Central monoamines and their role in major depression

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 435-451

  Elhwuegi, Abdalla Salem ^a  

^a AJMAN UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

AC; Adenylyl cyclase; Adrenergic receptors; Brain monoamines; Mechanisms of antidepressants; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Serotonergic receptors; Tricyclic antidepressants

Indexed keywords

2 DIPROPYLAMINO 8 HYDROXYTETRALIN; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; FLUOXETINE; N [2 [4 (2 METHOXYPHENYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL]ETHYL] N (2 PYRIDYL)CYCLOHEXANECARBOXAMIDE; N [4 METHOXY 3 (4 METHYL 1 PIPERAZINYL)PHENYL] 2' METHYL 4' (5 METHYL 1,2,4 OXADIAZOL 3 YL)[1,1' BIPHENYL] 4 CARBOXAMIDE; NORADRENALIN; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; SB 216641; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1 RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2 RECEPTOR; TRANYLCYPROMINE;

BRAIN; DESENSITIZATION; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MONOAMINE METABOLISM; MONOAMINE NERVE CELL; MONOAMINE RELEASE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; REVIEW; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; BIOGENIC MONOAMINES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; NOREPINEPHRINE; SEROTONIN; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 1842861600     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.11.018     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Adell A., Artigas F. Differential effects of clomipramine given locally or systemically on extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine in raphe nuclei and frontal cortex. An in vivo brain microdialysis study. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. pharmacol. 343(3):1991;237-244.
2. Aghajanian G.K. Electrophysiology of serotonin receptor subtypes and signal transduction pathways. Bloom F.E., Kupfer D.J. Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. 1994;451-460 Raven Press, New York.
3. + conductance. Brain Res. 305:1984;181-185.
4. Arborelius L., Owens M.J., Plotsky P.M., Nemeroff C.B. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J. Endocrinol. 160(1):1999;1-12.
5. Arora R., Meltzer H.Y. Serotonergic measures in the brains of suicide victims: 5-HT2 binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims and control subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry. 146:1989;730-736.
6. Artigas F. 5-HT and antidepressants: new views from microdialysis studies [letter]. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14:1993;262.
7. Artigas F., Romero L., de Montigny C., Blier P. Acceleration of the effect of selected antidepressant drugs in major depression by 5-HT1A antagonist. Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;378-383.
8. Asakura M., Tsukamoto T. Antidepressant drugs and central monoaminergic receptors. Yakubutsu, Seishin, kodo. 5(4):1985;303-319.
9. Axelrod J., Whitby R., Herttig G. Effect of psychotropic drugs on the uptake of tritiated noradrenaline by tissues. Science. 133:1961;383-384.
10. Baldessarini R.J. Current status of antidepressants: clinical pharmacology and therapy. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 50:1989;117-126.
11. Baraban J.M., Aghajanian G.K. Suppression of firing activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology. 19:1980;355-363.
12. Beer M.S., Middlemiss D.N., McAllister G. 5-HT1-like receptors: six down and still counting. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14:1993;228-231.
13. Berridge M.J. Inositol triphosphate and calcium signaling. Nature. 361:1993;315-325.
14. Blier P. Possible neurobiological mechanisms underlying faster onset of antidepressant action. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 62(Suppl. 4):2001;S7-S11.
15. Blier P. The pharmacology of putative early-onset antidepressant strategies. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 13:2003;57-66.
16. Blier P., Ward N.M. Is there a role for 5-HT1A agonists in the treatment of depression? Biol. Psychiatry. 53(3):2003;193-203.
17. Blier P., de Montigny C., Chaput Y. Modifications of the serotonin system by antidepressant treatments: implications for the therapeutic response in major depression. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7(Suppl. 6):1987;S24-S35.
18. Boehm S., Kubista H. Fine tuning of sympathetic transmitter release via ionotrpoic and metabotropic presynaptic receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 54:2002;43-99.
19. Booij L., Van der Does W., Benkelfat C., Bremner J.D., Cowen P.J., Fava M., Gillin C., Leyton M., Moore P., Smith K.A., Van der Kloot W.A. Predictors of mood response to acute tryptophan depletion. A reanalysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 27(5):2002;852-861.
20. Bosker F.J., Klompmakers A.A., Westenberg H.G.M. Postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors mediate 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the amygdala through a feedback to the caudal linear raphe. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 333:1997;147-157.
21. Brunello N., Mendlewicz J., Kasper S., Leonard B., Montgomery S., Nelson J., Paykel E., Versiani M., Racagni G. The role of noradrenaline and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in depression. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 12(5):2002;461-475.
22. Butkerait P., Wang H.Y., Friedman E. Increases in guanine nucleotide binding to striatal G proteins is associated with dopamine receptor supersensitivity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271:1994;422-428.
23. Bylund D.B., Eikenberg D.C., Hieble J.P., Langer S.Z., Lefkowitz R.J., Minneman K.P., Molinoff P.B., Ruffolo R.R. Jr., Trendelenburg U. International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature of adrenoceptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 46:1994;121-136.
24. Cadogan A.K., Marsden C.A., Tulloch I., Kendall D.A. Evidence that chronic administration of paroxetine or fluoxetine enhances 5-HT2 receptor function in the brain of the guinea pig. Neuropharmacology. 32(3):1993;249-256.
25. Carlsson A., Fuxe K., Ungerstedt U. The effect of imipramine on central 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20:1968;150-151.
26. Celada P., Puig M.V., Casanovas J.M., Guillazo G., Artigas F. Control of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by the medial prefrontal cortex: involvement of serotonin-1A, GABA(A) and glutamate receptors. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;9917-9929.
27. Charney D.S., Heninger G.R., Sternberg D.E., Redmond D.E., Leckman J.F., Maas J.W., Roth R.H. Presynaptic adrenergic receptor sensitivity in depression. The effect of long-term desipramine treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 38(12):1981;1334-1340.
28. Charney D.S., Heninger G.R., Sternberg D.E. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapy. The effect of long-term amitriptyline treatment. Br. J. Psychiatry. 142:1983;265-275.
29. Charney D.S., Heninger G.R., Sternberg D.E. The effect of mianserin on alpha-2 adrenergic receptor function in depressed patients. Br. J. Psychiatry. 144:1984;407-416.
30. Clark M.S., Neumaier J.F. The 5-HT1B receptor: behavioral implications. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 35(4):2001;170-185.
31. Clement H.W., Gemsa D., Weseman W. The effect of adrenergic drugs on serotonin metabolism in the nucleus raphe dorsalis of the rat, studied by in vivo voltammetry. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 217:1992;43-48.
32. Crespi F., Garratt J.C., Sleight A.J., Marsden C.A. In vivo evidence that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neuronal firing and release are not necessarily correlated with 5-HT metabolism. Neuroscience. 35:1990;139-144.
33. Crews F.T., Scott J.A., Shorstein N.H. Rapid down-regulation of serotonin2 receptor binding during combined administration of tricyclic antidepressant drugs and alpha 2 antagonists. Neuropharmacology. 22(10):1983;1203-1209.
34. Dahlström A., Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system: I. Demonstration of monamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol. Scand. 232(Suppl. 62):1962;S1-S55.
35. D'Aquila P.S., Collu M., Devoto P., Serra G. Chronic lithium chloride fails to prevent imipramine-induced sensitization to the dopamine D(2)-like receptor agonist quinpirole. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 395(2):2000;157-160.
36. D'Aquila P.S., Peana A.T., Panin F., Grixoni C., Cossu M., Serra G. Reversal of antidepressant-induced dopaminergic behavioural supersensitivity after long-term chronic imipramine withdrawal. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 458(1-2):2003;129-134.
37. Delay J., Lainé B., Buisson J.F. Note concernant l'action de l'isonicotinylhydrazide dans le traitement des etats dépressifs. Ann. Med. Psychol. 110:1952;689-692.
38. Delgado P.L., Miller H.L., Salmon R.M., Licinio J., Krystal J.H., Moreno F.A., Heninger G.R., Charney D.S. Tryptophan-depletion challenge in depressed patients treated with desipramine or fluoxetine: implication for the role of serotonin in the mechanism of antidepressant action. Biol. Psychiatry. 46(2):1999;212-220.
39. Dencker S.J. The need for new and better antidepressants: reboxetine a new option. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 101(Suppl. 402):2000;S6-S11.
40. Dennis T., L'Heureux R., Carter C., Scatton B. Presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoreceptors play a major role in the effect of idazoxan on cortical noradrenaline release (as measured by in vivo dialysis) in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 241:1987;642-649.
41. D'Souza D.N., Zhang Y., Garcia F., Battaglia G., Van De Kar L.D. Destruction of serotonergic nerve terminals prevents fluoxetine-induced desensitization of hypothalamic 5-HT(1A) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 164(4):2002;392-400.
42. Duncan G.E., Paul I.A., Harden T.K., Mueller R.A., Stumpf W.E., Breese G.R. Rapid down regulation of beta adrenergic receptors by combining antidepressant drugs with forced swim: a model of antidepressant-induced neural adaptation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234:1985;402-408.
43. Durlach-Misteli C., Van Ree J.M. Dopamine and melatonin in the nucleus accumbens may be implicated in the mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 217(1):1992;15-21.
44. Elena Castro M., Diaz A., del Olmo E., Pazos A. Chronic fluoxetine induces opposite changes in G protein coupling at pre and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain. Neuropharmacology. 44(1):2003;93-101.
45. Erfurth A., Michael N., Stadtland C., Arolt V. Bupropion as add-on strategy in difficult-to-treat bipolar depressive patients. Neuropsychobiology. 45(Suppl. 1):2002;S33-S36.
46. Eriksson E. Antidepressant drugs: does it matter if they inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline or serotonin? Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 101(Suppl. 402):2000;S12-S17.
47. Ferguson S.S. Evolving concepts in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis: the role in receptor desensitization and signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 53:2001;1-24.
48. Fields T.A., Casey P.J. Signaling functions and biochemical properties of pertussis toxin-resistant G-protiens. Biochem. J. 321:1997;561-571.
49. Foote S.L., Bloom F.E., Aston-Jones G. Nucleus locus coeruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiol. Rev. 63:1983;844-914.
50. Frishman W.H. Drug therapy. Pindolol: a new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. N. Engl. J. Med. 308:1983;941-944.
51. Fuller R.W. Pharmacology of central serotonin neurons. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20:1980;111-127.
52. Fuller R.W. Serotonin uptake inhibitors: uses in clinical therapy and in laboratory research. Prog. Drug Res. 45:1995;167-204.
53. Garcia-Sevilla J.A., Escriba P.V., Ozaita A., La Harpe R., Walzer C., Eytan A., Guimon J. Up-regulation of immunolabeled alpha2A-adrenoceptors, Gi coupling proteins, and regulatory receptor kinases in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicides. J. Neurochem. 72(1):1999;282-291.
54. Gautam N., Downes G.B., Yan K., Kisselev O. The G-protein βγ complex. Cell Signal. 10:1998;447-455.
55. Gingrich J.A., Caron M.G. Recent advances in the molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 16:1993;299-321.
56. Goodnough D.B., Baker G.B. 5-Hydroxytryptamine2 and beta-adrenergic receptor regulation in rat brain following chronic treatment with desipramine and fluoxetine alone and in combination. J. Neurochem. 62(6):1994;2262-2268.
57. Goodwin F.K., Bunney W.E. Jr. Depressions following reserpine: a re-evaluation. Semin. Psychiatry. 3:1971;435-448.
58. Grasby P.M. Imaging strategies in depression. J. Psychopharmacol. 13(4):1999;346-351.
59. Groppetti A., Ceresoli G., Mandelli V., Parenti M. Role of opiates in striatal D-1 dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by chronic L-dopa treatment. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253:1990;950-956.
60. Guo T.Z., Reid K., Davies M.F., Nacif-Coelho C., Rabin B.C., Gonzalez F., Maze M. Chronic desipramine treatment desensitizes the rat to anesthetic and antinociceptive effects of the alpha2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine. Anesthesiology. 88(6):1998;1634-1642.
61. Haddjeri N., Blier P., de Montigny C. Effect of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist mirtazapine on the 5-hydroxytryptamine system in the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 277:1996;861-871.
62. Harkin A., Kelly J.P., McNamara M., Connor T.J., Dredge K., Redmond A., Leonard B.E. Activity and onset of action of reboxetine and effect of combination with sertraline in an animal model of depression. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 364(2-3):1999;123-132.
63. Harkin A., Nally R., Kelly J.P., Leonard B.E. Effects of reboxetine and sertraline treatments alone and in combination on the binding properties of cortical NMDA and betal-adrenergic receptors in an animal model of depression. J. Neural Transm. 107:2000;1213-1227.
64. Heal D.J., Bristow L.J., Elliott J.M., Bloomfield J.G., Catto L.C., Atterwill C.K. The influence of L-triiodothyronine (T3) on the effects of repeated administration of desipramine or electroconvulsive shock on alpha-2 and beta-adrenoceptor function in the brain of the rat: implications for the potentiation of antidepressant therapy by T3. Neuropharmacology. 26(8):1987;1131-1139.
65. Heal D.J., Bristow L.M., Hurst E.M., Elliott J.M., Buckett W.R. Sex-related differences in central adrenergic function and responsiveness to repeated administration of desipramine and electroconvulsive shock. Br. J. Pharmacol. 97:1989;111-118.
66. Hensler J.G. Differential regulation of 5-HT1A receptor-G protein interactions in brain following chronic antidepressant administration. Neuropsychopharmacology. 26(5):2002;565-573.
67. Hensler J.G. Regulations of 5-HT1A receptor function in brain following agonist or antidepressant administration. Life Sci. 72:2003;1665-1682.
68. Hensler J.G., Kovachich G.B., Frazer A. A quantitative autoradiographic study of serotonin1A receptor regulation: effect of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and antidepressant treatments. Neuropsychopharmacology. 4:1991;131-144.
69. Hervas I., Vilaro M.T., Romero L., Scorza M.C., Mengod G., Artigas F. Desensitization of 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors by a two chronic fluoxetine dose effect of the concurrent administration of WAY-100635. Neuropsychopharmacology. 24(1):2001;11-20.
70. Hrdina P.D., Vu T.B. Chronic fluoxetine treatment upregulates 5-HT reuptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in rat brain: an autoradiographic study. Synapse. 14(4):1993;324-331.
71. Hrdina P.D., Demeter E., Vu T.B., Sotonyi P., Palkovits M. 5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of antidepressant-free suicide victims/depressives: increase in 5-HT2 sites in cortex and amygdala. Brain Res. 614(1-2):1993;37-44.
72. Humble M. Noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibition as clinical principles: a review of antidepressant efficacy. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 101(Suppl. 402):2000;S28-S36.
73. Invernizzi R., Samanin R. Chronic treatment with citalopram facilitates the effect of a challenge dose on cortical serotonin output: role of presynaptic 5-HT 1A receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 260:1994;243-246.
74. Iverson L.L. The Uptake and Storage of Noradrenaline in Sympathetic Nerves. 1991;Cambridge Univ. Press, London, England.
75. Jorgensen H., Knigge U., Kjaer A., Moller M., Warberg J. Serotonergic stimulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14(10):2002;788-795.
76. Kantor S., Graf M., Anheuer Z.E., Bagdy G. Rapid desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptors in Fawn-Hooded rats after chronic fluoxetine treatment. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11(1):2001;15-24.
77. Keltner N.L., Hogan B., Knight T., Royals L.A. Biological perspectives: adrenergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutaminergic receptor function in the CNS. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care. 37:2001;140-146.
78. Klimek V., Zak-Knapik J., Mackowiak M. Effects of repeated treatment with fluoxetine and citalopram, 5-HT uptake inhibitors, on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the rat brain. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 19(1):1994;63-67.
79. Kopin I.J. Catecholamine metabolism: basic aspects and clinical significance. Pharmacol. Rev. 37:1985;333-364.
80. Kuhn R. The treatment of depressive states with G22355 (imipramine hydrochloride). Am. J. Psychiatry. 115:1958;459-464.
81. Langer S.Z. Presynaptic regulation of the release of catecholamines. Pharmacol. Rev. 32:1980;337-362.
82. Lapin I.P., Oxenkrug G.F. Intensification of the central serotoninergic processes as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect. Lancet. 1(7586):1969;132-136.
83. Leonard B.E. Some effects of mianserin on monoamine metabolism in the rat brain. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5(Suppl. 1):1978;S11-S12.
84. Leonard B.E. Noradrenaline in basic models of depression. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7(Suppl. 1):1997;S11-S16.
85. Lester H.A., Cao Y., Mager S. Listening to neurotransmitter transporters. Neuron. 17:1996;807-810.
86. Levant B. The D3 dopamine receptor: neurobiology and potential clinical relevance. Pharmacol. Rev. 49(3):1997;231-252.
87. Liggett S.B. Molecular basis of alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype regulation by agonist. Lanier S., Limbird L. Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptors: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Implications. 1996;113-121 Harwood Academic Publishers, Reading, UK.
88. Limberger N., Bonnano G., Spath L., Starke K. Autoreceptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors at the serotonergic axons of rabbit brain cortex. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 332:1986;324-331.
89. Llinas R.R. Details depolarization-release coupling systems in neurons. Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 15:1977;555-687.
90. Maes M., Libbrecht I., van Hunsel F., Campens D., Meltzer H.Y. Pindolol and mianserin augment the antidepressant activity of fluoxetine in hospitalized major depressed patients, including those with treatment resistance. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 19:1999;177-182.
91. Maj J., Klimek V.j., Nowak G. Antidepressant drugs given repeatedly increases binding to alpha1-adrenoceptors in the rat cortex. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 119:1985;113-116.
92. Maj J., Bijak M., Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M., Rogoz R., Rogoz Z., Skuza G., Tokarski T. The effects of paroxetine given repeatedly on the 5-HT receptor subpopulations in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 127(1):1996;73-82.
93. Maj J., Rogoz Z., Skuza G., Margas W. Repeated trimipramine induces dopamine D2/D3 and alpha1-adrenergic up-regulation. J. Neural Transm. 105(2-3):1998;329-342.
94. Maj J., Rogoz Z., Dlaboga D., Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Pharmacological effects of milanacipran, a new antidepressant, given repeatedly on the alpha1-adrenergic and serotonergic 5-HT2A systems. J. Neural Transm. 107(11):2000;1345-1359.
95. Malagie I., Trillat A.C., Bourin M., Jacquot C., Hen R., Gardier A.M. 5-HT1B autoreceptors limit the effects of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in mouse hippocampus and frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 76(3):2001;865-871.
96. Martin G.R., Humphrey P.P.A. Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: current perspectives on classification and nomenclature. Neuropharmacology. 33:1994;261-273.
97. Masson J., Sagne C., Hamon M., El Mestikawy S. Neurotransmitter transporters in the central nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev. 51:1999;439-464.
98. Meyer J.H., Kapur S., Eisfeld B., Brown G.M., Houle S., DaSilva J., Wilson A.A., Rafi-Tari S., Mayberg H.S., Kennedy S.H. The effect of paroxetine on 5-HT(2A) receptors in depression: an [(18)F]setoperone PET imaging study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 158(1):2001;78-85.
99. Millan M.J., Newman-Tancredi A., Brocco M., Gobert A., Lejeune F., Audinot V., Rivet J.M., Schreiber R., Dekeyne A., Spedding M., Nicolas J.P., Peglion J.L. S 18126 ([2-[4-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)piperazin-1-yl methyl]indan-2-yl]), a potent, selective and competitive antagonist at dopamine D4 receptors: an in vitro and in vivo comparison with L 745,870 (3-(4-[4-chlorophenyl]piperazin-1-yl)methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2, 3b]pyridine) and raclopride. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 287(1):1998;167-186.
100. Miller H.I., Delgado P.L., Salomon R.M., Berman R., Krystal J.H., Heninger G.R., Charney D.S. Clinical and biochemical effects of catecholamine depletion on antidepressant-induced remission of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 53:1996;117-128.
101. Miller H.I., Delgado P.L., Salomon R.M., Heninger G.R., Charney D.S. Effects of alpha-methyl paratyrosine (AMPT) in drug free depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 14(3):1996;151-157.
102. Montgomery S.A. Reboxetine: additional benefits to the depressed patient. J. Psychopharmacol. 11(Suppl. 4):1997;S9-S15.
103. Moore R.Y., Bloom F.E. Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the norepinephrine and epinephrine systems. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2:1979;113-168.
104. Moreno F.A., Gelenberg A.J., Heninger G.R., Potter R.L., Mcknight K.M., Allen J., Phillips A.P., Delgado P.L. Tryptophan depletion and depressive vulnerability. Biol. Psychiatry. 46(4):1999;498-505.
105. Mottola D.M., Kilts J.D., Lewis M.M., Connery H.S., Walker Q.D., Jones S.R., Booth R.G., Hyslop D.K., Piercey M., Wightman R.M., Lawler C.P., Nichols D.E., Mailman R.B. Functional selectivity of dopamine receptor agonists: I. Selective activation of postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors linked to adenylate cyclase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301(3):2002;1166-1178.
106. Murray C.J.L., Lopez A.D. The Global Burden of Disease. 1996;21 Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.
107. Myslivecek J., Trojan S. Mechanisms of G-protein coupled receptor regulation. Sb. Lek. 101(3):2000;205-213.
108. Neer E.J. Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals. Cell. 80:1995;249-257.
109. - neurotransmitter transporters. J. Neurochem. 71:1998;1785-1803.
110. Nishizawa S., Benkeflat C., Young S.N., Leyton M., Mzengeza S., de Montiggny C., Blier P., Diksic M. Differences between males and females in rates of serotonin synthesis in human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:1997;5308-5313.
111. Njus D., Kelley P.M., Hardabek G.J. Bioenergetics of secretory vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 853:1986;237-265.
112. Ossowsk G., Nowak G., Klenk-Majewskal B., Danilczuk Z., Zebrowska-Lupina I. Effect of imipramine on brain D-1 and 5-HT-2A receptors in a chronic unpredictable stress model in rats. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 54(2):2002;89-93.
113. Pandey G.N., Dwivedi Y., Rizavi H.S., Ren X., Pandey S.C., Pesold C., Roberts R.C., Conley R.R., Tamminga C.A. Higher expression of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors in the postmortem brains of teenage suicide victims. Am. J. Psychiatry. 159(3):2002;419-429.
114. Pérez V., Gilaberte I., Faries D., Alvarez E., Artigas F. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pindolol in combination with fluoxetine antidepressant treatment. Lancet. 349:1997;1594-1597.
115. Pérez V., Puiigdemont D., Gilaberte I., Alvarez E., Artigas F. Augmentation of fluoxetine's antidepressant action by pindolol: analysis of clinical, pharmacokinetic, and methodologic factors. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 21:2001;36-45.
116. 3H]spiroperidol by chronic treatment with the antidepressant amitriptyline. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 215(3):1980;582-587.
117. Piñeyro G., Blier P. Regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rat midbrain raphe nuclei by 5-hydroxytryptamine1D receptors: effect of tetrodotoxin, G protein inactivation and long-term antidepressant administration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276(2):1996;697-707.
118. Piñeyro G., Blier P. Autoregulation of serotonin neurons: role in antidepressant drug action. Pharmacol. Rev. 51:1999;533-591.
119. Richou H., Ruimy P., Charbaut J., Delisle J.P., Brunner H., Patris M., Zivkov M. A multicenter, double blind, clomipramine-controlled efficacy and safety study of Org 3770. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 10:1995;263-271.
120. Riedel W.J., Klaassen T., Schmitt J.A. Tryptophan, mood, and cognitive function. Brain Behav. Immun. 16(5):2002;581-589.
121. Rogoz Z., Kolasiewicz W. Effect of repeated treatment with reboxetine on the central alpha1-adrenergic system. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 53(6):2001;663-667.
122. Rogoz Z., Wrobel A., Dlaboga D., Maj J., Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Effect of repeated treatment with mirtazapine on the central alpha1-adrenergic receptors. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53(1):2002;105-116.
123. Sacchetti G., Bernini M., Gobbi M., Parini S., Pirona L., Mennini T., Samanin R. Chronic treatment with desipramine facilitates its effect on extracellular noradrenaline in the rat hippocampus: studies on the role of presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 363(1):2001;66-72.
124. Schildkraut J.J. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am. J. Psychiatry. 122:1965;509-522.
125. Schroder U., Schroder H., Augustin W., Sabel B.A. Haloperidol-induced behavioral supersensitivity is increased by monosialoganglioside treatment in rats without affecting spiroperidol-binding. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271:1994;1193-1196.
126. Scuvee-Moreau J.J., Dresse A.E. Effect of various antidepressant drugs on the spontaneous firing rate of locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe neurons of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 57(2-3):1979;219-225.
127. Seeman P. Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse. 1:1987;133-152.
128. Seeman P., Grigoriadis D. Dopamine receptors in brain and periphery. Neurochem. Int. 10:1987;1-25.
129. Shen C., Li H., Meller E. Repeated treatment with antidepressants differentially alters 5-HT1A agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgamaS binding in rat brain regions. Neuropharmacology. 42(8):2002;1031-1038.
130. Shih J.C. Molecular basis of human MAO A and B. Neuropsychopharmacology. 4:1994;1-7.
131. Shopsin B., Gershon S., Goldstein M., Friedman E., Wilk S. Use of synthesis inhibitors in defining a role for biogenic amines during imipramine treatment in depressed patients. Psychopharmacol. Commun. 1:1975;239-249.
132. Shopsin B., Friedman E., Gershon S. Parachlorophenylalanine reversal of tranylcypromine effects in depressed patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 33:1976;811-819.
133. Smith W.T., Glaudin V., Panagides J., Gilvary E. Mirtazapine vs. amitriptyline vs. placebo in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 26:1990;191-196.
134. Sonders M.S., Zhu S.J., Zahniser N.R., Kavanaugh M.P., Amara S.G. Multiple ionic conductances of the human dopamine transporter: the actions of dopamine and psychostimulants. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;960-974.
135. Starkey S.J., Skingle M. 5-HT 1D as well as 5-HT 1A autoreceptors modulate 5-HT release in the guinea-pig dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropharmacology. 33:1994;393-402.
136. Starke K., Taube H.D., Borowski E. Pre- and postsynaptic receptors in catecholaminergic transmission. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 297(Suppl. 1):1977;S43-S44.
137. Stastny J., Konstantinidis A., Schwarz M.J., Rosenthal N.E., Vitouch O., Kasper S., Neumeister A. Effects of tryptophan depletion and catecholamine depletion on immune parameters in patients with seasonal affective disorder in remission with light therapy. Biol. Psychiatry. 53(4):2003;332-337.
138. Svensson T.H. Brain noradrenaline and the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 402:2000;18-27.
139. Szabo S.T., Blier P. Effect of the selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor reboxetine on the firing activity of noradrenaline and serotonin neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13(11):2001;2077-2087.
140. Tatarczynska E., Klodzinska A., Chojnacka-Wojcik E. Effects of combined administration of 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT1B receptor antagonists and paroxetine or fluoxetine in the forced swimming test in rats. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 54(6):2002;615-623.
141. Taussig R., Gilman A.G. Mammalian membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;1-4.
142. Tsuji K. Effect of (+/-)-pindolol on the central 5-HT1A receptor by the use of in vivo microdialysis and hippocampal slice preparations. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 22(3):2002;85-95.
143. Vallar L., Meldolesi J. Mechanisms of signal transduction at the dopamine D2 receptor. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10:1989;74-77.
144. Vizi S.E. Role of high-affinity receptors and membrane transporters in non-synaptic communications and drug action in the central nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev. 52:2000;63-89.
145. Willner P. The mesolimbic DA system as a target for rapid antidepressant action. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 12(Suppl. 3):1997;S7-S14.
146. Zanardi R., Artigas F., Franchini L., Sforzini L., Gasperini M., Smeraldi E., Pérez J. How long should pindolol be associated with paroxetine to improve the antidepressant response? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 17:1997;446-450.
147. Zanardi R., Artigas F., Moresco R., Colombo C., Messa C., Gobbo C., Smeraldi E., Fazio F. Increased 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 receptor binding in the frontal cortex of depressed patients responding to paroxetine treatment: a positron emission tomography ccan study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 21:2001;53-58.