Splicing DNA-damage responses to tumour cell death

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer

Volumn 1705, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 3-15

  Crighton, Diane ^a   Ryan, Kevin M ^a  

^a BEATSON INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Chemosensitivity; DNA damage; Oncogene; Tumour development; Tumour suppressor gene

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; APOPTOTIC PROTEASE ACTIVATING FACTOR 1; ATM PROTEIN; CISPLATIN; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN E6; PROTEIN P53; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; SURVIVIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F1;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; APOPTOSIS; ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BIOSENSOR; BREAST CANCER; CANCER; COLON CANCER; COLON CARCINOMA; DISEASE COURSE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA SPLICING; ERADICATION THERAPY; FAMILIAL CANCER; GENE CONTROL; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MELANOMA; MOLECULE; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREAS CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INDUCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOMACH CANCER; TUMOR CELL; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA;

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; DNA DAMAGE; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; E2F TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MAP KINASE KINASE 4; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; NEOPLASMS; ONCOGENES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 9944240863     PISSN: 0304419X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.09.001     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. D. Hanahan, and R.A. Weinberg The hallmarks of cancer Cell 100 2000 57 70
2. N.A. Thornberry, and Y. Lazebnik Caspases: enemies within Science 281 1998 1312 1316
3. V. Cryns, and J. Yuan Proteases to die for Genes Dev. 12 1998 1551 1570
4. A.M. Chinnaiyan The apoptosome: heart and soul of the cell death machine Neoplasia 1 1999 5 15
5. D.R. Green, and J.C. Reed Mitochondria and apoptosis Science 281 1998 1309 1312
6. K. Cain, S.B. Bratton, and G.M. Cohen The Apaf-1 apoptosome: a large caspase-activating complex Biochimie 84 2002 203 214
7. I.S. Goping, A. Gross, J.N. Lavoie, M. Nguyen, R. Jemmerson, K. Roth, S.J. Korsmeyer, and G.C. Shore Regulated targeting of BAX to mitochondria J. Cell Biol. 143 1998 207 215
8. A. Nechushtan, C.L. Smith, I. Lamensdorf, S.H. Yoon, and R.J. Youle Bax and Bak coalesce into novel mitochondria-associated clusters during apoptosis J. Cell Biol. 153 2001 1265 1276
9. V. Mikhailov, M. Mikhailova, K. Degenhardt, M.A. Venkatachalam, E. White, and P. Saikumar Association of Bax and Bak homo-oligomers in mitochondria. Bax requirement for Bak reorganization and cytochrome c release J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 5367 5376
10. S.C. Ruffolo, and G.C. Shore BCL-2 selectively interacts with the BID-induced open conformer of BAK, inhibiting BAK auto-oligomerization J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 25039 25045
11. M.C. Wei, T. Lindsten, V.K. Mootha, S. Weiler, A. Gross, M. Ashiya, C.B. Thompson, and S.J. Korsmeyer tBID, a membrane-targeted death ligand, oligomerizes BAK to release cytochrome c Genes Dev. 14 2000 2060 2071
12. G. Kroemer, and J.C. Reed Mitochondrial control of cell death Nat. Med. 6 2000 513 519
13. L. Zou, D. Liu, and S.J. Elledge Replication protein A-mediated recruitment and activation of Rad17 complexes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 13827 13832
14. J. Rouse, and S.P. Jackson Interfaces between the detection, signaling, and repair of DNA damage Science 297 2002 547 551
15. C.J. Bakkenist, and M.B. Kastan DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation Nature 421 2003 499 506
16. D. D'Amours, and S.P. Jackson The Mre11 complex: at the crossroads of DNA repair and checkpoint signalling Nat. Rev., Mol. Cell Biol. 3 2002 317 327
17. J.H. Petrini, and T.H. Stracker The cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks: defining the sensors and mediators Trends Cell Biol. 13 2003 458 462
18. O. Fernandez-Capetillo, H.T. Chen, A. Celeste, I. Ward, P.J. Romanienko, J.C. Morales, K. Naka, Z. Xia, R.D. Camerini-Otero, N. Motoyama, P.B. Carpenter, W.M. Bonner, J. Chen, and A. Nussenzweig DNA damage-induced G2-M checkpoint activation by histone H2AX and 53BP1 Nat. Cell Biol. 4 2002 993 997
19. D. Cortez, Y. Wang, J. Qin, and S.J. Elledge Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks Science 286 1999 1162 1166
20. Y. Wang, D. Cortez, P. Yazdi, N. Neff, S.J. Elledge, and J. Qin BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures Genes Dev. 14 2000 927 939
21. N. Foray, D. Marot, A. Gabriel, V. Randrianarison, A.M. Carr, M. Perricaudet, A. Ashworth, and P. Jeggo A subset of ATM- and ATR-dependent phosphorylation events requires the BRCA1 protein EMBO J. 22 2003 2860 2871
22. A. Hirao, A. Cheung, G. Duncan, P.M. Girard, A.J. Elia, A. Wakeham, H. Okada, T. Sarkissian, J.A. Wong, T. Sakai, E. De Stanchina, R.G. Bristow, T. Suda, S.W. Lowe, P.A. Jeggo, S.J. Elledge, and T.W. Mak Chk2 is a tumor suppressor that regulates apoptosis in both an ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent and an ATM-independent manner Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 2002 6521 6532
23. H. Takai, K. Naka, Y. Okada, M. Watanabe, N. Harada, S. Saito, C.W. Anderson, E. Appella, M. Nakanishi, H. Suzuki, K. Nagashima, H. Sawa, K. Ikeda, and N. Motoyama Chk2-deficient mice exhibit radioresistance and defective p53-mediated transcription EMBO J. 21 2002 5195 5205
24. C. Stevens, L. Smith, and N.B. La Thangue Chk2 activates E2F-1 in response to DNA damage Nat. Cell Biol. 5 2003 401 409
25. S. Yang, C. Kuo, J.E. Bisi, and M.K. Kim PML-dependent apoptosis after DNA damage is regulated by the checkpoint kinase hCds1/Chk2 Nat. Cell Biol. 4 2002 865 870
26. S. Xie, H. Wu, Q. Wang, J. Kunicki, R.O. Thomas, R.E. Hollingsworth, J. Cogswell, and W. Dai Genotoxic stress-induced activation of Plk3 is partly mediated by Chk2 Cell Cycle 1 2002 424 429
27. A.R. Clarke, C.A. Purdie, D.J. Harrison, R.G. Morris, C.C. Bird, M.L. Hooper, and A.H. Wyllie Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways Nature 362 1993 849 852
28. S.W. Lowe, H.E. Ruley, T. Jacks, and D.E. Housman p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents Cell 74 1993 957 967
29. M. Hollstein, D. Sidransky, B. Vogelstein, and C.C. Harris p53 mutations in human cancers Science 253 1991 49 53
30. S.C. Evans, and G. Lozano The Li-Fraumeni syndrome: an inherited susceptibility to cancer Mol. Med. Today 3 1997 390 395
31. L.A. Donehower, M. Harvey, B.L. Slagle, M.J. McArthur, C.A. Montgomery Jr., J.S. Butel, and A. Bradley Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours Nature 356 1992 215 221
32. Y. Haupt, R. Maya, A. Kazaz, and M. Oren Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53 Nature 387 1997 296 299
33. R. Honda, and H. Yasuda Association of p19(ARF) with Mdm2 inhibits ubiquitin ligase activity of Mdm2 for tumor suppressor p53 EMBO J. 18 1999 22 27
34. R. Montes de Oca Luna, D.S. Wagner, and G. Lozano Rescue of early embryonic lethality in mdm2-deficient mice by deletion of p53 Nature 378 1995 203 206
35. S.N. Jones, A.E. Roe, L.A. Donehower, and A. Bradley Rescue of embryonic lethality in Mdm2-deficient mice by absence of p53 Nature 378 1995 206 208
36. J.M. Stommel, and G.M. Wahl Accelerated MDM2 auto-degradation induced by DNA-damage kinases is required for p53 activation EMBO J. 23 2004 1547 1556
37. L.D. Mayo, and D.B. Donner A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway promotes translocation of Mdm2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 2001 11598 11603
38. B.P. Zhou, Y. Liao, W. Xia, Y. Zou, B. Spohn, and M.C. Hung HER-2/neu induces p53 ubiquitination via Akt-mediated MDM2 phosphorylation Nat. Cell Biol. 3 2001 973 982
39. A.J. Giaccia, and M.B. Kastan The complexity of p53 modulation: emerging patterns from divergent signals Genes Dev. 12 1998 2973 2983
40. N.D. Lakin, and S.P. Jackson Regulation of p53 in response to DNA damage Oncogene 18 1999 7644 7655
41. S.Y. Shieh, M. Ikeda, Y. Taya, and C. Prives DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53 alleviates inhibition by MDM2 Cell 91 1997 325 334
42. T. Unger, T. Juven-Gershon, E. Moallem, M. Berger, R. Vogt Sionov, G. Lozano, M. Oren, and Y. Haupt Critical role for Ser20 of human p53 in the negative regulation of p53 by Mdm2 EMBO J. 18 1999 1805 1814
43. J.D. Siliciano, C.E. Canman, Y. Taya, K. Sakaguchi, E. Appella, and M.B. Kastan DNA damage induces phosphorylation of the amino terminus of p53 Genes Dev. 11 1997 3471 3481
44. R.S. Tibbetts, K.M. Brumbaugh, J.M. Williams, J.N. Sarkaria, W.A. Cliby, S.Y. Shieh, Y. Taya, C. Prives, and R.T. Abraham A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53 Genes Dev. 13 1999 152 157
45. S. Banin, L. Moyal, S. Shieh, Y. Taya, C.W. Anderson, L. Chessa, N.I. Smorodinsky, C. Prives, Y. Reiss, Y. Shiloh, and Y. Ziv Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by ATM in response to DNA damage Science 281 1998 1674 1677
46. N.H. Chehab, A. Malikzay, M. Appel, and T.D. Halazonetis Chk2/hCds1 functions as a DNA damage checkpoint in G(1) by stabilizing p53 Genes Dev. 14 2000 278 288
47. M. Ashcroft, Y. Taya, and K.H. Vousden Stress signals utilize multiple pathways to stabilize p53 Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 2000 3224 3233
48. K. Oda, H. Arakawa, T. Tanaka, K. Matsuda, C. Tanikawa, T. Mori, H. Nishimori, K. Tamai, T. Tokino, Y. Nakamura, and Y. Taya p53AIP1, a potential mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis, and its regulation by Ser-46-phosphorylated p53 Cell 102 6 2000 849 862
49. S. Okamura, H. Arakawa, T. Tanaka, H. Nakanishi, C.C. Ng, Y. Taya, M. Monden, and Y. Nakamura p53DINP1, a p53-inducible gene, regulates p53-dependent apoptosis Mol. Cell 8 2001 85 94
50. W. Gu, X.L. Shi, and R.G. Roeder Synergistic activation of transcription by CBP and p53 Nature 387 1997 819 823
51. K. Sakaguchi, J.E. Herrera, S. Saito, T. Miki, M. Bustin, A. Vassilev, C.W. Anderson, and E. Appella DNA damage activates p53 through a phosphorylation-acetylation cascade Genes Dev. 12 1998 2831 2841
52. M. Gostissa, A. Hengstermann, V. Fogal, P. Sandy, S.E. Schwarz, M. Scheffner, and G. Del Sal Activation of p53 by conjugation to the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO-1 EMBO J. 18 1999 6462 6471
53. D. Bergamaschi, Y. Samuels, N.J. O'Neil, G. Trigiante, T. Crook, J.K. Hsieh, D.J. O'Connor, S. Zhong, I. Campargue, M.L. Tomlinson, P.E. Kuwabara, and X. Lu iASPP oncoprotein is a key inhibitor of p53 conserved from worm to human Nat. Genet. 33 2003 162 167
54. S. Gorina, and N.P. Pavletich Structure of the p53 tumor suppressor bound to the ankyrin and SH3 domains of 53BP2 Science 274 1996 1001 1005
55. Y. Samuels-Lev, D.J. O'Connor, D. Bergamaschi, G. Trigiante, J.K. Hsieh, S. Zhong, I. Campargue, L. Naumovski, T. Crook, and X. Lu ASPP proteins specifically stimulate the apoptotic function of p53 Mol. Cell 8 2001 781 794
56. S. Rowan, R.L. Ludwig, Y. Haupt, S. Bates, X. Lu, M. Oren, and K.H. Vousden Specific loss of apoptotic but not cell-cycle arrest function in a human tumor derived p53 mutant EMBO J. 15 1996 827 838
57. K.M. Ryan, and K.H. Vousden Characterization of structural p53 mutants which show selective defects in apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 1998 3692 3698
58. C. Barlow, K.D. Brown, C.X. Deng, D.A. Tagle, and A. Wynshaw-Boris Atm selectively regulates distinct p53-dependent cell-cycle checkpoint and apoptotic pathways Nat. Genet. 17 1997 453 456
59. M. Schuler, and D.R. Green Mechanisms of p53-dependent apoptosis Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29 2001 684 688
60. T. Miyashita, S. Krajewski, M. Krajewska, H.G. Wang, H.K. Lin, D.A. Liebermann, B. Hoffman, and J.C. Reed Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo Oncogene 9 1994 1799 1805
61. K. Nakano, and K.H. Vousden PUMA, a novel proapoptotic gene, is induced by p53 Mol. Cell 7 2001 683 694
62. J. Yu, L. Zhang, P.M. Hwang, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein PUMA induces the rapid apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells Mol. Cell 7 2001 673 682
63. L.B. Owen-Schaub, W. Zhang, J.C. Cusack, L.S. Angelo, S.M. Santee, T. Fujiwara, J.A. Roth, A.B. Deisseroth, W.W. Zhang, and E. Kruzel Wild-type human p53 and a temperature-sensitive mutant induce Fas/APO-1 expression Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 1995 3032 3040
64. M. Zhou, L. Gu, F. Li, Y. Zhu, W.G. Woods, and H.W. Findley DNA damage induces a novel p53-survivin signaling pathway regulating cell cycle and apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303 2002 124 131
65. M. Murphy, A. Hinman, and A.J. Levine Wild-type p53 negatively regulates the expression of a microtubule-associated protein Genes Dev. 10 1996 2971 2980
66. N.D. Marchenko, A. Zaika, and U.M. Moll Death signal-induced localization of p53 protein to mitochondria. A potential role in apoptotic signaling J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 16202 16212
67. M. Mihara, S. Erster, A. Zaika, O. Petrenko, T. Chittenden, P. Pancoska, and U.M. Moll p53 has a direct apoptogenic role at the mitochondria Mol. Cell 11 2003 577 590
68. J.K. Hsieh, D. Yap, D.J. O'Connor, V. Fogal, L. Fallis, F. Chan, S. Zhong, and X. Lu Novel function of the cyclin A binding site of E2F in regulating p53-induced apoptosis in response to DNA damage Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 2002 78 93
69. Y. Furukawa, N. Nishimura, M. Satoh, H. Endo, S. Iwase, H. Yamada, M. Matsuda, Y. Kano, and M. Nakamura Apaf-1 is a mediator of E2F-1-induced apoptosis J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 39760 39768
70. M.C. Moroni, E.S. Hickman, E.L. Denchi, G. Caprara, E. Colli, F. Cecconi, H. Muller, and K. Helin Apaf-1 is a transcriptional target for E2F and p53 Nat. Cell Biol. 3 2001 552 558
71. C. Blattner, A. Sparks, and D. Lane Transcription factor E2F-1 is upregulated in response to DNA damage in a manner analogous to that of p53 Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 1999 3704 3713
72. W.C. Lin, F.T. Lin, and J.R. Nevins Selective induction of E2F1 in response to DNA damage, mediated by ATM-dependent phosphorylation Genes Dev. 15 2001 1833 1844
73. D.J. O'Connor, and X. Lu Stress signals induce transcriptionally inactive E2F-1 independently of p53 and Rb Oncogene 19 2000 2369 2376
74. S. Kharbanda, Z.M. Yuan, R. Weichselbaum, and D. Kufe Determination of cell fate by c-Abl activation in the response to DNA damage Oncogene 17 1998 3309 3318
75. A. Bar-Shira, S. Rashi-Elkeles, L. Zlochover, L. Moyal, N.I. Smorodinsky, R. Seger, and Y. Shiloh ATM-dependent activation of the gene encoding MAP kinase phosphatase 5 by radiomimetic DNA damage Oncogene 21 2002 849 855
76. Y. Zhang, W.Y. Ma, A. Kaji, A.M. Bode, and Z. Dong Requirement of ATM in UVA-induced signaling and apoptosis J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 3124 3131
77. T.K. Schlesinger, C. Bonvin, M.B. Jarpe, G.R. Fanger, J.R. Cardinaux, G.L. Johnson, and C. Widmann Apoptosis stimulated by the 91-kDa caspase cleavage MEKK1 fragment requires translocation to soluble cellular compartments J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 10283 10291
78. N. Juretic, J.F. Santibanez, C. Hurtado, and J. Martinez ERK 1,2 and p38 pathways are involved in the proliferative stimuli mediated by urokinase in osteoblastic SaOS-2 cell line J. Cell. Biochem. 83 2001 92 98
79. W.L. Liu, X. Guo, Q.Q. Chen, and Z.G. Guo Opposing effect of p38 CCDPK and p44/42 CCDPK signaling on TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 22 2001 405 410
80. G. Yosimichi, T. Nakanishi, T. Nishida, T. Hattori, T. Takano-Yamamoto, and M. Takigawa CTGF/Hcs24 induces chondrocyte differentiation through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), and proliferation through a p44/42 MAPK/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) Eur. J. Biochem. 268 2001 6058 6065
81. D. Sarkar, Z.Z. Su, I.V. Lebedeva, M. Sauane, R.V. Gopalkrishnan, P. Dent, and P.B. Fisher mda-7 (IL-24): signaling and functional roles BioTechniques, Suppl. 2002 30 39
82. A. Porras, S. Zuluaga, E. Black, A. Valladares, A.M. Alvarez, C. Ambrosino, M. Benito, and A.R. Nebreda P38 alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase sensitizes cells to apoptosis induced by different stimuli Mol. Biol. Cell 15 2004 922 933
83. G.I. Evan, and K.H. Vousden Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer Nature 411 2001 342 348
84. J. Momand, D. Jung, S. Wilczynski, and J. Niland The MDM2 gene amplification database Nucleic Acids Res. 26 15 1998 3453 3459
85. K.H. Vousden Human papillomaviruses and cervical carcinoma Cancer Cells 1 1989 43 50
86. A. Strasser, D.C. Huang, and D.L. Vaux The role of the bcl-2/ced-9 gene family in cancer and general implications of defects in cell death control for tumourigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1333 1997 F151 F178
87. E.M. Bruckheimer, S. Cho, S. Brisbay, D.J. Johnson, J.R. Gingrich, N. Greenberg, and T.J. McDonnell The impact of bcl-2 expression and bax deficiency on prostate homeostasis in vivo Oncogene 19 2000 2404 2412
88. P. Naik, J. Karrim, and D. Hanahan The rise and fall of apoptosis during multistage tumorigenesis: down-modulation contributes to tumor progression from angiogenic progenitors Genes Dev. 10 1996 2105 2116
89. N. Rampino, H. Yamamoto, Y. Ionov, Y. Li, H. Sawai, J.C. Reed, and M. Perucho Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype Science 275 1997 967 969
90. M.S. Soengas, P. Capodieci, D. Polsky, J. Mora, M. Esteller, X. Opitz-Araya, R. McCombie, J.G. Herman, W.L. Gerald, Y.A. Lazebnik, C. Cordon-Cardo, and S.W. Lowe Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma Nature 409 2001 207 211
91. M. Zornig, A. Grzeschiczek, M.B. Kowalski, K.U. Hartmann, and T. Moroy Loss of Fas/Apo-1 receptor accelerates lymphomagenesis in E mu l-Myc transgenic mice but not in animals infected with MoMuLV Oncogene 10 1995 2397 2401
92. K. Gronbaek, P.T. Straten, E. Ralfkiaer, V. Ahrenkiel, M.K. Andersen, N.E. Hansen, J. Zeuthen, K. Hou-Jensen, and P. Guldberg Somatic Fas mutations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: association with extranodal disease and autoimmunity Blood 92 1998 3018 3024
93. R.M. Pitti, S.A. Marsters, D.A. Lawrence, M. Roy, F.C. Kischkel, P. Dowd, A. Huang, C.J. Donahue, S.W. Sherwood, D.T. Baldwin, P.J. Godowski, W.I. Wood, A.L. Gurney, K.J. Hillan, R.L. Cohen, A.D. Goddard, D. Botstein, and A. Ashkenazi Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer Nature 396 1998 699 703
94. M. Djerbi, V. Screpanti, A.I. Catrina, B. Bogen, P. Biberfeld, and A. Grandien The inhibitor of death receptor signaling, FLICE-inhibitory protein defines a new class of tumor progression factors J. Exp. Med. 190 1999 1025 1032
95. L.E. French, and J. Tschopp Inhibition of death receptor signaling by FLICE-inhibitory protein as a mechanism for immune escape of tumors J. Exp. Med. 190 1999 891 894
96. T. Teitz, T. Wei, M.B. Valentine, E.F. Vanin, J. Grenet, V.A. Valentine, F.G. Behm, A.T. Look, J.M. Lahti, and V.J. Kidd Caspase 8 is deleted or silenced preferentially in childhood neuroblastomas with amplification of MYCN Nat. Med. 6 2000 529 535
97. G. Ambrosini, C. Adida, and D.C. Altieri A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma Nat. Med. 3 1997 917 921
98. C. Adida, C. Haioun, P. Gaulard, E. Lepage, P. Morel, J. Briere, H. Dombret, F. Reyes, J. Diebold, C. Gisselbrecht, G. Salles, D.C. Altieri, and T.J. Molina Prognostic significance of survivin expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas Blood 96 2000 1921 1925
99. A. Islam, H. Kageyama, N. Takada, T. Kawamoto, H. Takayasu, E. Isogai, M. Ohira, K. Hashizume, H. Kobayashi, Y. Kaneko, and A. Nakagawara High expression of survivin, mapped to 17q25, is significantly associated with poor prognostic factors and promotes cell survival in human neuroblastoma Oncogene 19 2000 617 623
100. K.J. Campbell, S. Rocha, and N.D. Perkins Active repression of antiapoptotic gene expression by RelA(p65) NF-kappa B Mol. Cell. 13 6 2004 853 865
101. D. Tang, and V.J. Kidd Cleavage of DFF-45/ICAD by multiple caspases is essential for its function during apoptosis J. Biol. Chem. 273 44 1998 28549 28552
102. C. Scaffidi, I. Schmitz, P.H. Krammer, and M.E. Peter The role of c-FLIP in modulation of CD95-induced apoptosis J. Biol. Chem. 274 3 1999 1541 1548
103. A. Ashkenazi, and V.M. Dixit Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11 2 1999 255 260
104. M.H. Kubbutat, S.N. Jones, and K.H. Vousden Regulation of p53 stability by Mdm2 Nature 387 1997 299 303
105. M. Ashcroft, M.H. Kubbutat, and K.H. Vousden Regulation of p53 function and stability by phosphorylation Mol. Cell Biol. 19 3 1999 1751 1758
106. W.S. el-Deiry, T. Tokino, V.E. Velculescu, D.B. Levy, R. Parsons, J.M. Trent, D. Lin, W.E. Mercer, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression Cell 75 4 1993 817 825
107. H. Hermeking, C. Lengauer, K. Polyak, T.C. He, L. Zhang, S. Thiagalingam, K.W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein 14-3-3 sigma is a p53-regulated inhibitor of G2/M progression Mol. Cell. 1 1 1997 3 11
108. G. Liu, J.M. Parant, G. Lang, P. Chau, A. Chavez-Reyes, A.K. El-Naggar, A. Multani, S. Chang, and G. Lozano Chromosome stability, in the absence of apoptosis, is critical for suppression of tumorigenesis in Trp53 mutant mice Nat. Genet. 36 1 2004 63 68
109. E. Oda, R. Ohki, H. Murasawa, J. Nemoto, T. Shibue, T. Yamashita, T. Tokino, T. Taniguchi, and N. Tanaka Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis Science 288 2000 1053 1058
110. J.E. Chipuk, T. Kuwana, L. Bouchier-Hayes, N.M. Droin, D.D. Newmeyer, M. Schuler, and D.R. Green Direct activation of Bax by p53 mediates mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosis Science 303 2004 1010 1014
111. J.E. Chipuk, U. Maurer, D.R. Green, and M. Schuler Pharmacologic activation of p53 elicits Bax-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcription Cancer Cell 4 5 2003 371 381
112. L.A. Bell, and K.M. Ryan Life and death decisions by E2F-1 Cell Death Differ. 11 2 2004 137 142
113. A.C. Phillips, M.K. Ernst, S. Bates, N.R. Rice, and K.H. Vousden E2F-1 potentiates cell death by blocking antiapoptotic signaling pathways Mol. Cell. 4 5 1999 771 781
114. K.M. Ryan, M.K. Ernst, N.R. Rice, and K.H. Vousden Role of NF-kappaB in p53-mediated programmed cell death Nature 404 2000 892 897
115. R. Croxton, Y. Ma, L. Song, E.B. Haura, and W.D. Cress Direct repression of the Mcl-1 promoter by E2F1 Oncogene 21 9 2002 1359 1369
116. J. Dierlamm, M. Baens, I. Wlodarska, M. Stefanova-Ouzounova, J.M. Hernandez, D.K. Hossfeld, C. De Wolf-Peeters, A. Hagemeijer, H. Van den Berghe, and P. Marynen The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas Blood 93 11 1999 3601 3609