Neoroprotection (including hypothermia)

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 485-496

  Menon, David K ^a,b   Summors, Andrew C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE; AMINO ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CASPASE; CORTICOSTEROID; ENDOTHELIN; IMMUNOPHILIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; NITROXIDE; SCAVENGER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ENCEPHALITIS; GENE THERAPY; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVE TRANSPLANTATION; NEUROPROTECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031761517     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001503-199810000-00006     Document Type: Review

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131. Ishida T, Yarimizu K, Gute DC, Korthuis RJ. Mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning. Shock 1997; 8:86-94.
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133. Abbracchio MP, Ceruti S, Brambilla R, Franceschi C, Malorni W, Jacobson KA, et al. Modulation of apoptosis in the central nervous system: a possible role for the A(3) receptor-pathophysiological significance and therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Ann New York Acad Sci 1997; 825:11-22.
134. Jacobson KA. Adenosine A(3) receptors: novel ligands and paradoxical effects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998; 19:184-191.
135. Kawahara N, Ide T, Saito N, Kawai K, Kirino T. Propentofylline potentiates induced ischemic tolerance in gerbil hippocampal neurons via adenosine receptor. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18:472-275.
136. Johnson MP, McCarty DR, Chmielewski PA. Temporal dependent protection with propentofylline (HWA 285) in a temporary focal ischemia model. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 346:151-157.
137. Picano E, Abbracchio MP. European Stroke Prevention Study-2: serendipitous demonstration of neuroprotection by endogenous adenosine accumulation? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998; 19:14-16.
138. Hui P, Wen T-C, Tanaka J, Maeda N, Matsuda S, Desaki J, et al. Epidermal growth factor protects neuronal cells in vivo against transient forebrain ischemia-and free radical-induced injuries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18:349-360.
139. Pringle AK, Sundstrom LE, Wilde GJC, Williams LR, Iannetti F. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, but not neurotrophin-3, prevents ischemia-induced neuronal cell-death in organotypic rat hippocampal slice cultures. Neurosci Lett 1996; 211:203-206.
140. Dixon CE, Flinn P, Bao J, Venya R, Hayes RL. Nerve growth factor attenuates cholinergic deficits following traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Neurol 1997; 146:479-490.
141. Miyazawa T, Matsumoto K, Ohmichi H, Katoh H, Yamashima T, Nakamura T. Protection of hippocampal neurons from ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death by hepatocyte growth factor: a novel neurotrophic factor. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18:345-348.
142. Olsen L. Regeneration in the adult central nervous system: experimental repair strategies. Nature Med 1997; 3:1329-1335.
143. Sinden JD, Rashid Doubell F, Kershaw TR, Nelson A, Chadwick A, Jat PS, et al. Recovery of spatial learning by grafts of a conditionally immortalized hippocampal neuroeprthelial cell line into the ischaemia-lesioned hippocampus. Neuroscience 1997; 81:599-608. This article is notable because it reports the successful use of neural grafting following ischaemia, adding a new therapeutic option which is not dependent on patients having to be treated very early after an insult.
144. Yang K, Clifton GL, Hayes RL. Gene therapy for central nervous system injury: the use of cationic liposomes: an invited review, J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:281-297. An excellent review covering the basics of gene transfer in the setting of acute brain injury. The authors make the point that blood brain barrier disruption and the frequent use of ventriculostomies provide opportunities for enhanced local gene delivery. Further, the transient low expression of transfected genes is not a problem in acute brain injury, since enhanced target protein (usually neurotrophin) production only needs to occur for a brief period to be therapeutically relevant, and significant increases in neurotrophin production can be achieved with low (< 5%) transfection rates.
145. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1581-1587.
146. Cambridge NeuroScience. Fourth quarter and year-end 1997 financial results; 1997. http://www.ambneuro com/new/news/022598.htm.
147. Thel MC, Armstrong AL, McNulty SE, Califf RM, O'Connor CM. Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Duke internal medicine housestaff. Lancet 1997; 350:1272-1276.
148. Davis SM, Albers GW, Diener HC, Lees KR, Norris J. Termination of acute stroke studies involving Selfotel treatment. ASSIST steering committe. Lancet 1997; 349:32.
149. Lees KR. Cerestat and other NMDA antagonists in ischemic stroke. Neurology 1997; 49:S66-S69.
150. Gunnar Wahlgren N, and the Clomethiazole Acute Study Collaborative Group. The Clomethiazole acute stroke study (CLASS): efficacy results in a subgroup of 545 patients with total anterior circulation syndrome. Stroke 1998; 29:287.
151. Yamaguchi T, Sano K, Takakura K, Saito I, Shinohara Y, Asano T, Yasuhara H. Ebselen in acute ischemic stroke. A placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Stroke 1998; 29:12-17.
152. Clarke Haley EJr, and the RANTTAS II Investigators. High-dose tirilazad for acute stroke (RANTTAS II). Stroke 1998; 29:1256-1257.
153. Diener HC. Multinational randomised controlled trial of lubeluzole in acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Dis 1998; 8:172-181.
154. De Deyn PP, Reuck JD, Deberdt W, Vlietinck R, Orgogozo JM. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with piracetam. Stroke 1997; 28:2347-2352.
155. Clark WM, Warach SJ, Pettigrew LC, Gammans RE, Sabounjian LA . A randomised dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurology 1997; 49:671-678.
156. Doppenberg EMR, Bullock R. Clinical neuro-protection trials in severe traumatic brain injury: lessons from previous studies. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:71-80. This is a useful review of the current state of neuroprotective trials in traumatic brain injury, written with the insight of an experienced clinical investigator.
157. Zivin JA. Neuroprotective therapies in stroke. Drugs 1997; 54:63-887.
158. Bogousslavsky J, DeKeyser J, Diener HC, Fieschi C, Hacke W, Kaste M, et al. Neuroprotection as initial therapy in acute stroke-third report of an Ad Hoc Consensus Group Meeting. Cerebrovascular Dis 1998; 8:59-72.
159. Hunter AJ, Mackay KB, Rogers DC. To what extent have functional studies of ischaemia in animals been useful in the assessment of potential neuroprotective agents. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998; 19:59-66.
160. Radhakrishnan D, Menon DK. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous nimodipine following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: implications for monitoring. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:489-491.
161. Dyker AG, Lees KR. Duration of neuroprotective treatment for ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998; 29:535-542.
162. Roberts L, Counsell C. Assessment of clinical outcomes in acute stroke trials. Stroke 1998; 29:986-991.
163. Wang YF, Tsirka SE, Strickland S, Stieg PE, Soriano SG, Lipton SA. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) increases neuronal damage after focal cerebral ischemia in wild-type and tPA-deficient mice. Nature Med 1998; 4:228-233. In an elegent study, the authors used tPA knockout animals to show that tPA has direct neurotoxic effects. These data provide new justification for investigating neuroprotective drugs in the setting of stroke thrombolysis, since these agents may not only effect penumbral rescue, but also antagonise the direct neurotoxicity of tPA, which might otherwise worsen outcome.
164. Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ, White RF. Brain cooling during transient focal
165. Conroy BP, Lin CY, Jenkins LW, DeWitt DS, Zornow MH, Uchida T, Johnston WE. Hypothermic modulation of cerebral ischemic injury during cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:390-402.
166. Williams GD, Dardzinski BJ, Buckalow AR, Smith MB. Modest hypothermia preserves cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia and correlates with brain damage: a 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study in unanesthetized neonatal rats. Ped Res 1997; 42:700-708.
167. Laptook AR, Corbett RJ, Sterett R, Burns DK, Garcia D, Tollefsbol G. Modest hypothermia provides partial neuroprotection when used for immediate resuscitation after brain ischemia. Ped Res 1997; 42:17-23.
168. Bacher A, Kwon JY, Zornow MH. Effects of temperature on cerebral tissue oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension and pH during transient global ischemia in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:403-409.
169. Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Munoz L, Ausman JI. Comparison of brain tissue metabolic changes during ischemia at 35 C and 18 C. Surg Neurol 1998; 49:85-89.
170. Bart RD, Takaoka S, Pearlstein RD, Dexter F, Warner DS. Interactions between hypothermia and the latency to ischemic depolarisation-implications for neuroprotection. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:1266-1273.
171. Thoresen M, Satas S, Puka-Sundvall M, Whitelaw A, Hallström L, Oberg E-M, et al. Post-hypoxic hypothermia reduces cerebrocortical release of NO and excitotoxins. NeuroReport 1997; 8:3359-3362.
172. Koizumi H, Fujisawa H, Ito H, Maekawa T, Di X, Bullock R. Effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral blood flow-independent changes in cortical extracellular levels of amino acids following contusion trauma in the rat. Brain Res 1997; 747:304-312.
173. Sakamoto K-I, Fujisawa H, Koizumi H, Tsuchida E, Ito H, Sadamitsu D, Maekawa T. Effects of mild hypothermia on nitric oxide synthesis following contusion trauma in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:349-353.
174. Tseng EE, Brock MV, Lange MS, Blue ME, Troncoso JC, Kwon CC, et al. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces neuronal apoptosis after hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64:1639-1647.
175. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:540-546. This is an important paper, providing early results that suggest a benefit from hypothermia in head trauma. Comments and correspondence regarding this paper, which are published elsewhere [193-197], make interesting reading. The lead author of this paper has robustly defended doubts that the patients in hypothermic and normothermic subgroups that showed a significant difference might not have been comparable. There have been concerns that the neuroprotection observed may not have been due to hypothermia, but the avoidance of mild hyperthermia (also see [198]), since temperatures of up to 38.5 C were accepted in the normothermic group.
176. Goss JR, Styren SD, Miller PD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, Marion DW, Dekosky ST. Hypothermia attenuates the normal increase in interleukin 1 beta RNA and nerve growth factor following traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12:159-167.
177. Van Eeden S, Miyagashima R, Haley L, Hogg J. L-selectin expression increases on peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes during active marrow release. Am Rev Respir Dis Crit Care Med 1995; 151:500-507.
178. Whalen MJ, Carlos TM, Clark RSB, Marion DW, DeKosky ST, Heineman S, et al. The effect of brain temperature on acute inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:561-572. Provides a mechanistic basis for hypothermic neuroprotection, and a summary of the literature addressing inflammation in experimental and clinical brain trauma.
179. Kubota M, Nakane M, Narita K, Nakagomi T, Tamura A, Hisaki H, et al. Mild hypothermia reduces the rate of metabolism of arachidonic acid following postischemic reperfusion. Brain Res 1998; 779:297-300.
180. Lei B, Adachi N, Arai T. The effect of hypothermia on H2O2 production during ischemia and reperfusion: a microdialysis study in gerbil hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222:91-94.
181. Globus MY, Alonso O, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Ginsberg MD. Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem 1995; 65:1704-1711.
182. Globus MY, Busto R, Lin B, Schnippering H, Ginsberg MD. Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J Neurochem 1995; 65:1250-1256.
183. Eguchi Y, Yamashita K, Iwamoto T, Haruhide I. Effects of brain temperature on calmodulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus following transient forebrain ischaemia. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14:109-115.
184. Takaoka S, Pearlstein RD, Warner DS. Hypothermia reduces the propensity of cortical tissue to propagate direct current depolarizations in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1996; 218:25-28.
185. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, Green EJ, Busto R. Chronic histopathological consequences of fluid-percussion brain injury in rats: effects of post-traumatic hypothermia. Acta Neuropathol 1997; 93:190-199.
186. Corbett D, Nurse S, Colbourbne F. Hypothermic neuroprotection. A global ischemia study using 18-to 20-month old gerbils. Stroke 1997; 28:2238-2243.
187. Verlooy J, Heytens L, Veeckmans G, Selosse P. Intracerebral temperature monitoring in severely head injured patients. Acta Neurochir Wien 1995; 134:76-78.
188. Schwab S, Spranger MD, Aschoff A, Steiner T, Hacke W. Brain temperature monitoring and modulation in patients with severe MCA infarction. Neurology 1997; 48:762-767.
189. Piepgras A, Roth A, Schurer L, Tillmans R, Quintel M, Herrman P, Schmiedek P. Rapid active internal core cooling for induction of moderate hypothermia in head injury by use of an extracorporeal heat exchanger. Neurosurgery 1998; 42:311-317.
190. Bavaria JE, Pochettino A. Retrograde cerebral perfusion [RCP] in aortic arch surgery: efficacy and possible mechanisms of brain protection. Sem Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 9:222-232.
191. Metz C, Holzschuh M, Bein T, Woertgen C, Frey A, Frey I, et al. Moderate hypothermia in patients with severe head injury: cerebral and extracerebral effects. J Neurosurg 1996; 85:533-541.
192. Bernard SA, Jones B, Mac C, Home MK. Clinical trial of induced hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30:146-153. The study involved using mild/moderate hypothermia (33 C for 12 hours) in 22 patients presenting to an emergency department with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but is interesting in that an improved outcome was still demonstrable in the hypothermia group. However, the study was case controlled rather than randomised.
193. Hartung J, Cottrell JE. Statistics and Hypothermia [editorial]. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1998; 10:1-4.
194. Marion DW. Response to 'Statistics and hypothermia'. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1998; 10:120-123.
195. Cruz J. Hypothermia and brain injury. J Neurosurg 1997; 86:911-912.
196. Shapira Y, Artru AA. Hypothermia to improve neurologic outcome after head injury in patients?. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1998; 10:55.
197. Marion DW. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1998; 10:55-56.
198. Ginsberg MD, Busto R. Combating hyperthermia in acute stroke. Stroke 1998; 29:529-534. This review addresses mechanisms through which hyperthermia may worsen neurologic outcome, and provides compelling arguments for aggressively treating fever in patients with acute brain injury.
199. MRC Field Review. Neuroprotection in acute brain injury after trauma and stroke. From preclinical research to clinical trials. London, Medical Research Council; 1998. http://www.mrc.ac.uk/. This is an excellent overview of the principal problem in clinical neuroprotection, i.e. the translation of success from the laboratory to the clinic. This monograph is important reading for anyone who wishes to explore relevant issues.