Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources

Folia Microbiologica

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 27-44

  Flieger, M ^a   Kantorova M ^a   Prell, A ^a   Rezanka T ^a   Votruba, J ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF MICROBIOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLYCINE MAX;

CELLULOSE; PLASTIC; POLYESTER; POLYMER; STARCH;

BACTERIUM; BIOREMEDIATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHEMISTRY; FUNGUS; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PLANT; REVIEW; SYNTHESIS;

BACTERIA; BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CELLULOSE; FUNGI; PLANTS; PLASTICS; POLYESTERS; POLYMERS; STARCH;

EID: 0037929051     PISSN: 00155632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02931273     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. AGRAWAL C.M., RAY R.B.: Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. J.Biomed.Mater.Res. 55, 141-150 (2001).
2. ANDERSON A.J., DAWES E.A.: Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol.Rev. 54, 450-472 (1990).
3. Anonymous: Technology Foresight. Environment-Felated Issues. Report OECD, DSTI/STP/TIP (98) 110, Paris 1998.
4. Anonymous: Current Situation and Strategies of Chemical Companies on Functional Plastics. Report E21-9. Dia Research Martech, New York 2000a.
5. Anonymous: Biological Treatment of Biodegradable Waste - 1st draft. Working Document EC-DG.ENV.E3, Brussels 2000b.
6. Anonymous: Annual Report 2000. Monsanto Company, St. Louis (USA) 2000c.
7. Anonymous: On a Dextran Preparation, Produced using Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus sp., as a Novel Food Ingredient in Bakery Products. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food. Final Document EC-CS/NF/DOS/7/ADD, 3rd (final) version. Brussels 2000d.
8. AQUINO A.C.M.M., JORGE J.A., TERENZI H.F., POLIZELI M.L.T.M.: Thermostable glucose-tolerant glucoamylase produced by the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum. Folia Microbiol. 46, 11-16 (2001).
9. AUGUSTÍN J.: Glucans as modulating polysaccharides, their characteristics and isolation from microbiological sources. Biologia 53, 277-282 (1998).
10. AVEROUS L., FRINGANT C.: Association between plasticized starch and polyesters: processing and performances of injected biodegradable systems. Polym.Eng.Sci. 41, 727-734 (2001).
11. BANIK R.M., KANARI B., UPADHYAY S.N.: Exopolysaccharide of the gellan family: prospects and potential. World J.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 16, 407-414 (2000).
12. BASTIOLI C.: Properties and applications of Mater-Bi starch-based materials. Polym.Degradat.Stabil. 59 (special issue), 263-272 (1998a).
13. BASTIOLI C.: Biodegradable materials - present situation and future perspectives. Macromol.Symp. 135, 193-204 (1998b).
14. BASTIOLI C.: Global status of the production of biobased packaging materials. Starch-Starke 53, 351-355 (2001).
15. BASTIOLI C., CERUTTIA., GUANELLA I., ROMANO G.C., TOSIN M.: Physical state and biodegradation behavior of starch-polycaprolactone systeme. J.Environ.Polym.Degradat. 3, 81-95 (1995a).
16. BASTIOLI C., DEGLIINNOCENTI F., GUANELLA I., ROMANO G.: Compostable films of Mater-Bi z-grades. J.Macromol.Sci.Pure Appl.Chem. A32, 839-842 (1995b).
17. BENTLEY P.A., KROUTIL W., LITTLECHILD J.A., ROBERTS S.M.: Preparation of polyamino acid catalysts for use in Julia asymmetric epoxidation. Chirality 9, 198-202 (1997).
18. BLEDZKI A.K., REIHMANE S., GASSAN J.: Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites. J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 59, 1329-1336 (1996).
19. 14C-chitin by water column and sediment inocula of the York-river-estuary. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 60, 174-179 (1994).
20. BRESLIN V.T., SWANSON R.L.: Deterioration of starch-plastic composites in the environment. J.Air Waste Manag.Assoc. 43, 325-335 (1993).
21. BUCHANAN C.M., GARDNER R.M., KOMAREK R.J.: Aerobic biodegradation of cellulose acetate. J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 47, 1709-1719 (1993).
22. BURGESSCASSLER A., IMAM S.H., GOULD J.M.: High-molecular-weight amylase activities from bacteria degrading starch-plastic films. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 57, 612-614 (1991).
23. BYROM D.: Polymer synthesis by microorganisms - technology and economics. Trends Biotechnol. 5, 246-250 (1987).
24. CAHILL E., SCAPOLO F., DUCATEL K., MÜNKER T., AGUADO M., EDER P., LEONE F., HERNANDEZ H.: The Futures Project Technology Map. EC TECS (Report EUR 19031EN), Brussels 1999.
25. CALANDRELLI L., IMMIRZI B., MALINCONICO M., VOLPE M.G., OLIVA A., DELLA RAGIONE F.: Preparation and characterization of composites based on biodegradable polymers for "in vivo" application. Polymer 41, 8027-8033 (2000).
26. CALLUM A., HILL S.: Wood plastic composites: strategies for compatibilizing the phases. J.Inst.Wood Sci. 15, 140-146 (2000).
27. CALMON-DECRIAUD A., BELLON-MAUREL V., SILVESTRE F.: Standard methods for testing the aerobic biodegradation of polymeric materials. Review and perspectives. Adv.Polym.Sci. 135, 207-226 (1998).
28. CHAND N., TIWARY R.K., ROHATGI P.K.: Resource structure properties of natural cellulosic fibers - an annotated bibliography. J.Mater.Sci. 23, 381-387 (1988).
29. CHO S., DREHER M.L. (Eds): Handbook of Dietary Fiber. Food Science and Technology, Vol. 113. Marcel Dekker, New York 2001.
30. CHOI J.I., LEE S.Y.: Process analysis and economic evaluation for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by fermentation. Bioproc.Eng. 17, 335-342 (1997).
31. CLARKSON W.W., XIAO W.: Bench-scale anaerobic bioconversion of newsprint and office paper. Water Sci.Technol. 41, 93-100 (2000).
32. CRESCENZI V.: Microbial polysaccharides of applied interest - ongoing research activities in Europe. Biotechnol.Progr. 11, 251-259 (1995).
33. DE GRAAF R.A., JANSSEN L.: The production of a new partially biodegradable starch plastic by reactive extrusion. Polym.Eng.Sci. 40, 2086-2094 (2000).
34. DRUMRIGHT R.E., GRUBER P.R., HENTON D.E.: Polylactic acid technology. Adv.Mater. 12, 1841-1846 (2000).
35. DU G.C.C., CHEN J., YU J., LUN S.Y.: Feeding strategy of propionic acid for production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with Ralstonia eutropha. Biochem.Eng.J. 8, 103-110 (2001a).
36. DU G.C.C., CHEN J., YU J., LUN S.Y.: Continuous production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate by Ralstonia eutropha in a two-stage culture system. J.Biotechnol. 88, 59-65 (2001b).
37. DUQUESNE E., RUTOT D., DEGEE P., DUBOIS P.: Synthesis and characterization of compatibilized poly(ε-caprolactone)/granular starch composites. Macromol.Symp. 175, 33-43 (2001).
38. EDGAR K.J., BUCHANAN C.M., DEBENHAM J.S., RUNDQUIST P.A., SEILER B.D., SHELTON M.C., TINDALL D.: Advances in cellulose ester performance and application. Progr.Polym.Sci. 26, 1605-1688 (2001).
39. FELSE P.A., PANDA T.: Production of microbial chitinases - a revisit. Bioproc.Eng. 23, 127-134 (2000).
40. FINCH C.A. (Ed.): Polyvinyl Alcohol - Developments. J. Wiley, New York 1992.
41. FLACH J., PILET P.E., JOLEES P.: What's new in chitinase research? Experientia 48, 701-716 (1992).
42. FRINGANT C., RINAUDO M., GONTARD N., GUILBERT S., DERRADJI H.: A biogradable starch based coating to waterproof hydrophilic materials. Starch-Starke 50, 292-296 (1998).
43. GARTISER S., WALLRABENSTEIN M., STIENE G.: Assessment of several test methods for the determination of the anaerobic biodegradability of polymers. J.Environ.Polym.Degrad. 6, 159-173 (1998).
44. GEORGE E.R., SULLIVAN T.M., PARK E.H.: Thermoplastic starch blends with a poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) - processability and physical properties. Polym.Eng.Sci. 34, 17-23 (1994).
45. GEORGE J., SREEKALA M.S., THOMAS S.: A review on interface modification and characterization of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites. Polym.Eng.Sci. 41, 1471-1485 (2001).
46. GERNGROSS T.U., SLATER S.C.: Can biotechnology move us toward a sustainable society? Nature Biotechnol. 17, 541-544 (1999).
47. GIAVASIS I., HARVEY L.M., MCNEIL B.: Gellan gum. Crit.Rev.Biotechnol. 20, 177-211 (2000).
48. GLENN G.M., HSU J.: Compression-formed starch-based plastic. Ind.Crops Prod. 7, 37-44 (1997).
49. GLENN G.M., ORTS W.J.: Properties of starch-based foam formed by compression/explosion processing. Ind.Crops Prod. 13, 135-143 (2001).
50. 3 effects on the physical properties of foams made by a baking process. Ind.Crops Prod. 14, 201-212 (2001).
51. GOMES E., IEMBO T., DA SILVA R.: Production, characterization and properties of polysaccharide depolymerizing enzymes from a strain of Curvularia inaequalis. Folia Microbiol. 46, 303-308 (2001).
52. GOODAY G.W.: The ecology of chitin degradation. Adv.Microb.Ecol. 11, 387-430 (1990).
53. GOOSEN M.F.A. (Ed.): Applications of Chitin and Chitosan. Technomic, Lancaster 1997.
54. GOUGH J.E., CHRISTIAN P., SCOTCHFORD C.A., RUDD C.D., JONES I.A.: Synthesis, degradation, and in vitro cell responses of sodium phosphate glasses for craniofacial bone repair. J.Biomed.Mat.Res. 59, 481-489 (2002).
55. GROSS R.A., KALRA B.: Biodegradable polymers for the environment. Science 297, 803-807 (2002).
56. HANZLÍKOVÁ A., JANDERA A.: Chitinase and changes of microbial community in soil. Folia Microbiol. 38, 159-160 (1993).
57. HASHIMOTO M., IKEGAMI T., SEINO S., OHUCHI N., FUKADA H., SUGIYAMA J., SHIRAKAWA M., WATANABE T.: Expression and characterizationof the chitin-binding domain of chitinase A1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12. J.Bacteriol. 182, 3045-3054 (2000).
58. HASHIMOTO W., MOMMA K., MIKI H., MISHIMA Y., KOBAYASHI E., MIYAKE O., KAWAI S., NANKAI H., MIKAMI B., MURATA K.: Enzymatic and genetic bases on assimilation, depolymerization, and transport of heteropolysaccharides in bacteria. J.Biosci.Bioeng. 87, 123-136 (1999).
59. HATTORI K., TOMITA N., YOSHIKAWA T., TAKAKURA Y.: Prospects for bone fixation - development of new cerclage fixation techniques. Mat.Sci.Eng. 17, 27-32 (2001).
60. HEBEISH A., ELALFY E., BAYAZEED A.: Synthesis of vinyl polymer-starch composites to serve as size base materials. Starch-Starke 40, 191-196 (1988).
61. HEBEISH A., ELZAIRY M.R., ELRAFIE M.H., HIGAZY A., ELSISY F.: Poly(acrylic acid)-starch composite as a substitute for sodium alginate in printing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes. Starch-Starke 43, 98-102 (1991).
62. HEBEISH A., ELRAFIE M.H., HIGAZY A., RAMADAN M.A.: Poly(acrylic acid)-starch composites - a key for improving sizability and desizability of starch from cotton textiles. Starch-Starke 44, 101-107 (1992).
63. HEBEISH A., ELRAFIE M.H., HIGAZY A., RAMADAN M.: Synthesis, characterization and properties of polyacrylamide-starch composites. Starch-Starke 48, 175-179 (1996).
64. HEBEISH A., WALY A., ELRAFIE M.H., EL SHEIKH M.A.: Synthesis and characterization of new polymeric materials based on water soluble starch composites. Abstr.Am.Chem.Soc. 213, 32 (1997).
65. HERRMANN A.S., NICKEL J., RIEDEL U.: Construction materials based upon biologically renewable resources - from components to finished parts. Polym.Degrad.Stabil. 59, 251-261 (1998).
66. HOLAN Z., BERAN K., MILER I.: Preparation of zymosan from yeast-cell walls. Folia Microbiol. 25, 501-504 (1980).
67. HUANG M.H., SHIH Y.P., LIU S.M.: Biodegradation of polyvinyl alcohol by Phanerochaete chrysosporium after pretreatment with Fenton's reagent. J.Environ.Sci.Health 37, 29-41 (2002).
68. HUTMACHER D.W., GOH J.C., TEOH S.H.: An introduction to biodegradable materials for tissue engineering applications. Ann.Acad.Med.Singapore 30, 183-191 (2001).
69. IMAM S.H., GOULD J.M., GORDON S.H., KINNEY M.P., RAMSEY A.M., TOSTESON T.R.: Fate of starch-containing plastic films exposed in aquatic habitats. Curr.Microbiol. 25, 1-8 (1992).
70. 13C-NMR for evaluating starch degradation in injection-molded starch-plastic composites. Biotechnol.Techn. 7, 791-794 (1993).
71. ISHIAKU U.S., PANG K.W., LEE W.S., ISHAK Z.A.M.: Mechanical properties and enzymic degradation of thermoplastic and granular sago starch-filled poly(ε-caprolactone). Europ.Polym.J. 38, 393-401 (2002).
72. ITOH Y., KAWASE T., NIKAIDOU N., FUKADA H., MITSUTOMI M., WATANABE T., ITOH Y.: Functional analysis of the chitin-binding domain of a family 19 chitinase from Streptomyces griseus HUT6037: substrate-binding affinity and cis-dominant increase of antifungal function. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 66, 1084-1092 (2002).
73. JENDROSSEK D., SCHIRMER A., SCHLEGEL H.G: Biodegradation of polyhydroxy-alkanoic acids. Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 46, 451-463 (1996).
74. JENKINS D.W., HUDSON S.M.: Review of vinyl graft copolymerization featuring recent advances toward controlled radical-based reactions and illustrated with chitin/chitosan trunk polymers. Chem.Rev. 101, 3245-3273 (2001).
75. JEON Y.J., SHAHIDI F., KIM S.K.: Preparation of chitin and chitosan oligomers and their applications in physiological functional foods. Food Rev.Internat. 16, 159-176 (2000).
76. JEONG Y.I., NAH J.W., NA H.K., NA K., KIM I.S., CHO C.S., KIM S.H.: Self-assembling nanospheres of hydrophobized pullulans in water. Drug Dev.Ind.Pharm. 25, 917-927 (1999).
77. JIAN Y., YINGTAO SI B., WAN K.R., WONG C.: Kinetic modeling of inhibition and utilization of mixed volatile fatty acids in the formation of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Ralstonia eutropha. Proc.Biochem. 37, 731-738 (2002).
78. KANZAWA Y., HARADA T., KOREDA A., HARADA A.: Curdlan gel formed by neutralizing its alkaline solution. Agric.Biol.Chem. 51, 1839-1843 (1987).
79. KARINEN P., BERGELIN R.: β-Glucan-enriched alimentary fiber. US Pat. 5 183 677 (1993).
80. KARJOMAA S., SUORTTI T., LEMPIAINEN R., SELIN J.F., ITAVAARA M.: Microbial degradation of poly-(L-lactic acid) oligomers. Polym.Degrad.Stabil. 59, 333-336 (1998).
81. KARTHIKEYAN R.S., RAKSHIT S.K., BARADARAJAN A.: Optimization of batch fermentation conditions for dextran production. Bioproc.Eng. 15, 247-251 (1996).
82. KASAPIS S.: Phase separated, glassy and rubbery states of gellan gum in mixtures with food biopolymers and co-solutes. Internat.J.Food Sci.Technol. 30, 693-710 (1995).
83. KATOH T., YUGUCHI D., YOSHII H., SHI H.D., SHIMIZU K.: Dynamics and modeling on fermentative production of poly (β-hydroxybutyric acid) from sugars via lactate by a mixed culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Alcaligenes eutrophus. J.Biotechnol. 67, 113-134 (1999).
84. KAWAI F.: Breakdown of plastics and polymers by microorganisms. Adv.Biochem.Eng.Biotechnol. 52, 151-194 (1995).
85. KE T.Y., SUN X.Z.: Physical properties of poly(lactic acid) and starch composites with various blending ratios. Cereal Chem. 77, 761-768 (2000).
86. KENNEDY E.M., SUNDQUIST D.: Biopolymers: Making Materials Nature's Way. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (ISBN 0-16-042098-9), Washington (DC) 1993.
87. KIMURA T., IHARA N., ISHIDA Y., SAITO Y., SHIMIZU N.: Hydrolysis characteristics of biodegradable plastic (poly-lactic acid). J.Japan.Soc.Food Sci.Technol. 49, 598-604 (2002).
88. KOFROŇOVÁ O., PTÁČKOVÁ L., CHALOUPKA J.: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules of Bacillus megaterium. Folia Microbiol. 39, 166-167 (1994).
89. KOLAROVA N., AUGUSTÍN J.: Production of polysaccharide hydrolases in the genus Rhizopus. Folia Microbiol. 46, 223-226 (2001).
90. KOLSTAD J.J.: Crystallization kinetics of poly(L-lactide-co-meso-lactide). J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 62, 1079-1091 (1996).
91. KOPEČNÝ J., HODROVÁ B.: Chitinolytic enzymes produced by ovine rumen bacteria. Folia Microbiol. 45, 465-468 (2000).
92. KUMAR M.N.V.R.: A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React.Funct.Polym. 46, 1-27 (2000).
93. KUMAR M.N.V.R., KUMAR N., DOMB A.J., ARORA M.: Pharmaceutical polymeric controlled drug delivery systems. Adv.Polym.Sci. 160, 45-117 (2002).
94. KWON S., YOO I.K., LEE W.G., CHANG H.N., CHANG Y.K.: High-rate continuous production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a two-stage membrane cell-recycle bioreactor. Biotechnol.Bioeng. 73, 25-34 (2001).
95. LEDNICKÁ D., MERGAERT J., CNOCKAERT M.C., SWINGS J.: Isolation and identification of cellulolytic bacteria involved in the degradation of natural cellulosic fibres. Syst.Appl.Microbiol. 23, 292-299 (2000).
96. LEE S.Y.: Plastic bacteria? Progress and prospects for polyhydroxyalkanoate production in bacteria. Trends Biotechnol. 14, 431-438 (1996).
97. LEE J.H., PARK Y.H.: Optimal production of curdlan by Agrobacterium sp. with feedback inferential control of optimal pH profile. Biotechnol.Lett. 23, 525-530 (2001).
98. LENZ R.W.: JTEC Monograph on Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics in Japan, PB95-199071. National Technical Information Service of the US Department of Commerce, Sprinfield (USA) 1995.
99. LESCHINE S.B.: Cellulose degradation in anaerobic environments. Ann.Rev.Microbiol. 49, 399-426 (1995).
100. LINDBLAD M.S., LIU Y., ALBERTSON A.C., RANUCCI E., KARLSON S.: Polymers from renewable resources. Adv.Polym.Sci. 157, 139-161 (2002).
101. LODHA P., NETRAVALI A.N.: Characterization of interfacial and mechanical properties of "green" composites with soy protein isolate and ramie fiber. J.Mat.Sci. 37, 3657-3665 (2002).
102. LOPEZLLORCA L.V., VALIENTE M.F.C.: Study of biodegradation of starch-plastic films in soil using scanning electron microscopy. Micron 24, 457-463 (1993).
103. LORCKS J.: Properties and applications of compostable starch-based plastic material. Polym.Degrad.Stabil. 59 (special issue), 145-152 (1998).
104. LUNT J.: Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polym.Degradat.Stabil. 59 (special issue), 245-249 (1998).
105. MANNA B., GAMBHIR A., GHOSH P.: Production and rheological characteristics of the microbial polysaccharide gellan. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 23, 141-145 (1996).
106. MARK H.F., STAFFORD W.G. (Eds): Collected Papers of Wallace Hume Carothers on High Polymeric Substances. Interscience, New York 1940.
107. MARTIN O., SCHWACH E., AVEROUS L., COUTURIER Y.: Properties of biodegradable multilayer films based on plasticized wheat starch. Starch-Starke 53, 372-380 (2001).
108. MELZOCH K., VOTRUBA J., SCHWIPPEL J., RYCHTERA M., HÁBOVÁ V.: Lactic acid production in a continuous culture using lignocellulosic hydrolysate as a substrate. Identification of a physiological model. Folia Microbio. 41, 211-215 (1996).
109. MILADINOV V.D., HANNA M.A.: Temperatures and ethanol effects on the properties of extruded modified starch. Ind.Crops Prod. 13, 21-28 (2001).
110. MOHANTY A.K., MISRA M., HINRICHSEN G.: Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Macromol.Mater.Engin. 276, 1-24 (2000).
111. MURANO E.: Natural gelling polysaccharides: indispensable partners in bioencapsulation technology. Minerva Biotecnol. 12, 213-222 (2000).
112. MUZZARELLI R.A.A., MATTIOLI-BELMONTE M., MILIANI M., MUZZARELLI C., GABBANELLI F., BIAGINI G.: In vivo and in vitro biodegradation of oxychitin-chitosan and oxypullulan-chitosan complexes. Carbohydr.Polym. 48, 15-21 (2002).
113. MUZZARELLI R.A.A., PETER M.G. (Eds): Chitin Handbook. Atec, Grottammare (Italy) 1997.
114. NAKATA M., KAWAGUCHI T., KODAKY Y., KONO A.: Characterization of curdlan in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Polym.Sci. 39, 1475-1481 (1998).
115. NFIURA N.N., OHNO N., ADACHI Y., YADOMAE T.: Characterization of sodium hypochlorite degradation of β-glucan in relation to its metabolism in vivo. Chem.Pharm.Bull.(Japan) 44, 2137-2141 (1996).
116. NITZ H., SEMKE H., LANDERS R., MULHAUPT R.: Reactive extrusion of polycaprolactone compounds containing wood flour and lignin. J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 81, 1972-1984 (2001).
117. OKADA M.: Chemical syntheses of biodegradable polymers. Progr.Polym.Sci. 27, 87-133 (2002).
118. OSUMI M.S: The ultrastructure of yeast: cell wall structure and formation. Micron 29, 207-233 (1998).
119. OTAIGBE J.U., ADAMS D.O.: Bioabsorbable soy protein plastic composites: effect of polyphosphate fillers on water absorption and mechanical properties. J.Environ.Polym.Degrad. 5, 199-208 (1997).
120. OTAIGBE J.U., GOEL H., BABCOCK T., JANE J.: Processability and properties of biodegradable plastics made from agricultural biopolymers. J.Elastomers Plastics 31, 56-71 (1999).
121. PAETAU I., CHEN C.Z., JANE J.: Biodegradable plastic made from soybean products. Part I. Effect of preparation and processing on mechanical properties and water absorption. Ind.Eng.Chem.Res. 33, 1821-1827 (1994a).
122. PAETAU I., CHEN C.Z., JANE J.: Biodegradable plastic made from soybean products. Part II. Effect of cross-linking and incorporation of cellulose on the mechanical properties and water absorption. J.Environ.Biodegrad.Polym. 2, 211-217 (1994b).
123. PAGGA U., BEIMBORN D.B., BOELENS J., DE-WILDE B.: Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in a laboratory controlled composting test. Chemosphere 31, 4475-4487 (1995).
124. PAGGA U., SCHAFER A., MULLER R.J., PANTKE M.: Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests. Chemosphere 42, 319-331 (2001).
125. PAL S., MANNA A., PAUL A.K.: Nutritional and cultural conditions for production of poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid by Azotobacter chroococcum. Folia Microbial. 43, 177-181 (1998).
126. PARK S.K., HETTIARACHCHY N.S.: Physical and mechanical properties of soy protein-based plastic foams. J.Am.Oil Chem.Soc. 76, 1201-1205 (1999).
127. PARK H., PARK K.: Hydrogels in bioapplications, pp. 2-10 in Hydrogels and Biodegradable Polymers for Bioapplications. ACS Symp.Ser. 627 (1996).
128. PARK E.H., GEORGE E.R., FLAMMINO A.: Thermoplastic starch blends with polyvinyl alcohol - processability, physical properties, and biodegradability. Abstr.Pap.Am.Oil Chem.Soc. 206, 76 (1993).
129. PARK S.K., HETTIARACHCHY N.S., WERE L.: Degradation behavior of soy protein-wheat gluten films in simulated soil conditions. J.Agric.Food Chem. 48, 3027-3031 (2000).
130. PARSHAD J., SUNEJA S., KUKREJA K., LAKSHMINARAYANA K.: Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production by Azotobacter chroococcum. Folia Microbial. 46, 315-320 (2001).
131. POIRIER Y.: Production of new polymeric compounds in plants. Curr.Opin.Biotechnol. 10, 181-185 (1999).
132. POIRIER Y.: Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in plants as a tool for biotechnology and basic studies of lipid metabolism. Progr.Lipids Res. 41, 131-155 (2002).
133. POLLOCK T.J.: Gellan-related polysaccharides and the genus Sphingomonas. J.Gen.Microbiol. 139, 1939-1945 (1993).
134. POTTER R.C., FISHER P.A., HASH S., KIRK R., NEIDT J.D.: Method for concentrating β-glucan. US Pat. 6 323 338 (1999).
135. POUTANEN K., FORSSELL P.: Modification of starch properties with plasticizers. Trends Polym.Sci. 4, 128-132 (1996).
136. RAMAKRISHNA S., MAZER J., WINTERMANTEL E., LEONG K.W.: Biomedical application of polymer composite materials: a review. Composite Sci.Technol. 61, 1189-1224 (2001).
137. RAG M.S., MUNOZ J.H., STEVENS W.F.: Critical factors in chitin production by fermentation of shrimp biowaste. Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 54, 808-813 (2000).
138. RATHKE T.D., HUDSON S.M.: Review of chitin and chitosan as fiber and film formers. J.Macromol.Sci. C34, 375-437 (1994).
139. RHIM J.W., WELLER C.L.: Properties of formaldehyde adsorbed soy protein isolate films. Food Sci.Biotechnol. 9, 228-233 (2000).
140. RIEDEL U., NICKEL J.: Structural materials from renewable resources (biocomposites). Materialwiss.Werkstofftech. 32, 493-498 (2001).
141. ROBYT F.: Essential of Carbohydrate Chemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1998.
142. ROY S., LECLERCK P., AUGER F., SOUCY G., MORESOLI C., CÔTÉ L., POTVIN D., BEAULIEU C., BRZEZINSKI R.: A novel two-phase composting process using shrimp shells as an amendment to partly composted biomass. Compost Sci.Util. 5, 52-64 (1997).
143. SAKAI K., YAMAUCHI T., NAKASU F., OHE T.: Biodegradation of cellulose acetate by Neisseria sicca. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 60, 1617-1622 (1996).
144. SALYERS A.A., REEVES A., DELIA J.: Solving the problem of how to eat something as big as yourself: diverse bacterial strategies for degrading polysaccharides. J.Ind.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 17, 470-476 (1996).
145. SANCHEZ J.G., TSUCHII A., TOKIWA Y.: Degradation of polycaprolactone at 50°C by a thermotolerant Aspergillus sp. Biotechnol.Lett. 22, 849-853 (2000).
146. SCHLECHTER M.: Biodegradable Polymer (Report P-175). Business Communications Company, Norwalk (USA) 2001.
147. SCHREMPF H.: Recognition and degradation of chitin by streptomycetes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 79, 285-289 (2001).
148. SCHROTER E.: Nature from start to finish. Kunststoffe-Plast Europe 88, 892-893 (1998).
149. SCHWARZ W.H.: The cellulosome and cellulose degradation by anaerobic bacteria. Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 56, 634-649 (2001).
150. SEVIOUR R.J., STASINOPOULOS S.J., AUER D.P.F, GIBBS P.A.: Production of pullulan and other exopolysaccharides by filamentous fungi. Crit.Rev.Biotechnol. 12, 279-298 (1992).
151. SHEN Y.Q., SUN W.L., ZHU K.J., SHEN Z.Q.: Regulation of biodegradability and drug release behavior of aliphatic polyesters by blending. J.Biomed.Mater.Res. 50, 528-535 (2000).
152. SHIH F.F.: Edible films from rice protein concentrate and pullulan. Cereal Chem. 73, 406-409 (1996).
153. SHIMAO M.: Biodegradation of plastics. Curr.Opin.Biotechnol. 12, 242-247 (2001).
154. SHIN C.H., KIM Y.J., KIM B.S., SHIN B.Y.: Mechanical properties and biodegradability of PCL/TPS blends. Polymer-Korea 24, 48-57 (2000).
155. SHIRAISHI N., YOSHIOKA M.: Biodegradable plastics from cellulose. Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst. 353, 59-73 (2000).
156. SHOGREN R.L., LAWTON J.W., DOANE W.M., TIEFENBACHER K.F.: Structure and morphology of baked starch flaks. Polymer 39, 6649-6655 (1998).
157. SIMON J., MULLER H.P., KOCH R., MULLER V.: Thermoplastic and biodegradable polymers of celulose. Polym.Degrad.Stabil. 59, 107-115 (1998).
158. ŠIMŮNEK J., HODROVÁ B., BARTOŇOVÁ H., KOPEČNÝ J.: Chitinolytic bacteria of the mammal digestive tract. Folia Microbiol. 46, 76-78 (2001).
159. ŠIMŮNEK J., KOPEČNÝ J., HODROVÁ B., BARTOŇOVÁ H.: Identification and characterization of Clostridium paraputrificum, a chitinolytic bacterium of human digestive tract. Folia Microbiol. 47, 559-564 (2002).
160. SINGLA A.K., CHAWLA M.: Chitosan: some pharmaceutical and biological aspects - an update. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 53, 1047-1067 (2001).
161. SPENCE K.E., ALLEN A.L., WANG S., JANE J.: Soil and marine biodegradation of protein-starch plastics. Am.Chem.Soc.Symp.Ser. 627, 149-158 (1996).
162. SPICER E.J.F., GOLDENTHAL E.I., IKEDA T.: A toxicological assssment of curdlan. Food Chem.Toxicol. 37, 455-479 (1999).
163. STEINBÜCHEL A., DE BAETS S., VANDAMME E.J. (Eds): Biopolymers, Vol. 6. Polysaccharides from Eukaryote. Wiley-VCH, Berlin 2002.
164. STRUSZCZYK M.H.: Chitin and chitosan - part I. Properties and production. Polimery-W 47, 316-325 (2002a).
165. STRUSZCZYK M.H.: Chitin and chitusan - part II. Applications of chitosan. Polimery-W 47, 396-403 (2002b).
166. STRUSZCZYK M.H.: Chitin and chitosan - part III. Some aspects of biodegradation and bioactivity. Polimery-W 47, 619-629 (2002c).
167. SUCHARDOVÁ, O., VOLFOVÁ O., KRUMPHANZL V.: Degradation of cellulose by thermophilic bacteria. Folia Microbiol. 31, 1-7 (1986).
168. SUE H.J., WANG S., JANE J.L.: Morphology and mechanical behavior of engineering soy plastics. Polymer 38, 5035-5040 (1997).
169. THAKUR P.S., BORAH B., BARUAH S.D., NIGAM J.N.: Growth-associated production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate by Bacillus mycoides. Folia Microbiol. 46, 488-494 (2001).
170. TIEFENBACHER K.F.: Starch-based foamed materials - use and degradation properties. J.Macromol.Sci.Pure Appl.Chem. A30, 727-731 (1993).
171. TOHYAMA A.M., PATARINSKA T., QIANG Z., SHIMIZU K.: Modeling of the mixed culture and periodic control for PHB production. Biochem.Eng.J. 9, 1-17 (2002).
172. VARADARAJAN S., MILLER D.: Catalytic upgrading of fermentation-derived organic acids. J.Biotechnol.Progr. 15, 845-854 (1999).
173. VIKHOREVA G.A., GORBACHEVA I.N., GALBRAIKH L.S.: Synthesis and properties of water-soluble derivatives of chitin. A review. Fibre Chem. 31, 274-278 (1999).
174. VIKMAN M., ITAVAARA M., POUTANEN K.: Biodegradation of starch-based materials. J.Macromol.Sci.Pure Appl.Chem. A32, 863-866 (1995).
175. VIKMAN M., HULLEMAN S.H.D., VAN DER ZEE M., MYLLARINEN P., FEIL H.: Morphology and enzymatic degradation of thermoplastic starch-polycaprolactone blends. J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 74, 2594-2604 (1999).
176. WANG L., SHOGREN R.L., CARRIERE C.: Preparation and properties of thermoplastic starch-polyester laminate sheets by coextrusion. Polym.Eng.Sci. 40, 499-506 (2000).
177. WETERINGS R., KUIJPER J., SMELTS E.: 81 Options: Technology for Sustainable Development. Final Report EC of the Environment-Oriented Technology, Foresight Study. Apeldoorn (The Netherlands) 1997.
178. WIEDMANN W., STROBEL E.: Compounding of thermoplastic starch with twin-screw extruders. Starch-Starke 43, 138-145 (1991).
179. WITKOWSKA D., MAJ A.: Production of lytic enzymes by Trichoderma spp. and their effect on the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. Folia Microbiol. 47, 279-284 (2002).
180. WONG H.H., LEE S.Y.: Poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate) production from whey by high-density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 50, 30-33 (1998).
181. WOOL R.P., RAGHAVAN D., WAGNER G.C., BILLIEUX S.: Biodegradation dynamics of polymer-starch composites. J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 77, 1643-1657 (2000).
182. XU S.Y., CHEN X.F., SUN D.W.: Preservation of kiwi fruit coated with an edible film at ambient temperature. J.Food Eng. 50, 211-216 (2001).
183. YANG A.L., WU R.J., ZHU P.F.: Thermal analysis and miscibility of chitin/polycaprolactone blends. J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 81, 3117-3123 (2001).
184. YU J., SI Y.T.: A dynamic study and modeling of the formation of polyhydroxyalkanoates combined with treatment of high strength wastewater. Environ.Sci.Technol. 35, 3584-3588 (2001).
185. YU J., YINGTAO S.I., WAN K.R., WONG C.: Kinetics modeling of inhibition and utilization of mixed volatile fatty acids in the formation of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Ralstonia eutropha. Proc.Biochem. 37, 731-738 (2002).
186. ZASYPKIN D.V., BRAUDO E.E., TOLSTOGUZOV V.B.: Multicomponent biopolymer gels. Food Hydrocolloids 11, 159-170 (1997).
187. ZHANG Y.Q., LI J., CHEN A.M., HUANG Y.: Biodegradation of cellulose derivative-polycaprolactone blends. Cellulose Chem.Technol. 34, 51-62 (2000).
188. ZHONG Z.K., SUN X.Z.S.: Properties of soy protein isolate/polycaprolactone blends compatibilized by methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. Polymer 42, 6961-6969 (2001).