Ferulic Acid and Naturally Occurring Compounds Bearing a Feruloyl Moiety: A Review on Their Structures, Occurrence, and Potential Health Benefits

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 580-616

  de Oliveira Silva, Eliane ^a   Batista, Ronan ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF BAHIA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

antioxidant activity; ferulated naturally occurring compounds; ferulic acid; feruloyl moiety; phenolics

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANTS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;

ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES; FERULIC ACIDS; FERULOYL MOIETY; NATURALLY OCCURRING; PHENOLICS;

BIOACTIVITY;

EID: 85018784406     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15414337     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12266     Document Type: Article

References (364)

1. Abdel-Shafeek KA, El-Messiry MM, Shahat AA, Apers S, Pieters L, El Nasr MMS. 2000. A new acylated flavonol triglycoside from Carrichtera annua. J Nat Prod 63:845–7.
2. Abou-Zaid MM, Lombardo DA, Kite GC, Grayer RJ, Veitch NC. 2001. Acylated flavone C-glycosides from Cucumis sativus. Phytochemistry 58:167–72.
3. Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Yamaura M, Ukiya M, Kimura Y, Shimizu N, Arai K. 2000. Triterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates from rice bran and their anti-inflammatory effects. J Agric Food Chem 48:2313–9.
4. Alam A, Sernia C, Brown L. 2013. Ferulic acid improves cardiovascular and kidney structure and function in hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 61:240–9.
5. Alias LM, Manoharan S, Vellaichamy L, Balakrishnan S, Ramachandran CR. 2009. Protective effect of ferulic acid on 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene-induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol 61:205–14.
6. Allerdings E, Ralph J, Schatz PF, Gniechwitz D, Steinhart H, Bunzel M. 2005. Isolation and structural identification of diarabinosyl 8-O-4-dehydrodiferulate from maize bran insoluble fibre. Phytochemistry 66:113–24.
7. Amaro CAB, González-Cortazar M, Herrera-Ruiz M, Román-Ramos R, Aguilar-Santamaría L, Tortoriello J, Jiménez-Ferrer E. 2014. Hypoglycemic and hypotensive activity of a root extract of Smilax aristolochiifolia, standardized on N-trans-feruloyl-tyramine. Molecules 19:11366–84.
8. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Kunnumakara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. 2008. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res 25:2097–116.
9. Anselmi C, Centini M, Andreassi M, Buonocore A, Rosa C La, Facino RM, Sega A, Tsuno F. 2004. Conformational analysis: a tool for the elucidation of the antioxidant properties of ferulic acid derivatives in membrane models. J Pharm Biomed Anal 35:1241–9.
10. Aragno M, Parola S, Tamagno E. 2000. Oxidative derangement in rat synaptosomes induced by hyperglycemia: restorative effect of dehydroepiandosterone treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 60:389–95.
11. Arts I, Hollman P. 2005. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81:317S–25S.
12. Atta-ur-Rahman, Bhatti KM, Akhtar F, Choudhary IM. 1992. Alkaloids of Fumaria indica. Phytochemistry 31:2869–72.
13. Azmi AS, Bhat SH, Hanif S, Hadi SM. 2006. Plant polyphenols mobilize endogenous copper in human peripheral lymphocytes leading to oxidative DNA breakage: a putative mechanism for anticancer properties. FEBS Lett 580:533–8.
14. Bai N, He K, Roller M, Lai CS, Shao X, Pan MH, Ho CT. 2010. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis. J Agric Food Chem 58:5363–7.
15. Balasubashini MS, Rukkumani R, Viswanathan P, Menon VP. 2004. Ferulic acid alleviates lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. Phyther Res 18:310–4.
16. Barone E, Calabrese V, Mancuso C. 2009. Ferulic acid and its therapeutic potential as a hormetin for age-related diseases. Biogerontology 10:97–108.
17. Batista R. 2014. Uses and potential applications of ferulic acid. In: Warren B, editor. Ferulic acid: antioxidant properties, uses and potential health benefits. 1st ed. New York, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p 39–70.
18. Battino M, Ferreiro MS, Gallardo I, Newman HN, Bullon P. 2002. The antioxidant capacity of saliva. J Clin Periodontol 29:189–94.
19. Bhattacharyya A, Chattopadhyay R, Mitra S, Crowe SE. 2014. Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiol Rev 94:329–54.
20. Bily AC, Reid LM, Taylor JH, Johnston D, Malouin C, Burt aJ, Bakan B, Regnault-Roger C, Pauls KP, Arnason JT, Philogène BJR. 2003. Dehydrodimers of ferulic acid in maize grain pericarp and aleurone: resistance factors to Fusarium graminearum. Phytopathology 93:712–9.
21. Bloor SJ, Bradley JM, Lewis DH, Davies KM. 1998. Identification of flavonol and anthocyanin metabolites in leaves of Petunia “Mitchell” and its LC transgenic. Phytochemistry 49:1427–30.
22. Borges A, Ferreira C, Saavedra MJ, Simões M. 2013. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria. Microb Drug Resist 19:256–65.
23. Bourne LC, Rice-Evans C. 1998. Bioavailability of ferulic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253:222–7.
24. Brunner G, Burger U, Castioni P, Kapetanidis I, Christen P. 2000. A novel acylated flavonol glycoside isolated from Brunfelsia grandiflora ssp. grandiflora. Structure elucidation by gradient accelerated NMR spectroscopy at 14T. Phytochem Anal 11:29–33.
25. Bunzel M, Ralph J, Funk C, Steinhart H. 2003. Isolation and identification of a ferulic acid dehydrotrimer from saponified maize bran insoluble fiber. Eur Food Res Technol 217:128–33.
26. Bunzel M, Ralph J, Funk C, Steinhart H. 2005. Structural elucidation of new ferulic acid-containing phenolic dimers and trimers isolated from maize bran. Tetrahedron Lett 46:5845–50.
27. Bunzel M, Ralph J, Brüning P, Steinhart H. 2006. Structural identification of dehydrotriferulic and dehydrotetraferulic acids isolated from insoluble maize bran fiber. J Agric Food Chem 54:6409–18.
28. Bunzel M, Allerdings E, Ralph J, Steinhart H. 2008. Cross-linking of arabinoxylans via 8-8-coupled diferulates as demonstrated by isolation and identification of diarabinosyl 8-8(cyclic)-dehydrodiferulate from maize bran. J Cereal Sci 47:29–40.
29. Buske A, Schmidt J, Porzel A, Adam G. 1997. Benzopyranones and ferulic acid derivatives from Antidesma membranaceum. Phytochemistry 46:1385–8.
30. Çaliş I, Tasdemir D, Wright AD, Sticher O. 1991. Lagotoside: a new phenylpropanoid glycoside from Lagotis stolonifera. Helv Chim Acta 74:1273–7.
31. Çaliş I, Hosny M, Khalifa T, Rüedi P. 1992. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Marrubium alysson. Phytochemistry 31:3624–6.
32. Carotenuto A, De Feo V, Fattorusso E, Lanzotti V, Magno S, Cicala C. 1996. The flavonoids of Allium ursinum. Phytochemistry 41:531–6.
33. Chabani S, Haba H, Lavaud C, Benkhaled M, Harakat D. 2013. Flavonoid glycosides and triterpenoids from Atractylis flava. Phytochem Lett 6:9–13.
34. i, increase induced by KCI. Chem Biodivers 5:1723–35.
35. Chen C-R, Chen H-W, Chang C-I. 2008b. D:C-Friedooleanane-type triterpenoids from Lagenaria siceraria and their cytotoxic activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 56:385–8.
36. Chen J-J, Wang T-Y, Hwang T-L. 2008c. Neolignans, a coumarinolignan, lignan derivatives, and a chromene: anti-inflammatory constituents from Zanthoxylum avicennae. J Nat Prod 71:212–7.
37. Chen JJ, Yang CS, Peng CF, Chen IS, Miaw CL. 2008d. Dihydroagarofuranoid sesquiterpenes, a lignan derivative, a benzenoid, and antitubercular constituents from the stem of Microtropis japonica. J Nat Prod 71:1016–21.
38. Chen TH, Huang YH, Lin JJ, Liau BC, Wang SY, Wu YC, Jong TT. 2010. Cytotoxic lignan esters from Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Planta Med 76:613–9.
39. Cheng GG, Zhao HY, Liu L, Zhao YL, Song CW, Gu J, Sun WB, Liu YP, Luo XD. 2016a. Non-alkaloid constituents of Vinca major. Chin J Nat Med 14:56–60.
40. Cheng Y-T, Yang C-C, Shyur L-F. 2016b. Phytomedicine-modulating oxidative stress and the tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 114:128–43.
41. Chiang L-C, Chiang W, Chang M-Y, Ng L-T, Lin CC. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med 31:37–46.
42. Cho JY, Lee TH, Hwang TL, Yang SZ, Chen IS, Chou TH, Sung PJ, Chen JJ. 2011. A new ferulic acid ester, a new ellagic acid derivative, and other constituents from Pachycentria formosana: effects on neutrophil pro-inflammatory responses. Chem Biodivers 8:1709–16.
43. Choi HG, Choi YH, Kim JH, Kim HH, Kim SH, Kim JA, Lee SM, Na M, Lee SH. 2014. A new neolignan and lignans from the stems of Lindera obtusiloba Blume and their anti-allergic inflammatory effects. Arch Pharm Res 37:467–72.
44. Choi R, Kim BH, Naowaboot J, Lee MY, Hyun MR, Cho EJ, Lee ES, Lee EY, Yang YC, Chung CH. 2011. Effects of ferulic acid on diabetic nephropathy in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Exp Mol Med 43:676–83.
45. Chu H-B, Tan N-H, Zhang Y-M. 2014. Chemical constituents from Pedicularis rex C. B. Clarke. Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforsch 62b:1465–70.
46. Cifuentes ME, Pagano PJ. 2006. Targeting reactive oxygen species in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15:179–86.
47. Cione E, Tucci P, Senatore V, Perri M, Trombino S, Iemma F, Picci N, Genchi G. 2008. Synthesized esters of ferulic acid induce release of cytochrome c from rat testes mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 40:19–26.
48. Csapi B, Hajdú Z, Zupko I, Berényi Á, Forgo P, Szabó PT, Hohmann J. 2010. Bioactivity-guided isolation of antiproliferative compounds from Centaurea arenaria. Phyther Res 24:1664–9.
49. Cui L, Zhang Y, Cao H, Wang Y, Teng T, Ma G, Li Y, Li K, Zhang Y. 2013. Ferulic acid inhibits the transition of amyloid-β42 monomers to oligomers but accelerates the transition from oligomers to fibrils. J Alzheimers Dis 37:19–28.
50. Cutillo F, D'Abrosca B, DellaGreca M, Di Marino C, Golino A, Previtera L, Zarrelli A. 2003. Cinnamic acid amides from Chenopodium album: effects on seeds germination and plant growth. Phytochemistry 64:1381–7.
51. D'Abrosca B, Fiorentino A, Pacifico S, Cefarelli G, Uzzo P, Letizia M, Monaco P. 2007. Natural feruloyl monoglyceride macrocycles as protecting factors against free-radical damage of lipidic membranes. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 17:4135–9.
52. D'Abrosca B, Fiorentino A, Ricci A, Scognamiglio M, Pacifico S, Piccolella S, Monaco P. 2010. Structural characterization and radical scavenging activity of monomeric and dimeric cinnamoyl glucose esters from Petrorhagia velutina leaves. Phytochem Lett 3:38–44.
53. Daglia M. 2012. Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 23:174–81.
54. Dai J, Mumper RJ. 2010. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 15:7313–52.
55. Dai LM, Zhao CC, Jin HZ, Tang J, Shen YH, Li HL, Peng CY, Zhang WD. 2008. A new ferulic acid ester and other constituents from Dracocephalum peregrinum. Arch Pharm Res 31:1325–9.
56. Dall'Acqua S, Innocenti G. 2004. Antioxidant compounds from Chaerophyllum hirsutum extracts. Fitoterapia 75:592–5.
57. Datta BK, Datta SK, Rashid MA, Nash RJ, Sarker SD. 2000. A sesquiterpene acid and flavonoids from Polygonum viscosum. Phytochemistry 54:201–5.
58. Datta BK, Datta SK, Khan TH, Kundu JK, Rashid MA, Nahar L, Sarker SD. 2004. Anti-cholinergic, cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities of sesquiterpenes and a flavonoid glycoside from the aerial parts of Polygonum viscosum. Pharm Biol 42:18–23.
59. David J, Barreiros A, David J. 2004. Antioxidant phenylpropanoid esters of triterpenes from Dioclea lasiophylla. Pharm Biol 42:36–8.
60. De Tommasi N, Aquino R, De Simone F, Pizza C. 1992. Plant metabolites. New sesquiterpene and ionone glycosides from Eriobotrya japonica. J Nat Prod 55:1025–32.
61. Dewick PM. 2009. The mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways: terpenoids and steroids. In: Medicinal natural products—a biosynthetic approach. 3rd ed. Chicheste: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p 187–306.
62. Dobberstein D, Bunzel M. 2010. Identification of ferulate oligomers from corn stover. J Sci Food Agric 90:1802–10.
63. Dobhal MP, Hasan AM, Sharma MC, Joshi BC. 1999. Ferulic acid esters from Plumeria bicolor. Phytochemistry 51:319–21.
64. Doss HM, Dey C, Sudandiradoss C, Rasool MK. 2016. Targeting inflammatory mediators with ferulic acid, a dietary polyphenol, for the suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in rats. Life Sci 148:201–10.
65. Du Q, Xu Y, Li L, Zhao Y, Jerz G, Winterhalter P. 2006. Antioxidant constituents in the fruits of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. J Agric Food Chem 54:4186–90.
66. Edeas M, Khalfoun Y, Lazizi Y, Vergnes L, Labidalle S, Postaire E, Lindenbaum A. 1995. Effect of the liposolubility of free radical scavengers on the production of antigen P24 from a HIV infected monocytic cell line. Comptes Rendus des Seances la Soc Biol des ses Fil 189:367–73.
67. El-Gamal A., Takeya K, Itokawa H, Halim AF, Amer MM, Saad H-EA, Awad SA. 1994. Studies on the chemical constituents of Atraphaxis spinosa L. var. sinaica BOISS. Nat Med 48:304–6.
68. El-Seedi HR. 2007. New long-chained feruloyl ester from the bark of Cedrelinga catenaeformis. Chem Nat Compd 43:256–8.
69. Engström K. 1998. Post-infectional metabolites from infected potato tubers. Phytochemistry 49:1585–7.
70. Fabra MJ, Hambleton A, Talens P, Debeaufort F, Chiralt A. 2011. Effect of ferulic acid and α-tocopherol antioxidants on properties of sodium caseinate edible films. Food Hydrocolloid 25:1441–7.
71. Faiella L, Piaz FD, Bader A, Braca A. 2014. Diterpenes and phenolic compounds from Sideritis pullulans. Phytochemistry 106:164–70.
72. Fan H, Yang GZ, Zheng T, Mei ZN, Liu XM, Chen Y, Chen S. 2010. Chemical constituents with free-radical-scavenging activities from the stem of Microcos paniculata. Molecules 15:5547–60.
73. Fan L, Wang Y, Liang N, Huang XJ, Fan CL, Wu ZL, He ZD, Li YL, Ye WC. 2015. Quinic acid derivatives and coumarin glycoside from the roots and stems of Erycibe obtusifolia. Phytochem Lett 14:185–9.
74. Fang J-J, Ye G, Chen W-L, Zhao W-M. 2008. Antibacterial phenolic components from Eriocaulon buergerianum. Phytochemistry 69:1279–86.
75. Fang R, Veitch NC, Kite GC, Porter EA, Simmonds, Monique SJ. 2013. Enhanced profiling of flavonol glycosides in the fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). J Agric Food Chem 61:3868–75.
76. Fenton TW, Mueller MM, Clandinin DR. 1978. Isomerization of some cinnamic acid derivatives. J Chromatogr 152:517–22.
77. Fetoni AR, Mancuso C, Eramo SLM, Ralli M, Piacentini R, Barone E, Paludetti G, Troiani D. 2010. In vivo protective effect of ferulic acid against noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea-pig. Neuroscience 169:1575–88.
78. Forino M, Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Ciminiello P. 2016. NMR-based identification of the phenolic profile of fruits of Lycium barbarum (goji berries). Isolation and structural determination of a novel N-feruloyl tyramine dimer as the most abundant antioxidant polyphenol of goji berries. Food Chem 194:1254–9.
79. Fresco P, Borges F, Diniz C, Marques MPM. 2006. New insights on the anticancer properties of dietary polyphenols. Med Res Rev 26:747–66.
80. Fridovich I. 1989. Superoxide dismutases. An adaptation to a paramagnetic gas. J Biol Chem 264:7761–76.
81. Fu J, Zuo L, Yang J, Chen R, Zhang D. 2008. Oligosaccharide polyester and triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Polygala japonica. Phytochemistry 69:1617–24.
82. Funk C, Ralph J, Steinhart H, Bunzel M. 2005. Isolation and structural characterisation of 8-O-4/8-O-4- and 8-8/8-O-4-coupled dehydrotriferulic acids from maize bran. Phytochemistry 66:363–71.
83. Gafner S, Wolfender J-L, Nianga M, Hostettmann K. 1997. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Newbouldia laevis roots. Phytochemistry 44:687–90.
84. Gao K, Ma D, Cheng Y, Tian X, Lu Y, Du X, Tang H, Chen J. 2015. Three new dimers and two monomers of phenolic amides from the fruits of Lycium barbarum and their antioxidant activities. J Agric Food Chem 63:1067–75.
85. Ge F, Tang C-P, Ye Y. 2008. Lignanamides and sesquiterpenoids from stems of Mitrephora thorelii. Helv Chim Acta 91:1023–30.
86. Giusti MM, Ghanadan H, Wrolstad RE. 1998. Elucidation of the structure and conformation of red radish (Raphanus sativus) anthocyanins using one-and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. J Agric Food Chem 46:4858–63.
87. Glassgen WE, Metzger JW, Heuer S, Strack D. 1993. Betacyanins from fruits of Basella rubra. Phytochemistry 33:1525–7.
88. Glässgen WE, Wray V, Strack D, Metzger JW, Seitz HU. 1992. Anthocyanins from cell suspension cultures of Daucus carota. Phytochemistry 31:1593–1601.
89. Gonzalez E, Fougerousse A, Brouillard R. 2001. Two diacylated malvidin glycosides from Petunia hybrida flowers. Phytochemistry 58:1257–62.
90. Gormann R, Kaloga M, Ferreira D, Marais JPJ, Kolodziej H. 2006. Newbouldiosides A-C, phenylethanoid glycosides from the stem bark of Newbouldia laevis. Phytochemistry 67:805–11.
91. Gossan DPA, Alabdul Magid A, Yao-Kouassi PA, Coffy AA, Harakat D, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko L. 2015. New acylated flavonol glycosides from the aerial parts of Gouania longipetala. Phytochem Lett 11:306–10.
92. Gousiadou C, Kokubun T, Gotfredsen CH, Jensen SR. 2015. Further iridoid glucosides in the genus Manulea (Scrophulariaceae). Phytochemistry 109:43–8.
93. Graf E. 1992. Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 13:435–48.
94. Guo Q, Zeng K, Gao X, Zhu Z, Zhang S, Chai X, Tu P. 2015. Chemical constituents with NO production inhibitory and cytotoxic activities from Litsea cubeba. J Nat Med 69:94–9.
95. Hamerski L, Bomm MD, Silva DHS, Young MCM, Furlan M, Eberlin MN, Castro-Gamboa I, Cavalheiro AJ, Da Silva Bolzani V. 2005. Phenylpropanoid glucosides from leaves of Coussarea hydrangeifolia (Rubiaceae). Phytochemistry 66:1927–32.
96. Han SH, Suh WS, Park KJ, Kim KH, Lee KR. 2015a. Two new phenylpropane glycosides from Allium tuberosum Rottler. Arch Pharm Res 38:1312–6.
97. Han XH, Lee C, Lee JW, Jin Q, Jang H, Lee HJ, Lee D, Lee SJ, Hong JT, Lee MK, Hwang BY. 2015b. Two new iridoids from the stem of Catalpa ovata. Helv Chim Acta 98:381–5.
98. Harris V, Ford CM, Jiranek V, Grbin PR. 2008. Dekkera and Brettanomyces growth and utilization of hydroxycinnamic acids in synthetic media. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 78:997–1006.
99. Hartley RD. 1973. Carbohydrate esters of ferulic acid as components of cell-walls of Lolium multiflorum. Phytochemistry 12:661–5.
100. Hashimoto K, Katsuhara T, Nitsu K, Ikeya Y, Okada M, Mitsuhashi H. 1992. Two glycosides from roots of Asiasarum sieboldi. Phytochemistry 31:2477–80.
101. Hatano T, Takagi M, Ito H, Yoshida T. 1998. Acylated flavonoid glycosides and accompanying phenolics from Licorice. Phytochemistry 47:287–93.
102. Hatfield RD, Marita JM. 2010. Enzymatic processes involved in the incorporation of hydroxycinnamates into grass cell walls. Phytochem Rev 9:35–45.
103. He S, Liu F, Xu L, Yin P, Li D, Mei C, Jiang L, Ma Y, Xu J. 2016. Protective effects of ferulic acid against heat stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 11:1–15.
104. Helfrich E, Rimpler H. 1999. Iridoid glycosides and phenolic glycosides from Holmskioldia sanguinea. Phytochemistry 50:619–27.
105. Heuer S, Wray V, Metzger JW, Strack D. 1992. Betacyanins from flowers of Gomphrena globosa. Phytochemistry 31:1801–7.
106. Hirabayashi T, Ochiai H, Sakai S, Nakajima K, Terasawa K. 1995. Inhibitory effect of ferulic acid and isoferulic acid on murine interleukin-8 production in response to influenzavirus infections in vitro and in vivo. Planta Med 61:221–6.
107. Hlasiwetz H, Barth L. 1866. Mittheilungen aus dem chemischen Laboratorium in Innsbruck IUeber einige Harze [Zersetzungsproducte derselben durch schmelzendes Kali]. Eur J Org Chem 138:61–76.
108. Holzapfel CW, Wessels PL, Van Wyk B-E, Marais W, Portwig M. 1997. Chromone and aloin derivatives from Aloe Broomii, A. africana and A. speciosa. Phytochemistry 45:97–102.
109. Holzbach JC, Lopes LMX. 2010. Aristolactams and alkamides of Aristolochia gigantea. Molecules 15:9462–72.
110. Honda T, Tatsuzawa F, Kobayashi N, Kasai H, Nagumo S, Shigihara A, Saito N. 2005. Acylated anthocyanins from the violet-blue flowers of Orychophragonus violaceus. Phytochemistry 66:1844–51.
111. Horio T, Yoshida K, Kikuchi H, Kawabata J, Mizutani J. 1993. A Phenolic amide from roots of Chenopodium album. Phytochemistry 33:807–8.
112. Hosny M, Rosazza JPN. 1998. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod 61:734–42.
113. Hosny M, Zheng M-S, Zhang H, Chang H-W, Woo M-H, Son J-K, Lee SK-S. 2014. (−)-Catechin glycosides from Ulmus davidiana. Arch Pharm Res 37:698–705.
114. Hosoda A, Ozaki Y, Kashiwada A, Mutoh M, Wakabayashi K, Mizuno K, Nomura E, Taniguchi H. 2002. Syntheses of ferulic acid derivatives and their suppressive effects on cyclooxygenase-2 promoter activity. Bioorg Med Chem 10:1189–96.
115. Hosokawa K, Fukunaga Y, Fukushi E, Kawabata J. 1995. Five acylated pelargonidin glucosides in the red flowers of Hyacinthus orientalis. Phytochemistry 40:567–71.
116. Hou C-C, Lin S-J, Cheng J-T, Hsu F-L. 2002. Bacopaside III, bacopasaponin G, and bacopasides A, B, and C from Bacopa monniera. J Nat Prod 65:1759–63.
117. Hsiao J-J, Chiang H-C. 1995. Lignans from the wood of Aralia bipinnata. Phytochemistry 39:899–902.
118. Hu H-B, Zheng X-D, Hu H-S, Li Y. 2009. Acylated stilbene glucosides and further constituents from Acanthopanax brachypus. Helv Chim Acta 92:546–54.
119. Hu L, Chen N-N, Hu Q, Yang C, Yang Q-S, Wang F-F. 2014. An unusual piceatannol dimer from Rheum austral D. Don with antioxidant activity. Molecules 19:11453–64.
120. Hu L, Wang FF, Wang XH, Yang QS, Xiong Y, Liu WX. 2015. Phytoconstituents from the leaves of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. C. Chen. Biochem Syst Ecol 63:1–5.
121. Huang D, Boxin OU, Prior RL. 2005. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem 53:1841–56.
122. Huang H, Sun HD, Wang MS, Zhao SX. 1996. Phenolic compounds of Isodon oresbius. J Nat Prod 59:1079–80.
123. Huang M, Smart RC, Wong C, Huang M, Smart RC, Wong C, Conney AH. 1988. Inhibitory effect of curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Res 48:5941–6.
124. Huang S-X, Liao X, Nie Q-J, Ding L-S, Peng S-L. 2004. Phenyl and phenylethyl glycosides from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Helv Chim Acta 87:598–604.
125. Ida Y, Satoh Y, Ohtsuka M, Nagasao M, Shoji J. 1994. Phenolic constituents of Phellodendron amurense bark. Phytochemistry 35:209–15.
126. Indap MA, Radhika S, Motiwale L, Rao K. 2006. Anticancer activity of phenolic antioxidants against breast cancer cells and a spontaneous mammary tumor. Indian J Pharm Sci 68:470–4.
127. Iqbal K, Nawaz SA, Malik A, Riaz N, Mukhtar N, Mohammad P, Choudhary MI. 2005. Isolation and lipoxygenase-inhibition studies of phenolic constituents from Ehretia obtusifolia. Chem Biodivers 2:104–11.
128. Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Nakata C, Saito Y, Oikawa S, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Iseki K. 2009. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of ferulic acid: a comparative study with other natural oxidation inhibitors. Food Chem 114:466–71.
129. Ito N, Nihei T, Kakuda R, Yaoita Y, Kikuchi M. 2006. Five new phenylethanoid glycosides from the whole plants of Lamium purpureum L. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 54:1705–8.
130. Itoh A, Tanahashi T, Nagakura N. 1992. 6’-O-feruloyl- and 6’-O-sinapoyl-demethylalangisides, tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene glucosides from Alangium platanifolium. Phytochemistry 31:1037–40.
131. Itoh A, Tanahashi T, Nagakura N. 1996. Acylated tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene glucosides from Alangium lamarckii. Phytochemistry 41:651–6.
132. Itoh A, Kumashiro T, Tanahashi T, Nagakura N, Nishi T. 2002. Flavonoid glycosides from Rhazya orientalis. J Nat Prod 65:352–7.
133. Ivanova AV, Gerasimova EL, Brainina K. 2015. Potentiometric study of antioxidant activity: development and prospects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 45:311–22.
134. Jaiswal R, Kuhnert N. 2014. Identification and characterization of the phenolic glycosides of Lagenaria siceraria stand. (bottle gourd) fruit by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 62:1261–71.
135. Jang DS, Cuendet M, Fong HHS, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD. 2004. Constituents of Asparagus officinalis evaluated for inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase-2. J Agric Food Chem 52:2218–22.
136. Janicke B, Hegardt C, Krogh M, Onning G, Akesson B, Cirenajwis HM, Oredsson SM. 2011. The antiproliferative effect of dietary fiber phenolic compounds ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid on the cell cycle of Caco-2 cells. Nutr Cancer 63:611–22.
137. Jayaprakasam B, Vanisree M, Zhang Y, Dewitt DL, Nair MG. 2006. Impact of alkyl esters of caffeic and ferulic acids on tumor cell proliferation, cyclooxygenase enzyme, and lipid peroxidation. J Agric Food Chem 54:5375–81.
138. Jeong YC, Jae HM, Keun HP. 2000. Isolation and identification of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid from hot water extracts of Hovenia dulcis Thumb and confirmation of their antioxidative and antimicrobial activity. Korean J Food Sci Technol 32:1403–8.
139. Jia Q, Hong MF, Minter D. 1999. Pikuroside: a novel iridoid from Picrorhiza kurroa. J Nat Prod 62:901–3.
140. Jia Z-J, Liu Z-M. 1992. Phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides from Pedicularis longiflora. Phytochemistry 31:3125–7.
141. Jiang J, Li Y, Feng Z, Yang Y, Zhang P. 2015. Glucaric acids from Leonurus japonicus. Fitoterapia 107:85–9.
142. Jing W, Jiang C, Ji F, Hua H, Li Z. 2013. Chemical constituents from the stem barks of Garcinia multiflora. J Asian Nat Prod Res 15:1152–7.
143. Jung EH, Kim SR, Hwang IK, Ha TY. 2007. Hypoglycemic effects of a phenolic acid fraction of rice bran and ferulic acid in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. J Agric Food Chem 55:9800–4.
144. Kadoma Y, Fujisawa S. 2008. A comparative study of the radical-scavenging activity of the phenolcarboxylic acids caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid, with or without 2-mercaptoethanol, a thiol, using the induction period method. Molecules 13:2488–99.
145. Kamel MS. 2003a. Acylated phenolic glycosides from Solenostemma argel. Phytochemistry 62:1247–50.
146. Kamel MS. 2003b. Flavone C-glycosides from Lupinus hartwegii. Phytochemistry 63:449–52.
147. Kamel MS, Mohamed KM, Hassanean HA, Ohtani K, Kasai R, Yamasaki K. 2001. Acylated flavonoid glycosides from Bassia muricata. Phytochemistry 57:1259–62.
148. Kampa M, Alexaki V-I, Notas G, Nifli A-P, Nistikaki A, Hatzoglou A, Bakogeorgou E, Kouimtzoglou E, Blekas G, Boskou D, Gravanis A, Castanas E. 2004. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of selective phenolic acids on T47D human breast cancer cells: potential mechanisms of action. Breast Cancer Res 6:R63–74.
149. Kampa M, Nifli AP, Notas G, Castanas E. 2007. Polyphenols and cancer cell growth. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 159:79–113.
150. Kanski J, Aksenova M, Stoyanova A, Butterfield DA. 2002. Ferulic acid antioxidant protection against hydroxyl and peroxyl radical oxidation in synaptosomal and neuronal cell culture systems in vitro: structure-activity studies. J Nutr Biochem 13:273–81.
151. Karim A, Fatima I, Hussain S, Malik A. 2011. Dimorphamides A-C, new polyphenolic amides from Atriplex dimorphostagia. Helv Chim Acta 94:528–33.
152. Kashou AH, Agarwal A. 2011. Oxidants and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS. Open Reprod Sci J 3:154–61.
153. Kehrer JP. 1993. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit Rev Toxicol 23:21–48.
154. Kernan MR, Amarquaye A, Chen JL, Chan J, Sesin DF, Parkinson N, Ye ZJ, Barrett M, Bales C, Stoddart CA, Sloan B, Blanc P, Limbach C, Mrisho S, Rozhon EJ. 1998. Antiviral phenylpropanoid glycosides from the medicinal plant Markhamia lutea. J Nat Prod 61:564–70.
155. Khoddami A, Wilkes MA, Roberts TH. 2013. Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules 18:2328–75.
156. Khosravi Dehaghi N, Lai D, Amanzadeh Y, Sadat-Ebrahimi SS, Proksch P. 2012. A new putrescine bisamide phenolic glycoside from the seeds of Lallemantia iberica (M. Bieb.) Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Phytochem Lett 5:643–5.
157. Kikuzaki H, Hisamoto M, Hirose K, Akiyama K, Taniguchi H. 2002. Antioxidant properties of ferulic acid and its related compounds. J Agric Food Chem 50:2161–8.
158. Kim EO, Min KJ, Kwon TK, Um BH, Moreau RA, Choi SW. 2012. Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives isolated from corn bran in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 50:1309–16.
159. Kim JS, Kwon YS, Sa YJ, Kim MJ. 2011. Isolation and identification of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) phenolics with antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. J Agric Food Chem 59:138–44.
160. Kim W Il, Zhao BT, Zhang HY, Lee JH, Son JK, Woo MH. 2014. Quantitative and pattern recognition analyses of magnoflorine, spinosin, 6’’’-feruloyl spinosin and jujuboside a by HPLC in Zizyphi semen. Arch Pharm Res 37:1139–47.
161. Kim Y, Jang DS, Park SH, Yun J, Min BK, Min KR, Lee HK. 2000. Flavonol glycoside gallate and ferulate esters from Persicaria lapathifolia as inhibitors of superoxide production in human monocytes stimulated by unopsonized zymosan. Planta Med 66:72–4.
162. Kim Y, Park EJ, Kim J, Kim YB, Kim SR, Kim YC. 2001. Neuroprotective constituents from Hedyotis diffusa. J Nat Prod 64:75–8.
163. Kim Y, Han MS, Lee JS, Kim J, Kim YC. 2003. Inhibitory phenolic amides on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells from Beta vulgaris var. cicla seeds. Phyther Res 17:983–5.
164. King RR, Calhoun LA. 2010. A feruloyltyramine trimer isolated from potato common scab lesions. Phytochemistry 71:2187–9.
165. Kirmizibekmez H, Çaliş I, Piacente S, Pizza C. 2004. Iridoid and phenylethyl glycosides from Globularia sintenisii. Helv Chim Acta 87:1172–9.
166. Kirmizibekmez H, Bassarello C, Piacente S, Çaliş I. 2008. Phenylethyl glycosides from Globularia alypum growing in Turkey. Helv Chim Acta 91:1525–32.
167. Kirmizibekmez H, Celep E, Masullo M, Bassarello C, Yeşilada E, Piacente S. 2009. Phenylethyl glycosides from Digitalis lanata. Helv Chim Acta 92:1845–52.
168. Kite GC, Rowe ER, Lewis GP, Veitch NC. 2011. Acylated flavonol tri- and tetraglycosides in the flavonoid metabolome of Cladrastis kentukea (Leguminosae). Phytochemistry 72:372–84.
169. Kobayashi J, Sekiguchi M, Shigemori H, Ohsaki A. 2000. Echinophyllins C-F, new nitrogen-containing clerodane diterpenoids from Echinodorus macrophyllus. Tethrahedron Lett 41:2939–43.
170. Kong WX, Yuan Z. 2008. New lignan glycosides from Glehnia littoralis. Chinese Chem Lett 19:1459–61.
171. Kostadinova EP, Alipieva KI, Kokubun T, Taskova RM, Handjieva NV. 2007. Phenylethanoids, iridoids and a spirostanol saponin from Veronica turrilliana. Phytochemistry 68:1321–6.
172. Kowalska I, Stochmal A, Kapusta I, Janda B, Pizza C, Piacente S, Oleszek W. 2007. Triterpene saponins from barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) aerial parts. J Agric Food Chem 55:2645–52.
173. Kozarski M, Klaus A, Nikšić M, Vrvić MM, Todorović N, Jakovljević D, Van Griensven LJLD. 2012. Antioxidative activities and chemical characterization of polysaccharide extracts from the widely used mushrooms Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Trametes versicolor. J Food Compos Anal 26:144–53.
174. Kumar N, Pruthi V. 2014. Potential applications of ferulic acid from natural sources. Biotechnol Rep 4:86-93.
175. Kumarasamy Y, Middleton M, Reid RG, Nahar L, Sarker SD. 2003. Biological activity of serotonin conjugates from the seeds of Centaurea nigra. Fitoterapia 74:609–12.
176. Kuo H-T, Peng C-F, Huang H-Y, Lin C-H, Chen I-S, Tsai I-L. 2011. Chemical constituents and antitubercular activity of Formosan Pisonia umbellifera. Planta Med 77:736–41.
177. Kuroda M, Sakurai K, Mimaki Y. 2011. Chemical constituents of the stems and twigs of Lindera umbellata. J Nat Med 65:198–201.
178. Kwon HC, Lee KR. 2001. An acetylene and a monoterpene glycoside from Adenocaulon himalaicum. Planta Med 67:482–4.
179. Kwon HC, Choi SU, Lee JO, Bae KH, Zee OP, Lee KR. 1999. Two new lignans from Lindera obtusiloba Blume. Arch Pharm Res 22:417–22.
180. Kyu HL, Min CY, Ki HK, Hak CK, Sang UC, Kang RL. 2008. A new phenolic amide from the roots of Paris verticillata. Molecules 13:41–5.
181. Lampiasi N, Montana G. 2016. The molecular events behind ferulic acid mediated modulation of IL-6 expression in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells. Immunobiology 221:486–93.
182. Lee KY, Kim S-H, Jeong EJ, Park JH, Kim SH, Kim YC, Sung SH. 2010a. Cholestane glycosides and trihydroxy fatty acids from the rhizomes of Dioscorea septemloba. Planta Med 76:291–4.
183. Lee SY, Choi SU, Lee JH, Lee DU, Lee KR. 2010b. A new phenylpropane glycoside from the rhizome of Sparganium stoloniferum. Arch Pharm Res 33:515–21.
184. Lepore L, Malafronte N, Bedoya Condero F, Gualtieri MJ, Abdo S, Dal Piaz F, De Tommasi N. 2011. Isolation and structural characterization of glycosides from an anti-angiogenic extract of Monnina obtusifolia H.B.K. Fitoterapia 82:178–83.
185. Li HM, Hwang SH, Kang BG, Hong JS, Lim SS. 2014a. Inhibitory effects of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott constituents on aldose reductase. Molecules 19:13212–24.
186. Li JZ, Qing C, Chen CX, Hao XJ, Liu HY. 2009. Cytotoxicity of cardenolides and cardenolide glycosides from Asclepias curassavica. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 19:1956–9.
187. Li Q, Gao W, Cao J, Bi X, Chen G, Zhang X, Xia X, Zhao Y. 2014b. New cytotoxic compounds from flowers of Lawsonia inermis L. Fitoterapia 94:148–54.
188. Li R-T, Li J-T, Wang J-K, Han Q-B, Zhu Z-Y, Sun H-D. 2008. Three new flavonoid glycosides isolated from Elsholtzia bodinieri. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 56:592–4.
189. Li YM, Jiang SH, Gao WY, Zhu DY. 2000. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia ningpoensis. Phytochemistry 54:923–5.
190. Lin YL, Lu CK, Huang YJ, Chen HJ. 2011. Antioxidative caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from Hemerocallis fulva flowers. J Agric Food Chem 59:8789–95.
191. Liu H, Orjala J, Sticher O, Rali T. 1999. Acylated flavonol glycosides from leaves of Stenochlaena palustris. J Nat Prod 62:70–5.
192. Liu Y, Cai X, Li W, Luo X. 2008. Phenylpropanoid esters of rhamnose from Buddleja asiatica. Helv Chim Acta 91:1299–1304.
193. Lo HH, Chung JG. 1999. The effects of plant phenolics, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activities in human gastrointestinal microflora. Anticancer Res 19:133–9.
194. Lo YH, Lin RD, Lin YP, Liu YL, Lee MH. 2009. Active constituents from Sophora japonica exhibiting cellular tyrosinase inhibition in human epidermal melanocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 124:625–9.
195. Loo G. 2003. Redox-sensitive mechanisms of phytochemical-mediated inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. J Nutr Biochem 14:64–73.
196. Lu L, Chen J, Li Y, Qing C, Wang Y, Nian Y, Qiu M. 2012. Studies on the constituents of Cimicifuga foetida collected in Guizhou Province and their cytotoxic activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 60:571–7.
197. Luo Q, Li W, Wu L. 2012. Acylated flavonol glycosides from Sedum aizoon. Chem Nat Compd 48:23–5.
198. Ma C-Y, Liu WK, Che C-T. 2002. Lignanamides and nonalkaloidal components of Hyoscyamus niger seeds. J Nat Prod 65:206–9.
199. Ma J, Jones SH, Hecht SM. 2004. Phenolic acid amides: a new type of DNA strand scission agent from Piper caninum. Bioorganic Med Chem 12:3885–9.
200. Machida K, Ando M, Yaoita Y, Kakuda R, Kikuchi M. 2001. Phenolic compounds of the leaves of Catalpa ovata G. DON. Nat Med 55:64–7.
201. Mamdouh NS, Sugimoto S, Matsunami K, Otsuka H, Kamel MS. 2014. Taxiphyllin 6′-O-gallate, actinidioionoside 6’-O-gallate and myricetrin 2″-O-sulfate from the leaves of Syzygium samarangense and their biological activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 62:1013–8.
202. Mancuso C, Santangelo R. 2014. Ferulic acid: pharmacological and toxicological aspects. Food Chem Toxicol 65:185–95.
203. Mancuso C, Scapagnini G, Currò D, Stella AMG, Marco C De, Butterfield DA, Calabrese V. 2007. Mitochondrial dysfunction, free radical generation and cellular stress response in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Biosci 12:1107–23.
204. Mandal S, Barik B, Mallick C, De D, Ghosh D. 2008. Therapeutic effect of ferulic acid, an ethereal fraction of ethanolic extract of seed of Syzygium cumini against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male rat. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 30:121–8.
205. Markham KR, Mitchell KA, Campos M. 1997. An unusually lipophilic flavonol glycoside from Ranunculus sardous pollen. Phytochemistry 45:203–4.
206. Maruf AAl, Lip H, Wong H, O'Brien PJ. 2015. Protective effects of ferulic acid and related polyphenols against glyoxal- or methylglyoxal-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 234:96–104.
207. Mastrocola R, Restivo F, Vercellinatto I, Danni O, Brignardello E, Aragno M, Boccuzzi G. 2005. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in brain mitochondria of diabetic rats. J Endocrinol 187:37–44.
208. Mateo Anson N, van den Berg R, Havenaar R, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. 2009. Bioavailability of ferulic acid is determined by its bioaccessibility. J Cereal Sci 49:296–300.
209. Materska M, Perucka I. 2005. Antioxidant activity of the main phenolic compounds isolated from hot pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L.). J Agric Food Chem 53:1750–6.
210. Mathew S, Abraham TE. 2004. Ferulic acid: an antioxidant found naturally in plant cell walls and feruloyl esterases involved in its release and their applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 24:59–83.
211. Maurya DK, Devasagayam TPA. 2010. Antioxidant and prooxidant nature of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives ferulic and caffeic acids. Food Chem Toxicol 48:3369–73.
212. Mbark AN, Guillaume D, Cherrah Y, Wieruszeki JM, Ricart G, Charrouf Z. 1996. An acylated isorhamnetin glycoside from Herniaria fontanesii. Phytochem Anal 41:989–90.
213. McNamara CE, Perry NB, Follett JM, Parmenter GA, Douglas JA. 2004. A new glucosyl feruloyl quinic acid as a potential marker for roots and rhizomes of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis. J Nat Prod 67:1818–22.
214. Michalet S, Cartier G, David B, Mariotte AM, Dijoux-franca MG, Kaatz GW, Stavri M, Gibbons S. 2007. N-Caffeoylphenalkylamide derivatives as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 17:1755–8.
215. Mizuno M, Tanaka T, Tamura K-I, Matsuura N, Iinuma M, Phengklai C. 1990. Flavonoids in the roots of Euchresta horsfieldii in Thailand. Phytochemistry 29:2663–5.
216. Mueller-Harvey I, Hartley RD, Harris PJ, Curzon EH. 1986. Linkage of p-coumaroyl and feruloyl groups to cell-wall polysaccharides of barley straw. Carbohydr Res 148:71–85.
217. Muhammad D, Hubert J, Lalun N, Renault JH, Bobichon H, Nour M, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko L. 2015. Isolation of flavonoids and triterpenoids from the fruits of Alphitonia neocaledonica and evaluation of their anti-oxidant, antityrosinase and cytotoxic activities. Phytochem Anal 26:137–44.
218. Murata T, Selenge E, Oikawa S, Ageishi K, Batkhuu J, Sasaki K, Yoshizaki F. 2015. Cholinesterase-inhibitory diterpenoids and chemical constituents from aerial parts of Caryopteris mongolica. J Nat Med 69:471–8.
219. Nagasaka R, Chotimarkorn C, Shafiqul IM, Hori M, Ozaki H, Ushio H. 2007. Anti-inflammatory effects of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 358:615–9.
220. Naito K, Umemura Y, Mori M, Sumida T, Okada T, Takamatsu N, Okawa Y, Hayashi K, Saito N, Honda T. 1998. Acylated pelargonidin glycosides from a red potato. Phytochemistry 47:109–12.
221. Nan H, Wu J, Zhang S. 2005. A new phenylethanoid glycoside from Clerodendrum inerme. Pharmazie 60:798–9.
222. Narasimhan A, Chinnaiyan M, Karundevi B. 2015. Ferulic acid exerts its antidiabetic effect by modulating insulin-signalling molecules in the liver of high-fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 40:769–81.
223. Navickiene HMD, Lopes LMX. 2001. Alkamides and phenethyl derivatives from Aristolochia gehrtii. J Braz Chem Soc 12:467–72.
224. Nenadis N, Zhang H-Y, Tsimidou MZ. 2003. Structure–antioxidant activity relationship of ferulic acid derivatives: effect of carbon side chain characteristic groups. J Agric Food Chem 51:1874–9.
225. Nielsen JK, Olsen CE, Petersen MK. 1993. Acylated flavonol glycosides from cabbage leaves. Phytochemistry 34:539–44.
226. Nielsen JK, Norbok R, Olsen CE. 1998. Kaempferol tetraglucosides from cabbage leaves. Phytochemistry 49:2171–6.
227. Nile SH, Ko EY, Kim DH, Keum Y-S. 2016. Screening of ferulic acid related compounds as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Rev Bras Farmacogn 26:50–5.
228. Nimtz M, Bokern M, Meurer-Grimes B. 1996. Minor hydroxycinnamic acid spermidines from pollen of Quercus dentata. Phytochemistry 43:487–9.
229. Nishimura H, Sasaki H, Inagaki N, Chin M, Mitsuhashi H. 1991. Nine phenethyl alcohol glycosides from Stachys sieboldii. Phytochemistry 30:965–9.
230. Nogata Y, Sekiya K, Ohta H, Kusumoto KI, Ishizu T. 2001. Inhibitors of platelet lipoxygenase from ponkan fruit. Phytochemistry 56:729–32.
231. Norbok R, Aaboer DBF, Bleeg IS, Christensen BT, Kondo T, Brandt K. 2003. Flavone C-glycoside, phenolic acid, and nitrogen contents in leaves of barley subject to organic fertilization treatments. J Agric Food Chem 51:809–13.
232. Ochi T, Takaishi Y, Shibata H, Higuti T, Kataoka M. 2005. Chemical constituents of Capsicum annuum L var. angulosum, and anti Helicobacter pylori activity. Nat Med 59:76–84.
233. Ohnishi M, Matuo T, Tsuno T, Hosoda A, Nomura E, Taniguchi H, Sasaki H, Morishita H. 2004. Antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect of ferulic acid in STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice. BioFactors 21:315–9.
234. Ohsaki AY, Shirakawa H, Koseki T, Komai M. 2008. Novel effects of a single administration of ferulic acid on the regulation of blood pressure and the hepatic lipid metabolic profile in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem 56:2825–30.
235. Orlikova B, Legrand N, Panning J, Dicato M, Diederich M. 2014. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs from nature. In: Zappia V, Panico S, Russo GL, Budillon A, Ragione FD, editors. Advances in nutrition and cancer. New York: Springer p 123–43.
236. Otsuka H, Kubo N, Sasaki Y, Yamasaki K, Takeda Y, Seki T. 1991. Iridoid diglycoside monoacyl esters from stems of Premna japonica. Phytochemistry 30:1917–20.
237. Otsuki T, Matsufuji H, Takeda M, Toyoda M, Goda Y. 2002. Acylated anthocyanins from red radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Phytochemistry 60:79–87.
238. Ou S, Kwok K-C. 2004. Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods. J Sci Food Agric 84:1261–9.
239. Ouyang MA, Wein Y-S, Su R-K, Kuo Y-H. 2007a. Rhusemialins A—C, new cyclolignan esters from the roots of Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 55:804–7.
240. Ouyang MA, Wein Y-SS, Kuo Y-HH. 2007b. Four new lariciresinol-based lignan glycosides from the roots of Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana. Helv Chim Acta 90:1099–106.
241. Ouyang MA, Wein YS, Zhang ZK, Kuo YH. 2007c. Inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replication of pinoresinol and syringaresinol lignans and their glycosides from the root of Rhus javanica var. roxburghiana. J Agric Food Chem 55:6460–5.
242. Panwar R, Sharma AK, Kaloti M, Dutt D, Pruthi V. 2015. Characterization and anticancer potential of ferulic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against ME-180 human cervical cancer cell lines. Appl Nanosci 5:1–11.
243. Park BJ, Tomohiko M. 2011. Feruloyl, caffeoyl, and flavonol glucosides from Equisetum hyemale. Chem Nat Compd 47:363–5.
244. Perkins ND. 2007. Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-κB and IKK function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:49–62.
245. Pluemsamran T, Onkoksoong T, Panich U. 2012. Caffeic acid and ferulic acid inhibit UVA-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 through regulation of antioxidant defense system in keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Photochem Photobiol 88:961–8.
246. Prabhakar PK, Prasad R, Ali S, Doble M. 2013. Synergistic interaction of ferulic acid with commercial hypoglycemic drugs in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 20:488–94.
247. Prasad NR, Ramachandran S, Pugalendi KV, Menon VP. 2007. Ferulic acid inhibits UV-B-induced oxidative stress in human lymphocytes. Nutr Res 27:559–64.
248. Prescott TAK, Kite GC, Porter EA, Veitch NC. 2013. Highly glycosylated flavonols with an O-linked branched pentasaccharide from Iberis saxatilis (Brassicaceae). Phytochemistry 88:85–91.
249. Quideau S, Deffieux D, Douat-Casassus C, Pouységu L. 2011. Plant polyphenols: chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis. Angew Chemie - Intl Ed 50:586–621.
250. Radulović N, Stojanović G, Asakawa Y. 2006. Hydroxycinnamoyl conjugates from the roots of Achillea holosericea Sibth. et Sm. Biochem Syst Ecol 34:83–7.
251. Rahman MM, Alam AHMK, Sadik G, Islam MR, Khondkar P, Hossain MA, Rashid MA. 2007. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Achyranthes ferruginea. Fitoterapia 78:260–2.
252. Ralph J, Quideau S, Grabber JH, Hatfield RD. 1994. Identification and synthesis of new ferulic acid dehydrodimers present in grass cell walls. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1 1:3485–98.
253. Ramar M, Manikandan B, Raman T, Priyadarsini A, Palanisamy S, Velayudam M, Munusamy A, Marimuthu Prabhu N, Vaseeharan B. 2012. Protective effect of ferulic acid and resveratrol against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 690:226–35.
254. Reisch J, Achenbach SH. 1992. A furanocoumarin glucoside from stembark of Skimmia japonica. Phytochemistry 31:4376–7.
255. Ren C, Bao Y, Meng X, Diao Y, Kang T. 2013. Comparison of the protective effects of ferulic acid and its drug-containing plasma on primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Pharmacogn Mag 9:202–9.
256. Rinaldo D, Rodrigues CM, Rodrigues J, Sannomiya M, Dos Santos LC, Vilegas W. 2007. New flavone from the leaves of Neea theifera (Nyctaginaceae). J Braz Chem Soc 18:1132–5.
257. Robbins RJ. 2003. Phenolic acids in foods: an overview of analytical methodology. J Agric Food Chem 51:2866–87.
258. Roginsky V, Lissi EA. 2005. Review of methods to determine chain-breaking antioxidant activity in food. Food Chem 92:235–54.
259. Rouau X, Cheynier V, Surget A, Gloux D, Barron C, Meudec E, Louis-Montero J, Criton M. 2003. A dehydrotrimer of ferulic acid from maize bran. Phytochemistry 63:899–903.
260. Roy S, Metya SK, Sannigrahi S, Rahaman N, Ahmed F. 2013. Treatment with ferulic acid to rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes: effects on oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis in the pancreatic β cell. Endocrine 44:369–79.
261. Rudiyansyah M, Mudianta IW, Garson MJ. 2014. Isolation and absolute configuration of boehmenan from Durio affinis Becc. Rec Nat Prod 8:195–8.
262. Saavedra MJ, Borges A, Dias C, Aires A, Bennett RN, Rosa ES, Simões M. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of phenolics and glucosinolate hydrolysis products and their synergy with streptomycin against pathogenic bacteria. Med Chem (Los Angeles) 6:174–83.
263. Sadeghi M, Zolfaghari B, Senatore M, Lanzotti V. 2013. Antifungal cinnamic acid derivatives from Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum subsp. persicum). Phytochem Lett 6:360–3.
264. Saini P, Gayen P, Nayak A, Kumar D, Mukherjee N, Pal BC, Babu SPS. 2012. Effect of ferulic acid from Hibiscus mutabilis on filarial parasite Setaria cervi: molecular and biochemical approaches. Parasitol Intl 61:520–31.
265. Saito N, Tatsuzawa F, Suenaga E, Toki K, Shinoda K, Shigihara A, Honda T. 2008. Tetra-acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides from the flowers of Iberis umbellata L. (Cruciferae). Phytochemistry 69:3139–50.
266. Saito N, Tatsuzawa F, Toki K, Shinoda K, Shigihara A, Honda T. 2011. The blue anthocyanin pigments from the blue flowers of Heliophila coronopifolia L. (Brassicaceae). Phytochemistry 72:2219–29.
267. Saleem M, Kim HJ, Han CK, Jin C, Lee YS. 2006. Secondary metabolites from Opuntia ficus indica var. saboten. Phytochemistry 67:1390–4.
268. Sandstrom PA, Tebbey PW, Cleave S Van, Buttke TM. 1994. Lipid hydroperoxides induce apoptosis in T cells displaying a HIV-associated glutathione peroxidase deficiency. J Biol Chem 269:798–801.
269. Saracoglu I, Harput US, Inoue M, Ogihara Y. 2002. New phenylethanoid glycosides from Veronica pectinata var. glandulosa and their free radical scavenging activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 50:665–8.
270. Saracoglu I, Varel M, Harput US, Nagatsu A. 2004. Acylated flavonoids and phenol glycosides from Veronica thymoides subsp. pseudocinerea. Phytochemistry 65:2379–85.
271. Sattar EA, Glasl H, Nahrstedt A, Hilal SH, Zaki AY, El-Zalabani SMH. 1990. Hydroxycinnamic acid amides from Iochroma cyaneum. Phytochemistry 29:3931–3.
272. Saulnier L, Thibault JF. 1999. Ferulic acid and diferulic acids as components of sugar-beet pectins and maize bran heteroxylans. J Sci Food Agric 79:396–402.
273. Schliemann W, Joy IV RW, Komamine A, Metzger JW, Nimtz M, Wray V, Strack D. 1996. Betacyanins from plants and cell cultures of Phytolacca americana. Phytochemistry 42:1039–46.
274. Schwarz M, Wray V, Winterhalter P. 2004. Isolation and identification of novel pyranoanthocyanins from black carrot (Daucus carota L.) juice. J Agric Food Chem 52:5095–101.
275. Seo KH, Ra JE, Lee SJ, Lee JH, Kim SR, Lee JH, Seo WD. 2015. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of polyphenols isolated from barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis L.) and their role inhibiting α-glucosidase. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 58:571–9.
276. Serafim TL, Carvalho FS, Marques MPM, Calheiros R, Silva T, Garrido J, Milhazes N, Borges F, Roleira F, Silva ET, Holy J, Oliveira PJ. 2011. Lipophilic caffeic and ferulic acid derivatives presenting cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cells. Chem Res Toxicol 24:763–74.
277. Sermboonpaisarn T, Sawasdee P. 2012. Potent and selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors from Ficus foveolata. Fitoterapia 83:780–4.
278. Sgarbossa A, Giacomazza D, Di Carlo M. 2015. Ferulic acid: a hope for Alzheimer's disease therapy from plants. Nutrients 7:5764–82.
279. Shahidi F, Chandrasekara A. 2010. Hydroxycinnamates and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities. Phytochem Rev 9:147–70.
280. Shi C, Zhang X, Sun Y, Yang M, Song K, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Liu X, Jia Z, Dong R, Cui L, Xia X. 2016. Antimicrobial activity of ferulic acid against Cronobacter sakazakii and possible mechanism of action. Foodborne Pathog Dis 13:196–204.
281. Shi H, Yang H, Zhang X, Sheng Y, Huang H, Yu L. 2012. Isolation and characterization of five glycerol esters from wuhan propolis and their potential anti-inflammatory properties. J Agric Food Chem 60:10041–7.
282. Shi S, Jiang D, Dong C, Tu P. 2006. New phenolic glycosides from Clematis mandshurica. Helv Chim Acta 89:1023–9.
283. Shi Y, Yao S, Jia Z, Lin N, Zheng R. 2011. Dietary phytophenols act as scavengers of reducing radicals. Food Chem 124:1322–7.
284. Shirota O, Sekita S, Satake M. 1997. Two phenylpropanoid glycosides from Sparganium stoloniferum. Phytochemistry 44:695–8.
285. Shu YL, Fuchino H, Kawahara N, Sekita S, Satake M. 2002. New phenolic constituents from Smilax bracteata. J Nat Prod 65:262–6.
286. Silva Júnior AJ, Campos-Buzzi F de, Romanos MTV, Wagner TM, Guimarães AF, de PC, Filho VC, Batista R. 2013. Chemical composition and antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities of Gallesia gorazema (Phytolaccaceae), a potential candidate for novel anti-herpetic phytomedicines. J Ethnopharmacol 150:595–600.
287. Skaltsounis AL, Tsitsa-Tzardis E, Demetzos C, Harvala C. 1996. Unduloside, a new iridoid glycoside from Verbascum undulatum. J Nat Prod 59:673–5.
288. Slavin JL. 2003. Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms. Soc Proc Nutr 12:129–34.
289. Smith MM, Hartley RD. 1983. Occurrence and nature of ferulic acid substitution of cell-wall polysaccharides in graminaceous plants. Carbohydr Res 118:65–80.
290. Son MJ, Rico CW, Nam SH, Kang MY. 2011. Effect of oryzanol and ferulic acid on the glucose metabolism of mice fed with a high-fat diet. J Food Sci 76:H7–10.
291. Song Y, Wen L, Sun J, Bai W, Jiao R, Hu Y, Peng X, He Y, Ou S. 2016. Cytoprotective mechanism of ferulic acid against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Food Nutr Res 60:1–12.
292. Sook Yun Y, Satake M, Katsuki S, Kunugi A. 2004. Phenylpropanoid derivatives from edible canna, Canna edulis. Phytochemistry 65:2167–71.
293. Srinivasan M, Sudheer AR, Menon VP. 2007a. Ferulic acid: therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property. J Clin Biochem Nutr 40:92–100.
294. Srinivasan M, Sudheer AR, Menon VP. 2007b. Recent advances in indian herbal drug research. J Clin Biochem Nutr 40:92–100.
295. Stevenson PC, Kite GC, Lewis GP, Forest F, Nyirenda SP, Belmain SR, Sileshi GW, Veitch NC. 2012. Distinct chemotypes of Tephrosia vogelii and implications for their use in pest control and soil enrichment. Phytochemistry 78:135–46.
296. Stochmal A, Simonet AM, Macias FA, Oleszek W. 2001a. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) flavonoids. 2. Tricin and chrysoeriol glycosides from aerial parts. J Agric Food Chem 49:5310–4.
297. Stochmal A, Simonet AM, Macias FA, Oliveira MA, Abreu JM, Nash R, Oleszek W. 2001b. Acylated apigenin glycosides from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) var. Artal. Phytochemistry 57:1223–6.
298. Su D, Tang W, Hu Y, Liu Y, Yu S, Ma S, Qu J, Yu D. 2008. Lignan glycosides from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola. J Nat Prod 71:784–8.
299. Su J-F, Wang Y-Y, Han S, Zhang X-L. 2016. Soy protein isolate/poly (vinyl alcohol) films with IPN structure by crosslinkage of ferulic acid. J Res Updates Polym Sci 5:114-7.
300. Sudheer AR, Muthukumaran S, Devipriya N, Devaraj H, Menon VP. 2008. Influence of ferulic acid on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and inflammation in experimental rats as compared to N-acetylcysteine. Toxicology 243:317–29.
301. Sugiyama M, Kikuchi M. 1991. Phenolic glycosides from Osmanthus asiaticus. Phytochemistry 30:3147–9.
302. Sultana R, Ravagna A, Mohmmad-Abdul H, Calabrese V, Butterfield DA. 2005. Ferulic acid ethyl ester protects neurons against amyloid β-peptide(1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: relationship to antioxidant activity. J Neurochem 92:749–58.
303. Suzuki A, Kagawa D, Fujii A, Ochiai R, Tokimitsu I, Saito I. 2002. Short- and long-term effects of ferulic acid on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 15:351–7.
304. Tabopda TK, Mitaine-Offer AC, Miyamoto T, Tanaka C, Mirjolet JF, Duchamp O, Ngadjui BT, Lacaille-Dubois MA. 2011. Acylated triterpene saponins from Atroxima liberica STAPF. Helv Chim Acta 94:2066–76.
305. Tai Z, Zhang F, Cai L, Shi J, Cao Q, Ding Z. 2012. Flavonol glycosides of Pseudodrynaria coronans and their antioxidant activity. Chem Nat Compd 48:221–4.
306. Takahashi T, Miyazawa M. 2012. Potent α-glucosidase inhibitors from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Phyther Res 26:722–6.
307. Takahira M, Kusano A, Shibano M, Kusano G, Miyase T. 1998. Piscidic acid and fukiic acid esters from Cimicifuga simplex. Phytochemistry 49:2115–9.
308. Talaulikar VS, Manyonda IT. 2011. Vitamin C as an antioxidant supplement in women's health: a myth in need of urgent burial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 157:10–3.
309. Tasdemir D, Kaiser M, Brun R, Yardley V, Schmidt TJ, Tosun F, Rüedi P. 2006. Antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities of flavonoids and their analogues: in vitro, in vivo, structure-activity relationship, and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1352–64.
310. Taskova RM, Kokubun T, Ryan KG, Garnock-Jones PJ, Jensen SR. 2010. Phenylethanoid and iridoid glycosides in the New Zealand snow hebes (Veronica, Plantaginaceae). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 58:703–11.
311. Tatsuzawa F. 2014. Acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides from the purple-violet flowers of Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Sm) P. W. Ball. (Brassicaceae). Phytochem Lett 9:17–21.
312. Tatsuzawa F, Takahashi N, Kato K, Shinoda K, Saito N, Honda T. 2014. Acylated cyanidin glycosides from the pale-violet flowers of Ionopsidium acaule (Desf.) Rchb. (Brassicaceae). Phytochem Lett 7:69–76.
313. Terahara N, Callebaut A, Ohba R, Nagata T, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Suzuki M. 2001. Acylated anthocyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides from Ajuga reptans flowers and the corresponding cell cultures. Phytochemistry 58:493–500.
314. Tewtrakul S, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Fujiwara T, Supavita T. 2002. Flavanone and flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Thevetia peruviana and their HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 50:630–5.
315. Tian JL, Liang X, Gao P-Y, Li D-Q, Sun Q, Li L-Z, Song S-J. 2014. Two new alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea and their cytotoxic activities. J Asian Nat Prod Res 16:259–64.
316. Tian LW, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. 2010a. Phenolic compounds from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus maideni. Helv Chim Acta 93:2194–202.
317. Tian Y, Sun LM, Liu XQ, Li B, Wang Q, Dong JX. 2010b. Anti-HBV active flavone glucosides from Euphorbia humifusa Willd. Fitoterapia 81:799–802.
318. Toda S, Kumura M, Ohnishi M. 1991. Effects ofphenolcarboxylic acids on superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation induced by superoxide anion. Planta Med 57:8–10.
319. Trabelsi N, Oueslati S, Ksouri R, Nassra M, Marchal A, Krisa S, Abdelly C, Mérillon J-M, Waffo-Téguo P. 2014. The antioxidant properties of new dimer and two monomers of phenolic acid amides isolated from Limoniastrum guyonianum. Food Chem 146:466–71.
320. Trombino S, Cassano R, Ferrarelli T, Barone E, Picci N, Mancuso C. 2013. Transferulic acid-based solid lipid nanoparticles and their antioxidant effect in rat brain microsomes. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 109:273–9.
321. Tsevegsuren N, Edrada R, Lin W, Ebel R, Torre C, Ortlepp S, Wray V, Proksch P. 2007. Biologically active natural products from Mongolian medicinal plants Scorzonera divaricata and Scorzonera pseudodivaricata. J Nat Prod 70:962–7.
322. Tsou MF, Hung CF, Lu HF, Wu LT, Chang SH, Chang HL, Chen GW, Chung JG. 2000. Effects of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid on growth and arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in Shigella sonnei (group D). Microbios 101:37–46.
323. Van der Logt EMJ, Roelofs HMJ, Nagengast FM, Peters WH. 2003. Induction of rat hepatic and intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases by naturally occurring dietary anticarcinogens. Carcinogenesis 24:1651–6.
324. Walsh LJ. 2003. Mast cells and oral inflammation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 14:188–98.
325. Wang B, Ouyang J, Liu Y, Yang J, Wei L, Li K, Yang H. 2004a. Sodium ferulate inhibits atherosclerogenesis in hyperlipidemia rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 43:549–54.
326. Wang H, Sun Y, Ye W-C, Xiong F, Wu J-J, Yang C-H, Zhao S-X. 2004b. Antioxidative phenylethanoid and phenolic glycosides from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 52:615–7.
327. Wang M, Kikuzaki H, Zhu N, Sang S, Nakatani N, Ho CT. 2000. Isolation and structural elucidation of two new glycosides from sage (Salvia officinalis L.). J Agric Food Chem 48:235–8.
328. Wang T, Gong X, Jiang R, Li H, Du W, Kuang G. 2016. Ferulic acid inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis via blockage of PI3K/Akt pathway in osteosarcoma cell. Am J Transl Res 8:968–80.
329. Wang WX, Li TX, Ma H, Zhang JF, Jia AQ. 2013. Tumoral cytotoxic and antioxidative phenylpropanoid glycosides in Smilax riparia A. DC. J Ethnopharmacol 149:527–32.
330. Wanjala CCW, Majinda RRT. 2000. A new isoflavanone from the stem bark of Erythrina latissima. Fitoterapia 71:400–5.
331. Wefers D, Gmeiner BM, Tyl CE, Bunzel M. 2015. Characterization of diferuloylated pectic polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa WILLD.). Phytochemistry 116:320–8.
332. Wenk GL, McGann-Gramling K, Hauss-Wegrzyniak B, Ronchetti D, Maucci R, Rosi S, Gasparini L, Ongini E. 2004. Attenuation of chronic neuroinflammation by a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of the antioxidant ferulic acid. J Neurochem 89:484–93.
333. Wiseman H, Halliwell B. 1996. Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem J 313:17–29.
334. Woo KW, Moon E, Park SY, Kim SY, Lee KR. 2012. Flavonoid glycosides from the leaves of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum and their anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 22:7465–70.
335. Wu H, Tao X, Chen Q, Lao X. 1991. Iridoids from Hedyotis diffusa. J Nat Prod 54:254–6.
336. Wu P-L, Wu T-S, He C-X, Su C-H, Lee K-H. 2005. Constituents from the stems of Hibiscus taiwanensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 53:56–9.
337. Wu PL, Chuang TH, He CX, Wu TS. 2004. Cytotoxicity of phenylpropanoid esters from the stems of Hibiscus taiwanensis. Bioorganic Med Chem 12:2193–7.
338. Xie WD, Gao X, Shen T, Jia ZJ. 2006. Two new benzofurans and other constituents from Ligularia przewalskii. Pharmazie 61:556–8.
339. Xiong Y, Deng K-Z, Guo Y-Q, Gao W-Y, Zhang T-J. 2009. New chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Sparganium stoloniferum. Arch Pharm Res 32:717–20.
340. Xiu MW, Chun PW, Shou RZ, Qiu Y. 2008. Two new flavonol glycosides from Sarcopyramis bodinieri var. delicate. Molecules 13:1399–405.
341. Xu G-H, Kim Y-H, Chi S-W, Choo S-J, Ryoo I-J, Ahn J-S, Yoo I-D. 2010. Evaluation of human neutrophil elastase inhibitory effect of iridoid glycosides from Hedyotis diffusa. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 20:513–5.
342. Yabe T, Hirahara H, Harada N, Ito N, Nagai T, Sanagi T, Yamada H. 2010. Ferulic acid induces neural progenitor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience 165:515–24.
343. Yagi K, Ohishi N. 1979. Action of ferulic acid and its derivatives as antioxidants. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 25:127–30.
344. Yahagi T, Yamashita Y, Daikonnya A, Wu J, Kitanaka S. 2010. New feruloyl tyramine glycosides from Stephania hispidula YAMAMOTO. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 58:415–7.
345. Yan J-J, Jung J-S, Kim T-K, Hasan A, Hong C-W, Nam J-S, Song D-K. 2013. Protective effects of ferulic acid in amyloid precursor protein plus presenilin-1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Biol Pharm Bull 36:140–3.
346. Yan JJ, Cho JY, Kim HS, Kim KL, Jung JS, Huh SO, Suh HW, Kim YH, Song DK. 2001. Protection against beta-amyloid peptide toxicity in vivo with long-term administration of ferulic acid. Br J Pharmacol 133:89–96.
347. Yan L, Gao WY, Zhang Y, Wang Y. 2008. A new phenylpropanoid glycosides from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Fitoterapia 79:306–7.
348. Yang G-W, Jiang J-S, Lu W-Q. 2015. Ferulic acid exerts anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity by targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-mediated angiogenesis. Intl J Mol Sci 16:24011–31.
349. Yang L, Jiang H, Wang QH, Yang BY, Kuang HX. 2012. A new feruloyl tyramine glycoside from the roots of Achyranthes bidentata. Chin J Nat Med 10:16–9.
350. Yang Y-J, Liu X, Wu H-R, He X-F, Bi Y-R, Zhu Y, Liu Z-L. 2013. Radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of active quinic acid derivatives from Scorzonera divaricata roots. Food Chem 138:2057–63.
351. You M, Xiong J, Zhao Y, Cao L, Wu SB, Xia G, Hu JF. 2011. Glycosides from the methanol extract of Notopterygium incisum. Planta Med 77:1939–43.
352. Young HS, Kim MS, Park HJ, Chung HY, Choi JS. 1992. Phytochemical study on Catalpa ovata. Arch Pharm Res 15:322–7.
353. Yuasa K, Ide T, Otsuka H. 1993. Premnafolioside, a new phenylethanoid, and other phenolic compounds from stems of Premna corymbosa var. obtusifolia. J Nat Prod 56:1695–9.
354. Yue S, Jiao Z, Sun H, Jin T, Xiang L. 2015. A new tricyclic alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L. Helv Chim Acta 98:961–6.
355. Zhang D, Miyase T, Kuroyanagi M, Umehara K, Noguchi H. 1998. Oligosaccharide polyesters from roots of Polygala glomerata. Phytochemistry 47:45–52.
356. Zhang L-J, Huang H-T, Huang S-Y, Lin Z-H, Shen C-C, Tsai W-J, Kuo Y-H. 2015. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phenolic glycosides from Clematis tashiroi. J Nat Prod 78:1586–92.
357. Zhao G, Hui Y, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, Wood KV. 1992. Additional bioactive compounds and trilobacin, a novel highly cytotoxic acetogenin, from the bark of Asimina triloba. J Nat Prod 55:347–56.
358. Zhao Z, Moghadasian MH. 2008. Chemistry, natural sources, dietary intake and pharmacokinetic properties of ferulic acid: a review. Food Chem 109:691–702.
359. Zhongjian J, Zimin L, Changzeng W. 1992. Phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides from Pedicularis lasiophrys. Phytochemistry 31:263–6.
360. Zhongjian J, Zimin L, Changzeng W. 1997. Phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides from Pedicularis spicata. Phytochemistry 30:3745–7.
361. Zhou B-N, Bahler BD, Hofmann GA, Mattern MR, Johnson RK, Kingston DGI. 1998. Phenylethanoid glycosides from Digitalis purpurea and Penstemon linarioides with PKCα-inhibitory activity. J Nat Prod 61:1410–2.
362. Zhou K, Zhao F, Liu Z, Zhuang Y, Chen L, Qiu F. 2009. Triterpenoids and flavonoids from celery (Apium graveolens). J Nat Prod 72:1563–7.
363. Zhui Y, Jing-Ping O, Yongming L, Lei W, Shuzheng T, Hailu Y, Hanqiao Z, Xiaohong Y. 2000. Experimental study of the antiatherogenesis effect of Chinese medicine angelica and its mechanisms. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 22:305–10.
364. Zimmermann ML, Sneden AT. 1994. Vanicosides A and B, protein kinase C inhibitors from Polygonum pensylvanicum. J Nat Prod 57:236–42.