Biodegradable polymer films from seaweed polysaccharides: A review on cellulose as a reinforcement material

Express Polymer Letters

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 244-265

  Abdul Khalil, H P S ^a   Tye, Y Y ^a   Saurabh, C K ^a   Leh, C P ^a   Lai, T K ^a   Chong, E W N ^a   Nurul Fazita, M R ^a   Hafiidz, J Mohd ^a   Banerjee, A ^b   Syakir, M I ^a  

^a Universiti Sains Malaysia   (Malaysia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI   (India)

Author keywords

Biodegradable polymers; Cellulose; Composite film; Reinforcement; Seaweed

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADABILITY; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; BIOMOLECULES; BIOPOLYMERS; BLENDING; BUILDING MATERIALS; CELLULOSE; CELLULOSE FILMS; FILMS; NATURAL POLYMERS; POLYMER FILMS; REINFORCEMENT; SEAWEED;

BIO-COMPOSITES; CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE; FILM-FORMING PROPERTIES; REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS; SHELF LIFE; USEFUL PROPERTIES; WATER RESISTANCE PROPERTIES; WATER VAPOUR BARRIER;

COMPOSITE FILMS;

CELLULOSE; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; POLYMERS; REINFORCEMENT;

EID: 85011373178     PISSN: 1788618X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.26     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Shit S. C., Shah P. M.: Edible polymers: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Polymers, 2014, 427259/1– 427259/13 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/427259
2. Joye I. J., McClements D. J.: Biopolymer-based nano-particles and microparticles: Fabrication, characterization, and application. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 19, 417–427 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2014.07.002
3. Phan The D., Debeaufort F., Voilley A., Luu D.: Biopolymer interactions affect the functional properties of edible films based on agar, cassava starch and arabinoxylan blends. Journal of Food Engineering, 90, 548–558 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.07.023
4. Wang S., Marcone M. F., Barbut S., Lim L-T.: Fortification of dietary biopolymers-based packaging material with bioactive plant extracts. Food Research International, 49, 80–91 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.023
5. Venkatesan J., Anil S., Kim S-K., Shim M. S.: Seaweed polysaccharide-based nanoparticles: Preparation and applications for drug delivery. Polymers, 8, 30/1–30/25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8020030
6. Daemi H., Rajabi-Zeleti S., Sardon H., Barikani M., Khademhosseini A., Baharvand H.: A robust super-tough biodegradable elastomer engineered by supramolecular ionic interactions. Biomaterials, 84, 54–63 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.025
7. Gade R., Tulasi M. S., Bhai V. A.: Seaweeds: A novel biomaterial. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5, 40–44 (2013).
8. Sousa A. M., Alves V. D., Morais S., Delerue-Matos C., Gonçalves M. P.: Agar extraction from integrated multitrophic aquacultured Gracilaria vermiculophylla: Evaluation of a microwave-assisted process using response surface methodology. Bioresource Technology, 101, 3258–3267 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.061
9. Huq T., Salmieri S., Khan A., Khan R. A., Tien C. L., Riedl B., Fraschini C., Bouchard J., Uribe-Calderon J., Kamal M. R., Lacroix M.: Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) reinforced alginate based biodegradable nanocomposite film. Carbohydrate Polymers, 90, 1757–1763 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.065
10. Sudharsan K., Mohan C. C., Babu P. A. S., Archana G., Sabina K., Sivarajan M., Sukumar M.: Production and characterization of cellulose reinforced starch (CRT) films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 83, 385–395 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.037
11. Ghanbarzadeh B., Almasi H., Entezami A. A.: Physical properties of edible modified starch/carboxymethyl cellulose films. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 11, 697–702 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2010.06.001
12. El-Said G. F., El-Sikaily A.: Chemical composition of some seaweed from Mediterranean Sea coast, Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 6089– 6099 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-3009-y
13. Fleurence J.: Seaweed proteins: Biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 10, 25–28 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00015-1
14. García-Casal M. N., Pereira A. C., Leets I., Ramírez J., Quiroga M. F.: High iron content and bioavailability in humans from four species of marine algae. Journal of Nutrition, 137, 2691–2695 (2007).
15. Kraan S.: Algal polysaccharides, novel applications and outlook. in ‘Carbohydrates – Comprehensive studies on glycobiology and glycotechnology’ (ed.: Chang C. F.) InTech, Rijeka (2012). https://doi.org/10.5772/51572
16. th International Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology SASTech 2013. Bandar-Abbass, Iran’ 1–5 (2013).
17. Santos G. A.: A manual for the processing of agar from gracilaria. ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, Manila (1990).
18. Tavassoli-Kafrani E., Shekarchizadeh H., Masoudpour-Behabadi M.: Development of edible films and coatings from alginates and carrageenans. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137, 360–374 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.074
19. Rhim J-W.: Physical and mechanical properties of water resistant sodium alginate films. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 37, 323–330 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2003.09.008
20. Yang J-S., Xie Y-J., He W.: Research progress on chemical modification of alginate: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84, 33–39 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.048
21. Paula G. A., Benevides N. M. B., Cunha A. P., de Oliveira A. V., Pinto A. M. B., Morais J. P. S., Azeredo H. M. C.: Development and characterization of edible films from mixtures of κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan, and alginate. Food Hydrocolloids, 47, 140–145 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.01.004
22. Dhanapal A., Sasikala P., Rajamani L., Kavitha V., Yazhini G. M., Banu M. S.: Edible films from polysaccharides. Food Science and Quality Management, 3, 9–17 (2012).
23. Campo V. L., Kawano D. F., da Silva D. B., Carvalho I.: Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis – A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77, 167–180 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.020
24. Arvanitoyannis I., Biliaderis C. G.: Physical properties of polyol-plasticized edible blends made of methyl cellulose and soluble starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 38, 47–58 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00087-3
25. Kalia S., Dufresne A., Cherian B. M., Kaith B. S., Avérous L., Njuguna J., Nassiopoulos E.: Cellulose-based bio- and nanocomposites: A review. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2011, 837875/1–837875/35 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/837875
26. Ma Q., Hu D., Wang L.: Preparation and physical properties of tara gum film reinforced with cellulose nano-crystals. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 86, 606–612 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.104
27. Park H. J., Weller C. L., Vergano P. J., Testin R. F.: Permeability and mechanical properties of cellulose-based edible films. Journal of Food Science, 58, 1361–1364 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb06183.x
28. Anwar Z., Gulfraz M., Irshad M.: Agro-industrial lignocellulosic biomass a key to unlock the future bio-energy: A brief review. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7, 163–173 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.02.003
29. Ashori A., Nourbakhsh A.: Performance properties of microcrystalline cellulose as a reinforcing agent in wood plastic composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 41, 578–581 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.05.004
30. Tye Y. Y., Lee K. T., Wan Abdullah W. N., Leh C. P.: The world availability of non-wood lignocellulosic biomass for the production of cellulosic ethanol and potential pretreatments for the enhancement of enzymatic saccharification. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 155–172 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.072
31. Fink H-P., Weigel P., Purz H. J., Ganster J.: Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions. Progress in Polymer Science, 26, 1473–1524 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00025-9
32. Brinchi L., Cotana F., Fortunati E., Kenny J. M.: Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: Technology and applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 94, 154–169 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033
33. Shokri J., Adibkia K.: Application of cellulose and cellulose derivatives in pharmaceutical industries. in ‘Cellulose – Medical, pharmaceutical and electronic applications’ (eds.: van de Ven T., Godbout L.) InTech, Rijeka (2013). https://doi.org/10.5772/55178
34. Ankerfors M.: Microfibrillated cellulose: Energy-efficient preparation techniques and key properties. Licentiate Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (2012).
35. Hubbe M. A., Rojas O. J., Lucia L. A., Sain M.: Cellulosic nanocomposites: A review. Biorecources, 3, 929–980 (2008).
36. Siró I., Plackett D.: Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: A review. Cellulose, 17, 459– 494 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9405-y
37. Wu T., Farnood R., O’Kelly K., Chen B.: Mechanical behavior of transparent nanofibrillar cellulose–chitosan nanocomposite films in dry and wet conditions. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 32, 279–286 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.01.014
38. Abdul Khalil H. P. S., Saurabh C. K., Adnan A. S., Fazita M. R. N., Syakir M. I., Davoudpour Y., Rafatullah M., Abdullah C. K., Haafiz M. K. M., Dungani R.: A review on chitosan-cellulose blends and nanocellulose reinforced chitosan biocomposites: Properties and their applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 150, 216–226 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.028
39. Eichhorn S. J., Young R. J.: The Young’s modulus of a microcrystalline cellulose. Cellulose, 8, 197–207 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013181804540
40. Moon R. J., Martini A., Nairn J., Simonsen J., Young-blood J.: Cellulose nanomaterials review: Structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chemical Society Reviews, 40, 3941–3994 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CS00108B
41. Siqueira G., Bras J., Dufresne A.: Cellulosic bionano-composites: A review of preparation, properties and applications. Polymers, 2, 728–765 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym2040728
42. Ioelovich M., Leykin A.: Study of sorption properties of cellulose and its derivatives. Bioresources, 6, 178–195 (2011).
43. Criado P., Fraschini C., Salmieri S., Becher D., Safrany A., Lacroix M.: Free radical grafting of gallic acid (GA) on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCS) and evaluation of an-tioxidant reinforced gellan gum films. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 118, 61–69 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.05.030
44. Edgar K. J., Buchanan C. M., Debenham J. S., Rundquist P. A., Seiler B. D., Shelton M. C., Tindall D.: Advances in cellulose ester performance and application. Progress in Polymer Science, 26, 1605–1688 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00027-2
45. Ohkawa K., Hachisu M., Devarayan K., Araki J.: Design and synthesis of peptide-cellulose conjugate molecules; Aspects from energy/steric profiles. Fibers and Polymers, 14, 1970–1974 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-013-1970-x
46. Miller K. S., Krochta J. M.: Oxygen and aroma barrier properties of edible films: A review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 8, 228–237 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01051-0
47. Feng L., Chen Z-L.: Research progress on dissolution and functional modification of cellulose in ionic liquids. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 142, 1–5 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2008.06.007
48. Pinkert A., Marsh K. N., Pang S., Staiger M. P.: Ionic liquids and their interaction with cellulose. Chemical Reviews, 109, 6712–6728 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001947
49. Isik M., Sardon H., Mecerreyes D.: Ionic liquids and cellulose: Dissolution, chemical modification and preparation of new cellulosic materials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15, 11922–11940 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150711922
50. de Oliveira Barud H. G., da Silva R. R., da Silva Barud H., Tercjak A., Gutierrez J., Lustri W. R., de Oliveira O. B., Ribeiro S. J.: A multipurpose natural and renewable polymer in medical applications: Bacterial cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers, 153, 406–420 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.059
51. Indrarti L., Indriyati, Syampurwadi A., Pujiastuti S.: Physical and mechanical properties of modified bacterial cellulose composite films. International Symposium on Frontier of Applied Physics, 1711, 050007/1–050007/5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941633
52. Rojas-Graü M. A., Avena-Bustillos R. J., Olsen C., Friedman M., Henika P. R., Martín-Belloso O., Pan Z., McHugh T. H.: Effects of plant essential oils and oil compounds on mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of alginate–apple puree edible films. Journal of Food Engineering, 81, 634–641 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.01.007
53. Maizura M., Fazilah A., Norziah M. H., Karim A. A.: Antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of partially hydrolyzed sago starch–alginate edible film containing lemongrass oil. Journal of Food Science, 72, C324–C330 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00427.x
54. Abdollahi M., Alboofetileh M., Rezaei M., Behrooz R.: Comparing physico-mechanical and thermal properties of alginate nanocomposite films reinforced with organic and/or inorganic nanofillers. Food Hydrocolloids, 32, 416–424 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.02.006
55. Zhang Y., Ma Q., Critzer F., Davidson P. M., Zhong Q.: Physical and antibacterial properties of alginate films containing cinnamon bark oil and soybean oil. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 64, 423–430 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.05.008
56. Shankar S., Wang L-F., Rhim J-W.: Preparations and characterization of alginate/silver composite films: Effect of types of silver particles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 146, 208–216 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.026
57. Kanmani P., Rhim J-W.: Development and characterization of carrageenan/grapefruit seed extract composite films for active packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 68, 258–266 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.011
58. Shojaee-Aliabadia S., Mohammadifar M. A., Hosseini H., Mohammadi A., Ghasemlou M., Hosseini S. M., Haghshenas M., Khaksar R.: Characterization of nano-biocomposite kappa-carrageenan film with Zataria multiflora essential oil and nanoclay. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 69, 282–289 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.015
59. Rhim J-W., Wang L-F.: Preparation and characterization of carrageenan-based nanocomposite films reinforced with clay mineral and silver nanoparticles. Applied Clay Science, 97-98, 174–181 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.05.025
60. Soni A., Kandeepan G., Mendiratta S. K., Shukla V., Kumar A.: Development and characterization of essential oils incorporated carrageenan based edible film for packaging of chicken patties. Nutrition and Food Science, 46, 82–95 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-05-2015-0065
61. Shankar S., Reddy J. P., Rhim J-W., Kim H-Y.: Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitin nanofibrils reinforced carrageenan nanocomposite films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 117, 468–475 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.010
62. Fouda M. M. G., El-Aassar M. R., El Fawal G. F., Hafez E. E., Masry S. H. D., Abdel-Megeed A.: K-Car-rageenan/poly vinyl pyrollidone/polyethylene glycol/silver nanoparticles film for biomedical application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 74, 179–184 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.040
63. Ghosh S., Kaushik R., Nagalakshmi K., Hoti S. L., Menezes G. A., Harish B. N., Vasan H. N.: Antimicrobial activity of highly stable silver nanoparticles embedded in agar–agar matrix as a thin film. Carbohydrate Research, 345, 2220–2227 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2010.08.001
64. Rhim J. W., Wang L. F., Hong S. I.: Preparation and characterization of agar/silver nanoparticles composite films with antimicrobial activity. Food Hydrocolloids, 33, 327–335 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.04.002
65. Rhim J-W.: Effect of clay contents on mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of agar-based nanocomposite films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86, 691–699 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.010
66. Orsuwan A., Shankar S., Wang L-F., Sothornvit R., Rhim J-W.: Preparation of antimicrobial agar/banana powder blend films reinforced with silver nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids, 60, 476–485 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.04.017
67. 2 nanoparticles on the physico-mechanical and ultraviolet light barrier properties of fish gelatin/agar bilayer film. LWT –Food Science and Technology, 71, 88–95 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.03.011
68. Abdou E. S., Sorour M. A.: Preparation and characterization of starch/carrageenan edible films. International Food Research Journal, 21, 189–193 (2014).
69. Rhim J-W.: Physical-mechanical properties of agar/κ-carrageenan blend film and derived clay nanocomposite film. Journal of Food Science, 77, N66–N73 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02988.x
70. Jumaidin R., Sapuan S. M., Jawaid M., Ishak M. R., Sahari J.: Characteristics of thermoplastic sugar palm starch/ agar blend: Thermal, tensile, and physical properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 89, 575–581 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.028
71. Wu Y., Geng F., Chang P. R., Yu J., Ma X.: Effect of agar on the microstructure and performance of potato starch film. Carbohydrate Polymers, 76, 299–304 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.031
72. Ayranci E., Tunc S.: The effect of fatty acid content on water vapour and carbon dioxide transmissions of cellulose-based edible films. Food Chemistry, 72, 231–236 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00227-2
73. do Socorro Rocha Bastos M., da Silva Laurentino L., Canuto K. M., Mendes L. G., Martins C. M., Silva S. M. F., Furtado R. F., Kim S., Biswas A., Cheng H. N.: Physical and mechanical testing of essential oil-embedded cellulose ester films. Polymer Testing, 49, 156–161 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.11.006
74. Kester J. J., Fennema O.: An edible film of lipids and cellulose ethers: Barrier properties to moisture vapor transmission and structural evaluation. Journal of Food Science, 54, 1383–1389 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb05118.x
75. Klangmuang P., Sothornvit R.: Combination of beeswax and nanoclay on barriers, sorption isotherm and mechanical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based composite films. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 65, 222–227 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.003
76. Santos D. C., Ribeiro Santos R., Ventura L. A. F., Melo N. R., de Sá Costa B., Rojas E. E. G., Salgado N. L.: Antimicrobial activity studies and characterization of cellulose acetate films containing essential oils. Italian Journal of Food Science, 28, 248–257 (2016). https://doi.org/10.14674/1120-1770%2Fijfs.v28
77. Coma V., Sebti I., Pardon P., Pichavant F. H., Deschamps A.: Film properties from crosslinking of cellulosic derivatives with a polyfunctional carboxylic acid. Carbohydrate Polymers, 51, 265–271 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00191-1
78. Donhowe G. I., Fennema O.: The effects of plasticizers on crystallinity, permeability, and mechanical properties of methylcellulose films. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 17, 247–257 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00729.x
79. Othman S. H.: Bio-nanocomposite materials for food packaging applications: Types of biopolymer and nanosized filler. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Pro-cedia, 2, 296–303 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2014.11.042
80. Shankar S., Rhim J-W.: Preparation of nanocellulose from micro-crystalline cellulose: The effect on the performance and properties of agar-based composite films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 135, 18–26 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.082
81. Hu D., Wang H., Wang L.: Physical properties and antibacterial activity of quaternized chitosan/carboxy-methyl cellulose blend films. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 65, 398–405 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.033
82. Rico M., Rodríguez-Llamazares S., Barrala L., Bouza R., Montero B.: Processing and characterization of polyols plasticized-starch reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers, 149, 83–93 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.087
83. de Mesquita J. P., Donnici C. L., Teixeira I. F., Pereira F. V.: Bio-based nanocomposites obtained through covalent linkage between chitosan and cellulose nano -crystals. Carbohydrate Polymers, 90, 210–217 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.025
84. Miranda C. S., Ferreira M. S., Magalhães M. T., Santos W. J., Oliveira J. C., Silva J. B. A., José N. M.: Mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of starch-based films plasticized with glycerol and lignin and reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2, 63–69 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.04.009
85. Oun A. A., Rhim J-W.: Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from grain straws and their use for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 150, 187–200 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.020
86. Kaushik A., Singh M., Verma G.: Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, 337–345 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.063
87. Fernandes S. C. M., Freire C. S. R., Silvestre A. J. D., Neto C. P., Gandini A., Berglund L. A., Salmén L.: Transparent chitosan films reinforced with a high content of nanofibrillated cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers, 81, 394–401 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.037
88. Oun A. A., Rhim J-W.: Preparation and characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/cotton linter cellulose nanofibril composite films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 127, 101–109 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.073
89. Ghanbarzadeh B., Almasi H., Entezami A. A.: Improving the barrier and mechanical properties of corn starch-based edible films: Effect of citric acid and carboxy-methyl cellulose. Industrial Crops and Products, 33, 229– 235 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.016
90. Su J-F., Huang Z., Yuan X-Y., Wang X-Y., Li M.: Structure and properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/soy protein isolate blend edible films crosslinked by Maillard reactions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 145–153 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.035
91. Azeredo H. M. C., Miranda K. W. E., Rosa M. F., Nascimento D. M., de Moura M. R.: Edible films from alginate-acerola puree reinforced with cellulose whiskers. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 46, 294–297 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.09.016
92. Liu K., Lin X., Chen L., Huang L., Cao S., Wang H.: Preparation of microfibrillated cellulose/chitosan– benzalkonium chloride biocomposite for enhancing antibacterium and strength of sodium alginate films. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 6562– 6567 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4010065
93. Yadav M., Rhee K. Y., Park S. J.: Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide/carboxymethylcellu-lose/alginate composite blend films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 110, 18–25 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.037
94. Sirviö J. A., Kolehmainen A., Liimatainen H., Niin-imäki J., Hormi O. E. O.: Biocomposite cellulose-alginate films: Promising packaging materials. Food Chemistry, 151, 343–351 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.037
95. Lin Q., Zheng Y., Ren L., Wu J., Wang H., An J., Fan W.: Preparation and characteristic of a sodium alginate/carboxymethylated bacterial cellulose composite with a crosslinking semi-interpenetrating network. Journal of Applied Polymer Sciences, 131, 39848/1– 39848/9 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39848
96. Shao W., Liu H., Liu X., Wang S., Wu J., Zhang R., Min H., Huang M.: Development of silver sulfadiazine loaded bacterial cellulose/sodium alginate composite films with enhanced antibacterial property. Carbohydrate Polymers, 132, 351–358 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.057
97. Sritweesinsub W., Charuchinda S.: Alginate/carboxy-methyl cellulose hydrogel films in relation to cross -linking with glutaraldehyde and copper sulfate. in ‘MATEC Web of Conferences. France’ Vol 30, 1–4 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20153002005
98. Deepa B., Abraham E., Pothan L. A., Cordeiro N., Faria M., Thomas S.: Biodegradable nanocomposite films based on sodium alginate and cellulose nanofibrils. Materials, 9, 9010050/1–9010050/11 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9010050
99. Wang K., Nune K. C., Misra R. D. K.: The functional response of alginate-gelatin-nanocrystalline cellulose injectable hydrogels toward delivery of cells and bioactive molecules. Acta Biomaterialia, 36, 143–151 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.016
100. Savadekar N. R., Karande V. S., Vigneshwaran N., Bharimalla A. K., Mhaske S. T.: Preparation of nano cellulose fibers and its application in kappa-carrageenan based film. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 51, 1008–1013 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.014
101. Alves V. D., Costa N., Coelhoso I. M.: Barrier properties of biodegradable composite films based on kappa-carrageenan/pectin blends and mica flakes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 269–276 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.08.002
102. Domínguez-Courtney M. F., López-Malo A., Palou E., Jiménez-Munguía M. T.: Optimization of mechanical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose, carrageenan and/or xanthan gum gels as alternatives of gelatin softgels capsules. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2, 3132–3140 (2015).
103. Rudhziah S., Rani M. S. A., Ahmad A., Mohamed N. S., Kaddami H.: Potential of blend of kappa-carrageenan and cellulose derivatives for green polymer electrolyte application. Industrial Crops and Products, 72, 133–141 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.051
104. Zarina S., Ahmad I.: Biodegradable composite films based on κ-carrageenan reinforced by cellulose nano -crystal from kenaf fibres. Bioresources, 10, 256–271 (2015).
105. Liu K., Lin X., Chen L., Huang L., Cao S.: Dual-functional chitosan–methylisothiazolinone/microfibrillated cellulose biocomposites for enhancing antibacterial and mechanical properties of agar films. Cellulose, 21, 519–528 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0145-7
106. Rhim J-W., Reddy J. P., Luo X.: Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from onion skin and their utilization for the preparation of agar-based bio-nanocomposites films. Cellulose, 22, 407–420 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0517-7
107. Atef M., Rezaei M., Behrooz R.: Characterization of physical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of agar-cellulose bionanocomposite films incorporated with savory essential oil. Food Hydrocolloids, 45, 150– 157 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.09.037
108. Jiménez A., Fabra M. J., Talens P., Chiralt A.: Edible and biodegradable starch films: A review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5, 2058–2076 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0835-4
109. Siah W. M., Aminah A., Ishak A.: Edible films from seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). International Food Research Journal, 22, 2230–2236 (2015).
110. Imre B., Pukánszky B.: Compatibilization in bio-based and biodegradable polymer blends. European Polymer Journal, 49, 1215–1233 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.01.019
111. Rogovina S., Aleksanyan K., Prut E., Gorenberg A.: Biodegradable blends of cellulose with synthetic polymers and some other polysaccharides. European Polymer Journal, 49, 194–202 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.10.002
112. Sannino A., Demitri C., Madaghiele M.: Biodegradable cellulose-based hydrogels: Design and applications. Materials, 2, 353–373 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2020353
113. Leja K., Lewandowicz G.: Polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers – A review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19, 255–266 (2010).
114. Premraj R., Doble M.: Biodegradation of polymers. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 4, 186–193 (2005).
115. Jawaid M., Abdul Khalil H. P. S.: Cellulosic/synthetic fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86, 1–18 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.043
116. Tye Y. Y., Lee K. T., Wan Abdullah W. N., Leh C. P.: Potential of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok fiber) as a resource for second generation bioethanol: Effect of various simple pretreatment methods on sugar production. Bioresource Technology, 116, 536–539 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.025
117. Cowling E. B.: A review of literature on the enzymatic degradation of cellulose and wood. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison (1958).
118. Zugenmaier P.: Crystalline cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Springer, New York (2008).
119. Sharma S., Horn S. J.: Enzymatic saccharification of brown seaweed for production of fermentable sugars. Bioresource Technology, 213, 155–161 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.090
120. Chbani A., Mawlawi H., Zaouk L.: Evaluation of brown seaweed (Padina pavonica) as biostimulant of plant growth and development. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8, 1155–1165 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1346
121. McCormick K., Kautto N.: The bioeconomy in Europe: An overview. Sustainability, 5, 2589–2608 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3390/su5062589
122. Herlekar I.: Biodegradable ropes from seaweed extracts. Current Science, 108, 2140 (2015). https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v108/i12/2140-2140
123. Flieger M., Kantorová M., Prell A., Rezanka T., Votruba J.: Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources. Folia Microbiologica, 48, 27–44 (2003).
124. You C., Chen H., Myung S., Sathitsuksanoh N., Ma H., Zhang X-Z., Li J., Zhang Y-H. P.: Enzymatic transformation of nonfood biomass to starch. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 7182–7187 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302420110