The new '5-HT' hypothesis of depression: Cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 702-721

  Maes, M ^a   Leonard, B E ^b   Myint, A M ^c   Kubera, M ^d   Verkerk, R ^e  

^a Piyavate Hospital   (Thailand)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^d INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY   (Poland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Cell mediated immune activation; Cytokines; Depression; Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; Inflammation; Tryptophan

Indexed keywords

3 HYDROXYANTHRANILIC ACID; 3 HYDROXYKYNURENINE; ALPHA INTERFERON; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUCOCORTICOID; INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE; INTERLEUKIN 6; KYNURENINE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; QUINOLINIC ACID; SEROTONIN; TRYPTOPHAN; TRYPTOPHAN 2,3 DIOXYGENASE; TRYPTOPHAN CATABOLITE; TRYPTOPHAN DERIVATIVE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMINO ACID BLOOD LEVEL; AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CORTICOSTEROID RELEASE; DEPRESSION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MELANOMA; MITOCHONDRION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROTOXICITY; NITRATIVE STRESS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SHORT SURVEY; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; INDOLEAMINE-PYRROLE 2,3,-DIOXYGENASE; INFLAMMATION; MALE; NITROSATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SEROTONIN; TRYPTOPHAN;

EID: 79954604454     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.017     Document Type: Short Survey

References (299)

1. Abou-Saleh M. Neuroimaging in psychiatry: an update. J Psychosom Res 2006, 61:289-293.
2. Abou-Saleh M.T., Ghubash R., Karim L., Krymski M., Anderson D.N. The role of pterins and related factors in the biology of early postpartum depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999, 9:295-300.
3. Alkam T., Nitta A., Mizoguchi H., Itoh A., Nabeshima T. A natural scavenger of peroxynitrites, rosmarinic acid, protects against impairment of memory induced by Abeta(25-35). Behav Brain Res 2007, 180(2):139-145.
4. Al-Sadi R.M., Ma T.Y. IL-1beta causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. J Immunol 2007, 178(7):4641-4649.
5. Badawy A.A. The functions and regulation of tryptophan pyrrolase. Life Sci 1977, 21(6):755-768.
6. Banki C.M., Molnar G., Fekete I. Correlation of individual symptoms and other clinical variables with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites and tryptophan in depression. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1981, 229(4):345-353.
7. Baran H., Staniek K., Kepplinger B., Stur J., Draxler M., Nohl H. Kynurenines and the respiratory parameters on rat heart mitochondria. Life Sci 2003, 72(10):1103-1115.
8. Baran H., Kepplinger B., Draxler M. Endogenous kynurenine aminotransferases inhibitor is proposed to act as "Glia Depressing Factor" (GDF). Int J Tryptophan Res 2010, 3:13-22.
9. Baron B.M., Harrison B.L., Kehne J.H., Schmidt C.J., van Giersbergen P.L., White H.S., et al. Pharmacological characterization of MDL 105, 519, an NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 1997, 323(2-3):181-192.
10. Bertazzo A., Punzi L., Bertazzolo N., Pianon M., Pozzuoli A., Costa C.V., et al. Tryptophan catabolism in synovial fluid of various arthropathies and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999, 467:565-570.
11. Birch P.J., Grossman C.J., Hayes A.G. Kynurenic acid antagonizes responses to NMDA via an action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 1988, 154:85-87.
12. Bonaccorso S., Puzella A., Marino V., Pasquini M., Biondi M., Artini M., et al. Immunotherapy with interferon-alpha in patients affected by chronic hepatitis C induces an intercorrelated stimulation of the cytokine network and an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2001, 105(1-2):45-55.
13. Bonaccorso S., Marino V., Puzella A., Pasquini M., Biondi M., Artini M., et al. Increased depressive ratings in patients with hepatitis C receiving interferon-alpha-based immunotherapy are related to interferon-alpha-induced changes in the serotonergic system. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002, 22(1):86-90.
14. Bosco M.C., Rapisarda A., Reffo G., Massazza S., Pastorino S., Varesio L. Macrophage activating properties of the tryptophan catabolite picolinic acid. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003, 527:55-65.
15. Braidy N., Grant R., Adams S., Brew B.J., Guillemin G.J. Mechanism for quinolinic acid cytotoxicity in human astrocytes and neurons. Neurotox Res 2009, 16(1):77-86.
16. Brandacher G., Winkler C., Schroecksnadel K., Margreiter R., Fuchs D. Antitumoral activity of interferon-gamma involved in impaired immune function in cancer patients. Curr Drug Metab 2006, 7(6):599-612.
17. Bremner J.D., Innis R.B., Salomon R.M., Staib L.H., Ng C.K., Miller H.L., et al. Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of tryptophan depletion-induced depressive relapse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54(4):364-374.
18. Brouns R., Verkerk Rl, Brouns R., Verkerk R, Aerts T., De Surgeloose D., et al. The role of tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway in acute ischemic stroke. Neurochem Res 2010, May 19.
19. Buhl E.S., Jensen T.K., Jessen N., Elfving B., Buhl C.S., Kristiansen S.B., et al. Treatment with an SSRI antidepressant restores hippocampo-hypothalamic corticosteroid feedback and reverses insulin resistance in low-birth-weight rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010, 298(5):E920-E929.
20. Burdette S.D., Parilo M.A., Kaplan L.J., Bailey H. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Medscape, eMedicine http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168943-overview.
21. Byrne G.I., Lehmann L.K., Landry G.J. Induction of tryptophan catabolism is the mechanism for gamma-interferon-mediated inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psittaci replication in T24 cells. Infect Immun 1986, 53(2):347-351.
22. Campbell S., MacQueen G. An update on regional brain volume differences associated with mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006, 19(1):25-33.
23. Capuron L., Ravaud A., Gualde N., Bosmans E., Dantzer R., Maes M., et al. Association between immune activation and early depressive symptoms in cancer patients treated with interleukin-2-based therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001, 26(8):797-808.
24. Capuron L., Ravaud A., Neveu P.J., Miller A.H., Maes M., Dantzer R. Association between decreased serum tryptophan concentrations and depressive symptoms in cancer patients undergoing cytokine therapy. Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7(5):468-473.
25. Capuron L., Neurauter G., Musselman D.L., Lawson D.H., Nemeroff C.B., Fuchs D., et al. Interferon-alpha-induced changes in tryptophan metabolism, relationship to depression and paroxetine treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 54(9):906-914.
26. Carlin J.M., Borden E.C., Byrne G.I. Enhancement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in cancer patients receiving interferon-beta Ser. J Interferon Res 1989, 9(2):167-173. [Apr; PubMed PMID: 2785576. 2].
27. Carlin J.M., Borden E.C., Sondel P.M., Byrne G.I. Interferon-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Leukoc Biol 1989, 45(1):29-34.
28. Carretti N., Florio P., Bertolin A., Costa C.V., Allegri G., Zilli G. Serum fluctuations of total and free tryptophan levels during the menstrual cycle are related to gonadotrophins and reflect brain serotonin utilization. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(6):1548-1553.
29. Carrillo-Mora P., Méndez-Cuesta L.A., Pérez-De La Cruz V., Fortoul-van Der Goes T.I., Santamaría A. Protective effect of systemic l-kynurenine and probenecid administration on behavioural and morphological alterations induced by toxic soluble amyloid beta (25-35) in rat hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2010, 210:240-250.
30. Carroll B.J. Dexamethasone suppression test in depression. Lancet 1980, 2(8206):1249.
31. Chavez A.M., Menconi M.J., Hodin R.A., Fink M.P. Cytokine-induced intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability: role of nitric oxide. Crit Care Med 1999, 27(10):2246-2251.
32. Cheng C.W., Shieh P.C., Lin Y.C., Chen Y.J., Lin Y.H., Kuo D.H., et al. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, an immunomodulatory protein, is suppressed by ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate via blocking of gamma-interferon-induced JAK-PKC-delta-STAT1 signaling in human oral cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 2010, 58(2):887-894.
33. Chiarugi A., Carpenado R., Moroni F. Kynurenine disposition in blood and brain of mice: effects of selective inhibitors of kynurenine hydroxylase and of kynureninase. J Neurochem 1996, 67:692-698.
34. Christen S., Peterhans E., Stocker R. Antioxidant activities of some tryptophan metabolites: possible implication for inflammatory diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 87(7):2506-2510.
35. Clark E., Hoare C., Tanianis-Hughes J., Carlson G.L., Warhurst G. Interferon gamma induces translocation of commensal Escherichia coli across gut epithelial cells via a lipid raft-mediated process. Gastroenterology 2005, 128(5):1258-1267.
36. Connor T.J., Leonard B.E. Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci 1998, 62(7):583-606.
37. Connor T.J., Starr N., O'Sullivan J.B., Harkin A. Induction of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in rat brain following a systemic inflammatory challenge: a role for IFN-gamma. Neurosci Lett 2008, 441(1):29-34. 15.
38. Coppen A. The biochemistry of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1967, 113(504):1237-1264.
39. Cowen P.J., Parry-Billings M., Newsholme E.A. Decreased plasma tryptophan levels in major depression. J Affect Disord 1989, 16(1):27-31.
40. Cozzi A., Carpenado R., Moroni F. Kynurenine hydroxylase inhibitors reduce brain damage: studies with (m-nitrobenzoyl)-alanine (mNBA) and 3, 4-dimethoxy-[-n-4-(nitrophenyl) thiazol-2YL]-benzensulfonamide (Ro 61-8048) in models of focal or global brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow 1999, 19:771-777.
41. Craft I.L., Wise I.J. Changes in amino acid metabolism during the menstrual cycle. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Cwlth 1969, 76:928-933.
42. Curzon G. Study of disturbed tryptophan metabolism in depressive illness. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 1979, 37(1):27-33.
43. Curzon G., Knott P.J. Rapid effects of environmental disturbance on rat plasma unesterified fatty acid and tryptophan concentrations and their prevention by antilipolytic drugs. Br J Pharmacol 1975, 54:389-396.
44. Curzon G., Sarna G.S. Tryptophan transport to the brain: newer findings and older ones reconsidered. Progress in tryptophan and serotonin research 1984, 145-157. Walter De Gruyter, Berlin. H.G. Schlossberger, W. Kochen, B. Linzen, H. Steinhart (Eds.).
45. Daley-Yates P.T., Powell A.P., Smith L.L. Pulmonary indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity and its significance in the response of rats, mice, and rabbits to oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988, 96(2):222-232.
46. Darlington L.G., Mackay G.M., Forrest C.M., Stoy N., George C., Stone T.W. Altered kynurenine metabolism correlates with infarct volume in stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 26(8):2211-2221.
47. DeMyer M.K., Shea P.A., Hendrie H.C., Yoshimura N.N. Plasma tryptophan and five other amino acids in depressed and normal subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981, 38(6):642-646.
48. Dunn A.J., Wang J., Ando T. Effects of cytokines on cerebral neurotransmission. Comparison with the effects of stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999, 461:117-127.
49. Dykens J.A., Sullivan S.G., Stern A. Oxidative reactivity of the tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilate, cinnabarinate, quinolinate and picolinate. Biochem Pharmacol 1987, 36(2):211-217.
50. Eggers V., Fügener K., Hein O.V., Rommelspacher H., Heyes M.P., Kox W.J., et al. Antibiotic-mediated release of tumour necrosis factor alpha and norharman in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia and septic encephalopathy. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30(8):1544-1551.
51. el-Defrawy S.R., Boegman R.J., Jhamandas K., Beninger R.J. The neurotoxic actions of quinolinic acid in the central nervous system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1986, 64(3):369-375.
52. Erhardt S., Hajos M., Lindberg A., Engberg G. Nicotine-induced excitation of locus coereleus neurons is blocked by elevated levels of endogenous kynurenic acid. Synapse 2000, 37:104-108.
53. Fallarini S., Miglio G., Paoletti T., Minassi A., Amoruso A., Bardelli C., et al. Clovamide and rosmarinic acid induce neuroprotective effects in in vitro models of neuronal death. Br J Pharmacol 2009, 157(6):1072-1084.
54. Fallarino F., Grohmann U., Vacca C., Bianchi R., Orabona C., Spreca A., et al. T cell apoptosis by tryptophan catabolism. Cell Death Differ 2002, 9(10):1069-1077.
55. Fernstrom J.D. Role of precursor availability in control of monoamine biosynthesis in brain. Physiol Rev 1983, 63(2):484-546.
56. Fernstrom J.D. Tryptophan availability and serotonin synthesis in rat brain: effects of experimental diabetes. Progress in tryptophan and serotonin research 1984, 161-172. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. H.G. Schlossberger, W. Kochen, B. Linzen, H. Steinhart (Eds.).
57. Fernstrom J.D., Hirsch M.J., Faller D.V. Tryptophan concentrations in rat brain. Failure to correlate with free serum tryptophan or its ratio to the sum of other serum neutral amino acids. Biochem J 1976, 160(3):589-595.
58. Fitzgerald D.H., Muirhead K.M., Botting N.P. A comparative study on the inhibition of human and bacterial kynureninases by novel bicyclic kynurenine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001, 9:983-989.
59. Fontana R.J., Kronfol Z., Lindsay K.L., Bieliauskas L.A., Padmanabhan L., Back-Madruga C. Changes in mood states and biomarkers during peginterferon and ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2008, 103(11):2766-2775. HALT-C Trial Group, Nov.
60. Fornstedt-Wallin B., Lundstrom J., Frederiksson G., Schwarcz R., Luthman J. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid accumulation following administration of the 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3, 4-dioxygenase inhibitor NCR-631. Eur J Pharmacol 1999, 386:15-24.
61. Forrest C.M., Kennedy A., Stone T.W., Stoy N., Darlington L.G. Kynurenine and neopterin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis during drug treatment. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003, 527:287-295.
62. Forrest C.M., Mackay G.M., Stoy N., Egerton M., Christofides J., Stone T.W., et al. Tryptophan loading induces oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2004, 38(11):1167-1171.
63. Fuchs D., Weiss G., Reibnegger G., Wachter H. The role of neopterin as a monitor of cellular immune activation in transplantation, inflammatory, infectious, and malignant diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1992, 29:307-341.
64. Fuchs D., Schrocksnadel H., Baier-Bitterlich G., Dapunt O., Wachter H. Activated cellular immunity and decreased serum tryptophan in healthy pregnancy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996, 398:149-153.
65. Gabbay V., Klein R.G., Katz Y., Mendoza S., Guttman L.E., Alonso C.M., et al. The possible role of the kynurenine pathway in adolescent depression with melancholic features. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010, Aug;51(8):935-43. (Electronic publication ahead of print 2010 April 12).
66. Gallowitsch-Puerta M., Tracey K.J. Immunologic role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the nicotinic acetylcholine alpha 7 receptor. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005, 62:209-219.
67. Gard P.R., Handley S.L., Parsons A.D., Waldron G. A multivariate investigation of postpartum mood disturbance. Br J Psychiatry 1986, 148:567-575.
68. Gardner A., Boles R.G. Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: mitochondria, inflammation and neurodegeneration in major depression and affective spectrum disorders. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 2010, [special issue].
69. Garthwaite G., Garthwaite J. Quinolinate mimics neurotoxic actions of N-methyl-d-aspartate in rat cerebellar slices. Neurosci Lett 1987, 79(1-2):35-39.
70. Geerlings M.I., Schoevers R.A., Beekman A.T., Jonker C., Deeg D.J., Schmand B., et al. Depression and risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Results of two prospective community-based studies in The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 2000, 176:568-575.
71. Gentil V., Lader M.H., Kantamaneni B.D., Curzon G. Effects of adrenaline injection on human plasma tryptophan and non-esterified fatty acids. Clin Sci Mol Med 1977, 53:227-232.
72. Giordani A., Pevarello P., Cini M., Bormetti R., Greco F., Toma S., et al. 4-Phenyl-4-oxo-butanoic acid derivatives inhibitors of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998, 8(20):2907-2912.
73. Goda K., Hamane Y., Kishimoto R., Ogishi Y. Radical scavenging properties of tryptophan metabolites. Estimation of their radical reactivity. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999, 467:397-402.
74. Godbout J.P., Moreau M., Lestage J., Chen J., Sparkman N.L., O'Connor J., et al. Aging exacerbates depressive-like behavior in mice in response to activation of the peripheral innate immune system. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33(10):2341-2351.
75. Goldstein L.E., Leopold M.C., Huang X., Atwood C.S., Saunders A.J., Hartshorn M., et al. 3-Hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid generate hydrogen peroxide and promote alpha-crystallin cross-linking by metal ion reduction. Biochemistry 2000, 39(24):7266-7275.
76. Guidetti P., Schwarcz R. 3-Hydroxykynurenine potentiates quinolinate but not NMDA toxicity in the rat striatum. Eur J Neurosci 1999, 11(11):3857-3863.
77. Guillemin G.J., Smith D.G., Kerr S.J., Smythe G.A., Kapoor V., Armati P.J., et al. Characterisation of kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes and implications in neuropathogenesis. Redox Rep 2000, 5:108-111.
78. Guillemin G.J., Kerr S.J., Smythe G.A., Smith D.G., Kapoor V., Armati P.J., et al. Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes: a paradox for neuronal protection. J Neurochem 2001, 78(4):842-853.
79. Handley S.L., Miskin R.C. The interaction of some kynurenine pathway metabolites with 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1977, 51(3):305-309.
80. Handley S.L., Dunn T.L., Waldron G., Baker J.M. Tryptophan, cortisol and puerperal mood. Br J Psychiatry 1980, 136:498-508.
81. Hasegawa S., Nishi K., Watanabe A., Overstreet D.H., Diksic M. Brain 5-HT synthesis in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat model of depression: an autoradiographic study. Neurochem Int 2006, 48(5):358-366.
82. Healy D., Leonard B.E. Monoamine transport in depression: kinetics and dynamics. J Affect Disord 1987, 12:91-103.
83. Henderson G., Johnson J.W., Ascher P. Competetive antagonists and partial agonists at the glycine modulatory site of the mouse NMDA receptors. J Physiol 1990, 430:189-212.
84. Henry C.J., Huang Y., Wynne A., Hanke M., Himler J., Bailey M.T., et al. Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia. J Neuroinflammation 2008, 5:15.
85. Hercher C., Turecki G., Mechawar N. Through the looking glass: examining neuroanatomical evidence for cellular alterations in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2009, 43(11):947-961.
86. Herken Hasan, Gurel Ahmet, Selek Salih, Armutcu Ferah, et al. Adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase in patients with major depression: impact of antidepressant treatment. Arch Med Res 2007, 38:247-252.
87. Heyes M., Mefford I., Bonnie J.K., Manish D., Lackner A. Increased ratio of quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid in cerobrospinal fluid of D-retrovirus-infected rhesus macaques: relationship to clinical and viral status. Ann Neurol 1990, 27:666-675.
88. Heyliger S.O., Mazzio E.A., Soliman K.F. The anti-inflammatory effects of quinolinic acid in the rat. Life Sci 1999, 64(14):1177-1187.
89. Hilmas C., Pereira E.F.R., Alkodon M., Rassoulpour A., Schwarcz R., Albuquerque E.X. The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha-7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiological implication. J Neurosci 2001, 21:7462-7473.
90. Hoes M.J. The clinical significance of an elevated excretion of xanthurenic acid in psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatr Belg 1979, 79(6):638-646.
91. Hoes M.J., Sijben N. The clinical significance of disordered renal excretion of xanthurenic acid in depressive patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981, 75(4):346-349.
92. Huengsberg M., Winer J.B., Gompels M., Round R., Ross J., Shahmanesh M. Serum kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio increases with progressive disease in HIV-infected patients. Clin Chem 1998, 44(4):858-862.
93. Jackson P.F., Davenport T.W., Garcia L., McKinney J.A., Melville M.G., Harris G.G., et al. Synthesis and biological activity of a series of 4-aryl substituted Bez[b]azepines: antagonists at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995, 5:3097-3100.
94. Jancsar S., Leonard B.E. Effect of antidepressants on conditioned taste aversion learning in olfactory bulbectomised rats. Neuropharmacology 1981, 20:1314-1315.
95. Jang S., Jeong H.S., Park J.S., Kim Y.S., Jin C.Y., Seol M.B., et al. Neuroprotective effects of ()-epigallocatechin-3-gallate against quinolinic acid-induced excitotoxicity via PI3K pathway and NO inhibition. Brain Res 2010, 1313:25-33.
96. Jeong Y.I., Kim S.W., Jung I.D., Lee J.S., Chang J.H., Lee C.M., et al. Curcumin suppresses the induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase by blocking the Janus-activated kinase-protein kinase Cdelta-STAT1 signaling pathway in interferon-gamma-stimulated murine dendritic cells. J Biol Chem 2009, 284(6):3700-3708.
97. Johnson B.A., Baban B., Mellor A.L. Targeting the immunoregulatory indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase pathway in immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2009, 1(4):645-661.
98. Joseph M.S., Brewerton T.D., Reus V.I., Stebbins G.T. Plasma l-tryptophan/neutral amino acid ratio and dexamethasone suppression in depression. Psychiatry Res 1984, 11(3):185-192.
99. Jung I.D., Lee C.M., Jeong Y.I., Lee J.S., Park W.S., Han J., et al. Differential regulation of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase by lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma in murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells. FEBS Lett 2007, 581(7):1449-1456.
100. Kanai M., Funakoshi H., Takahashi H., Hayakawa T., Mizuno S., Matsumoto K., et al. Tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase is a key modulator of physiological neurogenesis and anxiety-related behavior in mice. Mol Brain 2009, 2(1):8.
101. Kelly W.F., Checkley S.A., Bender D.A. Cushing's syndrome, tryptophan and depression. Br J Psychiatry 1980, 136:125-132.
102. Kelly J.P., Wrynn A., Leonard B.E. The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression: an update. Pharmacol Ther 1997, 74:299-316.
103. Kerr S.J., Armati P.J., Guillemin G.J., Brew B.J. Chronic exposure of human neurons to quinolinic acid results in neuronal changes consistent with AIDS dementia complex. AIDS 1998, 12(4):355-363.
104. Khaspekov L., Kida E., Victorov I., Mossakowski M.J. Neurotoxic effect induced by quinolinic acid in dissociated cell culture of mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 1989, 22(2):150-157.
105. Kim Y.K., Na K.S., Shin K.H., Jung H.Y., Choi S.H., Kim J.B. Cytokine imbalance in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007, 31(5):1044-1053.
106. Kubera M., Obuchowicz E., Goehler L., Brzeszcz J., Maes M. Animal models of depression: evidence for neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and disturbance in neurogenesis. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 2010, [special issue].
107. Kulkarni S., Dhir A., Akula K.K. Potentials of curcumin as an antidepressant. Sci World J 2009, 9:1233-1241. [Review].
108. Kwidzinski E., Bunse J., Aktas O., Richter D., Mutlu L., Zipp F., et al. Indolamine 2, 3-dioxygenase is expressed in the CNS and down-regulates autoimmune inflammation. FASEB J 2005, 19(10):1347-1349.
109. Lal S., Martin J.B. Neuroanatomy and neuropharmacological regulation of neuroendocrine function. Handbook of biological psychiatry, part III 1980, 101-167. Marcel Dekker, New York. M.H. van Praag, M.H. Lader, O.J. Rafaelsen, E.J. Sachar (Eds.).
110. Lapin I.P. Anxiogenic activity of quinolinic acid and kynurenine in the social interaction test in mice. J Psychopharmacol 1996, 10(3):246-249.
111. Lapin I.P. Neurokynurenines (NEKY) as common neurochemical links of stress and anxiety. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003, 527:121-125.
112. Laugeray A., Launay J.M., Callebert J., Surget A., Belzung C., Barone P.R. Peripheral and cerebral metabolic abnormalities of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in a murine model of major depression. Behav Brain Res 2010, 210(1):84-91.
113. Lee G.K., Park H.J., Macleod M., Chandler P., Munn D.H., Mellor A.L. Tryptophan deprivation sensitizes activated T cells to apoptosis prior to cell division. Immunology 2002, 107:452-460.
114. Lee Y.J., Choi B., Lee E.H., Choi K.S., Sohn S. Immobilization stress induces cell death through production of reactive oxygen species in the mouse cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett 2006, 392(1-2):27-31.
115. Lee H.J., Jeong Y.I., Lee T.H., Jung I.D., Lee J.S., Lee C.M., et al. Rosmarinic acid inhibits indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression in murine dendritic cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2007, 73(9):1412-1421.
116. Lehmann J. Mental and neuromuscular symptoms in tryptophan deficiency: a review with special reference to mental symptoms in a selected material of carcinoid patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1972, 237.
117. Leipnitz G., Schumacher C., Dalcin K.B., Scussiato K., Solano A., Funchal C., et al. In vitro evidence for an antioxidant role of 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the brain. Neurochem Int 2007, 50(1):83-94.
118. Leonard B.E., Myint A. Inflammation and depression: is there a causal connection with dementia Neurotox Res 2006, 10(2):149-160.
119. Leonard B.E., Myint A.-M. The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009, 24:165-175.
120. Levivier M., Przedborski S. Quinolinic acid-induced lesions of the rat striatum: quantitative autoradiographic binding assessment. Neurol Res 1998, 20(1):46-56.
121. Lögters T.T., Laryea M.D., Altrichter J., Sokolowski J., Cinatl J., Reipen J., et al. Increased plasma kynurenine values and kynurenine-tryptophan ratios after major trauma are early indicators for the development of sepsis. Shock 2009, 32(1):29-34.
122. Ma T.Y., Boivin M.A., Ye D., Pedram A., Said H.M. Mechanism of TNF-alpha modulation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier: role of myosin light-chain kinase protein expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005, 288(3):G422-G430.
123. Mackay G.M., Forrest C.M., Stoy N., Christofides J., Egerton M., Stone T.W., et al. Tryptophan metabolism and oxidative stress in patients with chronic brain injury. Eur J Neurol 2006, 13(1):30-42.
124. Mackay G.M., Forrest C.M., Christofides J., Bridel M.A., Mitchell S., Cowlard R., et al. Kynurenine metabolites and inflammation markers in depressed patients treated with fluoxetine or counselling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009, 36(4):425-435.
125. Maes M. A review on the acute phase response in major depression. Rev Neurosci 1993, 4(4):407-416.
126. Maes M. Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 1995, 19(1):11-38.
127. Maes M. The cytokine hypothesis of depression: inflammation, oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and leaky gut as new targets for adjunctive treatments in depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008, 29(3):287-291.
128. Maes M. "Functional" or "psychosomatic" symptoms, e.g. a flu-like malaise, aches and pain and fatigue, are major features of major and in particular of melancholic depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30(5):564-573.
129. Maes M. Depression is an inflammatory disease, but cell-mediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010, [special issue].
130. Maes M., Meltzer H.Y. The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. Selected chapters on mood disorders. Psychopharmacology, the fourth generation of progress 1995, 933-944. Raven Press. F. Bloom, D. Kupfer (Eds.).
131. Maes M., De Ruyter M., Suy E. Xanthurenic acid flow in 24-hour urine following l-tryptophan loading in depressive patients. Acta Psychiatr Belg 1986, 86(2):120-130.
132. Maes M., De Ruyter M., Hobin P., Suy E. Relationship between the dexamethasone suppression test and the l-tryptophan/competing amino acids ratio in depression. Psychiatry Res 1987, 21(4):323-335.
133. Maes M.H., De Ruyter M., Suy E. Prediction of subtype and severity of depression by means of dexamethasone suppression test, l-tryptophan: competing amino acid ratio, and MHPG flow. Biol Psychiatry 1987, 22(2):177-188.
134. Maes M., De Ruyter M., Suy E. The renal excretion of xanthurenic acid following l-tryptophan loading in depressed patients. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 1987, 2(4):231-235.
135. Maes M., Jacobs M.P., Suy E., Minner B., Leclercq C., Christiaens F., et al. Suppressant effects of dexamethasone on the availability of plasma l-tryptophan and tyrosine in healthy controls and in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990, 81(1):19-23.
136. Maes M., Jacobs M.P., Suy E., Vandewoude M., Minner B., Raus J. Effects of dexamethasone on the availability of l-tryptophan and on the insulin and FFA concentrations in unipolar depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 1990, 27(8):854-862.
137. Maes M., Maes L., Suy E. Symptom profiles of biological markers in depression: a multivariate study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1990, 15(1):29-37.
138. Maes M., Schotte C., Scharpé S., Martin M., Blockx P. The effects of glucocorticoids on the availability of l-tryptophan and tyrosine in the plasma of depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1990, 18(2):121-127.
139. Maes M., Vandewoude M., Schotte C., Maes L., Martin M., Scharpe S., et al. The relationships between the cortisol responses to dexamethasone and to l-5-HTP, and the availability of l-tryptophan in depressed females. Biol Psychiatry 1990, 27(6):601-608.
140. Maes M., Vandewoude M., Schotte C., Martin M., D'Hondt P., Scharpe S., et al. The decreased availability of l-tryptophan in depressed females: clinical and biological correlates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990, 14(6):903-919.
141. Maes M., Bosmans E., Suy E., Vandervorst C., De Jonckheere C., Raus J. Immune disturbances during major depression: upregulated expression of interleukin-2 receptors. Neuropsychobiology 1990-1991, 24(3):115-120.
142. Maes M., Bosmans E., Suy E., Vandervorst C., DeJonckheere C., Raus J. Depression-related disturbances in mitogen-induced lymphocyte responses and interleukin-1 beta and soluble interleukin-2 receptor production. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991, 84(4):379-386.
143. Maes M., Minner B., Suy E. The relationships between the availability of l-tryptophan to the brain, the spontaneous HPA-axis activity, and the HPA-axis responses to dexamethasone in depressed patients. J AminoAcids 1991, 1(1):57-65.
144. Maes M., Schotte C., D'Hondt P., Claes M., Vandewoude M., Scharpe S., et al. Biological heterogeneity of melancholia: results of pattern recognition methods. J Psychiatr Res 1991, 25(3):95-108.
145. Maes M., Vandervorst C., Suy E., Minner B., Raus J. A multivariate study of simultaneous escape from suppression by dexamethasone of urinary free cortisol, plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin in melancholic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991, 83(6):480-491.
146. Maes M., Vandewoude M., Scharpé S., De Clercq L., Stevens W., Lepoutre L., et al. Anthropometric and biochemical assessment of the nutritional state in depression: evidence for lower visceral protein plasma levels in depression. J Affect Disord 1991, 23(1):25-33.
147. Maes M., Claes M., Schotte C., Delbeke L., Jacquemyn Y., Verkerk R., et al. Disturbances in dexamethasone suppression test and lower availability of l-tryptophan and tyrosine in early puerperium and in women under contraceptive therapy. J Psychosom Res 1992, 36:191-197.
148. Maes M., Scharpé S., Van Grootel L., Uyttenbroeck W., Cooreman W., Cosyns P., et al. Higher alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and lower retinol binding protein plasma levels during depression: further evidence for the existence of an inflammatory response during that illness. J Affect Disord 1992, 24(3):183-192.
149. Maes M., Meltzer H.Y., Scharpé S., Bosmans E., Suy E., De Meester I., et al. Relationships between lower plasma l-tryptophan levels and immune-inflammatory variables in depression. Psychiatry Res 1993, 49(2):151-165.
150. Maes M., Scharpé S., Meltzer H.Y., Cosyns P. Relationships between increased haptoglobin plasma levels and activation of cell-mediated immunity in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1993, 34(10):690-701.
151. Maes M., Scharpé S., Meltzer H.Y., Okayli G., Bosmans E., D'Hondt P., et al. Increased neopterin and interferon-gamma secretion and lower availability of l-tryptophan in major depression: further evidence for an immune response. Psychiatry Res 1994, 54(2):143-160.
152. Maes M., Bosmans E., Scharpé S., D'Hondt P., Desnyder R. Plasma soluble interleukin-2-receptor in depression: relationships to plasma neopterin and serum IL-2 concentrations and HPA-axis activity. Eur Psychiatry 1995, 10(8):397-403.
153. Maes M., Vandoolaeghe E., Ranjan R., Bosmans E., Bergmans R., Desnyder R. Increased serum interleukin-1-receptor-antagonist concentrations in major depression. J Affect Disord 1995, 36(1-2):29-36.
154. Maes M., Wauters A., Verkerk R., Demedts P., Neels H., Van Gastel A., et al. Lower serum l-tryptophan availability in depression as a marker of a more generalized disorder in protein metabolism. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996, 15(3):243-251.
155. Maes M., Verkerk R., Vandoolaeghe E., Van Hunsel F., Neels H., Wauters A., et al. Serotonin-immune interactions in major depression: lower serum tryptophan as a marker of an immune-inflammatory response. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997, 247(3):154-161.
156. Maes M., Ombelet W., Libbrecht I.I., Stevens K., Kenis G., De Jongh R., et al. Effects of pregnancy and delivery on serum concentrations of Clara Cell Protein (CC16), an endogenous anticytokine: lower serum CC16 is related to postpartum depression. Psychiatry Res 1999, 87(2-3):117-127.
157. Maes M., Lin A.H., Ombelet W., Stevens K., Kenis G., De Jongh R., et al. Immune activation in the early puerperium is related to postpartum anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000, 25(2):121-137.
158. Maes M., Bonaccorso S., Marino V., Puzella A., Pasquini M., Biondi M., et al. Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) of hepatitis C patients induces lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, which is related to IFN alpha-induced depressive and anxiety symptoms and immune activation. Mol Psychiatry 2001, 6(4):475-480.
159. Maes M., Ombelet W., Verkerk R., Bosmans E., Scharpé S. Effects of pregnancy and delivery on the availability of plasma tryptophan to the brain: relationships to delivery-induced immune activation and early post-partum anxiety and depression. Psychol Med 2001, 31(5):847-858.
160. Maes M., Verkerk R., Bonaccorso S., Ombelet W., Bosmans E., Scharpé S. Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium are related to increased degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon which is related to immune activation. Life Sci 2002, 71(16):1837-1848.
161. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Ruyter M.D., Kubera M., Bosmans E. The immune effects of TRYCATs (tryptophan catabolites along the IDO pathway): relevance for depression - and other conditions characterized by tryptophan depletion induced by inflammation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28(6):826-831.
162. Maes M., Kubera M., Leunis J.C. The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008, 29(1):117-124.
163. Maes M., Yirmyia R., Noraberg J., Brene S., Hibbeln J., Perini G., et al. The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab Brain Dis 2009, 24(1):27-53.
164. Maes M., Galecki P., Chang Y.S., Berk M. A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 2010, [special issue].
165. Maghzal G.J., Thomas S.R., Hunt N.H., Stocker R. Cytochrome b5, not superoxide anion radical, is a major reductant of indoleamine 2, 3 in human cells. J Biol Chem 2008, 283(18):12014-12025.
166. Maneglier B., Rogez-Kreuz C., Spreux-Varoquaux O., Malleret B., Thérond P., Samah B., et al. Comparative effects of two type I interferons, human IFN-alpha and ovine IFN-tau on indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase in primary cultures of human macrophages. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2007, 21(1):29-34.
167. Marcus S.M., Young E.A., Kerber K.B., Kornstein S., Farabaugh A.H., Mitchell J., et al. Gender differences in depression: findings from the STAR*D study. J Affect Disord 2005, 87(2-3):141-150.
168. Mellor A.L., Munn D.H. Tryptophan catabolism and T-cell tolerance: immunosuppression by starvation. Immunol Today 1999, 20(10):469-473. Oct.
169. Mellor A.L., Munn D.H. Tryptophan catabolism and regulation of adaptive immunity. J Immunol 2003, 170(12):5809-5813.
170. Miller C.L., Llenos I.C., Dulay J.R., Weis S. Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain Res 2006, 1073-1074:25-37.
171. Miura H., Shirokawa T., Isobe K., Ozaki N. Shifting the balance of brain tryptophan metabolism elicited by isolation housing and systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide in mice. Stress 2009, 12(3):206-214.
172. Modrego P.J., Fernandez J. Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of the Alzheimer type: a prospective study. Arch Neurol 2004, 61:1290-1293.
173. Moffett J.R., Namboodiri M.A. Tryptophan and the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 2003, 81(4):247-265.
174. Moir A.T., Eccleston D. The effects of precursor loading in the cerebral metabolism of 5-hydroxyindoles. J Neurochem 1968, 15(10):1093-1108.
175. Møller S.E. Tryptophan to competing amino acids ratio in depressive disorder: relation to efficacy of antidepressive treatments. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1985, 325:3-31.
176. Møller S.E., Kirk L., Honoré P. Free and total plasma tryptophan in endogenous depression. J Affect Disord 1979, 1(1):69-76. Mar.
177. Møller S.E., Kirk L., Honoré P. Tryptophan tolerance and metabolism in endogenous depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982, 76(1):79-83.
178. Moreno F.A., McGahuey C.A., Freeman M.P., Delgado P.L. Sex differences in depressive response during monoamine depletions in remitted depressive subjects. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67(10):1618-1623.
179. Morgan C.J., Badawy A.A. Effects of a suppression test dose of dexamethasone on tryptophan metabolism and disposition in the rat. Biol Psychiatry 1989, 25(3):359-362.
180. Morita T., Saito K., Takemura M., Maekawa N., Fujigaki S., Fujii H., et al. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, an l-tryptophan metabolite, induces apoptosis in monocyte-derived cells stimulated by interferon-gamma. Ann Clin Biochem 2001, 38(Pt 3):242-251.
181. Moroni F., Russi P., Gallo-Mezo M.A., Moneti G., Pellicciari R. Modulation of quinolinic and kynurenic acid content in the rat brain: effects of endotoxins and nicotinylalanine. J Neurochem 1991, 57:1630-1635.
182. Müller A., Cadenas E., Graf P., Sies H. A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound-I. Glutathione peroxidase-like activity in vitro and antioxidant capacity of PZ 51 (Ebselen). Biochem Pharmacol 1984, 33(20):3235-3239.
183. Mulley W.R., Nikolic-Paterson D.J. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in transplantation. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008, 13(3):204-211.
184. Munn D.H., Mellor A.L. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and tumor-induced tolerance. J Clin Invest 2007, 117(5):1147-1154.
185. Munn D.H., Zhou M., Attwood J.T., Bondarev I., Conway S.J., Marshall B., et al. Prevention of allogeneic fetal rejection by tryptophan catabolism. Science 1998, 281(5380):1191-1193.
186. Murr C., Gerlach D., Widner B., Dierich M.P., Fuchs D. Neopterin production and tryptophan degradation in humans infected by Streptococcus pyogenes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2001, 189(3):161-163.
187. Myint A.M., Kim Y.K. Cytokine-serotonin interaction through IDO: a neurodegeneration hypothesis of depression. Med Hypotheses 2003, 61(5-6):519-525.
188. Myint A.M., Leonard B.E., Steinbusch H.W., Kim Y.K. Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression. J Affect Disord 2005, 88(2):167-173.
189. Myint A.M., Kim Y.K., Verkerk R., Scharpé S., Steinbusch H., Leonard B. Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection. J Affect Disord 2007, 98(1-2):143-151.
190. Neumeister A., Nugent A.C., Waldeck T., Geraci M., Schwarz M., Bonne O., et al. Neural and behavioral responses to tryptophan depletion in unmedicated patients with remitted major depressive disorder and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61(8):765-773.
191. Ngai L.Y., Herbert J. Glucocorticoid enhances the neurotoxic actions of quinolinic acid in the striatum in a cell-specific manner. J Neuroendocrinol 2005, 17(7):424-434.
192. Niskanen P., Huttunen M., Tamminen T., Jääskeläinen J. The daily rhythm of plasma tryptophan and tyrosine in depression. Br J Psychiatry 1976, 128:67-73. Jan.
193. Nuller J.L., Ostroumova J.L. Resistance to inhibiting effect of dexamethasone in patients with endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980, 61:169-177.
194. O'Connor J.C., André C., Wang Y., Lawson M.A., Szegedi S.S., Lestage J., et al. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediate the upregulation of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and the induction of depressive-like behavior in mice in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Neurosci 2009, 29(13):4200-4209.
195. O'Connor J.C., Lawson M.A., André C., Moreau M., Lestage J., Castanon N., et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activation in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2009, 14(5):511-522.
196. Ogawa T., Matson W.R., Beal M.F., Myers R.H., Bird E.D., Milbury P., et al. Kynurenine pathway abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1992, 42:1702-1706.
197. Okuda S., Nishiyama N., Saito H., Katsuki H. 3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity. J Neurochem 1998, 70(1):299-307.
198. Orlikov A.B., Ryzhov I.V. Elevation of the blood kynurenine level in caffeine-induced anxiety. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 1989, 39(6):1010-1013.
199. Orlikov A., Ryzov I. Caffeine-induced anxiety and increase of kynurenine concentration in plasma of healthy subjects: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 1991, 29(4):391-396.
200. Orlikov A.B., Prakh'e I.B., Ryzhov I.V. Plasma kynurenine levels and the dexamethasone test in patients with endogenous anxiety disorders and depression. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova 1990, 90(10):83-85.
201. Oxenkrug G.F. Genetic and hormonal regulation of tryptophan kynurenine metabolism: implications for vascular cognitive impairment, major depressive disorder, and aging. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007, 1122:35-49.
202. Ozaki Y., Edelstein M.P., Duch D.S. The actions of interferon and antiinflammatory agents of induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in human peripheral blood monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987, 144(3):1147-1153.
203. Pardridge W.M. Tryptophan transport through the blood-brain barrier: in vivo measurement of free and albumin-bound amino acid. Life Sci 1979, 25(17):1519-1528.
204. Pellegrin K., Neurauter G., Wirleitner B., Fleming A.W., Peterson V.M., Fuchs D. Enhanced enzymatic degradation of tryptophan by indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase contributes to the tryptophan-deficient state seen after major trauma. Shock 2005, 23(3):209-215.
205. Pellicciari R., Natalini B., Costantino G., Mahmoud M.R., Mattoli L., Sadeghpour B.M., et al. Modulation of the kynurenine pathway in search for new neuroprotective agents. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of (m-nitrobenzoyl)alanine, a potent inhibitor of kynurenine-3-hydroxylase. J Med Chem 1994, 37(5):647-655.
206. Pemberton L.A., Kerr S.J., Smythe G., Brew B.J. Quinolinic acid production by macrophages stimulated with IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IFN-alpha. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1997, 17(10):589-595.
207. Periyasamy S., Sánchez E.R. Antagonism of glucocorticoid receptor transactivity and cell growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta through AP-1-mediated transcriptional repression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002, 34(12):1571-1585.
208. Perkins M.N., Stone T.W. An iontophoretic investigation of the actions of convulsant kynurenines with the endogenous excitant quinolinic acid. Brain Res 1982, 247:184-187.
209. Pertovaara M., Hasan T., Raitala A., Oja S.S., Yli-Kerttula U., Korpela M., et al. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity is increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and predicts disease activation in the sunny season. Clin Exp Immunol 2007, 150(2):274-278.
210. Pfefferkorn E.R., Guyre P.M. Inhibition of growth of Toxoplasma gondii in cultured fibroblasts by human recombinant gamma interferon. Infect Immun 1984, 44(2):211-216.
211. Pláteník J., Stopka P., Vejrazka M., Stípek S. Quinolinic acid-iron(ii) complexes: slow autoxidation, but enhanced hydroxyl radical production in the Fenton reaction. Free Radical Res 2001, 34(5):445-459.
212. Posser T., Kaster M.P., Baraúna S.C., Rocha J.B., Rodrigues A.L., Leal R.B. Antidepressant-like effect of the organoselenium compound ebselen in mice: evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system. Eur J Pharmacol 2009, 602(1):85-91.
213. Price L.H., Malison R.T., McDougle C.J., McCance-Katz E.F., Owen K.R., Heninger G.R. Neurobiology of tryptophan depletion in depression: effects of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP). Neuropsychopharmacology 1997, 17(5):342-350.
214. Price L.H., Malison R.T., McDougle C.J., Pelton G.H., Heninger G.R. The neurobiology of tryptophan depletion in depression: effects of intravenous tryptophan infusion. Biol Psychiatry 1998, 43(5):339-347.
215. Quan Z.F., Yang C., Li N., Li J.S. Effect of glutamine on change in early postoperative intestinal permeability and its relation to systemic inflammatory response. World J Gastroenterol 2004, 10(13):1992-1994.
216. Raison C.L., Dantzer R., Kelley K.W., Lawson M.A., Woolwine B.J., Vogt G., et al. CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-alpha: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2010, 15(4):393-403.
217. Rao M.L. Bioavailability of amino acids and amino acid precursors for neurotransmitter action: the role of hormones. Amino acid availability and brain function in health and disease 1987, 29. Springer Verlag, Berlin. G. Huether (Ed.).
218. Rao M.L. Bioavailability of amino acids and amino acid precursors for neurotransmitter action: the role of hormones. Amino acid availability and brain function in health and disease 1988, 29-37. Springer Verlag, Berlin. G. Huether (Ed.).
219. Reinhard J. Pharmacological manipulation of brain kynurenine metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004, 1035:335-349.
220. Rickards H., Dursun S.M., Farrar G., Betts T., Corbett J.A., Handley S.L. Increased plasma kynurenine and its relationship to neopterin and tryptophan in Tourette's syndrome. Psychol Med 1996, 26:857-862.
221. Rios C., Santamaria A. Quinolinic acid is a potent lipid peroxidant in rat brain homogenates. Neurochem Res 1991, 16(10):1139-1143.
222. Robb R.J. Interleukin 2 and its cell-surface receptor. Behring Inst Mitt 1985, 77:56-67.
223. Robertson D.A., Beattie J.E., Reid I.C., Balfour D.J. Regulation of corticosteroid receptors in the rat brain: the role of serotonin and stress. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 21(6):1511-1520.
224. Sachdeva A.K., Kuhad A., Tiwari V., Arora V., Chopra K. Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate in murine water-immersion stress model of chronic fatigue syndrome. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010, 106(6):490-496.
225. Saito K., Crowley J.S., Markey S.P., Heyes M.P. A mechanism for increased quinolinic acid formation following systemic immune stimulation. J Biol Chem 1992, 268:15496-15503.
226. Saito K., Nowak T.S., Markey S.P., Heyes M.P. Mechanism of delayed increases in kynurenine pathway metabolism in damaged brain regions following transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 1993, 60(1):180-192.
227. Sakic B., Szechtman H., Braciak T., Richards C., Gauldie J., Denburg J.A. Reduced preference for sucrose in autoimmune mice: a possible role of interleukin-6. Brain Res Bull 1997, 44(2):155-165.
228. Sakic B., Gauldie J., Denburg J.A., Szechtman H. Behavioral effects of infection with IL-6 adenovector. Brain Behav Immun 2001, 15(1):25-42.
229. Sanacora G., Mason G.F., Rothman D.L., Behar K.L., Hyder F., Petroff O.A., et al. Reduced cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in depressed patients determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999, 56(11):1043-1047.
230. Sanni L.A., Thomas S.R., Tattam B.N., Moore D.E., Chaudhri G., Stocker R., et al. Dramatic changes in oxidative tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malaria. Am J Pathol 1998, 152:611-619.
231. Santamaría A., Galván-Arzate S., Lisỳ V., Ali S.F., Duhart H.M., Osorio-Rico L., et al. Quinolinic acid induces oxidative stress in rat brain synaptosomes. NeuroReport 2001, 12(4):871-874.
232. Sapolsky R.M. The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48(8):755-765.
233. Satoh T., Ishige K., Sagara Y. Protective effects on neuronal cells of mouse afforded by ebselen against oxidative stress at multiple steps. Neurosci Lett 2004, 371(1):1-5.
234. Schroecksnadel K., Kaser S., Ledochowski M., Neurauter G., Mur E., Herold M., et al. Increased degradation of tryptophan in blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2003, 30(9):1935-1939.
235. Schuck P.F., Tonin A., da Costa Ferreira G., Viegas C.M., Latini A., Duval Wannmacher C.M., et al. Kynurenines impair energy metabolism in rat cerebral cortex. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007, 27(1):147-160.
236. Schwarcz R., Whetsell W.O., Mangano R.M. Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science 1983, 219:316-318.
237. Scrandis D.A., Langenberg P., Tonelli L.H., Sheikh T.M., Manogura A.C., Alberico L.A., et al. Prepartum depressive symptoms correlate positively with C-reactive protein levels and negatively with tryptophan levels: a preliminary report. Int J Child Health Hum Dev 2008, 1(2):167-174.
238. Seidel A., Arolt V., Hunstiger M., Rink L., Behnisch A., Kirchner H. Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression. Scand J Immunol 1995, 41(6):534-538.
239. Smith K.A. T-cell growth factor: a lymphocytotropic hormone. Proceeding of the 55th Nobel symposium on genetics of the immune responses 1982, Plenum. G. Moller (Ed.).
240. Smith K.A., Williams C., Cowen P.J. Impaired regulation of brain serotonin function during dieting in women recovered from depression. Br J Psychiatry 2000, 176:72-75.
241. Smith A.J., Smith R.A., Stone T.W. 5-Hydroxyanthranilic acid, a tryptophan metabolite, generates oxidative stress and neuronal death via p38 activation in cultured cerebellar granule neurones. Neurotox Res 2009, 15(4):303-310.
242. Song C., Leonard B.E. SSRI's reverse the impairments in behaviour, neurotransmitters and immune function in the olfactory bulbectomised rat. Hum Psychopharmacol 1994, 9:135-146.
243. Song C., Leonard B.E. The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005, 29:627-647.
244. Song C., Wang H. Cytokines mediated inflammation and decreased neurogenesis in animal models of depression. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 2010, [special issue].
245. Song C., Dinan T., Leonard B.E. Changes in immunoglobulin, complement and acute phase protein levels in the depressed patients and normal controls. J Affect Disord 1994, 30(4):283-288.
246. Song C., Lin A., Bonaccorso S., Heide C., Verkerk R., Kenis G., et al. The inflammatory response system and the availability of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disorders and major depression. J Affect Disord 1998, 49(3):211-219.
247. Song C., Halbreich U., Han C., Leonard B.E., Luo H. Imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and between Th1 and Th2 cytokines in depressed patients: the effect of electroacupuncture or fluoxetine treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009, 42(5):182-188.
248. Speciale C., Cini M., Wu H.Q., Salvati P., Schwarcz R., Molinari A., et al. Kynurenic acid-enhancing and anti-ischemic effects of the potent kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor FCE 28833 in rodents. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996, 398:221-227.
249. Steffens D.C., Plassman B.L., Helms M.J., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., Saunders A.M., Breitner J.C. A twin study of late-onset depression and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 41(8):851-856.
250. Stockmeier C.A., Mahajan G.J., Konick L.C., Overholser J.C., Jurjus G.J., Meltzer H.Y., et al. Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56(9):640-650.
251. Stone T.W., Behan W.M. Interleukin-1beta but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha potentiates neuronal damage by quinolinic acid: protection by an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. J Neurosci Res 2007, 85(5):1077-1085.
252. Stone T.W., Perkins M.N. Quinolinic acid: a potent endogenous excitant at amino acid receptors in CNS. Eur J Pharmacol 1981, 72:411-412.
253. Sun Z., Lasson A., Olanders K., Deng X., Andersson R. Gut barrier permeability, reticuloendothelial system function and protease inhibitor levels following intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion-effects of pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine and indomethacin. Dig Liver Dis 2002, 34(8):560-569.
254. Swardfager W., Herrmann N., Dowlati Y., Oh P.I., Kiss A., Walker S.E., et al. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activation and depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34(10):1560-1566.
255. Takano K., Tatlisumak T., Formato J.E., Carano R.A., Bergmann A.G., Pullan L.M., et al. Glycine site antagonist attenuates infarct size in experimental focal ischemia. Postmortem and diffusion mapping studies. Stroke 1997, 28(6):1255-1262.
256. Takikawa O., Yoshida R., Yasui H., Hayaishi O. The relationship between plasma kynurenine and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activity in the extrahepatic tissues. Progress in tryptophan and serotonin research 1984, 517-520. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin-New York. H.G. Schlossberger, W. Kochen, B. Linzen, H. Steinhart (Eds.).
257. Talbot P.S., Cooper S.J. Anterior cingulate and subgenual prefrontal blood flow changes following tryptophan depletion in healthy males. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31(8):1757-1767.
258. Tan P.H., Bharath A.K. Manipulation of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase; a novel therapeutic target for treatment of diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009, 13(8):987-1012.
259. Tanke M.A., Alserda E., Doornbos B., van der Most P.J., Goeman K., Postema F., et al. Low tryptophan diet increases stress-sensitivity, but does not affect habituation in rats. Neurochem Int 2008, 52(1-2):272-281.
260. Tavares R.G., Tasca C.I., Santos C.E., Alves L.B., Porciúncula L.O., Emanuelli T., et al. Quinolinic acid stimulates synaptosomal glutamate resase and inhibits glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2002, 40:621-627.
261. Terentis A.C., Freewan M., Sempértegui Plaza T.S., Raftery M.J., Stocker R., Thomas S.R. The selenazal drug ebselen potently inhibits indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase by targeting enzyme cysteine residues. Biochemistry 2010, 49(3):591-600.
262. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003, 3(2):133-146.
263. Tsao C.W., Lin Y.S., Cheng J.T., Lin C.F., Wu H.T., Wu S.R., et al. Interferon-alpha-induced serotonin uptake in Jurkat T cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and transcriptional regulation of the serotonin transporter. J Psychopharmacol 2008, 22(7):753-760.
264. Türck J., Oberdörfer C., Vogel T., Mackenzie C.R., Däubener W. Enhancement of antimicrobial effects by glucocorticoids. Med Microbiol Immunol 2005, 194(1-2):47-53.
265. Van der Does A.J. The effects of tryptophan depletion on mood and psychiatric symptoms. J Affect Disord 2001, 64(2-3):107-119.
266. van der Plasse G., Meerkerk D.T., Lieben C.K., Blokland A., Feenstra M.G. Lack of evidence for reduced prefrontal cortical serotonin and dopamine efflux after acute tryptophan depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007, 195(3):377-385.
267. van Donkelaar E.L., Ferrington L., Blokland A., Steinbusch H.W., Prickaerts J., Kelly P.A. Acute tryptophan depletion in rats alters the relationship between cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism independent of central serotonin. Neuroscience 2009, 163(2):683-694.
268. Van Gool A.R., Verkerk R., Fekkes D., Bannink M., Sleijfer S., Kruit W.H., et al. Neurotoxic and neuroprotective metabolites of kynurenine in patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with interferon-alpha: course and relationship with psychiatric status. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008, 62(5):597-602.
269. Varesio L., Clayton M., Blasi E., Ruffman R., Radzioch D. Picolinic acid, a catabolite of tryptophan, as the second signal in the activation of IFN-gamma-primed macrophages. J Immunol 1990, 145(12):4265-4271. Dec 15.
270. Vécsei L., Beal M.F. Influence of kynurenine treatment on open-field activity, elevated plus-maze, avoidance behaviors and seizures in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990, 37(1):71-76.
271. Vignau J., Costisella O., Canva V., Imbenotte M., Duhamel A., Lhermitte M. Impact of interferon alpha immunotherapy on tryptophan metabolism in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Results of a pilot studies on ten patients. Encephale 2009, 35(5):477-483.
272. Visser P.J., Verhey F.R., Ponds R.W., Kester A., Jolles J. Distinction between preclinical Alzheimer's disease and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48(5):479-484.
273. Vonsattel J.-P., Myers R.H., Stevens T.J., Ferrante R.J., Bird E.D., Richardson E.P. Neuropathological classification of Huntington's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1985, 44:559-577.
274. Wachter H., Fuchs D., Hausen A., Reibnegger G., Weiss G., Werner E.R., et al. Neopterin; biochemistry, methods, and clinical application 1992, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-New York.
275. Wang Y., Lawson M.A., Dantzer R., Kelley K.W. LPS-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase is regulated in an interferon-gamma-independent manner by a JNK signaling pathway in primary murine microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2010, 24(2):201-209.
276. Werner E.R., Werner-Felmayer G. Substrate and cofactor requirements of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in interferon-gamma treated cells: utilization of oxygen rather than superoxide. Curr Drug Metab 2007, 8(3):201-203.
277. Wichers M., Maes M. The psychoneuroimmuno-pathophysiology of cytokine-induced depression in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002, 5(4):375-388.
278. Wichers M.C., Maes M. The role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the pathophysiology of interferon-alpha-induced depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004, 29(1):11-17.
279. Wichers M.C., Koek G.H., Robaeys G., Verkerk R., Scharpé S., Maes M. IDO and interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms: a shift in hypothesis from tryptophan depletion to neurotoxicity. Mol Psychiatry 2005, 10(6):538-544.
280. Widner B., Leblhuber F., Walli J., Tilz G.P., Demel U., Fuchs D. Tryptophan degradation and immune activation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 2000, 107(3):343-353.
281. Wischmeyer P.E. Glutamine: role in gut protection in critical illness. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006, 9(5):607-612.
282. Wolf H. The effect of hormones and vitamin B6 on urinary excretion of metabolites of the kynurenine pathway. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1974, 136:1-186.
283. Wolf A.M., Wolf D., Rumpold H., Moschen A.R., Kaser A., Obrist P., et al. Overexpression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in human inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Immunol 2004, 113(1):47-55.
284. Wong P.T., Ong Y.P. Acute antidepressant-like and antianxiety-like effects of tryptophan in mice. Pharmacology 2001, 62(3):151-156.
285. Wrynn A.S., Mac Sweeney C.P., Franconi F., Lemaire L., Pouliquen D., Herlidou S., et al. An in-vivo magnetic resonance imaging study of the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. Brain Res 2000, 879(1-2):193-199.
286. Wu G.H., Wang H., Zhang Y.W., Wu Z.H., Wu Z.G. Glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition prevents intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2004, 10(17):2592-2594.
287. Xu Y., Ku B., Cui L., Li X., Barish P.A., Foster T.C., et al. Curcumin reverses impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increases serotonin receptor 1A mRNA and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in chronically stressed rats. Brain Res 2007, 1162:9-18.
288. Yang R., Han X., Uchiyama T., Watkins S.K., Yaguchi A., Delude R.L., et al. IL-6 is essential for development of gut barrier dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003, 285(3):G621-G629.
289. Yatham L.N., Liddle P.F., Shiah I.S., Lam R.W., Adam M.J., Zis A.P., et al. Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion on brain 5-HT(2) receptors: a PET study. Br J Psychiatry 2001, 178:448-453.
290. Ye D., Ma I., Ma T.Y. Molecular mechanism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290(3):G496-G504.
291. Yirmiya R., Pollak Y., Barak O., Avitsur R., Ovadia H., Bette M., et al. Effects of antidepressant drugs on the behavioral and physiological responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rodents. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 24(5):531-544.
292. Young S.N. Mechanism of decline in rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine after induction of liver tryptophan pyrrolase by hydrocortisone: roles of tryptophan catabolism and kynurenine synthesis. Br J Pharmacol 1981, 74(3):695-700.
293. Yuan W., Collado-Hidalgo A., Yufit T., Taylor M., Varga J. Modulation of cellular tryptophan metabolism in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta: selective inhibition of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene expression. J Cell Physiol 1998, 177(1):174-186.
294. Yuwiler A., Oldendorf W.H., Geller E., Braun L. Effect of albumin binding and amino acid competition on tryptophan uptake into brain. J Neurochem 1977, 28(5):1015-1023.
295. Zhang K.S., Li G.C., He Y.W., Yi Y.M., Liao S.L., Wang Z., et al. Curcumin inhibiting the expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase induced by IFN-gamma in cancer cells. Zhong Yao Cai 2008, 31(8):1207-1211.
296. Zheng S., Yu M., Lu X., Huo T., Ge L., Yang J., et al. Urinary metabonomic study on biochemical changes in chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression. Clin Chim Acta 2010, 411(3-4):204-209.
297. Zhu C.B., Blakely R.D., Hewlett W.A. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha activate serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31(10):2121-2131.
298. Zignego A.L., Cozzi A., Carpenedo R., Giannini C., Rosselli M., Biagioli T., et al. HCV patients, psychopathology and tryptophan metabolism: analysis of the effects of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment. Dig Liver Dis 2007, 39(Suppl 1):S107-S111. Sep.
299. Zunszain P.A., Anacker C., Cattaneo A., Carvalho L.A., Pariante C.M. Role of glucocorticoids and cytokines in neurodegenerative processes in depression. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 2010, [special issue].