typhimurium
    • Hughes, K. T., Olivera, B. M. & Roth, J. R. Structural gene for NAD synthetase in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 170, 2113-2120 (1988).
    • (1988) J. Bacteriol. , vol.170 , pp. 2113-2120
    • Hughes, K.T.1    Olivera, B.M.2    Roth, J.R.3
  • 113
    • 0036215241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pathway-specific cell based screening system to detect bacterial cell wall inhibitors
    • Sun, D., Cohen, S., Mani, N., Murphy, C. & Rothstein, D. M. A pathway-specific cell based screening system to detect bacterial cell wall inhibitors. J. Antibiot. 55, 279-287 (2002). This paper shows how a thorough understanding of a gene-regulation pathway can be used to design a clever assay that provides a robust screen for inhibitors of cell-wall biosynthesis.
    • (2002) J. Antibiot. , vol.55 , pp. 279-287
    • Sun, D.1    Cohen, S.2    Mani, N.3    Murphy, C.4    Rothstein, D.M.5
  • 114
    • 0036062233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the murein precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid-D-Ala-D-Ala in repression of β-lactamase induction in cell division mutants
    • Uehara, T. & Park, J. T. Role of the murein precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid-D-Ala-D-Ala in repression of β-lactamase induction in cell division mutants. J. Bacteriol. 184, 4233-4239 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Bacteriol. , vol.184 , pp. 4233-4239
    • Uehara, T.1    Park, J.T.2
  • 115
    • 0036215198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of compounds that inhibit late steps of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria
    • DeCenzo, M. et al. Identification of compounds that inhibit late steps of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria. J. Antibiot. 55, 288-295 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Antibiot. , vol.55 , pp. 288-295
    • DeCenzo, M.1
  • 116
    • 0031930079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constricted flux through the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase triggers elevated expression of genes regulated by rpoS and internal acidification
    • Van Dyk, T. K., Ayers, B. L., Morgan, R. W. & Larossa, R. A. Constricted flux through the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase triggers elevated expression of genes regulated by rpoS and internal acidification. J. Bacteriol. 180, 785-792 (1998). This manuscript shows how gene fusions can be used to characterize the cellular consequences of inhibiting a particular enzyme. This might provide a powerful screening strategy to identify new antimicrobial compounds.
    • (1998) J. Bacteriol. , vol.180 , pp. 785-792
    • Van Dyk, T.K.1    Ayers, B.L.2    Morgan, R.W.3    Larossa, R.A.4
  • 117
    • 0036046191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis induce expression of the Bacillus subtilis σ(W) and σ(M) regulons
    • Cao, M., Wang, T., Ye, R. & Helmann, J. D. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis induce expression of the Bacillus subtilis σ(W) and σ(M) regulons. Mol. Microbiol. 45, 1267-1276 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.45 , pp. 1267-1276
    • Cao, M.1    Wang, T.2    Ye, R.3    Helmann, J.D.4
  • 119
    • 0035956941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genomic approach to gene fusion technology
    • Van Dyk, T. K. et al. A genomic approach to gene fusion technology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2555-2560 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 2555-2560
    • Van Dyk, T.K.1
  • 120
    • 0036407715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of genomic technologies on studies of bacterial gene expression
    • Rhodius, V., Van Dyk, T. K., Gross, C. & LaRossa, R. A. Impact of genomic technologies on studies of bacterial gene expression. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56, 599-624 (2002).
    • (2002) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.56 , pp. 599-624
    • Rhodius, V.1    Van Dyk, T.K.2    Gross, C.3    LaRossa, R.A.4
  • 121
    • 0038663510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Shaw, K. J., Humana, Totowa, New Jersey
    • Morrow, B. J. & Shaw, K. J. in Pathogen Genomics (ed. Shaw, K. J.) 97-112 (Humana, Totowa, New Jersey, 2002).
    • (2002) Pathogen Genomics , pp. 97-112
    • Morrow, B.J.1    Shaw, K.J.2
  • 123
    • 0034678055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harnessing the power of the genome in the search for new antibiotics
    • Rosamond, J. & Allsop, A. Harnessing the power of the genome in the search for new antibiotics. Science 287, 1973-1976 (2000).
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1973-1976
    • Rosamond, J.1    Allsop, A.2
  • 125
    • 0031730097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug target validation and identification of secondary drug target effects using DNA microarrays
    • Marton, M. J. et al. Drug target validation and identification of secondary drug target effects using DNA microarrays. Nature Med. 4, 1293-1301 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature Med. , vol.4 , pp. 1293-1301
    • Marton, M.J.1
  • 126
    • 0037214411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional regulation and signature patterns revealed by microarray analyses of Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 challenged with sublethal concentrations of translation inhibitors
    • Ng, W. L., Kazmierczak, K. M., Robertson, G. T., Gilmour, R. & Winkler, M. E. Transcriptional regulation and signature patterns revealed by microarray analyses of Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 challenged with sublethal concentrations of translation inhibitors. J. Bacteriol. 185, 359-370 (2003). This investigation used expression arrays to identify changes in gene-expression patterns that are caused by certain antibiotic classes. The findings indicate a possible strategy for identifying new translation inhibitors.
    • (2003) J. Bacteriol. , vol.185 , pp. 359-370
    • Ng, W.L.1    Kazmierczak, K.M.2    Robertson, G.T.3    Gilmour, R.4    Winkler, M.E.5
  • 127
    • 0035154372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression changes triggered by exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to novobiocin or ciprofloxacin: Combined transcription and translation analysis
    • Gmuender, H. et al. Gene expression changes triggered by exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to novobiocin or ciprofloxacin: combined transcription and translation analysis. Genome Res. 11, 28-42 (2001).
    • (2001) Genome Res. , vol.11 , pp. 28-42
    • Gmuender, H.1
  • 128
    • 0033607188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring drug-induced alterations in gene expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by microarray hybridization
    • Wilson, M. et al. Exploring drug-induced alterations in gene expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by microarray hybridization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12833-12838 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 12833-12838
    • Wilson, M.1
  • 129
    • 0035991851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR-based ordered genomic libraries: A new approach to drug target identification for Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Belanger, A. E., Lai, A., Brackman, M. A. & LeBlanc, D. J. PCR-based ordered genomic libraries: a new approach to drug target identification for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 2507-2512 (2002). This report describes a rapid method to identify resistance genes and discover the cellular targets of antimicrobial compounds. This provides a means to characterize antimicrobial compounds without bias to preselected targets. This method might also work in naturally competent bacteria other than S. pneumonieae.
    • (2002) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.46 , pp. 2507-2512
    • Belanger, A.E.1    Lai, A.2    Brackman, M.A.3    LeBlanc, D.J.4
  • 130
    • 0036792157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobials: New solutions badly needed
    • Projan, S. J. & Youngman, P. J. Antimicrobials: new solutions badly needed. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5, 463-465 (2002). This article describes a disturbing trend: many drug companies are abandoning their commitment to antibacterial drug discovery. Factors contributing to this trend are discussed, and include limitations to the target-directed strategies that have been the basis for most recent discovery efforts.
    • (2002) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , vol.5 , pp. 463-465
    • Projan, S.J.1    Youngman, P.J.2
  • 131
    • 0342646918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 2-pyridone antibacterial agents: Bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors
    • Li, Q., Mitscher, L. A. & Shen, L. L. The 2-pyridone antibacterial agents: bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors. Med. Res. Rev. 20, 231-293 (2000).
    • (2000) Med. Res. Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 231-293
    • Li, Q.1    Mitscher, L.A.2    Shen, L.L.3
  • 132
    • 0037458217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linezolid: The first oxazolidinone antimicrobial
    • Moellering, R. C. Linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antimicrobial. Ann. Intern. Med. 138, 135-142 (2003).
    • (2003) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.138 , pp. 135-142
    • Moellering, R.C.1
  • 133
    • 0036050858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance
    • Levy, S. B. Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92 (Suppl.) 65-71 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Appl. Microbiol. , vol.92 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 65-71
    • Levy, S.B.1
  • 134
    • 0034786514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones
    • Bearden, D. T. & Danziger, L. H. Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones. Pharmacotherapy 21, 224-232 (2001).
    • (2001) Pharmacotherapy , vol.21 , pp. 224-232
    • Bearden, D.T.1    Danziger, L.H.2
  • 135
    • 0037253903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
    • Wilson, P. et al. Linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51, 186-188 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.51 , pp. 186-188
    • Wilson, P.1
  • 137
    • 0036791627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New (and not so new) antibacterial targets - From where and when will the novel drugs come?
    • Projan, S. J. New (and not so new) antibacterial targets - from where and when will the novel drugs come? Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2, 513-522 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. , vol.2 , pp. 513-522
    • Projan, S.J.1
  • 138
    • 0035885234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deformylase as a novel antibacterial target
    • Yuan, Z., Trias, J. & White, R. J. Deformylase as a novel antibacterial target. Drug Discov. Today 6, 954-961 (2001).
    • (2001) Drug Discov. Today , vol.6 , pp. 954-961
    • Yuan, Z.1    Trias, J.2    White, R.J.3
  • 139
    • 0036771389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel approaches to antimicrobial therapy: Peptide deformylase
    • Waller, A. S. & Clements, J. M. Novel approaches to antimicrobial therapy: peptide deformylase. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 5, 785-792 (2002). References 138 and 139 review the first genomically-derived target that yielded an antimicrobial drug candidate. The optimism expressed in these papers contrasts with the view expressed in reference 98.
    • (2002) Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. , vol.5 , pp. 785-792
    • Waller, A.S.1    Clements, J.M.2
  • 140
    • 0035143273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic activity and characterization of BB-3497, a novel peptide deformylase inhibitor
    • Clements, J. M. et al. Antibiotic activity and characterization of BB-3497, a novel peptide deformylase inhibitor. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 563-570 (2001).
    • (2001) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.45 , pp. 563-570
    • Clements, J.M.1
  • 141
    • 0034878770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to deformylase inhibitors is due to mutations in defB
    • Margolis, P. et al. Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to deformylase inhibitors is due to mutations in defB. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 2432-2435 (2001).
    • (2001) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.45 , pp. 2432-2435
    • Margolis, P.1
  • 142
    • 0036247948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis as antimicrobial chemotherapeutics
    • Heath, R. J., White, S. W. & Rock, C. O. Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis as antimicrobial chemotherapeutics. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 58, 695-703 (2002).
    • (2002) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , vol.58 , pp. 695-703
    • Heath, R.J.1    White, S.W.2    Rock, C.O.3
  • 143
    • 0035338328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial fatty-acid biosynthesis: A genomics-driven target for antibacterial drug discovery
    • Payne, D. J., Warren, P. V., Holmes, D. J., Ji, Y. & Lonsdale, J. T. Bacterial fatty-acid biosynthesis: a genomics-driven target for antibacterial drug discovery. Drug Discov. Today 6, 537-544 (2001).
    • (2001) Drug Discov. Today , vol.6 , pp. 537-544
    • Payne, D.J.1    Warren, P.V.2    Holmes, D.J.3    Ji, Y.4    Lonsdale, J.T.5
  • 144
    • 0015130214 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial actions of hexachlorophene: Release of cytoplasmic materials
    • Joswick, H. L., Corner, T. R., Silvernale, J. N. & Gerhardt, P. Antimicrobial actions of hexachlorophene: release of cytoplasmic materials. J. Bacteriol. 108, 492-500 (1971).
    • (1971) J. Bacteriol. , vol.108 , pp. 492-500
    • Joswick, H.L.1    Corner, T.R.2    Silvernale, J.N.3    Gerhardt, P.4
  • 145
    • 0015138132 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial actions of hexachlorophene: Cytological manifestations
    • Silvernale, J. N., Joswick, H. L., Corner, T. R. & Gerhardt, P. Antimicrobial actions of hexachlorophene: cytological manifestations. J. Bacteriol. 108, 482-491 (1971).
    • (1971) J. Bacteriol. , vol.108 , pp. 482-491
    • Silvernale, J.N.1    Joswick, H.L.2    Corner, T.R.3    Gerhardt, P.4
  • 146
    • 0032490937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triclosan targets lipid synthesis
    • McMurry, L. M., Oethinger, M. & Levy, S. B. Triclosan targets lipid synthesis. Nature 394, 531-532 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 531-532
    • McMurry, L.M.1    Oethinger, M.2    Levy, S.B.3
  • 147
    • 0032515066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broad spectrum antimicrobial biocides target the Fabl component of fatty acid synthesis
    • Heath, R. J., Yu, Y.-T., Shapiro, M. A., Olson, E. & Rock, C. O. Broad spectrum antimicrobial biocides target the Fabl component of fatty acid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 30316-30320 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.273 , pp. 30316-30320
    • Heath, R.J.1    Yu, Y.-T.2    Shapiro, M.A.3    Olson, E.4    Rock, C.O.5
  • 148
    • 0037130227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of aminopyridine-based inhibitors of bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase (Fabl)
    • Miller, W. H. et al. Discovery of aminopyridine-based inhibitors of bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase (Fabl). J. Med. Chem. 45, 3246-3256 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Med. Chem. , vol.45 , pp. 3246-3256
    • Miller, W.H.1
  • 149
    • 0032859660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (Fabl): A target for the antimicrobial triclosan and its role in acylated homoserine lactone synthesis
    • Hoang, T. T. & Schweizer, H. P. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (Fabl): a target for the antimicrobial triclosan and its role in acylated homoserine lactone synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 181, 5489-5497 (1999). References 149 and 150 predict that the differential essentiality of certain genes among different microbes could hamper the pursuit of certain targets. The fabl-encoded enoyl-ACP reductase is essential in many Gram-negatives and -positives, but is dispensable in B. subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These organisms have a second enoyl reductase, FabK, that renders them resistant to Fabl-directed compounds such as triclosan. This finding did not stop the development of Fabl inhibitors by other investigators (references 14, 143 and 148).
    • (1999) J. Bacteriol. , vol.181 , pp. 5489-5497
    • Hoang, T.T.1    Schweizer, H.P.2
  • 150
    • 0034704090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductases Fabl and FabL from Bacillus subtilis
    • Heath, R. J., Su, N., Murphy, C. K. & Rock, C. O. The enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductases Fabl and FabL from Bacillus subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 40128-40133 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 40128-40133
    • Heath, R.J.1    Su, N.2    Murphy, C.K.3    Rock, C.O.4
  • 151
    • 0035925904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Kuroda, M. et al. Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 357, 1225-1240 (2001).
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1225-1240
    • Kuroda, M.1
  • 152
    • 0035836659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genome sequence of an M 1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Ferretti, J. J. et al. Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4658-4663 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 4658-4663
    • Ferretti, J.J.1
  • 153
    • 0035919670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Tettelin, H. et al. Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Science 293, 498-506 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 498-506
    • Tettelin, H.1
  • 154
    • 0037470983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of mobile DNA in the evolution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis
    • Paulsen, I. T. et al. Role of mobile DNA in the evolution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Science 299, 2071-2074 (2003).
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 2071-2074
    • Paulsen, I.T.1
  • 155
    • 10544255079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae
    • Himmelreich, R. et al. Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucl. Acids Res. 24, 4420-4449 (1996).
    • (1996) Nucl. Acids Res. , vol.24 , pp. 4420-4449
    • Himmelreich, R.1
  • 156
    • 0034739007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1, an opportunistic pathogen
    • Stover, C. K. et al. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature 406, 959-964 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 959-964
    • Stover, C.K.1
  • 157
    • 0030835739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori
    • Tomb, J. F. et al. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388, 539-547 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.388 , pp. 539-547
    • Tomb, J.F.1
  • 158
    • 0035950154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18
    • Parkhill, J. et al. Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18. Nature 413, 848-852 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.413 , pp. 848-852
    • Parkhill, J.1
  • 159
    • 0035950182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2
    • McClelland, M. et al. Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature 413, 852-856 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.413 , pp. 852-856
    • McClelland, M.1
  • 160
    • 0032508046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence
    • Cole, S. T. et al. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature 393, 537-544 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 537-544
    • Cole, S.T.1
  • 161
    • 0036230288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methionine in and out of proteins: Targets for drug design
    • Vaughan, M. D., Sampson, P. D. & Hanek, J. F. Methionine in and out of proteins: targets for drug design. Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 385-409 (2003).
    • (2003) Curr. Med. Chem. , vol.9 , pp. 385-409
    • Vaughan, M.D.1    Sampson, P.D.2    Hanek, J.F.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.