Effects of climate change on the persistence and dispersal of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the outdoor environment: A review

Critical Reviews in Microbiology

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 548-572

  Hellberg, Rosalee S ^a   Chu, Eric ^a  

^a CHAPMAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate change; food safety; foodborne pathogens; predictive models; zoonotic pathogens

Indexed keywords

RAIN;

BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM; CAMPYLOBACTER; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLOSTRIDIUM; DROUGHT; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FOOD SAFETY; HUMAN; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SALMONELLA; SEASONAL VARIATION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VIBRIO; WIND; ANIMAL; FOOD POISONING; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; THEORETICAL MODEL; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; BACTERIA; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; FOOD SAFETY; FOODBORNE DISEASES; HUMANS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84977655489     PISSN: 1040841X     EISSN: 15497828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/1040841X.2014.972335     Document Type: Review

References (255)

1. M.F.E.Ahmed, J.Schulz, J.Hartung. (2013). Air samplings in a Campylobacter jejuni positive laying hen flock. AAEM 20:16–20
2. M.Alam, S.Miyoshi, S.Shinoda. (2003). Studies on pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus during a warm weather season in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Environ Microbiol 5:706–10
3. V.M.Allen, S.A.Bull, J.E.L.Corry,. (2007). Campylobacter spp. contamination of chicken carcasses during processing in relation to flock colonisation. Int J Food Microbiol 113:54–61
4. S.F.Altekruse, L.K.Tollefson. (2003). Human campylobacteriosis: a challenge for the veterinary profession. JAVMA 223:445–52
5. S.Altizer, R.S.Ostfeld, P.T.J.Johnson,. (2013). Climate change and infectious diseases: from evidence to a predictive framework. Science (New York, NY) 341:514–19
6. C.S.Alvarado, A.Gandara, C.Flores,. (2009). Seasonal changes in airborne fungi and bacteria at a dairy cattle concentrated animal feeding operation in the Southwest United States. J Environ Health 71:40–4
7. K.M.Arrus, R.A.Holley, K.H.Ominski,. (2006). Influence of temperature on Salmonella survival in hog manure slurry and seasonal temperature profiles in farm manure storage reservoirs. Livestock Sci 102:226–36
8. B.Asadishad, S.Ghoshal, N.Tufenkji. (2013). Role of cold climate and freeze–thaw on the survival, transport, and virulence of Yersinia enterocolitica. Environ Sci Technol 47:14169–77
9. V.L.Atluri, M.N.Xavier, M.F.de Jong,. (2011). Interactions of the human pathogenic Brucella species with their hosts. Annu Rev Microbiol 65:523–41
10. G.A.Barkocy-Gallagher, T.M.Arthur, M.Rivera-Betancourt,. (2003). Seasonal prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, including O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes, and Salmonella in commercial beef processing plants. J Food Prot 66:1978–86
11. M.Bartoszewicz, B.M.Hansen, I.Swiecicka. (2008). The members of the Bacillus cereus group are commonly present contaminants of fresh and heat-treated milk. Food Microbiol 25:588–96
12. M.E.Berrang, J.K.Northcutt, J.A.Dickens. (2004). The contribution of airborne contamination to Campylobacter counts on defeathered broiler carcasses. J Appl Poultry Res 13:1–4
13. S.Bhaduri, I.V.Wesley, E.J.Bush. (2005). Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains in pigs in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7117–21
14. S.Böer, E.-A.Heinemeyer, K.Luden,. (2013). Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. at recreational beaches of the German North Sea. Microb Ecol 65:1052–67
15. A.B.A.Boxall, A.Hardy, S.Beulke,. (2009). Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture. Environ Health Persp 117:508–14
16. D.A.Brands, A.E.Inman, C.P.Gerba,. (2005). Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in oysters in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:893–7
17. L.A.Branham, M.A.Carr, C.B.Scott, T.R.Callaway. (2005). E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in white-tailed deer and livestock. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 6:25–9
18. O.Brennhovd, G.Kapperud, G.Langeland. (1992). Survey of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia spp. in three surface water sources in Norway. Int J Food Microbiol 15:327–38
19. D.M.Brichta-Harhay, M.N.Guerini, T.M.Arthur,. (2008). Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination on hides and carcasses of cull cattle presented for slaughter in the United States: an evaluation of prevalence and bacterial loads by immunomagnetic separation and direct plating methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:6289–97
20. J.P.Brooks, A.Adeli, J.J.Read, M.R.McLaughlin. (2009). Rainfall simulation in greenhouse microcosms to assess bacterial-associated runoff from land-applied poultry litter. J Environ Qual 38:218–29
21. M.Broza, H.Gancz, M.Halpern, Y.Kashi. (2005). Adult non-biting midges: possible windborne carriers of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139. Environ Microbiol 7:576–85
22. S.Brynestad, P.E.Granum. (2002). Clostridium perfringens and foodborne infections. Int J Food Microbiol 74:195–202
23. G.D.Buchan, M.Flury. (2004). Pathogen transport by water. In: B.A.Steward, T.A.Howell, eds. Encyclopedia of water science. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1–4
24. G.Caburlotto, F.Bianchi, M.Gennari,. (2012). Integrated evaluation of environmental parameters influencing Vibrio occurrence in the coastal Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) facing the Venetian Lagoon. Microb Ecol 63:20–31
25. F.Cantet, D.Hervio-Heath, A.Caro,. (2013). Quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae in French Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Res Microbiol 164:867–74
26. F.Carlin, J.Brillard, V.Broussolle,. (2010). Adaptation of Bacillus cereus, an ubiquitous worldwide-distributed foodborne pathogen, to a changing environment. Food Res Int 43:1885–1894
27. CCSP. (2008). Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate. Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Karl TR, Meehl GA, Miller CD, Hassol SJ, Waple AM, Murray WL, eds. Washington, DC, USA, Department of Commerce, NOAA's National Climatic Data Center [Online] http://downloads.globalchange.gov/sap/sap3-3/sap3-3-final-all.pdf. [last accessed 10 Oct 2014]
28. CDC. (2005a). Two cases of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 infection after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita-Louisiana, October. MMWR 55:31–32
29. CDC. (2005b). Vibrio illnesses after Hurricane Katrina-multiple states, August-September 2005. MMWR 54:928–31
30. CDC. (2008). Congressional Testimony. United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. Climate Change and Public Health. Statement of: Howard Frumkin, MD, DrPH [Online] http://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/2008/t20080409.htm. [last accessed 10 Oct 2014]
31. CDC. (2011). National Salmonella Surveillance Overview. Atlanta, Georgia [Online] http://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/PDFs/NationalSalmSurveillOverview_508.pdf. [last accessed 10 Oct 2014]
32. CDC. (2012). Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet): FoodNet Surveillance Report for 2011 (Final Report). Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
33. J.M.Cevallos-Cevallos, M.D.Danyluk, G.Gu,. (2012a). Dispersal of Salmonella Typhimurium by rain splash onto tomato plants. J Food Prot 75:472–9
34. J.M.Cevallos-Cevallos, G.Gu, M.D.Danyluk,. (2012b). Salmonella can reach tomato fruits on plants exposed to aerosols formed by rain. Int J Food Microbiol 158:140–6
35. D.S.Chandler, J.A.Craven. (1980). Relationship of soil moisture to survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in soils bacteria. Aust J Agric Res 31:547–55
36. M.Chavez, V.Sedas, E.Borunda, F.Reynoso. (2005). Influence of water temperature and salinity on seasonal occurrences of Vibrio cholerae and enteric bacteria in oyster-producing areas of Veracruz, Mexico. Mar Poll Bulletin 50:1641–8
37. B.M.Cheyne, M.I.van Dyke, W.B.Anderson, P.M.Huck. (2010). The detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in surface water by quantitative PCR amplification of the ail and yadA genes. J Water Health 8:487–99
38. H.N.Chinivasagam, T.Tran, L.Maddock,. (2009). Mechanically ventilated broiler sheds: a possible source of aerosolized Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7417–25
39. R.R.Colwell, A.Huq. (1998). Global microbial ecology: biogeography and diversity of Vibrios as a model. J Appl Microbiol 85:134S–7S
40. D.W.Cook, J.C.Bowers, A.DePaola. (2002). Density of total and pathogenic (tdh+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Atlantic and Gulf coast molluscan shellfish at harvest. J Food Prot 65:1873–80
41. M.Cooley, D.Carychao, L.Crawford-Miksza,. (2007). Incidence and tracking of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a major produce production region in California. PLoS One 2:e1159
42. M.Davis, T.Y.Morishita. (2005). Relative ammonia concentrations, dust concentrations, and presence of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli inside and outside commercial layer facilities. Avian Dis 49:30–5
43. S.Davis, M.Begon, L.D.Bruyn,. (2004). Predictive thresholds for plague in Kazakhstan. Science 304:736–8
44. A.J.Deering, L.J.Mauer, R.E.Pruitt. (2012). Internalization of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in plants: a review. Food Res Int 45:567–75
45. N.DeLeon-Rodriguez, T.L.Lathem, L.M.Rodriguez-R,. (2013). Microbiome of the upper troposphere: species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:2575–80
46. A.DePaola, L.H.Hopkins, J.T.Peeler, B.Wentz, R.M.McPhearson. (1990). Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in US. coastal waters and oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:2299–302
47. A.DePaola, J.L.Nordstrom, J.C.Bowers,. (2003). Seasonal abundance of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Alabama oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1521–6
48. V.Derolez, D.Soudant, A.Fiandrino,. (2013). Impact of weather conditions on Escherichia coli accumulation in oysters of the Thau lagoon (the Mediterranean, France). J Appl Microbiol 114:516–25
49. A.Donnison, C.Ross. (2009). Survival and retention of Eschenchia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter in contrasting soils from the Toenepi catchment. N Z J Agr Res 52:133–44
50. S.M.Dorner, W.B.Anderson, R.M.Slawson,. (2006). Hydrologic modeling of pathogen fate and transport. Environ Sci Technol 40:4746–53
51. M.P.Doyle, J.L.Schoeni. (1984). Survival and growth characteristics of Escherichia coli associated with hemorrhagic colitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:855–6
52. J.Duan, Y.C.Su. (2005). Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in two Oregon oyster-growing bays. J Food Sci 70:M58–63
53. K.L.Ebi, D.M.Mills, J.B.Smith, A.Grambsch. (2006). Climate change and human health impacts in the United States: an update on the results of the US. National Assessment. Environ Health Persp 114:1318–24
54. T.S.Edrington, T.R.Callaway, S.E.Ives,. (2006). Seasonal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminants: a new hypothesis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 3:413–21
55. P.Effler, T.Barrett, L.Lee,. (2001). Factors contributing to the emergence of Escherichia coli O157 in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 7:812
56. EFSA. (2011). European Food Safety Authority: Scientific Opinion on Campylobacter in broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA J 9:1–141
57. S.E.El-Kest, A.E.Yousef, E.H.Marth. (1991). Fate of Listeria monocytogenes during freezing and frozen storage. J Food Sci 56:1068–71
58. R.E.Enscore, B.J.Biggerstaff, T.L.Brown,. (2002). Modeling relationships between climate and the frequency of human plague cases in the southwestern United States, 1960–1997. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66:186–96
59. EPA. (2013). Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Sea Surface Temperature. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/oceans/sea-surface-temp.html [last accessed 25 Mar 2014]
60. M.A.Esseili, I.I.Kassem, V.Sigler,. (2012). Genetic evidence for the offsite transport of E. coli associated with land application of Class B biosolids on agricultural fields. Sci Total Environ 433:273–80
61. A.Farzan, R.M.Friendship, A.Cook, F.Pollari. (2010). Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in swine. Zoonoses Public Health 57:388–96
62. FDA. (2011). Environmental assessment: factors potentially contributing to the contamination of fresh whole cantaloupe implicated in a multi-state outbreak of listeriosis. Available from http://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Outbreaks/ucm276247.htm [last accessed 29 Nov 2013]
63. FDA. (2012). Bad Bug Book (Second Edition): Handbook of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins. Available from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/UCM297627.pdf [last accessed 21 Nov 2013]
64. C.Ferguson, A.M.D.Husman, N.Altavilla,. (2003). Fate and transport of surface water pathogens in watersheds. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 33:299–361
65. C.M.Ferguson, C.M.Davies, C.Kaucner,. (2007). Field scale quantification of microbial transport from bovine faeces under simulated rainfall events. J Water Health 5:83–95
66. F.J.Flores-Tena, A.L.Guerrero-Barrera, F.J.Avelar-González,. (2007). Pathogenic and opportunistic gram-negative bacteria in soil, leachate and air in San Nicolás landfill at Aguascalientes, Mexico. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 49:25–30
67. M.Fondrevez, A.Labbé, C.Houdayer,. (2014). Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in slaughter-aged pigs during a one-year survey, 2010–2011, France. Int J Food Microbiol 174:56–62
68. D.S.Francy, E.A.Stelzer, J.W.Duris,. (2013). Predictive models for Escherichia coli concentrations at inland lake beaches and relationship of model variables to pathogen detection. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:1676–88
69. E.Franz, A.H.C.van Bruggen. (2008). Ecology of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the primary vegetable production chain. Crit Rev Microbiol 34:143–61
70. B.Fremaux, C.Prigent-Combaret, M.L.Delignette-Muller,. (2008a). Persistence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26 in various manure-amended soil types. J Appl Microbiol 104:296–304
71. B.Fremaux, C.Prigent-Combaret, C.Vernozy-Rozand. (2008b). Long-term survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle effluents and environment: an updated review. Vet Microbiol 132:1–18
72. J.S.Fries, G.W.Characklis, R.T.Noble. (2008). Sediment-water exchange of Vibrio sp. and fecal indicator bacteria: implications for persistence and transport in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Water Res 42:941–50
73. B.Froelich, J.Bowen, R.Gonzalez,. (2013). Mechanistic and statistical models of total Vibrio abundance in the Neuse River Estuary. Water Res 47:5783–93
74. B.A.Froelich, T.C.Williams, R.T.Noble, J.D.Oliver. (2012). Apparent loss of Vibrio vulnificus from North Carolina oysters coincides with a drought-induced increase in salinity. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:3885–9
75. H.Fukushima, K.Hoshina, M.Gomyoda. (1999). Long-term survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O111, and O157 in bovine feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5177–81
76. H.Fukushima, R.Nakamura, Y.Ito,. (1983). Ecological studies of Yersinia enterocolitica, 1: dissemination of Y. enterocolitica in pigs. Vet Microbiol 8:469–83
77. R.García, J.Baelum, L.Fredslund,. (2010). Influence of temperature and predation on survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and expression of invA in soil and manure-amended soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:5025–31
78. C.Ge, C.Lee, J.Lee. (2012). The impact of extreme weather events on Salmonella internalization in lettuce and green onion. Food Res Int 45:1118–22
79. C.Ge, C.Lee, E.Nangle,. (2014). Impact of phytopathogen infection and extreme weather stress on internalization of Salmonella Typhimurium in lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 168–169:24–31
80. A.I.Gil, V.R.Louis, I.N.G.Rivera,. (2004). Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the coastal environment of Peru. Environ Microbiol 6:699–706
81. H.Girardin, C.E.Morris, C.Albagnac,. (2005). Behaviour of the pathogen surrogates Listeria innocua and Clostridium sporogenes during production of parsley in fields fertilized with contaminated amendments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 54:287–95
82. A.Gonthier, V.Guérin-Faublée, B.Tilly, M.L.Delignette-Muller. (2001). Optimal growth temperature of O157 and non-O157 Escherichia coli strains. Lett Appl Microbiol 33:352–6
83. L.Gorski, C.T.Parker, A.Liang,. (2011). Prevalence, distribution, and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of California. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:2734–48
84. J.-P.Gorvel. (2008). Brucella: a Mr “Hide” converted into Dr Jekyll. Microb Infect 10:1010–13
85. L.H.Gould, A.L.Nisler, K.M.Herman,. (2011). Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks — United States, 2008. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 60:1197–202
86. P.J.Gregory, S.N.Johnson, A.C.Newton, J.S.I.Ingram. (2009). Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate. J Exp Bot 60:2827–38
87. D.Griffin, C.Kellogg, E.Shinn. (2001). Dust in the wind: long range transport of dust in the atmosphere and its implications for global public and ecosystem health. Global Change Hum Health 2:20–33
88. D.W.Griffin. (2007). Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health. Clin Microbiol Rev 20:459–77
89. T.Y.Guan, R.A.Holley. (2003). Pathogen survival in swine manure environments and transmission of human enteric illness – a review. J Environ Qual 32:383–92
90. M.T.Guerin, S.W.Martin, J.Reiersen,. (2008). Temperature-related risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler-chicken flocks with Campylobacter spp. in Iceland, 2001–2004. Prev Vet Med 86:14–29
91. M.N.Guerini, D.M.Brichta-Harhay, S.D.Shackelford,. (2007). Listeria prevalence and Listeria monocytogenes serovar diversity at cull cow and bull processing plants in the United States. J Food Prot 70:2578–82
92. H.Guerra. (2007). The Brucellae and their success as pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 33:325–31
93. E.Gutierrez-Rodriguez, A.Gundersen, A.O.Sbodio, T.V.Suslow. (2012). Variable agronomic practices, cultivar, strain source and initial contamination dose differentially affect survival of Escherichia coli on spinach. J Appl Microbiol 112:109–18
94. B.Hald, B.Dang Duong, K.Pedersen,. (2004). Flies and Campylobacter infection of broiler flocks. Emerg Infect Dis 10:1490–2
95. B.J.Haley, D.J.Cole, E.K.Lipp. (2009). Distribution, diversity, and seasonality of waterborne salmonellae in a rural Watershed. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:1248–55
96. K.Hara, D.Zhang. (2012). Bacterial abundance and viability in long-range transported dust. Atmos Environ 47:20–5
97. E.Harbaugh, D.Trampel, I.Wesley,. (2006). Rapid aerosol transmission of Salmonella among turkeys in a simulated holding-shed environment. Poult Sci 85:1693–9
98. S.Hartnack, M.G.Doherr, T.Alter,. (2009). Campylobacter monitoring in German broiler flocks: an explorative time series analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 56:117–28
99. M.Hashizume, A.Faruque, T.Terao,. (2011). The Indian Ocean dipole and cholera incidence in Bangladesh: a time-series analysis. Environ Health Perspect 119:239–44
100. S.Himathongkham, S.Bahari, H.Riemann, D.Cliver. (1999). Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurry. FEMS Microbiol Lett 178:251–7
101. N.Hofstra. (2011). Quantifying the impact of climate change on enteric waterborne pathogen concentrations in surface water. Curr Opin Environ Sustainability, 3:471–9
102. R.A.Holley, K.M.Arrus, K.H.Ominski. (2006). Salmonella survival in manure-treated soils during simulated seasonal temperature exposure. J Environ Qual 35:1170–80
103. A.Hörman, R.Rimhanen-Finne, L.Maunula,. (2004). Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., noroviruses, and indicator organisms in surface water in Southwestern Finland, 2000-2001. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:87–95
104. M.A.Horseman, S.Surani. (2011). A comprehensive review of Vibrio vulnificus: an important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissue infection. Int J Infect Dis 15:e157–66
105. J.L.Hsieh, J.S.Fries, R.T.Noble. (2008). Dynamics and predictive modelling of Vibrio spp. in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Environ Microbiol 10:57–64
106. IPCC. (2013). Summary for policymakers. In: T.F.Stocker, D.Qin, G.-K.Plattner,., eds. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis contribution of working group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge. United Kingdom and New York (NY): Cambridge University Press
107. R.Ivanek, Y.T.Grohn, M.T.Wells,. (2009). Modeling of spatially referenced environmental and meteorological factors influencing the probability of Listeria species isolation from natural environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:5893–909
108. E.Iwabuchi, N.Maruyama, A.Hara,. (2010). Nationwide survey of Salmonella prevalence in environmental dust from layer farms in Japan. J Food Prot 73:1993–2000
109. C.S.Jacobsen, T.B.Bech. (2012). Soil survival of Salmonella and transfer to freshwater and fresh produce. Food Res Int 45:557–66
110. L.Jacxsens, P.A.Luning, J.G.A.J.van der Vorst,. (2010). Simulation modelling and risk assessment as tools to identify the impact of climate change on microbiological food safety – the case study of fresh produce supply chain. Food Res Int 43:1925–35
111. M.Jay, M.Cooley, D.Carychao,. (2007). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, central California coast. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1908–11
112. S.C.Jiang, W.Fu. (2001). Seasonal abundance and distribution of Vibrio cholerae in coastal waters quantified by a 16S-23S intergenic spacer probe. Microb Ecol 42:540–8
113. X.Jiang, J.Morgan, M.P.Doyle. (2002). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in manure-amended soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2605–9
114. C.N.Johnson, J.C.Bowers, K.J.Griffitt,. (2012). Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in the coastal and estuarine waters of Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and Washington (United States). Appl Environ Microbiol 78:7249–57
115. C.N.Johnson, A.R.Flowers, N.F.Noriea,. (2010). Relationships between environmental factors and pathogenic vibrios in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7076–84
116. C.C.Jokinen, H.Schreier, W.Mauro,. (2010). The occurrence and sources of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Salmon River, British Columbia, Canada. J Water Health 8:374–86
117. M.E.Jonsson, M.Chriél, M.Norström, M.Hofshagen. (2012). Effect of climate and farm environment on Campylobacter spp. colonisation in Norwegian broiler flocks. Prev Vet Med 107:95–104
118. F.Jorgensen, J.Ellis-Iversen, S.Rushton,. (2011). Influence of season and geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli subtypes in housed broiler flocks reared in Great Britain. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:3741–8
119. T.R.Karl, J.M.Melillo, T.C.Peterson. (2009). Global climate change impacts in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press
120. C.W.Kaspar, M.L.Tamplin. (1993). Effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of Vibrio vulnificus in seawater and shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2425–9
121. J.Y.Kim, H.Lee, J.E.Lee,. (2013). Identification of human and animal fecal contamination after rainfall in the Han River, Korea. Microbes and environments. JSME 28:187–94
122. B.Kirtman, S.B.Power, J.A.Adedoyin,. (2013). Near-term climate change: projections and predictability. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, et al., eds. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, United Kingdom/New York (NY): Cambridge University Press
123. T.Kistemann, T.Claβen, C.Koch,. (2002). Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2188–97
124. J.Kohler, B.A.Knapp, S.Waldhuber,. (2010). Effects of elevated CO2, water stress, and inoculation with Glomus intraradices or Pseudomonas mendocina on lettuce dry matter and rhizosphere microbial and functional diversity under growth chamber conditions. J Soils Sed 10:1585–97
125. L.K.Korhonen, P.J.Martikalnon. (1991). Survival of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni in untreated and filtered lake water. J Appl Bacteriol 71:379–82
126. R.S.Kovats, S.J.Edwards, D.Charron,. (2005). Climate variability and campylobacter infection: an international study. Int J Biometeorol 49:207–14
127. R.S.Kovats, S.J.Edwards, S.Hajat,. (2004). The effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries. Epidemiol Infect 132:443–53
128. I.R.Lake, L.Hooper, A.Abdelhamid,. (2012). Climate change and food security: health impacts in developed countries. Environ Health Perspect 120:1520–6
129. P.Laksanalamai, L.A.Joseph, B.J.Silk,. (2012). Genomic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains involved in a multistate listeriosis outbreak associated with cantaloupe in US. PLoS One 7:e42448
130. R.J.Lara, S.B.Neogi, M.S.Islam,. (2009). Influence of catastrophic climatic events and human waste on Vibrio distribution in the Karnaphuli Estuary, Bangladesh. EcoHealth 6:279–86
131. Y.Le Loir, F.Baron, M.Gautier. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus and food poisoning. Genet Mol Res 2:63–76
132. T.A.Leski, A.P.Malanoski, M.J.Gregory,. (2011). Application of a broad-range resequencing array for detection of pathogens in desert dust samples from Kuwait and Iraq. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:4285–92
133. C.Levantesi, L.Bonadonna, R.Briancesco,. (2012). Salmonella in surface and drinking water: occurrence and water-mediated transmission. Food Res Int 45:587–602
134. S.K.Lhafi, M.Kühne. (2007). Occurrence of Vibrio spp. in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the German Wadden Sea. Int J Food Microbiol 116:297–300
135. E.K.Lipp, A.Huq, R.R.Colwell. (2002). Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:757–70
136. E.K.Lipp, R.Kurz, R.Vincent,. (2001a). The effects of seasonal variability and weather on microbial fecal pollution and enteric pathogens in a subtropical estuary. Estuaries 24:266–76
137. E.K.Lipp, C.Rodriguez-Palacios, J.B.Rose. (2001b). Occurrence and distribution of the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus in a subtropical Gulf of Mexico estuary. Hydrobiologia 460:165–73
138. C.Liu, N.Hofstra, E.Franz. (2013). Impacts of climate change on the microbial safety of pre-harvest leafy green vegetables as indicated by Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. Int J Food Microbiol 163:119–28
139. V.R.Louis, E.Russek-Cohen, N.Choopun,. (2003). Predictability of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2773–85
140. J.Ma, A.M.Ibekwe, D.E.Crowley, Y.Ching-Hong. (2012). Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in major leafy green producing soils. Environ Sci Technol 46:12154–61
141. M.T.Madigan, J.M.Martinko, D.A.Stahl, D.P.Clark. (2012). Brock biology of microorganisms. San Francisco (CA): Benjamin Cummings
142. R.E.Mandrell. (2009). Enteric human pathogens associated with fresh produce: sources, transport, and ecology. In: X.Fan, B.A.Niemira, C.J.Doona,., eds. Microbial safety of fresh produce. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell and IFT Press, 5–41
143. C.Mannion, P.B.Lynch, J.Egan, F.C.Leonard. (2007). Seasonal effects on the survival characteristics of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby in pig slurry during storage. J Appl Microbiol 103:1386–92
144. J.Martinez-Urtaza, J.C.Bowers, J.Trinanes, A.DePaola. (2010). Climate anomalies and the increasing risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus illnesses. Food Res Int 43:1780–90
145. J.Martinez-Urtaza, A.Lozano-Leon, J.Varela-Pet,. (2008). Environmental determinants of the occurrence and distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Rias of Galicia, Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:265–74
146. J.Martinez-Urtaza, M.Saco, J.de Novoa,. (2004). Influence of environmental factors and human activity on the presence of Salmonella serovars in a marine environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2089–97
147. F.G.Masclaux, O.Sakwinska, N.Charrière,. (2013). Concentration of airborne Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA), total bacteria, and endotoxins in pig farms. Ann Occup Hyg 57:550–7
148. B.A.McCrea, K.H.Tonooka, C.VanWorth,. (2006). Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella species on farm, after transport, and at processing in specialty market poultry. Poult Sci 85:136–43
149. R.McEgan, G.Mootian, L.D.Goodridge,. (2013). Predicting Salmonella populations from biological, chemical, and physical indicators in Florida surface waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:4094–105
150. J.B.McLaughlin, A.DePaola, C.A.Bopp,. (2005). Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters. N Engl J Med 353:1463–70
151. H.Miettinen, G.Wirtanen. (2006). Ecology of Listeria spp. in a fish farm and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes from fish farming and processing companies. Int J Food Microbiol 112:138–46
152. M.F.Miller, G.H.Loneragan, D.D.Harris,. (2008). Environmental dust exposure as a factor contributing to an increase in Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella populations on cattle hides in feedyards. J Food Prot 71:2078–81
153. W.A.Miller, M.A.Miller, I.A.Gardner,. (2006). Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Plesiomonas shigelloides in marine and freshwater invertebrates from coastal California ecosystems. Microb Ecol 52:198–206
154. J.N.Mills, J.E.Childs. (1998). Ecologic studies of rodent reservoirs: their relevance for human health. Emerg Infect Dis 4:529–37
155. J.N.Mills, K.L.Gage, A.S.Khan. (2010). Potential influence of climate change on vector-borne and zoonotic diseases: a review and proposed research plan. Environ Health Perspect 118:1507–14
156. A.S.Milnes, I.Stewart, F.A.Clifton-Hadley,. (2008). Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain during 2003. Epidemiol Infect 136:739–51
157. M.Minas, A.Minas, K.Gourgulianis, A.Stournara. (2007). Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human brucellosis in Central Greece. Jpn J Infect Dis 60:362–6
158. M.Miraglia, H.J.P.Marvin, G.A.Kleter,. (2009). Climate change and food safety: an emerging issue with special focus on Europe. Food Chem Toxicol 47:1009–21
159. A.Mishra, N.Taneja, M.Sharma. (2012). Environmental and epidemiological surveillance of Vibrio cholerae in a cholera-endemic region in India with freshwater environs. J Appl Microbiol 112: 225–37
160. J.M.Monaghan, M.L.Hutchison. (2012). Distribution and decline of human pathogenic bacteria in soil after application in irrigation water and the potential for soil-splash-mediated dispersal onto fresh produce. J Appl Microbiol 112:1007–19
161. T.J.Montville, K.R.Matthews, K.E.Kniel. (2012). Food microbiology: an introduction. Washington, DC: ASM Press
162. A.R.Moreno. (2006). Climate change and human health in Latin America: drivers, effects, and policies. Reg Environ Change 6:157–64
163. E.M.Moriarty, M.L.Mackenzie, N.Karki, L.W.Sinton. (2011). Survival of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. in sheep feces on pastures. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:1797–803
164. E.M.Moriarty, L.Weaver, L.W.Sinton, B.Gilpin. (2012). Survival of Escherichia coli, enterococci and Campylobacter jejuni in Canada goose faeces on pasture. Zoonoses Public Health 59:490–7
165. C.Moritz, J.L.Patton, C.J.Conroy,. (2008). Impact of a century of climate change on small-mammal communities in Yosemite National Park, USA. Science 322:261–4
166. M.Motes, A.DePaola, D.Cook,. (1998). Influence of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio vulnificus in Northern Gulf and Atlantic Coast oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1459–65
167. R.W.Muirhead, R.P.Collins, P.J.Bremer. (2006). Numbers and transported state of Escherichia coli in runoff direct from fresh cowpats under simulated rainfall. Lett Appl Microbiol 42:83–7
168. A.Mukherjee, S.Cho, J.Scheftel,. (2006). Soil survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 acquired by a child from garden soil recently fertilized with cattle manure. J Appl Microbiol 101:429–36
169. R.Mwebe, J.Nakavuma, I.Moriyon. (2011). Brucellosis seroprevalence in livestock in Uganda from 1998 to 2008: a retrospective study. Trop Anim Health Prod 43:603–8
170. E.E.Natvig, S.C.Ingham, B.H.Ingham,. (2002). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli contamination of root and leaf vegetables grown in soils with incorporated bovine manure. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2737–44
171. M.Nevas, M.Lindström, A.Hörman,. (2006). Contamination routes of Clostridium botulinum in the honey production environment. Environ Microbiol 8:1085–94
172. M.B.Nevers, R.L.Whitman. (2005). Nowcast modeling of Escherichia coli concentrations at multiple urban beaches of southern Lake Michigan. Water Res 39:5250–60
173. F.A.Nicholson, S.J.Groves, B.J.Chambers. (2005). Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application. Bioresour Technol 96:135–43
174. K.K.Nightingale, E.D.Fortes, A.J.Ho,. (2005). Evaluation of farm management practices as risk factors for clinical listeriosis and fecal shedding of Listeria monocytogenes in ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1808–14
175. S.Oberbeckmann, B.Fuchs, M.Meiners,. (2012). Seasonal dynamics and modeling of a Vibrio community in coastal waters of the North Sea. Microb Ecol 63:543–51
176. S.Oberbeckmann, A.Wichels, K.H.Wiltshire, G.Gerdts. (2011). Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus in the German Bight over a seasonal cycle. Int J of Gen Mol Microbiol 100:297–301
177. R.Ohtomo, K.Minato, M.Saito. (2004). Survival of Escherichia coli in a field amended with cow feces slurry. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 50:575–81
178. C.J.B.Oliveira, L.F.O.S.Carvalho, T.B.Garcia. (2006). Experimental airborne transmission of Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Typhimurium in weaned pigs. Epidemiol Infect 134:199–209
179. M.Oliveira, I.Viñas, J.Usall,. (2012). Presence and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce leaves and in soil treated with contaminated compost and irrigation water. Int J Food Microbiol 156:133–40
180. K.N.Olsen, M.Lund, J.Skov,. (2009). Detection of Campylobacter bacteria in air samples for continuous real-time monitoring of Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:2074–8
181. K.O'Neill, S.Jones, D.Grimes. (1992). Seasonal incidence of Vibrio vulnificus in the Great Bay estuary of New Hampshire and Maine. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3257–62
182. Ongeng D, Geeraerd AH, Springael D, et al. (2013). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the manure-amended soil-plant ecosystem of fresh vegetable crops: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol [Epub ahead of print]
183. P.Ortiz Martínez, S.Mylona, I.Drake,. (2010). Wide variety of bioserotypes of enteropathogenic Yersinia in tonsils of English pigs at slaughter. Int J Food Microbiol 139:64–9
184. R.E.Pacha, G.W.Clark, E.A.Williams,. (1987). Small rodents and other mammals associated with mountain meadows as reservoirs of Giardia spp. and Campylobacter spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:1574–9
185. P.K.Pandey, M.L.Soupir, M.Haddad, J.J.Rothwell. (2012). Assessing the impacts of watershed indexes and precipitation on spatial in-stream E. coli concentrations. Ecol Indicators 23:641–52
186. P.Pangloli, Y.Dje, O.Ahmed,. (2008). Seasonal incidence and molecular characterization of Salmonella from dairy cows, calves, and farm environment. Foodborne Pathog Dis 5:87–96
187. R.R.Parmenter, E.P.Yadav, C.A.Parmenter,. (1999). Incidence of plague associated with increased winter-spring precipitation in New Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:814–21
188. C.Parmesan, G.Yohe. (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37–42
189. C.Parmesan. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:637–69
190. S.Parveen, K.A.Hettiarachchi, J.C.Bowers,. (2008). Seasonal distribution of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay oysters and waters. Int J Food Microbiol 128:354–61
191. M.E.Patrick, L.E.Christiansen, M.Wainø,. (2004). Effects of climate on incidence of Campylobacter spp. in humans and prevalence in broiler flocks in Denmark. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:7474–80
192. S.Paz. (2009). Impact of temperature variability on cholera incidence in Southeastern Africa, 1971–2006. EcoHealth 6:340–5
193. C.Pfeffer, M.Hite, J.Oliver. (2003). Vibrio vulnificus in estuarine waters of Eastern North Carolina. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:3526–31
194. A.M.B.Phillips, A.DePaola, J.Bowers,. (2007). An evaluation of the use of remotely sensed parameters for prediction of incidence and risk associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Gulf Coast Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J Food Prot 70:879–84
195. P.N.Polymenakou, M.Mandalakis, E.G.Stephanou, A.Tselepides. (2008). Particle size distribution of airborne microorganisms and pathogens during an intense African dust event in the eastern Mediterranean. Environ Health Perspect 116:292–6
196. C.J.Portier, K.T.Tart, S.R.Carter,. (2010). A human health perspective on climate change: a report outlining the research needs on the human health effects of climate change. Research Triangle Park (NC): Environmental Health Perspectives/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
197. A.Rechenburg, T.Kistemann. (2009). Sewage effluent as a source of Campylobacter sp. in a surface water catchment. Int J Environ Health Res 19:239–49
198. J.Reidl, K.E.Klose. (2002). Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 26:125–39
199. J.R.Rhoades, G.Duffy, K.Koutsoumanis. (2009). Prevalence and concentration of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in the beef production chain: a review. Food Microbiol 26:357–76
200. E.W.Rice, C.H.Johnson, D.K.Wild, D.J.Reasoner. (1992). Survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in drinking water associated with a waterborne disease outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis. Lett Appl Microbiol 15:38–40
201. M.Rivera-Betancourt, S.D.Shackelford, T.M.Arthur,. (2004). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella in two geographically distant commercial beef processing plants in the United States. J Food Prot 67:295–302
202. A.Rodriguez, P.Pangloli, H.A.Richards,. (2006). Prevalence of Salmonella in diverse environmental farm samples. J Food Prot 69:2576–80
203. A.Rodriguez-Castro, J.Ansede-Bermejo, V.Blanco-Abad,. (2010). Prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogenic populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in coastal waters of Galicia, Spain. Environ Microbiol Rep 2:58–66
204. I.Rosas, C.Calderón, E.Salinas, J.Lacey. (1996). Airborne microorganisms in a domestic waste transfer station. In: M.Muilenberg, H.Burge, eds. Aerobiology. Boca Raton: CRC Lewis Publishers, 89–98
205. I.Rosas, E.Salinas, A.Yela,. (1997). Escherichia coli in settled-dust and air samples collected in residential environments in Mexico City. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4093–5
206. J.B.Rose, P.R.Epstein, E.K.Lipp,. (2001). Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents. Environ Health Perspect 109:211–21
207. O.Rosef, G.Rettedal, L.Lågeide. (2001). Thermophilic campylobacters in surface water: a potential risk of campylobacteriosis. Int J Environ Health Res 11:321–7
208. S.P.Rushton, T.J.Humphrey, M.D.Shirley,. (2009). Campylobacter in housed broiler chickens: a longitudinal study of risk factors. Epidemiol Infect 137:1099–110
209. E.T.Ryser, J.Hao, Z.Yan. (2009). Internalization of pathogens in produce. In: X.Fan, B.A.Niemira, C.J.Doona,., eds. Microbial safety of fresh produce. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell and IFT Press, 55–80
210. J.M.Sargeant, M.W.Sanderson, R.A.Smith, D.D.Griffin. (2004). Associations between management, climate, and Escherichia coli O157 in the faeces of feedlot cattle in the Midwestern USA. Prev Vet Med 66:175–206
211. E.Scallan, R.M.Hoekstra, F.J.Angulo,. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States – major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 17:7–15
212. J.Schulz, A.Friese, S.Klees,. (2012). Longitudinal study of the contamination of air and of soil surfaces in the vicinity of pig barns by livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:5666–71
213. A.V.Semenov, A.H.C.van Bruggen, L.van Overbeek,. (2007). Influence of temperature fluctuations on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in cow manure. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 60:419–28
214. H.A.J.Senhorst, J.J.G.Zwolsman. (2005). Climate change and effects on water quality: a first impression. Water Sci Technol 51:53–9
215. J.Servan, J.Brault, J.M.Alonso,. (1979). Yersinia enterocolitica among small wild mammals in France. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1:321–33
216. I.Setti, A.Rodriguez-Castro, M.P.Pata,. (2009). Characteristics and dynamics of Salmonella contamination along the coast of Agadir, Morocco. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7700–9
217. S.M.Shane, M.S.Montrose, K.S.Harrington. (1985). Transmission of Campylobacter jejuni by the Housefly (Musca domestica). Avian Dis 29:384–91
218. R.S.Signor, N.J.Ashbolt, D.J.Roser. (2007). Microbial risk implications of rainfall-induced runoff events entering a reservoir used as a drinking-water source. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 56:515–31
219. B.J.Silk, B.E.Mahon, P.M.Griffin,. (2013). Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks – United States, 2009–2011. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 62:448–52
220. L.Simental, J.Martinez-Urtaza. (2008). Climate patterns governing the presence and permanence of Salmonellae in coastal areas of Bahia de Todos Santos, Mexico. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:5918–24
221. F.L.Singleton, R.Attwell, S.Jangi, R.R.Colwell. (1982). Effects of temperature and salinity on Vibrio cholerae growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:1047–58
222. L.W.Sinton, R.R.Braithwaite, C.H.Hall, M.L.Mackenzie. (2007). Survival of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in bovine feces on pasture. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:7917–25
223. B.A.Slaghuis, M.C.Te Giffel, R.R.Beumer, G.Andre. (1997). Effect of pasturing on the incidence of Bacillus cereus spores in raw milk. Int Dairy J 7:201–5
224. H.M.Solo-Gabriele, M.A.Wolfert, T.R.Desmarais, C.J.Palmer. (2000). Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal subtropical environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:230–7
225. P.Srikantiah, J.C.Lay, S.Hand,. (2004). Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana infections associated with amphibian contact, Mississippi, 2001. Epidemiol Infect 132:273–81
226. L.P.Stenfors Arnesen, A.Fagerlund, P.E.Granum. (2008). From soil to gut: Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32:579–606
227. L.K.Strawn, E.D.Fortes, E.A.Bihn,. (2013). Landscape and meteorological factors affecting prevalence of three food-borne pathogens in fruit and vegetable farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:588–600
228. Y.-C.Su, C.Liu. (2007). Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a concern of seafood safety. Food Microbiol 24:549–58
229. J.A.Thurston-Enriquez, J.E.Gilley, B.Eghball. (2005). Microbial quality of runoff following land application of cattle manure and swine slurry. J Water Health 3:157–71
230. M.C.Tirado, R.Clarke, L.A.Jaykus,. (2010). Climate change and food safety: a review. Food Res Int 43:1745–65
231. I.Toepfer, J.Favet, A.Schulte,. (2012). Pathogens as potential hitchhikers on intercontinental dust. Aerobiologia 28:221–31
232. J.D.van Elsas, J.K.Jansson, J.T.Trevors. (2007). Modern soil microbiology. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press
233. J.D.van Elsas, A.V.Semenov, R.Costa, J.T.Trevors. (2011). Survival of Escherichia coli in the environment: fundamental and public health aspects. ISME J 5:173–83
234. E.VereenJr, R.R.Lowrance, D.J.Cole, E.K.Lipp. (2007). Distribution and ecology of campylobacters in coastal plain streams (Georgia, United States of America). Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1395–403
235. E.VereenJr, R.R.Lowrance, M.B.Jenkins,. (2013). Landscape and seasonal factors influence Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence in a rural mixed use watershed. Water Res 47:6075–85
236. L.Vermeulen, N.Hofstra. (2013). Influence of climate variables on the concentration of Escherichia coli in the Rhine, Meuse, and Drentse Aa during 1985–2010. Reg Environ Change 14:1–13
237. L.Vezzulli, M.Previati, C.Pruzzo,. (2010). Vibrio infections triggering mass mortality events in a warming Mediterranean Sea. Environ Microbiol 12:2007–19
238. L.Vezzulli. (2012). Long-term effects of ocean warming on the prokaryotic community: evidence from the vibrios. Int Soc Microb Ecol 6:21–30
239. P.J.Walker, D.J.Grimes. (1985). A note on Yersinia enterocolitica in a swine farm watershed. J Appl Bacteriol 58:139–43
240. G.-R.Walther, E.Post, P.Convey,. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389–95
241. G.Wang, M.P.Doyle. (1998). Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water. J Food Prot 61:662–7
242. J.T.Watson, M.Gayer, M.A.Connolly. (2007). Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1–5
243. A.Weber, W.Knapp. (1981). [Seasonal isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from tonsils of healthy slaughter pigs (author's transl)]. Zentralblatt Für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie Und Hygiene 1 Abt Originale A, Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten Und Parasitologie [Int J Microbiol Hyg A Med Microbiol Infect Dis Parasitol] 250:78–83
244. H.J.Welshimer. (1960). Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in soil. J Bacteriol 80:316–20
245. Westrich JR, Griffin D, Lipp EK. (2013). Iron in the wind microbes in the water: effect of Saharan dust on vibrio growth. American Society for Microbiology 113th General Meeting, Denver, CO
246. J.Wetz, A.D.Blackwood, J.S.Fries,. (2013). Quantification of Vibrio vulnificus in an estuarine environment: a multi-year analysis using qPCR. Estuar Coasts 37:421–35
247. WHO/WMO. (2012). Atlas of health and climate. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
248. P.Whyte, J.D.Collins, K.McGill,. (2001). Distribution and prevalence of airborne microorganisms in three commercial poultry processing plants. J Food Prot 64:388–91
249. G.Wilkes, T.Edge, V.Gannon,. (2009). Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape. Water Res 43:2209–23
250. J.Wu, P.Rees, S.Storrer,. (2009). Fate and transport of potential pathogens: the contribution from sediments. J Am Water Resour Assoc 45:35–44
251. K.Yamazaki, N.Esiobu. (2012). Environmental predictors of pathogenic vibrios in South Florida coastal waters. Open Epidemiol J 5:1–4
252. A.Zdragas, K.Mazaraki, G.Vafeas,. (2012). Prevalence, seasonal occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in poultry retail products in Greece. Lett Appl Microbiol 55:308–13
253. R.Zell. (2004). Global climate change and the emergence/re-emergence of infectious diseases. Int J Med Microbiol Suppl 293:16–26
254. G.D.Zhang, L.Ma, L.R.Beuchat,. (2009). Heat and drought stress during growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) does not promote internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 72:2471–5
255. A.M.Zimmerman, A.DePaola, J.C.Bowers,. (2007). Variability of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in northern Gulf of Mexico water and oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:7589–96