Microbial risk implications of rainfall-induced runoff events entering a reservoir used as a drinking-water source

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA

Volumn 56, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 515-531

  Signor, R S ^a   Ashbolt, N J ^a   Roser, D J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Campylobacter; Cryptosporidium; Giardia; Microbial risk assessment; Runoff events

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); MICROORGANISMS; RESERVOIRS (WATER); RUNOFF;

CAMPYLOBACTER; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA; MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSMENT; RUNOFF EVENTS;

RAIN;

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); MICROORGANISMS; RAIN; RESERVOIRS (WATER); RUNOFF;

DISEASE SPREAD; DRINKING WATER; PROTOZOAN; RAINFALL; RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING; RESERVOIR; RISK ASSESSMENT; RUNOFF; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT; WATERBORNE DISEASE;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA;

CAMPYLOBACTER; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA;

EID: 37349114153     PISSN: 00037214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/aqua.2007.107     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Atherholt, T. B., LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D. & Rosen, J. S. 1998 Effect of rainfall on Giardia and Cryptosporidium. J. AWWA 90(9), 66-80.
2. Barbeau, B. & Payment, P. 2000 Evaluating the risk of infection from the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Quantitative Microbiology 2, 37-54.
3. Bates, B. C. & Campbell, E. P. 2001 A Markov-chain Monte Carlo scheme for parameter estimation and inference in conceptual rainfall-runoff modelling. Water Resour. Res. 37, 937-947.
4. Blaser, M. J., Smith, P. F., Wang, W. L. & Hoff, J. C. 1986 Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni by chlorine and monochloramine. Appl. and Envir. Microbiol. 51, 307-311.
5. Buswell, C. M., Herlihy, Y. M., Lawrence, L. M., McGuiggan, J. T. M., Marsh, P. D., Keevil, C. W. & Leach, S. A. 1998 Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent antibody and rRNA staining. Appl. and Envir. Microbiol. 64(2), 733-741.
6. Chapman, T. 1999 A comparison of algorithms for stream flow recession and baseflow separation. Hydrocarbon Process. 13, 701-714.
7. Clark, R. M., Read, E. J. & Hoff, J. C. 1989 Analysis of inactivation of Giardia lamblia by chlorine. Hydrological Processes 115(1), 80-90.
8. Conover, W. J. 1999 Practical nonparametric statistics, 3rd ed. Wiley, NY.
9. Cook, D., Duckworth W. M., Kaiser, M. S., Meeker, W. Q. Stephenson, W. R. 2000 Principles of maximum likelihood estimation and the analysis of censored data. In: Beyond traditional statistical methods Duckworth, W. & Stephenson, W. R. (Eds) Iowa State University, Ames, USA, chapter 2. Accessed 13th March 2006 at: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~stat415/meeker/ ml_estimation_chapter.pdf
10. Crabtree, K. D., Gerba, C. P., Rose, J. B. & Haas, C. N. 1997 Waterborne adenovirus: a risk assessment. Water Sci. Technol. 35(11-12), 1-6.
11. Curriero, F. C., Patz, J. A., Rose, J. B. & Lele, S. 2001 The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994. Am. J. Pub. Health 91(8), 1194-1199.
12. Devore, J. L. 2000 Probability and statistics for engineering and the sciences, 5th edn. Duxbury-Thomson Learning, Duxbury, UK.
13. Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R. J. 1993 An introduction to the bootstrap. Monographs on statistics and applied probability 57. Chapman & Hall, NY.
14. Gale, P. & Stanfield, G. 2000 Cryptosporidium during a simulated outbreak. J. AWWA 92(9), 105-116.
15. Gilks, W. R. S., Richardson, S. & Spiegelhalter, D. J. 1996 Markov-Chain Monte Carlo in practice. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
16. Haas, C. N. 1997 Importance of distributional form in characterising inputs to Monte Carlo risk assessments. Risk. Anal. 17(1), 107-113.
17. Haas, C. N., Crockett, C. S., Rose, J. B., Gerba, C. P. & Fazil, A. M. 1996 Assessing the risk posed by oocysts in dinking-water. J. AWWA 88(9), 131-136.
18. Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B. & Gerber, C. P. 1999 Quantitative microbial risk assessment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY.
19. Hijnen, W. A. M., Beerendonk, E. Medema, G. J. 2005 Elimination of Micro-organisms by Water Treatment Processes - A Review. Public Report for Kiwa Project #111444.100.003, Kiwa, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
20. Hipsey, M. R., Brookes, J. D., Antenucci, J. P., Burch, M. D., Regel, R. H., Davies, C., Ashbolt, N. J. Ferguson, C. 2005 Hydrodynamic distribution of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. Report, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, USA.
21. Hollander, M. & Proschan, M. A. 1979 Testing to determine the underlying distribution using randomly censored data. Biometrics 35, 393-401.
22. Huber, W. C. 1993 Contaminant transport in surface water. In: in Maidment, D. R. (ed.) Handbook of Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY, pp. 14.1-14.50.
23. Kappenman, R. F. 1982 On a method for selecting a distributional model. Commun. Stat. Theor. Methods 11(6), 663-672.
24. Kistemann, T., Claßen, T., Koch, C., Dangendorf, F., Fischeder, R., Gebel, J., Vacata, V. & Exner, M. 2002 Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl. and Envir. Microbiol. 68(5), 2188-2197.
25. Korich, D. G., Mead, J. R., Madore, M. S., Sinclair, N. A. & Sterling, C. R. 1990 Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Appl. and Envir. Microbiol. 56, 1423-1428.
26. Linden, K. G., Shin, G. & Sobsey, M. D. 2001 Comparative effectiveness of UV wavelengths for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. Water Sci. Technol. 43(12), 171-174.
27. Lopman, B., Vennema, H., Kohli, E., Pothier, P., Sanchez, A., Negredo, A., Buesa, J., Schreier, E., Reacher, M., Brown, D., Gray, J., Iturriza, M., Gallimore, C., Bottiger, B., Hedlund, K., Torven, M., von Bonsdorff, C., Maunula, L., Polsjak-Prijatelj, M., Zimsek, J., Reuter, G., Szucs, G., Melegh, B., Svensson, L., van Duijnhoven, Y. & Koopmans, M. 2004 Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant. Lancet 363(9410), 682-688.
28. Macler, B. A. & Regli, S. 1993 Use of microbial risk assessment in setting United States drinking water standards. Int J. Food Microbiol. 18(4), 245-256.
29. McCullagh, P. & Nelder, J. A. 1989 Generalized Linear Models. of Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, (37). Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
30. Medema, G. J., Teunis, P. F. M., Havelaar, A. H. & Haas, C. N. 1996 Assessment of the dose - response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni. Int J. Food Microbiol. 30, 101-111.
31. Naumova, E. N., Christodouleas, J., Hunter, P. R. & Syed, Q. 2005 Effect of precipitation on seasonal variability in cryptosporidiosis recorded by the North West England surveillance system in 1990-1999. J. Wat. Health 3(3), 185-196.
32. Ott, W. R. 1995 Environmental Statistics and Data Analysis. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
33. Payment, P. J., Seimiatychi, J., Richardson, L., Renaud, G., Franco, E. & Prevost, M. 1997 A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water. Int J. Environ. Health Res. 7, 5-31.
34. Pouillot, R., Beaudeau, P., Denis, J-B. & Derouin, F. 2004 A quantitative risk assessment of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in France using second-order Monte Carlo simulation. Risk Anal. 26(1), 1-17.
35. Poulton, M., Colbourn, J. & Dennis, P. J. 1991 Thames Water's experience with Cryptosporidium. Water Sci. Technol. 24, 21-26.
36. Rose, J. B., Epstein, P. R., Lipp, E. K., Sherman, B. H., Bernard, S. M. & Patz, J. A. 2001 Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts of water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiological agents. Environ. Health Perspect., 109(2), 211-219.
37. Rose, J. B., Haas, C. N. & Regli, S. 1991 Risk assessment and control of waterborne giardiasis. Am. J. Pub. Health 81(6), 709-713.
38. Roseberry, A. M. & Burmaster, D. E. 1992 Lognormal distributions for water intake by children and adults. Risk Anal. 12(1), 99-104.
39. Roser, D. Ashbolt, N. 2004 Transforming pathogen water quality data into source water monitoring and control information. Draft report for cooperative research centre for water quality technology project 2.2.1 - 'Monitoring and Management of surface and subsurface source waters', Centre for Water & Waste Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
40. Signor, R. S., Roser, D. J., Ashbolt, N. J. & Ball, J. E. 2005 Quantifying the impact of runoff events on microbiological contaminant concentrations entering surface drinking source waters. J. Wat. Health 3(4), 453-468.
41. Sinton, L. W., Finlay, R. K. & Lynch, P. A. 1999 Sunlight inactivation of fecal bacteriophages and bacteria in sewage-polluted seawater. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 65(8), 3605-3613.
42. Tallaksen, L. M. 1995 A review of baseflow recession analysis. J. Hydrol. 165, 349-370.
43. Teunis, P. F. M. & Havelaar, A. H. 1999 Cryptosporidium in drinking water: evaluation of the ILSI/RSI quantitative risk assessment framework. Report no. 284 550 006, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
44. Teunis, P. F. M. & Havelaar, A. H. 2002 Risk assessment for protozoan parasites. Int J. Biodeterioriation and Biodegradation 50, 185-193.
45. Teunis, P. F. M., Evers, E. G. & Slob, W. 1999 Analysis of variable fractions resulting from microbial counts. Q. Microbiology 1, 63-88.
46. Teunis, P. F. M., Medema, G. J., Kruidenier, L. & Havelaar, A. H. 1997 Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source. Water Res. 31(6), 1333-1346.
47. Teunis, P. F. M., van der Heijden, O. G., van der Giessen, J. W. B. & Havelaar, A. H. 1996 The dose-response relation in human volunteers for gastro-intestinal pathogens. Report, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
48. Teunis, P., Davison, A. Deere, D. 2004 Short-term fluctuations in drinking water quality and their significance for public health. Draft report, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
49. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 1999 Method 1623 -Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/IFA. Office of Water, United States Environment Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA.
50. Walker, F. R. & Stedinger, J. R. 1999 Fate and transport model of Cryptosporidium. J. Environ. Engrg. 125(4), 325-333.
51. Westrell, T., Teunis, P., van den Berg, H., Lodder, W., Katelaars, H., Stenström, T. A. & de Roda Husman, A. M. 2004 Short and long term fluctuations of norovirus concentrations in surface water and their implications for public health. Paper III. In: Microbial risk assessment and its implications for risk management in urban water systems, PhD thesis (Westrell, T.) Linköping University, Sweden.
52. World Health Organization (WHO) 2004 Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd edn. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
53. Zwietering, M. H. & van Gerwen, S. J. C. 2000 Sensitivity analysis in quantitative microbial risk assessment. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 58, 213-221.