T helper 17 cells may drive neuroprogression in major depressive disorder: Proposal of an integrative model

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 64, Issue , 2016, Pages 83-100

  Slyepchenko, Anastasiya ^a   Maes, Michael ^b   Köhler, Cristiano A ^c   Anderson, George ^d   Quevedo, João ^e,f   Alves, Gilberto S ^c   Berk, Michael ^b,g   Fernandes, Brisa S ^b,h   Carvalho, André F ^c  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ   (Brazil)

^d CRC Scotland and London   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN SANTA CATARINA   (Brazil)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^h FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Autoimmunity; Depression; Inflammation; Microbiota; Neuroprogression; Neurotrophins; Oxidative stress; Psychiatry; Th17 cells

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; DESIPRAMINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INTERLEUKIN 17; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; SEROTONIN; SERTRALINE;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ATOPY; AUTOIMMUNITY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CELL ACTIVATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COMORBIDITY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MODEL; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DRUG TARGETING; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXCITOTOXICITY; GLIA CELL; GUT BRAIN INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE ACTIVATION; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOREGULATION; INFLAMMATION; INTEGRATIVE MODEL; INTESTINE FLORA; LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEMBRANE DAMAGE; MICROGLIA; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROGRESSION; NITROSATIVE STRESS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TH17 CELL; ANIMAL; IMMUNOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; HUMANS; TH17 CELLS;

EID: 84959421316     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (256)

1. Abdolahi M., Yavari P., Honarvar N.M., Bitarafan S., Mahmoudi M., Saboor-Yaraghi A.A. Molecular mechanisms of the action of vitamin A in Th17/treg axis in multiple sclerosis. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2015, 57(4):605-613.
2. Aguilar-Valles A., Inoue W., Rummel C., Luheshi G.N. Obesity, adipokines and neuroinflammation. Neuropharmacology 2015, 96(Pt A):124-134.
3. Aihara M., Ida I., Yuuki N., Oshima A., Kumano H., Takahashi K., Fukuda M., Oriuchi N., Endo K., Matsuda H. HPA axis dysfunction in unmedicated major depressive disorder and its normalization by pharmacotherapy correlates with alteration of neural activity in prefrontal cortex and limbic/paralimbic regions. Psychiatry Res. 2007, 155:245-256.
4. Akimzhanov A.M., Yang X.O., Dong C. Chromatin remodeling of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-IL-17F cytokine gene locus during inflammatory helper T cell differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:5969-5972.
5. Altamura A.C., Buoli M., Serati M. Duration of illness and duration of untreated illness in relation to drug response in psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychiatry 2011, 1:81-90.
6. Anderson G., Berk M., Dean O., Moylan S., Maes M. Role of immune-inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the etiology of depression: therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2014, 28:1-10.
7. Anderson G., Kubera M., Duda W., Lasoń W., Berk M., Maes M. Increased IL-6 trans-signaling in depression: focus on the tryptophan catabolite pathway, melatonin and neuroprogression. Pharmacol. Rep. 2013, 65:1647-1654.
8. Anderson G., Maes M. Local melatonin regulates inflammation resolution: a common factor in neurodegenerative, psychiatric and systemic inflammatory disorders. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2014, 13:817-827.
9. Anderson G., Maes M. Oxidative/nitrosative stress and immuno-inflammatory pathways in depression: treatment implications. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014, 20:3812-3847.
10. Anisman H., Merali Z., Hayley S. Neurotransmitter, peptide and cytokine processes in relation to depressive disorder: comorbidity between depression and neurodegenerative disorders. Prog. Neurobiol. 2008, 85:1-74.
11. Annunziato F., Romagnani C., Romagnani S. The 3 major types of innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector immunity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015, 135:626-635.
12. Antonioli M., Rybka J., Carvalho L.A. Neuroimmune endocrine effects of antidepressants. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2012, 8:65.
13. Audino P., La Grutta S., Cibella F., La Grutta S., Melis M.R., Bucchieri S., Alfano P., Marcantonio S., Cuttitta G. Rhinitis as a risk factor for depressive mood in pre-adolescents: a new approach to this relationship. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2014, 25:360-365.
14. Bacon K., Baggiolini M., Broxmeyer H., Horuk R., Lindley I., Mantovani A., Maysushima K., Murphy P., Nomiyama H., Oppenheim J., Rot A., Schall T., Tsang M., Thorpe R., Van Damme J., Wadhwa M., Yoshie O., Zlotnik A., Zoon K. Chemokine/chemokine receptor nomenclature. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002, 22:1067-1068.
15. Bains W. Treating chronic fatigue states as a disease of the regulation of energy metabolism. Med. Hypotheses 2008, 71:481-488.
16. Bakunina N., Pariante C.M., Zunszain P.A. Immune mechanisms linked to depression via oxidative stress and neuroprogression. Immunology 2015, 10.1111/imm.12443.
17. Beck-Friis J., Kjellman B., Aperia B., Unden F., Rosen v D., Ljunggren J.G., Wetterberg L. Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1985, 71:319-330.
18. Benros M.E., Waltoft B.L., Nordentoft M., Østergaard S.D., Eaton W.W., Krogh J., Mortensen P.B. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry 2013, 70:812-820.
19. Berger A. Th1 and Th2 responses: what are they?. BMJ 2000, 321:424.
20. Bettelli E., Oukka M., Kuchroo V.K. TH-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity. Nat. Immunol. 2007, 8:345-350.
21. Beurel E., Harrington L.E., Jope R.S. Inflammatory T helper 17 cells promote depression-like behavior in mice. Biol. Psychiatry 2013, 73:622-630.
22. Bhagwagar Z., Wylezinska M., Jezzard P., Evans J., Ashworth F., Sule A., Matthews P.M., Cowen P.J. Reduction in occipital cortex γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations in medication-free recovered unipolar depressed and bipolar subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61:806-812.
23. Bilici M., Efe H., Köroğlu M.A., Uydu H.A., Bekaroğlu M., Değer O. Antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in major depression: alterations by antidepressant treatments. J. Affect. Disord. 2001, 64:43-51.
24. Bissette G., Klimek V., Pan J., Stockmeier C., Ordway G. Elevated concentrations of CRF in the locus coeruleus of depressed subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1328-1335.
25. Black D.W., Winokur G., Nasrallah A. Illness duration and acute response in major depression. J. ECT 1989, 5:338-343.
26. Black S., Kushner I., Samols D. C-reactive protein. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:48487-48490.
27. Block M.L., Zecca L., Hong J.-S. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:57-69.
28. Botteron K.N., Raichle M.E., Drevets W.C., Heath A.C., Todd R.D. Volumetric reduction in left subgenual prefrontal cortex in early onset depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2002, 51:342-344.
29. Brunoni A.R., Machado-Vieira R., Zarate C.A., Valiengo L., Vieira E.L., Benseñor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Gattaz W.F., Teixeira A.L. Cytokines plasma levels during antidepressant treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 2014, 231:1315-1323.
30. Bull S., Huezo-Diaz P., Binder E., Cubells J., Ranjith G., Maddock C., Miyazaki C., Alexander N., Hotopf M., Cleare A. Functional polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 and serotonin transporter genes, and depression and fatigue induced by interferon-α and ribavirin treatment. Mol. Psychiatry 2009, 14:1095-1104.
31. Burkett P.R., Meyer zu Horste G., Kuchroo V.K. Pouring fuel on the fire: Th17 cells, the environment, and autoimmunity. J.Clin. Investig. 2015, 125:2211-2219.
32. Campbell G.R., Worrall J.T., Mahad D.J. The central role of mitochondria in axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2014, 20:1806-1813.
33. Capuron L., Dantzer R. Cytokines and depression: the need for a new paradigm. Brain Behav. Immun. 2003, 17:119-124.
34. Capuron L., Neurauter G., Musselman D.L., Lawson D.H., Nemeroff C.B., Fuchs D., Miller A.H. Interferon-alpha-induced changes in tryptophan metabolism: relationship to depression and paroxetine treatment. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 54:906-914.
35. Carvalho A.F., Miskowiak K.K., Hyphantis T.N., Kohler C.A., Alves G.S., Bortolato B., Sales P.M.G., Machado-Vieira R., Berk M., McIntyre R.S. Cognitive dysfunction in depression-pathophysiology and novel targets. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2014, 13:1819-1835.
36. Cavarec L., Vincent L., Le Borgne C., Plusquellec C., Ollivier N., Normandie-Levi P., Allemand F., Salvetat N., Mathieu-Dupas E., Molina F., Weissmann D., Pujol J.F. In vitro screening for drug-induced depression and/or suicidal adverse effects: a new toxicogenomic assay based on CE-SSCP analysis of HTR2C mRNA editing in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurotox. Res. 2013, 23:49-62.
37. Chen M.-H., Su T.-P., Chen Y.-S., Hsu J.-W., Huang K.-L., Chang W.-H., Bai Y.-M. Allergic rhinitis in adolescence increases the risk of depression in later life: a nationwide population-based prospective cohort study. J. Affect. Disord. 2013, 145:49-53.
38. Chen Y., Jiang T., Chen P., Ouyang J., Xu G., Zeng Z., Sun Y. Emerging tendency towards autoimmune process in major depressive patients: a novel insight from Th17 cells. Psychiatry Res. 2011, 188:224-230.
39. Chen Z., Laurence A., Kanno Y., Pacher-Zavisin M., Zhu B.-M., Tato C., Yoshimura A., Hennighausen L., O'Shea J.J. Selective regulatory function of Socs3 in the formation of IL-17-secreting T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:8137-8142.
40. Chesné J., Braza F., Mahay G., Brouard S., Aronica M., Magnan A. IL-17 in severe asthma. Where do we stand?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014, 190:1094-1101.
41. Chung Y., Chang S.H., Martinez G.J., Yang X.O., Nurieva R., Kang H.S., Ma L., Watowich S.S., Jetten A.M., Tian Q., Dong C. Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by interleukin-1 signaling. Immunity 2009, 30:576-587.
42. Chwastiak, L., Ehde, D.M., Gibbons, L.E., Sullivan, M., Bowen, J.D., Kraft, G.H., 2014. Depressive symptoms and severity of illness in multiple sclerosis: epidemiologic study of a large community sample.
43. Codarri L., Gyülvészi G., Tosevski V., Hesske L., Fontana A., Magnenat L., Suter T., Becher B. ROR [gamma] t drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12:560-567.
44. Constam D.B., Philipp J., Malipiero U.V., Ten Dijke P., Schachner M., Fontana A. Differential expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and microglia. J. Immunol. 1992, 148:1404-1410.
45. Croxford A.L., Mair F., Becher B. IL-23: one cytokine in control of autoimmunity. Eur. J. Immunol. 2012, 42:2263-2273.
46. Cruse G., Bradding P. Mast cells in airway diseases and interstitial lung disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.046.
47. Dantzer R. Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression. Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am. 2009, 29:247-264.
48. Dantzer R., O'Connor J.C., Freund G.G., Johnson R.W., Kelley K.W. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:46-56.
49. Das J., Ren G., Zhang L., Roberts A.I., Zhao X., Bothwell A.L., Van Kaer L., Shi Y., Das G. Transforming growth factor β is dispensable for the molecular orchestration of Th17 cell differentiation. J. Exp. Med. 2009, 206:2407-2416.
50. Dash S., Clarke G., Berk M., Jacka F.N. The gut microbiome and diet in psychiatry: focus on depression. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2015, 28:1-6.
51. Davis J., Maes M., Andreazza A., McGrath J.J., Tye S.J., Berk M. Towards a classification of biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disease: from encompass to compass. Mol. Psychiatry 2015, 20:152-153.
52. de Sousa R.T., Machado-Vieira R., Zarate C.A., Manji H.K. Targeting mitochondrially mediated plasticity to develop improved therapeutics for bipolar disorder. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 2014, 18:1131-1147.
53. Debnath M., Berk M. Th17 pathway-mediated immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia: mechanisms and implications. Schizophr. Bull. 2014, 40:1412-1421.
54. Devrimci-Ozguven H., Kundakci N., Kumbasar H., Boyvat A. The depression, anxiety, life satisfaction and affective expression levels in psoriasis patients. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2000, 14:267-271.
55. DiMatteo M.R., Lepper H.S., Croghan T.W. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160:2101-2107.
56. Dinan T.G., Cryan J.F. Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression?. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2013, 25:713-719.
57. Dinarello C.A. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest J. 2000, 118:503-508.
58. Ding K., Wang H., Xu J., Lu X., Zhang L., Zhu L. Melatonin reduced microglial activation and alleviated neuroinflammation induced neuron degeneration in experimental traumatic brain injury: possible involvement of mTOR pathway. Neurochem. Int. 2014, 76:23-31.
59. Ding M., Song X., Zhao J., Gao J., Li X., Yang G., Wang X., Harrington A., Fan X., Lv L. Activation of Th17 cells in drug naïve, first episode schizophrenia. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2014, 51:78-82.
60. Djavadian R.L. Serotonin and neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mammals. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 2004, 64:189-202.
61. Dong C. TH17 cells in development: an updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 8:337-348.
62. Dong C. Genetic controls of Th17 cell differentiation and plasticity. Exp. Mol. Med. 2011, 43:1-6.
63. Dowlati Y., Herrmann N., Swardfager W., Liu H., Sham L., Reim E.K., Lanctôt K.L. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 67:446-457.
64. Dudeck A., Suender C.A., Kostka S.L., von Stebut E., Maurer M. Mast cells promote Th1 and Th17 responses by modulating dendritic cell maturation and function. Eur. J. Immunol. 2011, 41:1883-1893.
65. Dunn A.J., Swiergiel A.H., Palamarchouk V. Brain circuits involved in corticotropin-releasing factor-norepinephrine interactions during stress. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004, 1018:25-34.
66. Eberl G., Littman D.R. The role of the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt in the development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Immunol. Rev. 2003, 195:81-90.
67. El-Behi M., Ciric B., Dai H., Yan Y., Cullimore M., Safavi F., Zhang G.-X., Dittel B.N., Rostami A. The encephalitogenicity of TH17 cells is dependent on IL-1-and IL-23-induced production of the cytokine GM-CSF. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12:568-575.
68. Elhwuegi A.S. Central monoamines and their role in major depression. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 28:435-451.
69. Eller T., Aluoja A., Maron E., Vasar V. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor and tumor necrosis factor levels in depressed patients in Estonia. Medicina (Kaunas) 2009, 45:971-977.
70. Eller T., Vasar V., Shlik J., Maron E. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and treatment response to escitaloprsam in major depressive disorder. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 32:445-450.
71. Eyerich K., Novak N. Immunology of atopic eczema: overcoming the Th1/Th2 paradigm. Allergy 2013, 68:974-982.
72. Fakhoury M. Revisiting the serotonin hypothesis: implications for major depressive disorders. Mol. Neurobiol. 2015.
73. Fassbender K., Rossol S., Kammer T., Daffertshofer M., Wirth S., Dollman M., Hennerici M. Proinflammatory cytokines in serum of patients with acute cerebral ischemia: kinetics of secretion and relation to the extent of brain damage and outcome of disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 1994, 122:135-139.
74. Ferretti S., Bonneau O., Dubois G.R., Jones C.E., Trifilieff A. IL-17, produced by lymphocytes and neutrophils, is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced airway neutrophilia: IL-15 as a possible trigger. J. Immunol. 2003, 170:2106-2112.
75. Fiala M., Chattopadhay M., La Cava A., Tse E., Liu G., Lourenco E., Eskin A., Liu P.T., Magpantay L., Tse S., Mahanian M., Weitzman R., Tong J., Nguyen C., Cho T., Koo P., Sayre J., Martinez-Maza O., Rosenthal M.J., Wiedau-Pazos M. IL-17A is increased in the serum and in spinal cord CD8 and mast cells of ALS patients. J. Neuroinflamm. 2010, 7:76.
76. Fukui S., Schwarcz R., Rapoport S.I., Takada Y., Smith Q.R. Blood-brain barrier transport of kynurenines: implications for brain synthesis and metabolism. J. Neurochem. 1991, 56:2007-2017.
77. Fuller-Thomson E., Sulman J. Depression and inflammatory bowel disease: findings from two nationally representative Canadian surveys. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2006, 12:697-707.
78. Gaffen S.L. Recent advances in the IL-17 cytokine family. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2011, 23:613-619.
79. Galecki P., Talarowska M., Anderson G., Berk M., Maes M. Mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunctions in recurrent major depression. Med. Sci. Monit. 2015, 21:1535-1547.
80. Ganeshan K., Bryce P.J. Regulatory T cells enhance mast cell production of IL-6 via surface-bound TGF-beta. J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 2012, 188:594-603.
81. Gardner A., Boles R.G. Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: mitochondria, inflammation and neurodegeneration in major depression and affective spectrum disorders. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:730-743.
82. Gardner A., Johansson A., Wibom R., Nennesmo I., von Döbeln U., Hagenfeldt L., Hällström T. Alterations of mitochondrial function and correlations with personality traits in selected major depressive disorder patients. J. Affect. Disord. 2003, 76:55-68.
83. Gawryluk J.W., Wang J.-F., Andreazza A.C., Shao L., Young L.T. Decreased levels of glutathione, the major brain antioxidant, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011, 14:123-130.
84. Geboes L., Dumoutier L., Kelchtermans H., Schurgers E., Mitera T., Renauld J.C., Matthys P. Proinflammatory role of the Th17 cytokine interleukin-22 in collagen-induced arthritis in C57BL/6 mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 60:390-395.
85. Ghoreschi K., Laurence A., Yang X.-P., Tato C.M., McGeachy M.J., Konkel J.E., Ramos H.L., Wei L., Davidson T.S., Bouladoux N. Generation of pathogenic TH17 cells in the absence of TGF-[bgr] signalling. Nature 2010, 467:967-971.
86. Godbout J.P., Moreau M., Lestage J., Chen J., Sparkman N.L., O'Connor J., Castanon N., Kelley K.W., Dantzer R., Johnson R.W. Aging exacerbates depressive-like behavior in mice in response to activation of the peripheral innate immune system. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:2341-2351.
87. Goldney R., Ruffin R., Fisher L., Wilson D. Asthma symptoms associated with depression and lower quality of life: a population survey. Med. J. Aust. 2003, 178:437-441.
88. Hallert C. Psychiatric illness, gluten, and celiac disease. Biol. Psychiatry 1982, 7(9):959-961.
89. Hannestad J., DellaGioia N., Bloch M. The effect of antidepressant medication treatment on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:2452-2459.
90. Harlan J., Chen Y., Gubbins E., Mueller R., Roch J., Walter K., Lake M., Olsen T., Metzger P., Dorwin S. Variants in Apaf-1 segregating with major depression promote apoptosome function. Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11:76-85.
91. Harrington L.E., Hatton R.D., Mangan P.R., Turner H., Murphy T.L., Murphy K.M., Weaver C.T. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat. Immunol. 2005, 6:1123-1132.
92. Hastings R.S., Parsey R.V., Oquendo M.A., Arango V., Mann J.J. Volumetric analysis of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:952-959.
93. Haworth C., Brennan F.M., Chantry D., Turner M., Maini R.N., Feldmann M. Expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rheumatoid arthritis: regulation by tumor necrosis factor-α. Eur. J. Immunol. 1991, 21:2575-2579.
94. Herken H., Gurel A., Selek S., Armutcu F., Ozen M.E., Bulut M., Kap O., Yumru M., Savas H.A., Akyol O. Adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase in patients with major depression: impact of antidepressant treatment. Arch. Med. Res. 2007, 38:247-252.
95. Hirota K., Yoshitomi H., Hashimoto M., Maeda S., Teradaira S., Sugimoto N., Yamaguchi T., Nomura T., Ito H., Nakamura T. Preferential recruitment of CCR6-expressing Th17 cells to inflamed joints via CCL20 in rheumatoid arthritis and its animal model. J. Exp. Med. 2007, 204:2803-2812.
96. Hirschfeld R. History and evolution of the monoamine hypothesis of depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2000, 61(Suppl. (6)):4-6.
97. Holley M.M., Kielian T. Th1 and Th17 cells regulate innate immune responses and bacterial clearance during central nervous system infection. J. Immunol. 2012, 188:1360-1370.
98. Hong M., Zheng J., Ding Z., Chen J., Yu L., Niu Y., Hua Y., Wang L. Imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells may play an important role in the development of chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2012, 20:39-50.
99. Howren M.B., Lamkin D.M., Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom. Med. 2009, 71:171-186.
100. Huang X., Chen Y., Zhang F., Yang Q., Zhang G. Peripheral Th17/Treg cell-mediated immunity imbalance in allergic rhinitis patients. Braz. J. otorhinolaryngol. 2014, 80:152-155.
101. Huether G., Schuff-Werner P. Platelet Serotonin Acts as a Locally Releasable Antioxidant, Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research 1996, 299-306. Springer.
102. Huh J.R., Leung M.W., Huang P., Ryan D.A., Krout M.R., Malapaka R.R., Chow J., Manel N., Ciofani M., Kim S.V. Digoxin and its derivatives suppress TH17 cell differentiation by antagonizing ROR [ggr] t activity. Nature 2011, 472:486-490.
103. Huppert J., Closhen D., Croxford A., White R., Kulig P., Pietrowski E., Bechmann I., Becher B., Luhmann H.J., Waisman A. Cellular mechanisms of IL-17-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. FASEB J. 2010, 24:1023-1034.
104. Ikeda S., Saijo S., Murayama M.A., Shimizu K., Akitsu A., Iwakura Y. Excess IL-1 signaling enhances the development of Th17 cells by downregulating TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 expression. J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 2014, 192:1449-1458.
105. Iosifescu, D.V., Nierenberg, A.A., Alpert, J.E., Smith, M., Bitran, S., Dording, C., Fava, M., 2014. The impact of medical comorbidity on acute treatment in major depressive disorder.
106. Iseme R.A., McEvoy M., Kelly B., Agnew L., Attia J., Walker F.R. Autoantibodies and depression: evidence for a causal link?. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2014, 40:62-79.
107. Ivanov I.I., McKenzie B.S., Zhou L., Tadokoro C.E., Lepelley A., Lafaille J.J., Cua D.J., Littman D.R. The orphan nuclear receptor RORγt directs the differentiation program of proinflammatory IL-17+ T helper cells. Cell 2006, 126:1121-1133.
108. Iyer A., Brown L., Whitehead J.P., Prins J.B., Fairlie D.P. Nutrient and immune sensing are obligate pathways in metabolism, immunity, and disease. FASEB J. 2015, 29(9):3612-3625.
109. Janssen D.G., Caniato R.N., Verster J.C., Baune B.T. A psychoneuroimmunological review on cytokines involved in antidepressant treatment response. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 25:201-215.
110. Jetten A.M. Recent advances in the mechanisms of action and physiological functions of the retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORs). Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy 2004, 3:395-412.
111. Joca S.R.L., Guimarães F.S. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat hippocampus induces antidepressant-like effects. Psychopharmacology 2006, 185:298-305.
112. Jun T.-Y., Pae C.-U., Chae J.-H., Bahk W.-M., Kim K.-S., Serretti A. Possible association between -G308A tumour necrosis factor-α gene polymorphism and major depressive disorder in the Korean population. Psychiatr. Genet. 2003, 13:179-181.
113. Katon W., Lozano P., Russo J., McCauley E., Richardson L., Bush T. The prevalence of DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders in youth with asthma compared with controls. J. Adolesc. Health 2007, 41:455-463.
114. Kawanokuchi J., Shimizu K., Nitta A., Yamada K., Mizuno T., Takeuchi H., Suzumura A. Production and functions of IL-17 in microglia. J. Neuroimmunol. 2008, 194:54-61.
115. Kebir H., Ifergan I., Alvarez J.I., Bernard M., Poirier J., Arbour N., Duquette P., Prat A. Preferential recruitment of interferon-gamma-expressing TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2009, 66:390-402.
116. Kendler K.S., Thornton L.M., Gardner C.O. Genetic risk, number of previous depressive episodes, and stressful life events in predicting onset of major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001, 158:582-586.
117. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Koretz D., Merikangas K.R., Rush A.J., Walters E.E., Wang P.S. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003, 289:3095-3105.
118. Kim J.-W., Kim Y.-K., Hwang J.-A., Yoon H.-K., Ko Y.-H., Han C., Lee H.-J., Ham B.-J., Lee H.S. Plasma levels of IL-23 and IL-17 before and after antidepressant treatment in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Investig. 2013, 10:294-299.
119. Klein D.N., Schatzberg A.F., McCullough J.P., Dowling F., Goodman D., Howland R.H., Markowitz J.C., Smith C., Thase M.E., Rush A.J. Age of onset in chronic major depression: relation to demographic and clinical variables, family history, and treatment response. J. Affect. Disord. 1999, 55:149-157.
120. Kleinschek M.A., Muller U., Brodie S.J., Stenzel W., Kohler G., Blumenschein W.M., Straubinger R.K., McClanahan T., Kastelein R.A., Alber G. IL-23 enhances the inflammatory cell response in Cryptococcus neoformans infection and induces a cytokine pattern distinct from IL-12. J. Immunol. 2006, 176:1098-1106.
121. Kostic M., Dzopalic T., Zivanovic S., Zivkovic N., Cvetanovic A., Stojanovic I., Vojinovic S., Marjanovic G., Savic V., Colic M. IL-17 and glutamate excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Scand. J. Immunol. 2014, 79:181-186.
122. Kotler M., Rodríguez C., Sáinz R.M., Antolin I., Menéndez-Peláez A. Melatonin increases gene expression for antioxidant enzymes in rat brain cortex. J. Pineal Res. 1998, 24:83-89.
123. Kremer B., Den Hartog H., Jolles J. Relationship between allergic rhinitis, disturbed cognitive functions and psychological well-being. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002, 32:1310-1315.
124. Kronfol Z., Remick D.G. Cytokines and the brain: implications for clinical psychiatry. Cytokines 2000, 157(5):683-694.
125. Kryczek I., Bruce A.T., Gudjonsson J.E., Johnston A., Aphale A., Vatan L., Szeliga W., Wang Y., Liu Y., Welling T.H. Induction of IL-17+ T cell trafficking and development by IFN-γ: mechanism and pathological relevance in psoriasis. J. Immunol. 2008, 181:4733-4741.
126. Kubera M., Kenis G., Bosmans E., Scharpé S., Maes M. Effects of serotonin and serotonergic agonists and antagonists on the production of interferonn-γ and interleukin-10. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000, 23:89-98.
127. Kubera M., Maes M., Kenis G., Kim Y.-K., Lasoń W. Effects of serotonin and serotonergic agonists and antagonists on the production of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6. Psychiatry Res. 2005, 134:251-258.
128. Langrish C.L., Chen Y., Blumenschein W.M., Mattson J., Basham B., Sedgwick J.D., McClanahan T., Kastelein R.A., Cua D.J. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 2005, 201:233-240.
129. Lardone P.J., Guerrero J.M., Fernandez-Santos J.M., Rubio A., Martin-Lacave I., Carrillo-Vico A. Melatonin synthesized by T lymphocytes as a ligand of the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor. J. Pineal Res. 2011, 51:454-462.
130. Lee Y.K., Menezes J.S., Umesaki Y., Mazmanian S.K. Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108:4615-4622.
131. Leonard B., Maes M. Mechanistic explanations how cell-mediated immune activation: inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways and their sequels and concomitants play a role in the pathophysiology of unipolar depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2012, 36:764-785.
132. Leonard B.E. The HPA and immune axes in stress: the involvement of the serotonergic system. Eur. Psychiatry 2005, 20:S302-S306.
133. Li L., Lu J., Tay S.S.W., Moochhala S.M., He B.P. The function of microglia, either neuroprotection or neurotoxicity, is determined by the equilibrium among factors released from activated microglia in vitro. Brain Res. 2007, 1159:8-17.
134. Lichtblau N., Schmidt F.M., Schumann R., Kirkby K.C., Himmerich H. Cytokines as biomarkers in depressive disorder: current standing and prospects. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2013, 25:592-603.
135. Long J., Liu C., Sun L., Gao H., Liu J. Neuronal mitochondrial toxicity of malondialdehyde: inhibitory effects on respiratory function and enzyme activities in rat brain mitochondria. Neurochem. Res. 2009, 34:786-794.
136. Lowy M.T., Reder A.T., Antel J.P., Meltzer H.Y. Glucocorticoid resistance in depression: the dexamethasone suppression test and lymphocyte sensitivity to dexamethasone. Am. J. Psychiatry 1984, 141:1365-1370.
137. Macpherson A.J., Harris N.L. Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2004, 4:478-485.
138. Maes M. A review on the acute phase response in major depression. Rev. Neurosci. 1993, 4:407-416.
139. Maes M. Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1995, 19:11-38.
140. Maes M. The cytokine hypothesis of depression: inflammation, oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and leaky gut as new targets for adjunctive treatments in depression. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 2008, 29:287-291.
141. Maes M. Depression is an inflammatory disease, but cell-mediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:664-675.
142. Maes M., Bosmans E., Suy E., Vandervorst C., De Jonckheere C., Raus J. Immune disturbances during major depression: upregulated expression of interleukin-2 receptors. Neuropsychobiology 1990, 24:115-120.
143. Maes M., Bosmans E., Suy E., Vandervorst C., Dejonckheere C., Raus J. Antiphospholipid, antinuclea, Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus antibodies, and soluble interleukin-2 receptors in depressive patients. J. Affect. Disord. 1991, 21:133-140.
144. Maes M., Bosmans E., Suy E., Vandervorst C., DeJonckheere C., Raus J. Depression-related disturbances in mitogen-induced lymphocyte responses and interleukin-1 beta and soluble interleukin-2 receptor production. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1991, 84:379-386.
145. Maes M., Stevens W., DeClerck L., Bridts C., Peeters D., Schotte C., Cosyns P. A significantly increased number and percentage of B cells in depressed subjects: results of flow cytometric measurements. J. Affect. Disord. 1992, 24:127-134.
146. Maes M., Scharpe S., Meltzer H.Y., Bosmans E., Suy E., Calabrese J., Cosyns P. Relationships between interleukin-6 activity, acute phase proteins, and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in severe depression. Psychiatry Res. 1993, 49:11-27.
147. Maes M., Vandoolaeghe E., Ranjan R., Bosmans E., Van Gastel A., Bergmans R., Desnyder R. Increased serum soluble CD8 or suppressor/cytotoxic antigen concentrations in depression: suppressive effects of glucocorticoids. Biol. Psychiatry 1996, 40:1273-1281.
148. Maes M., Vandoolaeghe E., Neels H., Demedts P., Wauters A., Meltzer H.Y., Altamura C., Desnyder R. Lower serum zinc in major depression is a sensitive marker of treatment resistance and of the immune/inflammatory response in that illness. Biol. Psychiatry 1997, 42:349-358.
149. Maes M., De Vos N., Pioli R., Demedts P., Wauters A., Neels H., Christophe A. Lower serum vitamin E concentrations in major depression: another marker of lowered antioxidant defenses in that illness. J. Affect. Disord. 2000, 58:241-246.
150. Maes M., Kubera M., Leunis J.-C. The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 2008, 29:117-124.
151. Maes M., Leonard B., Myint A., Kubera M., Verkerk R. The new '5-HT' hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 35:702-721.
152. Maes M., Berk M., Goehler L., Song C., Anderson G., Galecki P., Leonard B. Depression and sickness behavior are Janus-faced responses to shared inflammatory pathways. BMC Med. 2012, 10:66.
153. Maes M., Ringel K., Kubera M., Berk M., Rybakowski J. Increased autoimmune activity against 5-HT: a key component of depression that is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity, and with severity and staging of depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2012, 136:386-392.
154. Maes M., Kubera M., Leunis J.C., Berk M., Geffard M., Bosmans E. In depression, bacterial translocation may drive inflammatory responses, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), and autoimmune responses directed against O&NS-damaged neoepitopes. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2013, 127:344-354.
155. Maes M., Kubera M., Mihaylova I., Geffard M., Galecki P., Leunis J.C., Berk M. Increased autoimmune responses against auto-epitopes modified by oxidative and nitrosative damage in depression: implications for the pathways to chronic depression and neuroprogression. J. Affect. Disord. 2013, 149:23-29.
156. Mai J., Wang H., Yang X.-F. T helper 17 cells interplay with CD4+ CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs in regulation of inflammations and autoimmune diseases. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.) 2010, 15:986.
157. Mak A., Tang C., Ho R. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha is associated with poor health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2013, 22:254-261.
158. Malaguarnera M., Di Fazio I., Restuccia S., Pistone G., Ferlito L., Rampello L. Interferon alpha-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C patients: comparison between different types of interferon alpha. Neuropsychobiology 1997, 37:93-97.
159. Malykhin N.V., Carter R., Hegadoren K.M., Seres P., Coupland N.J. Fronto-limbic volumetric changes in major depressive disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 2012, 136:1104-1113.
160. Malynn S., Campos-Torres A., Moynagh P., Haase J. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α regulates the activity and expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in astrocytes. Neurochem. Res. 2013, 38:694-704.
161. Mangan P.R., Harrington L.E., O'Quinn D.B., Helms W.S., Bullard D.C., Elson C.O., Hatton R.D., Wahl S.M., Schoeb T.R., Weaver C.T. Transforming growth factor-β induces development of the TH17 lineage. Nature 2006, 441:231-234.
162. McGeachy M.J., Bak-Jensen K.S., Chen Y., Tato C.M., Blumenschein W., McClanahan T., Cua D.J. TGF-β and IL-6 drive the production of IL-17 and IL-10 by T cells and restrain TH-17 cell-mediated pathology. Nat. Immunol. 2007, 8:1390-1397.
163. McNally L., Bhagwagar Z., Hannestad J. Inflammation, glutamate, and glia in depression: a literature review. CNS Spectr. 2008, 13:501-510.
164. Meares G.P., Ma X., Qin H., Benveniste E.N. Regulation of CCL20 expression in astrocytes by IL-6 and IL-17. Glia 2012, 60:771-781.
165. Mikova O., Yakimova R., Bosmans E., Kenis G., Maes M. Increased serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations in major depression and multiple sclerosis. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001, 11:203-208.
166. Miller A.H., Maletic V., Raison C.L. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 65:732-741.
167. Mingari, M., Gerosa, F., Carra, G., Accolla, R., Moretta, A., Zubler, R., Waldmann, T., Moretta, L., 1984. Human interleukin-2 promotes proliferation of activated B cells via surface receptors similar to those of activated T cells.
168. Miossec P., Kolls J.K. Targeting IL-17 and TH17 cells in chronic inflammation. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2012, 11:763-776.
169. Mittermaier C., Dejaco C., Waldhoer T., Oefferlbauer-Ernst A., Miehsler W., Beier M., Tillinger W., Gangl A., Moser G. Impact of depressive mood on relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective 18-month follow-up study. Psychosom. Med. 2004, 66:79-84.
170. Moreau M., Lestage J., Verrier D., Mormède C., Kelley K.W., Dantzer R., Castanon N. Bacille calmette-guérin inoculation induces chronic activation of peripheral and brain indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192:537-544.
171. Morris G., Anderson G., Berk M., Maes M. Coenzyme Q10 depletion in medical and neuropsychiatric disorders: potential repercussions and therapeutic implications. Mol. Neurobiol. 2013, 48:883-903.
172. Moura D.S., Georgin-Lavialle S., Gaillard R., Hermine O. Neuropsychological features of adult mastocytosis. Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am. 2014, 34:407-422.
173. Moylan S., Berk M., Dean O.M., Samuni Y., Williams L.J., O'Neil A., Hayley A.C., Pasco J.A., Anderson G., Jacka F.N., Maes M. Oxidative & nitrosative stress in depression: why so much stress?. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2014, 45:46-62.
174. Moylan S., Maes M., Wray N., Berk M. The neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder: pathways to disease evolution and resistance, and therapeutic implications. Mol. Psychiatry 2013, 18:595-606.
175. Mueller T.I., Leon A.C., Keller M.B., Solomon D.A., Endicott J., Coryell W., Warshaw M., Maser J.D. Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up. Am. J. Psychiatry 1999, 156:1000-1006.
176. Munzer A., Sack U., Mergl R., Schönherr J., Petersein C., Bartsch S., Kirkby K.C., Bauer K., Himmerich H. Impact of antidepressants on cytokine production of depressed patients in vitro. Toxins 2013, 5:2227-2240.
177. Murphy Á.C., Lalor S.J., Lynch M.A., Mills K.H. Infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells and activation of microglia in the CNS during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2010, 24:641-651.
178. Nauta A.J., Daha M.R., Tijsma O., van de Water B., Tedesco F., Roos A. The membrane attack complex of complement induces caspase activation and apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 2002, 32:783-792.
179. Navarra P., Tsagarakis S., Faria M.S., Rees L.H., Besser G.M., Grossman A.B. Interleukins-1 and -6 stimulate the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone-41 from rat hypothalamus in vitro via the eicosanoid cyclooxygenase pathway. Endocrinology 1991, 128:37-44.
180. Nomura Y., Kitamura Y. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in glial cells. Neurosci. Res. 1993, 18:103-107.
181. Noto C., Ota V.K., Santoro M.L., Ortiz B.B., Rizzo L.B., Higuchi C.H., Cordeiro Q., Belangero S.I., Bressan R.A., Gadelha A. Effects of depression on the cytokine profile in drug naïve first-episode psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2015, 164:53-58.
182. Nurieva R., Yang X.O., Martinez G., Zhang Y., Panopoulos A.D., Ma L., Schluns K., Tian Q., Watowich S.S., Jetten A.M. Essential autocrine regulation by IL-21 in the generation of inflammatory T cells. Nature 2007, 448:480-483.
183. O'Connor J., Lawson M., Andre C., Moreau M., Lestage J., Castanon N., Kelley K., Dantzer R. Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in mice. Mol. Psychiatry 2009, 14:511-522.
184. Ogawa S., Fujii T., Koga N., Hori H., Teraishi T., Hattori K., Noda T., Higuchi T., Motohashi N., Kunugi H. Plasma L-tryptophan concentration in major depressive disorder: new data and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2014, 75:e906-915.
185. Okuda A., Suzuki T., Kishi T., Yamanouchi Y., Umeda K., Haitoh H., Hashimoto S., Ozaki N., Iwata N. Duration of untreated illness and antidepressant fluvoxamine response in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 64:268-273.
186. Owe-Young R., Webster N.L., Mukhtar M., Pomerantz R.J., Smythe G., Walker D., Armati P.J., Crowe S.M., Brew B.J. Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human blood-brain-barrier cells: implications for immune tolerance & neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 2008, 105:1346-1357.
187. Pae C.-U., Yu H.-S., Kim T.-S., Lee C.-U., Lee S.-J., Jun T.-Y., Lee C., Serretti A., Paik I.-H. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) promoter-2518 polymorphism may confer a susceptibility to major depressive disorder in the Korean population. Psychiatry Res. 2004, 127:279-281.
188. Paintlia M.K., Paintlia A.S., Singh A.K., Singh I. Synergistic activity of interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α enhances oxidative stress-mediated oligodendrocyte apoptosis. J. Neurochem. 2011, 116:508-521.
189. Papadopoulos M., Koumenis I., Yuan T., Giffard R. Increasing vulnerability of astrocytes to oxidative injury with age despite constant antioxidant defenses. Neuroscience 1997, 82:915-925.
190. Park H., Li Z., Yang X.O., Chang S.H., Nurieva R., Wang Y.-H., Wang Y., Hood L., Zhu Z., Tian Q. A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17. Nat. Immunol. 2005, 6:1133-1141.
191. Pav M., Kovaru H., Fiserova A., Havrdova E., Lisa V. Neurobiological aspects of depressive disorder and antidepressant treatment: role of glia. Physiol. Res. 2008, 57:151-164.
192. Pickering M., Cumiskey D., O'Connor J.J. Actions of TNF-α on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Exp. Physiol. 2005, 90:663-670.
193. Postolache T.T., Lapidus M., Sander E.R., Langenberg P., Hamilton R.G., Soriano J.J., McDonald J.S., Furst N., Bai J., Scrandis D.A. Changes in allergy symptoms and depression scores are positively correlated in patients with recurrent mood disorders exposed to seasonal peaks in aeroallergens. Sci. World J. 2007, 7:1968-1977.
194. Prajeeth C.K., Lohr K., Floess S., Zimmermann J., Ulrich R., Gudi V., Beineke A., Baumgartner W., Muller M., Huehn J., Stangel M. Effector molecules released by Th1 but not Th17 cells drive an M1 response in microglia. Brain Behav. Immun. 2014, 37:248-259.
195. Preskorn S.H., Baker B., Kolluri S., Menniti F.S., Krams M., Landen J.W. An innovative design to establish proof of concept of the antidepressant effects of the NR2B subunit selective N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, CP-10. 606, in patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2008, 28:631-637.
196. Rafice S., Chauhan N., Efimov I., Basran J., Raven E. Oxidation of L-tryptophan in biology: a comparison between tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2009, 37:408.
197. Raison C.L., Dantzer R., Kelley K.W., Lawson M.A., Woolwine B.J., Vogt G., Spivey J.R., Saito K., Miller A.H. CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-α: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression. Mol. Psychiatry 2010, 15:393-403.
198. Rajasekaran A., Venkatasubramanian G., Berk M., Debnath M. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: pathways, mechanisms and implications. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2015, 48:10-21.
199. Reboldi A., Coisne C., Baumjohann D., Benvenuto F., Bottinelli D., Lira S., Uccelli A., Lanzavecchia A., Engelhardt B., Sallusto F. CC chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE. Nat. Immunol. 2009, 10:514-523.
200. Reynolds I., Hastings T. Glutamate induces the production of reactive oxygen species in cultured forebrain neurons following NMDA receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:3318-3327.
201. Rom O., Avezov K., Aizenbud D., Reznick A.Z. Cigarette smoking and inflammation revisited. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 2013, 187:5-10.
202. Roy B.F., Bowen W.D., Frazier J.S., Rose J.W., McFarland H.F., McFarlin D.E., Murphy D.L., Morihisa J.M. Human antiidiotypic antibody against opiate receptors. Ann. Neurol. 1988, 24:57-63.
203. Salminen A., Haapasalo A., Kauppinen A., Kaarniranta K., Soininen H., Hiltunen M. Impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: impact on pathogenesis via disturbed epigenetic regulation of chromatin landscape. Prog. Neurobiol. 2015, 131:1-20.
204. Sanacora G., Gueorguieva R., Epperson C.N., Wu Y.-T., Appel M., Rothman D.L., Krystal J.H., Mason G.F. Subtype-specific alterations of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamatein patients with major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2004, 61:705-713.
205. Sanna L., Stuart A.L., Pasco J.A., Jacka F.N., Berk M., Maes M., O'Neil A., Girardi P., Williams L.J. Atopic disorders and depression: findings from a large, population-based study. J. Affect. Disord. 2014, 155:261-265.
206. Sarandol A., Sarandol E., Eker S.S., Erdinc S., Vatansever E., Kirli S. Major depressive disorder is accompanied with oxidative stress: short-term antidepressant treatment does not alter oxidative-antioxidative systems. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 22:67-73.
207. Saresella M., Calabrese E., Marventano I., Piancone F., Gatti A., Alberoni M., Nemni R., Clerici M. Increased activity of Th-17 and Th-9 lymphocytes and a skewing of the post-thymic differentiation pathway are seen in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav. Immun. 2011, 25:539-547.
208. Schobersberger W., Hoffmann G., Grote J., Wachter H., Fuchs D. Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by neopterin in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 1995, 377:461-464.
209. Seiderer J., Elben I., Diegelmann J., Glas J., Stallhofer J., Tillack C., Pfennig S., Jürgens M., Schmechel S., Konrad A. Role of the novel Th17 cytokine IL-17F in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): upregulated colonic IL-17F expression in active Crohn's disease and analysis of the IL17F p. His161Arg polymorphism in IBD. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2008, 14:437-445.
210. Shao L., Martin M.V., Watson S.J., Schatzberg A., Akil H., Myers R.M., Jones E.G., Bunney W.E., Vawter M.P. Mitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disorders. Ann. Med. 2008, 40:281-295.
211. Sheline Y.I., Gado M.H., Kraemer H.C. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160:1516-1518.
212. Shichita T., Sugiyama Y., Ooboshi H., Sugimori H., Nakagawa R., Takada I., Iwaki T., Okada Y., Iida M., Cua D.J. Pivotal role of cerebral interleukin-17-producing γδT cells in the delayed phase of ischemic brain injury. Nat. Med. 2009, 15:946-950.
213. Sie C., Korn T., Mitsdoerffer M. Th17 cells in central nervous system autoimmunity. Exp. Neurol. 2014, 262:18-27.
214. Sierro F., Dubois B., Coste A., Kaiserlian D., Kraehenbuhl J.-P., Sirard J.-C. Flagellin stimulation of intestinal epithelial cells triggers CCL20-mediated migration of dendritic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001, 98:13722-13727.
215. Skaper S.D., Facci L., Giusti P. Neuroinflammation, microglia and mast cells in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive disorders: a review. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2014, 13:1654-1666.
216. Slyepchenko A., Carvalho A., Cha D., Kasper S., McIntyre R. Gut emotions-mechanisms of action of probiotics as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2014, 13(10):1770-1786.
217. Spanemberg L., Caldieraro M.A., Vares E.A., Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B., Kauer-Sant'Anna M., Kawamoto S.Y., Galvão E., Parker G., Fleck M.P. Biological differences between melancholic and nonmelancholic depression subtyped by the cOre measure. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2014, 10:1523.
218. Srivastava M.D., Rossi T., Lebenthal E. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor, soluble CD8 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1995, 87:21-26.
219. Stumhofer J.S., Laurence A., Wilson E.H., Huang E., Tato C.M., Johnson L.M., Villarino A.V., Huang Q., Yoshimura A., Sehy D. Interleukin 27 negatively regulates the development of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells during chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. Nat. Immunol. 2006, 7:937-945.
220. Sullivan P.F., Neale M.C., Kendler K.S. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 2000, 157(10):1552-1562.
221. Sun X., Shao Y., Jin Y., Huai J., Zhou Q., Huang Z., Wu J. Melatonin reduces bacterial translocation by preventing damage to the intestinal mucosa in an experimental severe acute pancreatitis rat model. Exp. Ther. Med. 2013, 6:1343-1349.
222. Swanson G.R., Gorenz A., Shaikh M., Desai V., Forsyth C., Fogg L., Burgess H.J., Keshavarzian A. Decreased melatonin secretion is associated with increased intestinal permeability and marker of endotoxemia in alcoholics. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2015, 308:G1004-G1011.
223. Tallerova A., Kovalenko L., Durnev A., Seredenin S. Effect of ladasten on the content of cytokine markers of inflammation and behavior of mice with experimental depression-like syndrome. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2011, 152:58-60.
224. Tanaka S., Matsunaga H., Kimura M., Tatsumi K.-i., Hidaka Y., Takano T., Uema T., Takeda M., Amino N. Autoantibodies against four kinds of neurotransmitter receptors in psychiatric disorders. J. Neuroimmunol. 2003, 141:155-164.
225. Tanis K.Q., Newton S.S., Duman R.S. Targeting neurotrophic/growth factor expression and signaling for antidepressant drug development. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2007, 6:151-160.
226. Tavares R.G., Tasca C.I., Santos C.E., Alves L.c.B., Porciúncula L.O., Emanuelli T., Souza D.O. Quinolinic acid stimulates synaptosomal glutamate release and inhibits glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Neurochem. Int. 2002, 40:621-627.
227. Trudler D., Nash Y., Frenkel D. New insights on Parkinson's disease genes: the link between mitochondria impairment and neuroinflammation. J. Neural Trans. (Vienna, Austria: 1996) 2015, 122(10):1409-1419.
228. Turgut M., Erdogan S., Ergin K., Serter M. Melatonin ameliorates blood-brain barrier permeability, glutathione, and nitric oxide levels in the choroid plexus of the infantile rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Brain Res. 2007, 1175:117-125.
229. van de Pavert S.A., Ferreira M., Domingues R.G., Ribeiro H., Molenaar R., Moreira-Santos L., Almeida F.F., Ibiza S., Barbosa I., Goverse G. Maternal retinoids control type 3 innate lymphoid cells and set the offspring immunity. Nature 2014, 508:123-127.
230. Videbech P., Ravnkilde B. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004, 161:1957-1966.
231. Vidlak D., Kielian T. Differential effects of interleukin-17 receptor signaling on innate and adaptive immunity during central nervous system bacterial infection. J. Neuroinflamm. 2012, 9:128.
232. Waisman A., Hauptmann J., Regen T. The role of IL-17 in CNS diseases. Acta Neuropathol. 2015, 129:625-637.
233. Wang D.-d., Zhao Y.-f., Wang G.-y., Sun B., Kong Q.-f., Zhao K., Zhang Y., Wang J.-h., Liu Y.-m., Mu L.-l. IL-17 potentiates neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and affects neuronal IL-17 receptor expression. J. Neuroimmunol. 2009, 212:17-25.
234. Wang S.L., Chang C.H., Hu L.Y., Tsai S.J., Yang A.C., You Z.H. Risk of developing depressive disorders following rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS One 2014, 9:e107791.
235. Wang Y., Begum-Haque S., Telesford K.M., Ochoa-Reparaz J., Christy M., Kasper E.J., Kasper D.L., Robson S.C., Kasper L.H. A commensal bacterial product elicits and modulates migratory capacity of CD39(+) CD4 T regulatory subsets in the suppression of neuroinflammation. Gut Microbes 2014, 5:552-561.
236. Weaver C.T., Hatton R.D., Mangan P.R., Harrington L.E. IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2007, 25:821-852.
237. Webster K.E., Kim H.O., Kyparissoudis K., Corpuz T.M., Pinget G.V., Uldrich A.P., Brink R., Belz G.T., Cho J.H., Godfrey D.I., Sprent J. IL-17-producing NKT cells depend exclusively on IL-7 for homeostasis and survival. Mucosal Immunol. 2014, 7:1058-1067.
238. Wegener G., Volke V., Harvey B.H., Rosenberg R. Local, but not systemic, administration of serotonergic antidepressants decreases hippocampal nitric oxide synthase activity. Brain Res. 2003, 959:128-134.
239. Wienke J., Janssen W., Scholman R., Spits H., van Gijn M., Boes M., van Montfrans J., Moes N., de Roock S. A novel human STAT3 mutation presents with autoimmunity involving Th17 hyperactivation. Oncotarget 2015, 6:20037-20042.
240. Wilson N.J., Boniface K., Chan J.R., McKenzie B.S., Blumenschein W.M., Mattson J.D., Basham B., Smith K., Chen T., Morel F. Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat. Immunol. 2007, 8:950-957.
241. Wölfler A., Abuja P.M., Schauenstein K., Liebmann P.M. N-acetylserotonin is a better extra-and intracellular antioxidant than melatonin. FEBS Lett. 1999, 449:206-210.
242. Wong C.S., Jow G.M., Kaizaki A., Fan L.W., Tien L.T. Melatonin ameliorates brain injury induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide in neonatal rats. Neuroscience 2014, 267:147-156.
243. Woodfolk J.A. T-cell responses to allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007, 119:280-294.
244. Xie Q.W., Cho H.J., Calaycay J., Mumford R.A., Swiderek K.M., Lee T.D., Ding A., Troso T., Nathan C. Cloning and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1992, 256:225-228.
245. Yamano M., Yuki H., Yasuda S., Miyata K. Corticotropin-releasing hormone1 receptors mediate consensus interferon-α YM643-induced depression-like behavior in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2000, 292:181-187.
246. Yang X.O., Panopoulos A.D., Nurieva R., Chang S.H., Wang D., Watowich S.S., Dong C. STAT3 regulates cytokine-mediated generation of inflammatory helper T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:9358-9363.
247. Yang X.O., Pappu B.P., Nurieva R., Akimzhanov A., Kang H.S., Chung Y., Ma L., Shah B., Panopoulos A.D., Schluns K.S. T helper 17 lineage differentiation is programmed by orphan nuclear receptors RORα and RORγ. Immunity 2008, 28:29-39.
248. Yen D., Cheung J., Scheerens H., Poulet F., McClanahan T., Mckenzie B., Kleinschek M.A., Owyang A., Mattson J., Blumenschein W. IL-23 is essential for T cell-mediated colitis and promotes inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6. J. Clin. Investig. 2006, 116:1310.
249. Yu Y., Chen T.-J., Hong C.-J., Chen H.-M., Tsai S.-J. Association study of the interleukin-1 beta (C-511T) genetic polymorphism with major depressive disorder, associated symptomatology, and antidepressant response. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1182-1185.
250. Yui K., Sato A., Imataka G. Mitochondrial dysfunction and its relationship with mTOR signaling and oxidative damage in autism spectrum disorders. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2015, 15:373-389.
251. Zambetti L.P., Mortellaro A. NLRPs, microbiota, and gut homeostasis: unravelling the connection. J. Pathol. 2014, 233:321-330.
252. Zhang X., Wu C., Song J., Gotte M., Sorokin L. Syndecan-1, a cell surface proteoglycan, negatively regulates initial leukocyte recruitment to the brain across the choroid plexus in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 2013, 191:4551-4561.
253. Zhang Y., Zhen H., Yao W., Bian F., Mao X., Yang X., Jin S. Antidepressant drug, desipramine, alleviates allergic rhinitis by regulating Treg and Th17 cells. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2012, 26:107-115.
254. Zhou L., Ivanov I.I., Spolski R., Min R., Shenderov K., Egawa T., Levy D.E., Leonard W.J., Littman D.R. IL-6 programs TH-17 cell differentiation by promoting sequential engagement of the IL-21 and IL-23 pathways. Nat. Immunol. 2007, 8:967-974.
255. Zhu C.-B., Blakely R.D., Hewlett W.A. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha activate serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:2121-2131.
256. Zisook S., Lesser I., Stewart J.W., Wisniewski S.R., Balasubramani G., Fava M., Gilmer W.S., Dresselhaus T.R., Thase M.E., Nierenberg A.A. Effect of age at onset on the course of major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 2007, 164:1539-1546.