Cytokines and adhesion molecules in stroke and related diseases

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

Volumn 137, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 69-78

  Kim, Jong S ^a,b  

^a University of Ulsan   (South Korea)

^b Asan Medical Center   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Adhesion molecule; Cerebral ischemia; Chemokine; Cytokine

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYTOKINE; LIPOCORTIN 1; MESSENGER RNA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL CULTURE; GENE EXPRESSION; NERVE INJURY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STROKE;

EID: 0030013371     PISSN: 0022510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0022-510X(95)00338-3     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Aderka, D., Le, J. and Vilcek, J. (1989) IL-6 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor production in cultured human monocytes, U937 cells, and in mice. J. Immunol., 143: 3517-3523.
2. Akaneya, Y., Enokido, Y., Takahashi, M. and Hatanaka, H. (1993) In vitro model of hypoxia: Basic fibroblast growth factor can rescue cultured CNS neurons from oxygen-deprived cell death. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 13: 1029-1032.
3. Aloisi, F., Borsellino, G., Samoggia, P., Testa, U. and Chelucci C. (1992a) Astrocyte cultures from human embryonic brain: characterization and modulation of surface molecules by inflammatory cytokines. J. Neurosci. Res., 32: 494-506.
4. Aloisi, F., Car, F., Borsellino, G., Gallo, P., Rosa, S., Bassani, A., Cabibbo, A., Testa, U., Levi, G. and Peschle, C. (1992b) Production of hemolymphopoietic cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, colony-stimulating factors) by normal human astrocytes in response to IL-1 β and tumor necrosis factor-a. J. Immunol., 149: 2358-2366.
5. Ameriso, S.F., Wong, V.L.Y., Quismorio, F.P. Jr. and Fisher, M. (1991) Immunohematologic characteristics of infection-associated cerebral infarction. Stroke, 22: 1004-1009.
6. Barna, B.P., Pettay, J., Barnett, G.H., Zhou, P., Owasaki, K. and Estes, M.L. (1994) Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in adult human non-neoplastic astrocytes is sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or antibody to the 55-kDa TNF receptor. J. Neuroimmunol., 50: 101-107.
7. Barone, F.C., Hillegass, L.M., Price, W.J., White, R.F., Lee, E.V., Feuerstein, G.Z., Sarau, H.M., Clark, R.K. and Griswold D.E. (1991) Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration into cerebral focal ischemic tissue: myeloperoxidase activity assay and histologic verification. J. Neurosci. Res., 29: 336-345.
8. Barone, F.C., Schmidt, D.B., Hillegass, L.M., Price, W.J., White, R.F., Feuerstein, G.Z., Clark, R.K., Lee, E.V., Griswold, D.E. and Sarau, H.M. (1992) Reperfusion increases neutrophils and leukotriene B4 receptor binding in rat focal ischemia. Stroke, 23: 1337-1348.
9. Beamer, N.B., Coull, B.M., Clark, W.M., Hazel, J.S. and Silberger, J.R. (1995) Interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in acute stroke. Ann. Neurol., 37: 800-804.
10. Beasley, D., Schwartz, J.H. and Brenner, B.M. (1991) Interleukin-1 induces prolonged L-arginine-dependent cyclic guanosine monophosphate and nitrite production in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest., 87: 602-608.
11. Benveniste, E.N. (1992) Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: sources, function, and mechanism of action. Am. J. Physiol., 263: C1-C16.
12. Betz, A., L., Yang, G-Y. and Davidson, B.L. (1995) Attenuation of stroke size in rats using an adenoviral vector to induce overexpression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 15: 547-551.
13. Bevilacqua, M.P., Pober, J.S., Wheeler, M.E., Cotra, R.S. and Gimbrone, M.A. (1985) Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines. J. Clin. Invest., 76: 2003-2011.
14. Bowes, M.P., Zivin, J.A. and Rothlein, R. (1993) Monoclonal antibody to the ICAM-1 adhesion site reduces neurological damage in a rabbit cerebral embolism stroke model. Exp. Neurol., 119: 215-219.
15. Bowes, M.P., Rothlein, R, Fagan, S., C. and Zivin, J.A. (1995) Monoclonal antibodies preventing leukocyte activation reduce experimental neurologic injury and enhance efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. Neurology, 45: 815-819.
16. Brenneman, D.E., Schultzberg, M., Bartfai, T. and Gozes, I. (1992) Cytokine regulation of neuronal survival. J. Neurochem., 58: 454-460.
17. Buttini, M., Sauter, A. and Boddeke, H.W.G.M. (1994) Induction of interleukin-b mRNA after focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. Mol. Brain Res., 126-134.
18. Cannella, B. and Raine, C. (1995) The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol., 37: 424-435.
19. Carey, F., Edge, D., Forder, R., Greene, A.R., Horan, M.A., Rothwell, N.J. and Strijbos, P.J.L.M. (1990) A fragment of lipocortin-1 modifies the pyrogenic actions of cytokines in the rat. Am. J. Physiol., 259: R266.
20. Chen, H., Chopp, M., Zhang, R.L., Bodzin, G., Chen, Q., Rusche, J.R. and Todd, R.F. III. (1994) Anti-CD 1 1b monoclonal antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Ann. Neurol., 35: 447-452.
21. Chopp, M., Zhang, R.L., Chen, H., Li, Y., Jiang, N. and Rusche, J.R. Postischemic administration of an anti-Mac-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke, 25: 869-876.
22. Chung, I.L. and Benveniste, E.N. (1990) Tumor necrosis factor production by astrocytes: Induction by lipopolysacharide, IFN-γ, and IL-1 β. J. Immunol., 144: 2999-3007.
23. Clark, W.M., Coull, B.M., Briley, D.P., Mainolfi, E. and Rothlein, R. (1993) Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels and neutrophil adhesion in stroke. J. Neuroimmunol., 44: 125-133.
24. Clark, W.M., Madden, K.P, Rothlein, R. and Zivin, J.A. (1991) Reduction of central nervous system ischemic injury by monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule. J. Neurosurg., 75: 623-627.
25. Dereski, M.O., Chopp, M., Knight, R.A. and Garcia, H. (1992) Focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: temporal profile of neutrophil responses. Neurosci. Res. Commun., 11: 179-186.
26. de Courten-Myers, G.M., Kleinholz, M., Wagner, K.R., Xi, G. and Myers, R.E. (1994) Efficacious experimental stroke treatment with high dose methylprednisolone. Stroke, 25: 487-493.
27. De Giobine, F.S. and Duff, G.W. (1990) Interleukin 1: the first interleukin. Immunol. Today 11: 13-14.
28. Di Julio, N., Urrutia, A. and Gruol, D.L. (1991) Interleukin-1 beta increases intracellular calcium and alters the electrophysiology of cultured cerebellar purkinje neurons. Soc. Neurosci., 17: 1197.
29. Dinarello, C.A. (1991) Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood, 77: 1627-1652.
30. Dore-Duffy, P., Washington, R.A. and Balabanov, R. (1994) Cytokine-mediated activation of cultured CNS microvessels: A system for examining antigenic modulation of CNS endothelial cells, and evidence for long-term expression of the adhesion protein E-selectin. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 14: 837-844.
31. Enokido, Y., Akaneya, Y., Niinobe, M., Mikoshiba, K. and Hatanaka, H. (1992) Basic fibroblast growth factor rescues CNS neurons from cell death caused by high oxygen atmosphere in culture. Brain Res., 599: 261-271.
32. Fassbender, K., Rossel, S., Kammer, T., Daffertshofer, M., Wirth, S., Dollman, M. and Hennerici, M. (1994) Proinflammatory cytokines in serum of patients with acute cerebral ischemia: kinetics of secretion and relation to the extent of brain damage and outcome of disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 122: 135-139.
33. Fassbender, K., Mössner, R., Motsch, L., Kischka, U., Grau, A. and Hennerici, M. (1995) Circulating selectin and immunoglobulin type adhesion molecules in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke, 26: 1361-1364.
34. Fava, R.A., Olsen, N.J., Postlethwaite, A.E., Broadley, K.N., Davidson, J.M., Nanney, L.B, Lucas, C. and Townes, A.S. (1991) Transforming growth factor 1 induced neutrophil recruitment to synovial tissues: implications for TGF1-driven synovial inflammation and hyperplasia. J. Exp. Med., 173: 1121-1132.
35. Fong, Y., Tracey, K.J., Moldawer, L.L., Hesse, D.G., Manogue, K.R., Kenney, J.S., Lee, A.T., Kuo, G.C., Allison, A.C., Lowry, S.F. and Cerami, A. (1989) Antibodies to cachectin/TNF reduce interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 appearance during lethal bacteremia. J. Exp. Med., 170: 1627-1633.
36. Frei, K., Nohava, K., Malipiero, U.V., Schwerdel, C. and Fontana, A. (1992) Production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by astrocytes and brain macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol., 40: 189-196.
37. Freider, M., Bennett, M.V.L. and Kessler, J.A. (1992) Cultured sympathetic neurons synthesize and release the cytokine interleukin-1b. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 89: 10440-10443.
38. Frohman, E.M, van den Noort, S. and Gupta, S. (1989) Astrocytes and intracerebral immune responses. J. Clin. Immunol., 9: 1-9.
39. Gamble, J.R., Khew-Goodall, Y. and Vadas, M.A. (1993) Transforming growth factor-b inhibits E-selectin expression on human endothelial cells. J. Immunol., 150: 4494-4503.
40. Garcia, J.H., Liu, K.F., Yoshida, Y., Lian, J., Chen, S. and del Zoppo, G.J. (1994) Influx of leukocytes and platelets in an evolving brain infarct (Wistar rat). Am. J. Pathol., 144: 188-199.
41. Gautam, S.C., Noth, C.J., Niewenhuis, L.M., Janakiraman, N., Kim, J.S. and Chopp, M. (1993) Transforming growth factor b-1 potentiates IL-1 β-induced IL-6 mRNA and cytokine production in a human astrocytoma cell line. Oncology Res., 5: 423-432.
42. Giulian, D., Baker, T.J. and Lachmann, L.B. (1986) Interleukin-1 of the central nervous system is produced by amoeboid microglia. J. Exp. Med., 164: 594-604.
43. Grau, A.J., Berger, E., Sung, K. and Schmid-Shönbein, G. (1992) Granulocyte adhesion, deformability, and superoxide formation in acute stroke. Stroke, 23: 33-39.
44. Grau, A.J., Buggle, F., Heindl, S., Steichen-Wiehn, C., Banerjee, T., Maiwald, M., Rohlfs, M., Suhr, H., Fehn, W., Becher, H. and Hacke, W. (1995) Recent infection as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia. Stroke, 26: 373-379.
45. Gross, C.E., Bednar, M.M., Howard, D.B. and Sporn, M.B. (1993) Transforming growth factor-1 reduces infarct size after experimental cerebral ischemia in a rabbit model. Stroke, 24: 558-562.
46. Gross, C.E., Howard, D.B., Dooley, R.H., Raymond, S.J., Fuller, S. and Bednar, M.M. (1994) TGF-β1 post-treatment in a rabbit model of cerebral ischemia. Neurol. Res., 16: 465-470.
47. Hallenbeck, J.M., Dutka, A.J., Kochanek, P.M., Siren, A., Pezeshkpour, G.H. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1988) Stroke risk factors prepare brain-stem tissues for modified local Shwartzman reaction. Stroke, 19: 863-869.
48. Hallenbeck, J.M., Dutka, A.J., Vogel, S.N., Heldman, E., Doron, D. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1989) Lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor activity in rats with and without risk factors for stroke. Brain Res., 541: 115-120.
49. Hofman, F.M., Hinton, D.R,. Johnson, K. and Merrill, J.E. (1989) Tumor necrosis factor identified in multiple sclerosis brain, J. Exp. Med., 170: 607-612.
50. Hurwitz, A.A., Lyman, W.D., Guida, M.P., Calderon, T.M. and Berman, J.W. (1992) Tumor necrosis factor induces adhesion molecule expression on human fetal astrocytes. J. Exp. Med., 176: 1631-1636.
51. Ignotz, R.A. and Massagu , J.(1986) Transforming growth factor stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and their incorporation into the extracellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem., 1986;26: 4337-4345.
52. Jander, S., Kraemer, M., Schroeter, M., Witte, O.W. and Stoll, G. (1995) Lymphocytic infiltration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in photochemically induced ischemia of the rat cortex. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 15: 42-51.
53. Jiang, N., Finklestein, S.P., Do, T., Caday, C.G., Charette, M. and Chopp, M. (1995) Delayed intravenous administration of basic fibroblast growth factor reduces infarct volume in a model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Stroke, 26: 165
54. Kasahara, T., Mukaida, N., Yamashita, K., Yagisawa, H., Akahoshi, T. and Matsushima, K. (1991) IL-1 and TNF induction of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activation factor (MCAF) mRNA expression in a human astrocytoma cell line. Immunology, 74: 60-67.
55. Kim, J.S., Gautam, S.C., Chopp, M.., Zaloga, C., Jones, M.L., Ward, P.A. and Welch, K.M.A. (1995a) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J. Neuroimmunol., 56: 127-134a.
56. Kim, J.S., Chopp, M., Chen, H., Levine, S.R., Carey, J.L. and Welch, K.M.A. (1995b) Adhesive glycoprotein CD 11a and CD 18 are upregulated in leukocytes from patients with cerebral ischemia. J. Neurol. Sci., 128: 45-50.
57. Kim, J.S., Chopp, M. and Gautam, S.C. (1995c) High dose methylprednisolone therapy reduces expression of JE/MCP-1 mRNA amd macrophage accumulation in the ischemic rat brain. J. Neurol. Sci., 128: 28-35.
58. Kitazawa, K. and Tada, T. (1994) Elevation of transforming growth factor-β1 level in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with communicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke, 25: 1400-1404.
59. Kochaneck, P.M. and Hallenbeck, J.M. (1992) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke, 23: 1367-1379.
60. Koketu, N., Berlove, D., Moskowitz, M.A., Kowell, N.W., Caday, C.G. and Finklestein, S.P. (1994) Pretreatment with intraventricular basic fibroblast growth factor decreases infarct size following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Ann. Neurol., 35: 451-457.
61. Lee, S.C.. Liu, W., Dickson, D.W., Brosnan, C.F. and Berman, J.W. (1993) Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes. J. Immunol., 150: 2659-2667.
62. Lefebvre, P.P., Staecker, H., Weber, T., Vandewater, T.R., Rogister, B. and Moonen, G. (1991) TGF β modulates bFGF receptor message expression in cultured adult auditory neurons. Neuroreport, 2: 305-308.
63. Leonard, E.J. and Yoshimura, T. (1990) Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Immunol. Today, 11: 97-101.
64. Lindholm, D., Hengerer, B., Zafra, F. and Thoenen, H. (1990) Transforming growth factor-β1 stimulates expression of nerve growth factor in the rat CNS. Neuroreport, 1:9-12.
65. Liu, T., McDonnell, P.C., Young, P.R., White, R.F., Siren, A.L., Hallenbeck, J.M., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1993a) Interleukin-1 expression in ischemic rat cortex. Stroke, 24: 1746-1752.
66. Liu, T., Young, P.R., McDonnell, P.C., White, R.F., Barone, F.C and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1993b) Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant mRNA expressed in cerebral ischemia. Neurosc. Lett., 164: 125-128.
67. Liu, T., Clark, R.K., McConnell, P.C., Young, P.R., White, R.F., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1994a) Tumor necrosis factor in ischemic neurons. Stroke, 25: 1481-1488.
68. Liu, Y., Jacobowitz, D.M., Barone, F., McCarron, R., Spatz, M., Feuerstein, G., Hallenbeck, J.M. and Siren, A-L. (1994b) Quantitation of perivascular monocytes and macrophages around cerebral blood vessels of hypertensive and aged rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 14: 348-352.
69. Logan, A., Frauschey, S.A., Baird, A., Flanders, K. and Sporn, M. (1991) In vivo effects of growth factor agonists and antagonists on mammalian CNS injury responses. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 15F: 241.
70. MacMillan, V., Judge, D., Wiseman, A., Settles, D., Swain, J. and Davis, J. (1993) Mice expressing a bovine basic fibroblast growth factor transgene in the brain show increased resistance to hypoxemicischemic cerebral damage. Stroke, 24: 1735-1739.
71. Martinou, J-C., Le Van Thai, A. and Weber, M.J. (1991) Transforming growth factor 1 is a potent survival factor for rat embryo motomeurons in culture. Dev. Brain Res., 2: 175-181.
72. Mathiesen, T., Anderson, B., Loftenius, A. and von Holst, H. (1993) Increased interleukin-6 levels in cerebrospinal fluid following sub-arachnoid hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg., 78: 562-567.
73. McClain, C.J., Cohen, D., Phyllips, R., Ott, L. and Young, B. (1991) Increased plasma and ventricular interleukin-6 levels in head injured patients. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 118: 225-230.
74. Miller, B., Sarantis, M., Traynelis, S.F. and Atwell, D. (1992) Potentiation of NMDA receptor currents by arachidonic acid. Nature, 355: 722-725.
75. Minami, M., Kuraishi, Y. and Satoh, M. (1991) Effects of kainic acid on messenger RNA levels of IL-1 β, IL-6, TNFα and LIF in the rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 176: 593-598.
76. Minami, M., Kuraishi, Y., Yabuuchi, K., Yamazaki, K. and Satoh, M. (1992) Induction of interleukin-1b mRNA in rat brain after transient forebrain ischaemia. J. Neurochem., 58: 390-392.
77. Matsuo, Y., Onodera, H., Shiga, Y., Shozuhara, H., Nimoniya, M., Kihara, T., Tamatani, T., Miyasaka, M. and Kogure, K. (1994) Role of cell adhesion molecules in brain injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Brain Res., 656: 344-352.
78. Mattson, M.P. and Cheng, B. (1993) Growth factors protect neurons against excitotoxic/ischemic damage by stabilizing calcium homeostasis. Stroke, 24: 136-140.
79. Mori, E., del Zoppo, G.J., Chambers, J.D., Copeland, B.J. and Arfos, K.E. (1992) Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence suppresses no-reflow after focal cerebral ischemia in baboons. Stroke, 23: 712-718.
80. Okada, Y., Copeland, B.R., Mori, E., Tung, M.M., Thomas, W.S. and del Zoppo, G.J. (1994) P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression after focal brain ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke, 25: 202-211.
81. Penttinen, R.P., Kobayashi, S. and Bornstein, P. (1988) Transforming growth factor increases mRNA for matrix proteins both in the presence and in the absence of changes in mRNA stability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 85: 1105-1108.
82. Poulsen, K.T., Armanini, M.P., Klein, R.D., Hyes, M.A., Pillips, H.S. and Rosenthal, A. (1994) TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 are potent survival factors for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neuron, 13: 1245-1252.
83. Prehn, J.H.M., Peruche, B., Unsicker, K. and Krieglstein, J. (1993a) Isoform-specific effects of transforming growth factor-β on degeneration of primary neuronal cultures induced by cytotoxic hypoxia or glutamate. J. Neurochem., 60: 1665-1672.
84. Prehn, J.H.M., Backhau, C. and Krieglstein, J. (1993b) Transforming growth factor 1 prevents glutamate neurotoxicity in rat neocortical cultures and protects mouse neocortex from ischemic injury in vivo. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 24: 521-525.
85. Relton, J.K. and Rothwell, N.J. (1992) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia or NMDA-receptor activation in the rat. Brain Res. Bull., 585: 135-160.
86. Relton, J.K., Strijbos, P.J., O'Shaugnessy, C.T., Carey, F., Forder, R.A., Tilders, F.J. and Rothwell, N.J. (1991) Lipocortin-1 is an endogenous inhibitor of ischemic damage in the rat brain. J. Exp. Med., 174: 305-310.
87. Rivera, S., Gold, S.J. and Gall, C.M. (1994) Interleukin-1 increases basic fibroblasl growth factor mRNA expression in adult rat brain and organotypic hippocampal cultures. Mol. Brain Res., 27: 12-26.
88. Roberts, A.B., Sporn, M.B., Assoian, R.K., Smith, J.M., Roche, N.S., Wakefield, L.M., Heine, U.I., Liotta, L.A., Falanga, V. and Kehrl, H. (1986) Transforming growth factor type b: rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. USA., 83: 4167-4171.
89. Rollins, B.J., Yoshimura, T., Leonard, E.J. and Pober, J.S. (1990) Cytokine activated human endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a monocyte chemoattractant, MCP-1/JE. Am. J. Pathol., 136: 1229-1233.
90. Rote, W.E., Nedelman, M.A., Mu, D-X., Manley, P.J., Weisman, H., Cunningham, M.R. and Lucchesi, B.R. (1994) Chimeric 7E3 prevents carotid artery thrombosis in Cynomolgus monkeys. Stroke, 25: 1223-1233.
91. Rothwell, N.J. and Relton, J.K. (1993) Involvement of interleukin-1 and lipocortin-1 in ischemic brain damage. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev., 5: 178-198.
92. Satoh, T., Nakamura, S., Taga, T., Matsuda, T., Hirano, T., Kishimoto, T. and Kaziro, Y. (1988) Induction of neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by B-cell stimulatory factor 2/interleukin 6. Mol. Cell Biol., 8: 3546-3549.
93. Satoh, J., Kastrukoff, L.F. and Kim, S.U. (1991) Cytokine-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-I) in cultured human oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 50: 215-216.
94. Schindler, R., Mancilla, J., Endres, S., Ghorbani, R., Vlark, S.C. and Dinarello, C.A. (1990) Correlations and interactions in the production fo interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF. Blood 75: 40-44.
95. Sebire, G., Hery, C., Peudenier, S. and Tardieu, M. (1993) Adhesion proteins on human microglial cells and modulation of their expression by IL-1 β and TNFα. Res. Virol., 144: 47-52.
96. Selmaj, K., Farooq, M., Norton, W.T., Raine, C.S. and Brosnan, C.F. (1990) Proliferation of astrocytes in vitro in response to cytokines: a primary role for tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol., 144: 129-135.
97. Selmaj, K., Raine, C.S., Cannella, B. and Brosnan, C.F. (1991) Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions. J. Clin. Invest., 87: 949-954.
98. Shohami, E., Shapira, Y., Sidi, A. and Cotev, S. (1987) Head injury induces increased prostaglandin synthesis in rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 7: 58-63.
99. Shohami, E., Novikov, M., Bass, R., Yamin, A. and Gallily, R. (1994) Closed head injury triggers early production of TNFα and IL-6 by brain tissue. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 14: 615-619.
100. Siren, A-L., Heldman, E., Doron, D., Lysko, P.G., Yue, T-L., Liu, Y., Feuerstein, G. and Hallenbeck, J.M. (1992) Release of proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators in the brain and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Stroke, 23: 1643-1651.
101. Spranger, M., Lindholm, D., Bandtlow, C., Heimann, G., Naher-Noe, M. and Thoenen, H. (1990) Regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in the rat central nervous system: Comparison between the effects of interleukin-1 and various growth factors in astrocyte culture and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2: 69-76.
102. Strijbos, P.J.L.M. and Rothwell, N.J. (1995) Interleukin-1 β attenuates excitatory amino acid-induced neurodegeneration in vitro: Involvement of nerve growth factor. J. Neurosci., 15: 3468-3474.
103. Szaflarski, J., Burtrum, D. and Silverstein, F.S. (1995) Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia stimulates cytokine gene expression in perinatal rats. Stroke 26: 1093-1100.
104. Tada, T., Kanaji, M. and Kobayashi, S. (1994) Induction of communicating hydrocephalus in mice by intrathecal injection of human recombinant transforming growth factor 1. J. Neuroimmunol., 50: 153-158.
105. Tarkowski, E., Rosengren, L., Blomstrand, C., Wikkelsöa, C., Jensen, C., Ekholm, S. and Tarkowski, A. (1995) Early intrathecal production of interleukin-6 predicts the size of brain lesion in stroke. Stroke 26: 1393-1398.
106. Taupin, V., Toulmond, S., Serrano, A., Benavides, J. and Zavala, F. (1993) Increase in IL-6, IL-1 and TNF levels in rat brain following traumatic lesion. J. Neuroimmunol., 42: 177-186.
107. Tchelingerian, J-L., Quinonero, J., Booss, J. and Jacque, C. (1993) Localization of TNFα and IL-1 β immunoreactivities in striatal neurons after surgical injury to the hippocampus. Neuron, 10: 213-224.
108. Toulmond, S., Vige, X., Fage, D. and Benavides, J. (1992) Local infusion of interleukin-6 attenuates the neurotoxic effects of NMDA on rat striatal cholinergic neurons. Neurosci. Lett., 144: 49-52.
109. Ulich, T.R., Songmei, Y., Guo, K., Yi, ES., Remick, D. and del Castillo, J. (1991) Intrathecal injection of endotoxin and cytokines. Am. J. Pathol., 138: 1099-1101.
110. van der Poll, T., Buller, H.R., Ten Cate, H., Wortel, C.H., Bauer, K.A., van Deventer, S.J.H., Hack, G.E., Sauerwein, H.P., Rosenberg, R.D. and Ten Cate, J.W. (1990) Activation of coagulation after administration of tumor necrosis factor to normal subjects. N. Engl. J. Med., 322: 1622-1627.
111. Vlassara, H., Brownlee, M., Manogue, K.R., Dinarello, C.A. and Pasagian, A. (1988) Cachectin/TNF and IL-1 induced by glucose modified proteins: role in normal tissue remodeling. Science, 24: 11546-1548.
112. Wang, P.Y., Kao, C.H., Mui, M.Y.and Wang, S.J.(1993) Leukocyte infiltration in acute hemispheric ischemic stroke. Stroke, 24: 236-240.
113. Wang, X., Siren, A-L., Liu, Y., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1994) Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on brain microvascular endothelial cells in rat ischemic cortex. Mol. Brain Res., 26: 61-68.
114. Wang, X., Yue, T-L., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1995a) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 messenger RNA expression in rat ischemic cortex. Stroke, 26: 661-666.
115. Wang, X., Yue, T-L., Young, P.R., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1995b) Expression of interleukin-6, c-fos, and zif268 mRNAs in rat ischemic cortex. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 15: 166-171.
116. Wang, X., Yue, T-L., Young, P.R., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G.Z. (1995c) Demonstration of increased endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression in rat ischemic cortex. Stroke, 26: 1665-1669.
117. Wenisch, C., Parschalk, B., Burgmann, H., Looareesuwan, S. and Graninger, W. (1995) Decreased serum levels of TGF-β in patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J. Clin. Immunol., 15: 69-73.
118. Wolpe, S.D. and Cerami, A. (1989) Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 and 2: members of a novel superfamily of cytokines. FASEB. J., 3: 2565-2573.
119. Wong, D. and Dorovini-Zis, K. (1992) Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) expression in primary cultures of human microvessel endothelial cells by cytokines and lipopolysaccharide. J. Neuroimmunol., 39: 11-21.
120. Yamada, M. and Hatanaka, H. (1994) Interleukin-6 protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced cell death. Brain Res., 643: 173-180.
121. Yamasaki, Y., Matsuo, Y., Matsuura, N., Onodera, H., Itoyama, Y. and Kogure, K. (1995a) Transient increase of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, a member of the interleukin-8 family, in ischemic brain areas after focal ischemia in rats. Stroke, 26: 318-323.
122. Yamasaki, Y., Matsuura, N., Shozuhara, H., Onodera, H., Itoyama, Y. and Kogure, K. (1995b) Interleukin-1 as a pathogenetic mediator of ischemic brain damage in rats. Stroke, 26: 676-681.
123. Young, B., Ott, L., Yingling, B. and McClain, C. (1992) Nutrition and brain injury. J. Neurotrauma, S375-S383.
124. Zhang, R.L., Chopp, M., Li, Y., Zaloga, C., Jiang, N., Jones, M., Miyasaka, M. and Ward, P. (1994) Anti-ICAM-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Neurology, 44: 1747-1751.
125. Zhang, R.L., Chopp, M., Jiang, N., Tang, W., W., Prostak, J., Manning, A., M. and Anderson, D., C. (1995) Anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient but not permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the Wistar rat. Stroke, 26: 1438-1443.
126. Zielasek, J., Archelos, J.J., Toyka, K.V. and Hartung, H.P. (1993) Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on rat microglial cells. Neurosci. Lett., 153: 136-139.