Nanotechnology: A crash course

Nanotechnology: A Crash Course

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-139

  Palma, Raúl J Martín ^a,b,c   Lakhtakia, Akhlesh ^c  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^b NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; STUDENTS;

CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY; DEGREE OF CONTROL; FUTURE TRENDS; NANO SCALE; NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUES; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS;

NANOSYSTEMS;

EID: 84956483721     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1117/3.853406     Document Type: Book

References (194)

1. N. Taniguchi, "On the basic concept of 'nano-technology'," Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering (1974).
2. U.S. National Research Council, Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1999).
3. U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative, http://www.nano.gov/.
4. http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/biochempharm/crossref.htm.
5. http://www.uspto.gov/go/classification/uspc977/defs977.htm.
6. Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties, RS Policy document 20/04, RAEng Policy document R2.19, London, United Kingdom (2004).
7. C. Tahan, "Identifying nanotechnology in society," Adv. Computers 71, 251-271 (2007) [doi:10.1016/S0065-2458(06)71005-1].
8. Meridien Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risks (2005) http://www.merid.org.
9. A. Hullmann, The Economic Development of Nanotechnology-An Indicators Based Analysis, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium (2006) ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/nanoarticle_hullmann_nov2006.pdf.
10. Aguar, P. and J. J. Murcia-Nicolás, EU Nanotechnology R&D in the Field of Health and Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium (2008) ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/final-version.pdf.
11. Farber, D. and A. Lakhtakia, "Scenario planning and nanotechnological futures," Eur. J. Phys. 30, S3-S15 (2009) [doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/4/S02].
12. Hullmann, A., European Activities in the Field of Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects (ELSA) and Governance of Nanotechnology, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium (2008) ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/elsa_governance:nano.pdf.
13. Khushf, G., "The ethics of NBIC convergence," J. Med. Philos. 32, 185-196 (2007) [doi:10.1080/03605310701396950].
14. Lakhtakia, A., "Whither nanotechnology?" Economic Perspectives 10(4), 27-28 (October 2005).
15. Lakhtakia, A., "Priming pre-university education for nanotechnology," Curr. Sci. 90, 37-40 (2006).
16. Mnyusiwalla, A., A. S. Daar, and P. A. Singer, "'Mind the gap': science and ethics in nanotechnology," Nanotechnology 14, R9-R13 (2003) [doi:10.1088/0957-4484/14/3/201].
17. Munshi, D., P. Kurian, R. V. Bartlett, and A. Lakhtakia, "A map of the nanoworld: Sizing up the science, politics, and business of the infinitesimal," Futures 39, 432-452 (2007) [doi:10.1016/j.futures. 2006.08.003].
18. Patra, D., H. Ejnavarzala, and P. K. Basu, "Nanoscience and nanotechnology: ethical, legal, social and environmental issues," Curr. Sci. 96, 651-657 (2009).
19. Wiek, A., L. Gasser, and M. Siegrist, "Systemic scenarios of nanotechnology: Sustainable governance of emerging technologies," Futures 41, 284-300 (2009) [doi:10.1016/j.futures.2008.11.016].
20. C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, and F. Laloë, Quantum Mechanics, Wiley, New York (1977).
21. nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (2004).
22. P. Harrison, Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots. Theoretical and Computational Physics, Wiley, Chichester, UK (2000) [doi:10.1002/0470010827.ch13].
23. Corcoran, E. and G. Zorpette, "Diminishing dimensions," in The Solid-State Century, Sci. Am., 23-33 (1997) [Special Issue].
24. Gersten, J. I. and F. W. Smith, The Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Wiley, New York (2001).
25. Harrison, W. A., Applied Quantum Mechanics,World Scientific, Singapore (2000).
26. nd ed., Wiley, Chichester, UK (1991).
27. th ed., Wiley, New York (2005).
28. Kohn, W., "An essay on condensed matter physics in the twentieth century," Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, S59-S77 (1999) [doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S59].
29. Lakhtakia, A., Ed., Handbook of Nanotechnology. Nanometer Structures: Theory, Modeling, and Simulation. SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2004).
30. Martínez-Duart, J. M., R. J. Martín-Palma, and F. Agulló-Rueda, Nanotechnology for Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006).
31. Mitin, V. V., V. A. Kochelap, and M. A. Stroscio, Quantum Heterostructures. Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999).
32. Moriarty, P., "Nanostructured materials," Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, 297-381 (2001) [doi:10.1088/0034-4885/64/3/201].
33. Patterson, J. D. and B. C. Bailey, Solid-State Physics. Introduction to the Theory, Springer, Berlin, Germany (2007).
34. Rao, C. N. R. and A. K. Cheetham, "Materials science at the nanoscale," in Nanomaterials Handbook, Y. Gogotsi, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2006).
35. Wolf, E. L., Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2004) [doi:10.1002/9783527618972].
36. Wang, F. and A. Lakhtakia, Eds., Selected Papers on Nanotechnology-Theory and Modeling. SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2006).
37. Yu, P. Y. and M. Cardona, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Physics and Materials Properties, 3rd ed., Springer, Berlin (2001).
38. H. van Houten and C. W. J. Beenakker, "Quantum point contacts," arXiv.org (2005) [arXiv:cond-mat/0512609v1].
39. M. Bockrath, D. H. Cobden, P. L. McEuen, N. G. Chopra, A. Zettl, A. Thess, and R. E. Smalley, "Single-electron transport in ropes of carbon nanotubes," Science 275, 1922-1925 (1997) [doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1922].
40. G. Chen, "Phonon heat conduction in nanostructures," Int. J. Therm. Sci. 39, 471-480 (2000) [doi:10.1016/S1290-0729(00)00202-7].
41. M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas "Giant magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr magnetic superlattices," Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472-2475 (1988) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2472].
42. K. von Klitzing "The quantized Hall effect," Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 519-531 (1986) [doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.58.519].
43. nd ed., Springer, Berlin, Germany (2005).
44. C. B. Murray, S. Sun, W. Gaschler, H. Doyle, T. A. Betley, and C. R. Kagan "Colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals and nanocrystal superlattices," IBM J. Res. Dev. 45, 47-56 (2001).
45. S. A. Kalele, N. R. Tiwari, S. W. Gosavi, and S. K. Kulkarni, "Plasmonassisted photonics at the nanoscale," J. Nanophoton. 1, 012501 (2007) [doi:10.1117/1.2748429].
46. B. Jiang and G. J. Weng "A composite model for the grain-size dependence of yield stress of nanograined materials," Metall. Mater. Trans. 34, 765-772 (2003) [doi:10.1007/s11661-003-1004-1].
47. Basu, P. K., Theory of Optical Processes in Semiconductors. Bulk and Microstructures, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (1997).
48. Boxberg, F. and J. Tulkki, "Quantum dots: Phenomenology, photonic and electronic properties, modeling and technology," in Handbook of Nanotechnology. Nanometer Structures: Theory, Modeling, and Simulation, A. Lakhtakia, Ed., SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2004).
49. Brydson, R. M. and C. Hammond, "Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: classification and fabrication," in Nanoscale Science and Technology, R. Kelsall, I. Hamley, and M. Geoghegan, Eds., Wiley, Chichester, UK (2005).
50. Ciraci, S., A. Buldum, and I. P. Batra, "Quantum effects in electrical and thermal transport through nanowires," J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, R537-R568 (2001) [doi:10.1088/0953-8984/13/29/201].
51. D'Andrea, A., R. del Sole, and K. Cho "Exciton quantization in CdTe thin films," Europhys. Lett. 11, 169-174 (1990) [doi:10.1209/0295-5075/11/2/013].
52. 1-xAs heterostructures," Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 827-830 (1974) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.827].
53. Hernando, A. "Magnetism in nanocrystals," Europhys. News 34, 232-234 (2003) [doi:10.1051/epn:2003610].
54. nd ed., Wiley, Chichester, UK (1991).
55. nd ed., Oxford University Press, New York (2002).
56. th ed., Wiley, New York (2005).
57. Landauer, R. "Conductance determined by transmission: probes and quantised constriction resistance," J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1, 8099-8110 (1989) [doi:10.1088/0953-8984/1/43/011].
58. Landauer, R. "Spatial variation of currents and fields due to localized scatterers in metallic conduction," IBM J. Res. Dev. 1, 223-231 (1957).
59. Laughlin, R. B. "Excitons in the fractional quantum Hall effect," Physica B+C 126, 254-259 (1984) [doi:10.1016/0378-4363(84)90172-4].
60. Lüth, H., "Electronic properties and quantum effects," in Nanoelectronics and Information Technology: Advanced Electronic Materials and Novel Devices, R. Waser, Ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2005).
61. Meir, Y., N. S. Wingreen, and P. A. Lee "Transport through a strongly interacting electron system: Theory of periodic conductance oscillations," Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3048-3051 (1991) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.3048].
62. Ozpineci, A. and S. Ciraci "Quantum effects of thermal conductance through atomic chains," Phys. Rev. B 63, 125415 (2001) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.63.125415].
63. Poole, C. P., Jr. and F. J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology,Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2003).
64. Reimann, S. M. and M. Manninen "Electronic structure of quantum dots," Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 1283-1342 (2002) [doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1283].
65. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance, Stockholm, Sweden (2007).
66. Schmitt-Rink, S., D. A. B. Miller, and D. S. Chemla "Theory of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor microcrystallites," Phys. Rev. B 35, 8113-8125 (1987) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.35.8113].
67. Siegel, R. W. and G. E. Fougere "Mechanical properties of nanophase metals," Nanostr. Mat. 6, 205-216 (1995) [doi:10.1016/0965-9773(95)00044-5].
68. Störmer, H. L. "The fractional quantum Hall effect (experiment)," Physica B+C 126, 250-253 (1984) [doi:10.1016/0378-4363(84)90171-2].
69. van Wees, B. J., H. van Houten, C. W. J. Beenakker, J. G. Williamson, L. P. Kouwenhoven, D. van der Marel, and C. T. Foxon "Quantized conductance of point contacts in a two-dimensional electron gas," Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 848-850 (1988) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.848].
70. von Klitzing, K. "The quantized Hall effect," Physica B+C 126, 242-249 (1984) [doi:10.1016/0378-4363(84)90170-0].
71. Weisbuch, C. and B. Vinter, Quantum Semiconductor Structures: Fundamentals and Application, Academic Press, San Diego (1991).
72. Wolf, E. L., Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2004) [doi:10.1002/9783527618972].
73. Xia, Y., P. Yang, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, B. Mayers, B. Gates, Y. Yin, F. Kim, and H. Yan "One-dimensional nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization and applications," Adv. Mater. 15, 353-389 (2003) [doi:10.1002/adma.200390087].
74. Yoffe, A. D. "Low-dimensional systems: quantum size effects and electronic properties of semiconductor microcrystallites (zero-dimensional systems) and some quasi-two-dimensional systems," Adv. Phys. 51, 799-890 (2002) [doi:10.1080/00018730110117451].
75. Žutić, I., J. Fabian, and S. Das Sarma "Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications," Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323-410 (2004) [doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.76.323].
76. C. A. Mack, Field Guide to Optical Lithography, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2006).
77. Z. Nie and E. Kumacheva "Patterning surfaces with functional polymers," Nat. Mater. 7, 277-290 (2008) [doi:10.1038/nmat2109].
78. A. A. Tseng, A. Notargiacomo, and T. P. Chen "Nanofabrication by scanning probe microscope lithography: A review," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 877-894 (2005) [doi:10.1116/1.1926293].
79. S.-W. Hla, K.-F. Braun, and K.-H. Rieder "Single-atom manipulation mechanisms during a quantum corral construction," Phys. Rev. B 67, 201402 (2003) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.67.201402].
80. D. M. Stein, C. J. McMullan, J. Li, and J. A. Golovchenko "Feedbackcontrolled ion beam sculpting apparatus," Rev. Sci. Instr. 75, 900-905 (2004) [doi:10.1063/1.1666986].
81. G. G. Roberts, P. S. Vincett, and W. A. Barlow "Technological applications of Langmuir-Blodgett films," Phys. Technol. 12, 69-87 (1981) [doi:10.1088/0305-4624/12/2/I02].
82. A. Kumar and J. Kumar "Layer-by-layer deposition of nanoscale structures," J. Nanophoton. 3, 030306 (2009) [doi:10.1117/1.3241043].
83. Boamfa, M. I. and J. H. M. Neijzen "Two-dimensional optical storage mastering: Adding a new dimension to liquid immersion mastering," Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3583-3586 (2005) [doi:10.1143/JJAP.44.3583].
84. Brydson, R. M. and C. Hammond, "Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: classification and fabrication," in Nanoscale Science and Technology, R. Kelsall, I. Hamley, and M. Geoghegan, Eds., Wiley, Chichester, UK (2005).
85. Chen, L., L. Zhuang, P. Deshpande, and S. Chou "Novel polymer patterns formed by lithographically induced self-assembly (LISA)," Langmuir 21, 818-821 (2005) [doi:10.1021/la047674y].
86. Chou, S. Y., C. Keimel, and J. Gu "Ultrafast and direct imprint of nanostructures in silicon," Nature 417, 835-837 (2002) [doi:10.1038/nature00792].
87. Crespilho, F. N., V. Zucolotto, O. N. Oliveira Jr., and F. C. Nart "Electrochemistry of layer-by-layer films: a review," Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 1, 194-214 (2006).
88. Decher, G., J. D. Hong, and J. Schmitt, "Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly process: III. Consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on charged surfaces," Thin Solid Films 210-211, 831-835 (1992) [doi:10.1016/0040-6090(92)90417-A].
89. Ehrhart, P., "Film deposition methods," in Nanoelectronics and Information Technology: Advanced Electronic Materials and Novel Devices, R. Waser, Ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2005).
90. Hammond, P. T. "Form and function in multilayer assembly: New applications at the nanoscale," Adv. Mater. 16, 1271-1293 (2004) [doi:10.1002/adma.200400760].
91. Ito, T. and S. Okazaki "Pushing the limits of lithography," Nature 406, 1027-1031 (2000) [doi:10.1038/35023233].
92. Jiang, C. and V. V. Tsukruk "Freestanding nanostructures via layer-by-layer assembly," Adv. Mater. 18, 829-840 (2006) [doi:10.1002/adma.200502444].
93. Johnson, S. C., T. C. Bailey, M. D. Dickey, B. J. Smith, E. K. Kim, A. T. Jamieson, N. A. Stacey, J. G. Ekerdt, C. G. Willson, D. P. Mancini, W. J. Dauksher, K. J. Nordquist, and D. J. Resnick "Advances in step and flash imprint lithography," Proc. SPIE 5037, 197-202 (2003) [doi:10.1117/12.484985].
94. Lakhtakia, A. and R. Messier, Sculptured Thin Films. Nanoengineered Morphology and Optics, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2005).
95. Leskelä, M. and M. Ritala "Atomic layer deposition (ALD): from precursors to thin film structures," Thin Solid Films 409, 138-146 (2002) [doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00117-7].
96. M. Leskelä and M. Ritala "Atomic layer epitaxy-a valuable tool for nanotechnology?" Nanotechnology 10, 19-24 (1999) [doi:10.1088/0957-4484/10/1/005].
97. Liu, G. Y., S. Xu, and Y. Qian "Nanofabrication of self-assembled monolayers using scanning probe lithography," Acc. Chem. Res. 33, 457-466 (2000) [doi:10.1021/ar980081s].
98. Lüth, H., "Electronic properties and quantum effects," in Nanoelectronics and Information Technology: Advanced Electronic Materials and Novel Devices, R. Waser, Ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2005).
99. Okazaki, S. and J. Moers, "Lithography," in Nanoelectronics and Information Technology: Advanced Electronic Materials and Novel Devices, R. Waser, Ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2005).
100. Poole, C. P., Jr. and F. J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology,Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2003).
101. Salaita, K., Y.Wang, and C. A. Mirkin "Applications of dip-pen nanolithography," Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 145-155 (2007) [doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.39].
102. Schwartz, D. K. "Langmuir-Blodgett film structure," Surf. Sci. Rep. 27, 245-334 (1997) [doi:10.1016/S0167-5729(97)00003-4].
103. Street, R. A., W. S. Wong, S. E. Ready, M. L. Chabinyc, A. C. Arias, S. Limb, A. Salleo, and R. Lujan "Jet printing flexible displays," Mater. Today 9 (4), 32-37 (2006) [doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71445-6].
104. Tang, Z., Y. Wang, P. Podsiadlo, and N. A. Kotov "Biomedical applications of layer-by-layer assembly: From biomimetics to tissue engineering," Adv. Mater. 18, 3203-3224 (2006) [doi:10.1002/adma.200600113].
105. Tjong, S. C. and H. Chan "Nanocrystalline materials and coatings," Mater. Sci. Engg. R 45, 1-88 (2004) [doi:10.1016/j.mser.2004.07.001].
106. Watt, F., A. A. Bettiol, J. A. Van Kan, E. J. Teo, and M. B. H. Breese "Ion beam lithography and nanofabrication: A review," Int. J. Nanosci. 4, 269-286 (2005) [doi:10.1142/S0219581X05003139].
107. Wolf, E. L., Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2004) [doi:10.1002/9783527618972].
108. Xia, Q., C. Keimel, H. Ge, Z. Yu, W. Wu, and S. Y. Chou "Ultrafast patterning of nanostructures in polymers using laser assisted nano-imprint lithography," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4417-4419 (2003) [doi:10.1063/1.1630162].
109. R. J. Martín-Palma, L. Pascual, A. Landa, P. Herrero, and J. M. Martínez-Duart "High-resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis of porous silicon/silicon interface," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (13), 2517-2519 (2004) [doi:10.1063/1.1797558].
110. R. J. Martín-Palma, V. Torres-Costa, and C. G. Pantano "Distributed Bragg reflectors based on chalcogenide glasses for chemical optical sensing," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 055109 (2009) [doi:10.1088/0022-3727/42/5/055109].
111. R. F. Egerton "Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM," Rep. Prog. Phys. 72, 016502 (2009) [doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/1/016502].
112. J. A. Dieringer, A. D. McFarland, N. C. Shah, D. A. Stuart, A. V. Whitney, C. R. Yonzon, M. A. Young, X. Zhang, and R. P. Van Duyne "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: new materials, concepts, characterization tools, and applications," Faraday Discuss. 132, 9-26 (2006) [doi:10.1039/b513431p].
113. G. Bhargava, I. Gouzman, C. M. Chun, T. A. Ramanarayanan, and S. L. Bernasek "Characterization of the 'native' surface thin film on pure polycrystalline iron: A highresolution XPS and TEM study," Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 4322-4329 (2007) [doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.09.047].
114. R. J. Martín-Palma, R. Gago, M. Vinnichenko, and J. M. Martínez-Duart "Indepth optical and structural study of silver-based low-emissivity multilayer coatings for energy-saving applications," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, 1554-1557 (2004) [doi:10.1088/0022-3727/37/11/008].
115. R. J. Martín-Palma, L. Vázquez, and J. M. Martínez-Duart "Defect characterization of silver-based low-emissivity multilayer coatings for energysaving applications," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 19, 2315-2319 (2001) [doi:10.1116/1.1384562].
116. L. Chen, P. J. Klar, W. Heimbrodt, T. Kurz, H.-A. Krug von Nidda, A. Loidl, A. V. Kouzema, and M. Fröba "(II,Mn)VI nanostructures in mesoporous silica hosts-from powder samples to thin films," Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 243 (4), 831-834 (2006) [doi:10.1002/pssb.200564609].
117. R. J. Martín-Palma, A. Redondo-Cubero, R. Gago, J. V. Ryan, and C. G. Pantano "Rutherford backscattering spectrometry characterization of nanoporous chalcogenide thin films grown at oblique angles," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 981-984 (2008) [doi:10.1039/b716815b].
118. U. Kreissig, R. Gago, M. Vinnichenko, P. Fernández-Hidalgo, R. J. Martín-Palma, and J. M. Martínez-Duart, "Heavy-ion ERDA and spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of a SiOC:H layered structure as functional coating on polymeric lenses," Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 219-220, 908-913 (2004) [doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2004.01.186].
119. Abdulhalim, I., M. Zourob, and A. Lakhtakia, "Overview of optical biosensing techniques," in Handbook of Biosensors and Biochips, R. S. Marks, D. C. Cullen, I. Karube, C. R. Lowe, and H. H. Weetall, Eds., Wiley, Chichester, UK (2007).
120. Bik, W. M. A. and F. H. P. M. Habraken "Elastic recoil detection," Rep. Prog. Phys. 56, 859-902 (1993) [doi:10.1088/0034-4885/56/7/002].
121. Binnig, G., C. F. Quate, and Ch. Gerber "Atomic force microscope," Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930-933 (1986) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930].
122. Binnig, G., H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel "Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57-61 (1982) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57].
123. Brydson, R. M. and C. Hammond, "Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: classification and fabrication," in Nanoscale Science and Technology, R. Kelsall, I. Hamley, and M. Geoghegan, Eds., Wiley, Chichester, UK (2005).
124. Gersten, J. I. and F. W. Smith, The Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Wiley, New York (2001).
125. th ed., Wiley, New York (2005).
126. Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc. Handbook of Analytical Methods for Materials, http://mee-inc.com/hamm.html, Plymouth, MN (2009).
127. Poole, C. P., Jr. and F. J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology,Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2003).
128. Whitaker, K. M., S. T. Ochsenbein, V. Z. Polinger, and D. R. Gamelin "Electron confinement effects in the EPR spectra of colloidal n-type ZnO quantum dots," J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 14331-14335 (2008) [doi:10.1021/jp804763y].
129. P. Moriarty "Nanostructured materials," Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, 297-381 (2001) [doi:10.1088/0034-4885/64/3/201].
130. th ed.,Wiley, New York (2005).
131. V. N. Popov "Carbon nanotubes: properties and application," Mater. Sci. Eng. R 43, 61-102 (2004) [doi:10.1016/j.mser.2003.10.001].
132. V. N. Popov and L. Henrard "Comparative study of the optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes within orthogonal and nonorthogonal tight-binding models," Phys. Rev. B 70, 115407 (2004) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.115407].
133. R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov, and W. A. de Heer "Carbon nanotubes-the route toward applications," Science 297, 787-792 (2002) [doi:10.1126/science.1060928].
134. R. J. Martín-Palma, L. Pascual, P. Herrero, and J. M. Martínez-Duart "Direct determination of grain sizes, lattice parameters, and mismatch of porous silicon," Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 25-27 (2002) [doi:10.1063/1.1491007].
135. G. Ledoux, J. Gong, F. Huisken, O. Guillois, and C. Reynaud "Photoluminescence of size-separated silicon nanocrystals: Confirmation of quantum confinement," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 4834-4836 (2002) [doi:10.1063/1.1485302].
136. J. von Behren, T. van Buuren, M. Zacharias, E. H. Chimowitz, and P. M. Fauchet "Quantum confinement in nanoscale silicon: the correlation of size with bandgap and luminescence," Sol. State Commun. 105, 317-322 (1998) [doi:10.1016/S0038-1098(97)10099-0].
137. Q.Wu, I. J. Hodgkinson, and A. Lakhtakia "Circular polarization filters made of chiral sculptured thin films: experimental and simulation results," Opt. Eng. 39, 1863-1868 (2000) [doi:10.1117/1.602570].
138. D. W. Hua, J. Anderson, J. Di Gregorio, D. M. Smith, and G. Beaucage "Structural analysis of silica aerogels," J. Non-Cryst. Solids 186, 142-148 (1995) [doi:10.1016/0022-3093(95)00044-5].
139. N. Hüsing and U. Schubert "Aerogels-Airy materials: Chemistry, structure, and properties," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37, 22-45 (1998) [doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980202)37:1/2<22::AID-ANIE22>3.0.CO; 2-I].
140. X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose, J. J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A. M. Wu, S. S. Gambhir, and S. Weiss "Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics," Science 307, 538-544 (2005) [doi:10.1126/science.1104274].
141. T. Kuykendall, P. Pauzauskie, S. Lee, Y. Zhang, J. Goldberger, and P. Yang "Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition route to GaN nanowires with triangular cross sections," Nano Lett. 3, 1063-1066 (2003) [doi:10.1021/nl034422t].
142. H. J. Fan, W. Lee, R. Hauschild, M. Alexe, G. Le Rhun, R. Scholz, A. Dadgar, K. Nielsch, H. Kalt, A. Krost, M. Zacharias, and U. Gösele "Templateassisted large-scale ordered arrays of ZnO pillars for optical and piezoelectric applications," Small 2, 561-568 (2006) [doi:10.1002/smll.200500331].
143. J. B. Baxter and E. S. Aydil "Nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 053114 (2005) [doi:10.1063/1.1861510].
144. F. Patolsky, G. Zheng, O. Hayden, M. Lakadamyali, X. Zhuang, and C. M. Lieber "Electrical detection of single viruses," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 14017-14022 (2004) [doi:10.1073/pnas.0406159101].
145. R. A. Vaia and H. D.Wagner "Framework for nanocomposites," Mater. Today 7 (11), 32-37 (2004) [doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00506-1].
146. Akimov, Yu. K. "Fields of application of aerogels (Review)," Instrum. Experimental Techn. 46, 287-299 (2003) [doi:10.1023/A:1024401803057].
147. Canham, L. T. "Silicon quantum wire array fabrication by electrochemical and chemical dissolution of wafers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1046-1048 (1990) [doi:10.1063/1.103561].
148. Chen, X., S. Lenhert, M. Hirtz, N. Lu, H. Fuchs, and L. Chi "Langmuir-Blodgett patterning: A bottom-up way to build mesostructures over large areas," Acc. Chem. Res. 40, 393-401 (2007) [doi:10.1021/ar600019r].
149. Cox, P. A., The Electronic Structure and Chemistry of Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK (1998).
150. Del Caño, T., L. F. Sanz, P. Martín, M. Avella, J. Jiménez, A. Rodríguez, J. Sangrador, T. Rodríguez, V. Torres-Costa, R. J. Martín-Palma, and J. M. Martínez-Duart, "Porous SiGe nanostructures formed by electrochemical etching of thin poly-SiGe films," J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, C326-C332 (2004) [doi:10.1149/1.1695531].
151. Dragoman, M. and D. Dragoman "Graphene-based quantum electronics," Prog. Quantum Electron. 33, 165-214 (2009) [doi:10.1016/j.pquantelec.2009.08.001].
152. Fauchet, P. M. "Light emission from Si quantum dots," Mater. Today 8 (1), 26-33 (2005) [doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00676-5].
153. Föll, H., M. Christophersen, J. Carstensen, and G. Hasse "Formation and application of porous silicon," Mater. Sci. Eng. R 39, 93-141 (2002) [doi:10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00090-6].
154. Föll, H., S. Langa, J. Carstensen, M. Christophersen, and I. M. Tiginyanu "Pores in III-V semiconductors," Adv. Mater. 15, 183-198 (2003) [doi:10.1002/adma.200390043].
155. Hu, Y., O. A. Shenderova, Z. Hu, C. W. Padgett, and D. W. Brenner "Carbon nanostructures for advanced composites," Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 1847-1895 (2006) [doi:10.1088/0034-4885/69/6/R05].
156. Jordan, J., K. I. Jacob, R. Tannenbaum, M. A. Sharaf, and I. Jasiuk "Experimental trends in polymer nanocomposites-a review," Mater. Sci. Eng. A 393, 1-11 (2005) [doi:10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.044].
157. Koshida, N. and H. Koyama "Visible electroluminescence from porous silicon," Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 347-349 (1992) [doi:10.1063/1.106652].
158. Krishnamoorti, R. and R. A. Vaia "Polymer nanocomposites," J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys. 45, 3252-3256 (2007) [doi:10.1002/polb.21319].
159. Lakhtakia, A. and T. G. Mackay "Meet the metamaterials," OSA Opt. Photon. News 18 (1), 34-39 (2006) [doi:10.1364/OPN.18.1.000032].
160. Lakhtakia, A. and R. Messier, Sculptured Thin Films: Nanoengineered Morphology and Optics, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2005).
161. Law, M., J. Goldberger, and P. Yang "Semiconductor nanowires and nanotubes," Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 34, 83-122 (2004) [doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.040203.112300].
162. Lipp, M. J., V. G. Baonza, W. J. Evans, and H. E. Lorenzana "Nanocrystalline diamond: Effect of confinement, pressure, and heating on phonon modes," Phys. Rev. B 56, 5978-5984 (1997) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.56.5978].
163. Maksimenko, S. A. and G. Ya. Slepyan, "Nanoelectromagnetics of lowdimensional structures," in Handbook of Nanotechnology. Nanometer Structures: Theory Modeling, and Simulation, A. Lakhtakia, Ed., SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2004).
164. Martín-Palma, R. J., M. Manso-Silván, A. Lakhtakia, and C. G. Pantano "Ordered arrays of nanocolumns grown by the oblique angle deposition technique on a self-assembled layer of polystyrene spheres," Mater. Lett. 63, 197-199 (2009) [doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2008.09.055].
165. Martín-Palma, R. J., C. G. Pantano, and A. Lakhtakia "Biomimetization of butterfly wings by the conformal-evaporated-film-by-rotation technique for photonics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 083901 (2008) [doi:10.1063/1.2973167].
166. Martín-Palma, R. J., C. G. Pantano, and A. Lakhtakia "Replication of fly eyes by the conformal-evaporated-film-by-rotation technique," Nanotechnology 19, 355704 (2008) [doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/35/355704].
167. McEuen, P. L., M. S. Fuhrer, and H. Park "Single-walled carbon nanotube electronics," IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 1, 78-85 (2002) [doi:10.1109/TNANO.2002.1005429].
168. Mitchell, D. R., R. M. Brown, Jr., T. L. Spires, D. K. Romanovicz, and R. J. Lagow "The synthesis of megatubes: New dimensions in carbon materials," Inorg. Chem. 40, 2751-2755 (2001) [doi:10.1021/ic000551q].
169. Nasibulin, A. G., P. V. Pikhitsa, H. Jiang, D. P. Brown, A. V. Krasheninnikov, A. S. Anisimov, P. Queipo, A. Moisala, D. Gonzalez, G. Lientschnig, A. Hassanien, S. D. Shandakov, G. Lolli, D. E. Resasco, M. Choi, D. Tománek, and E. I. Kauppinen "A novel hybrid carbon material," Nature Nanotechnol. 2, 156-161 (2006) [doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.37].
170. Osváth, Z., G. Vértesy, L. Tapasztó, F. Wéber, Z. E. Horváth, J. Gyulai, and L. P. Biró "Atomically resolved STM images of carbon nanotube defects produced by Ar+ irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 72, 045429 (2005) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.045429].
171. Raffaelle, R. P., S. L. Castro, A. F. Hepp, and S. G. Bailey "Quantum dot solar cells," Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 10, 433-439 (2002) [doi:10.1002/pip.452].
172. Robbie, K., M. J. Brett, and A. Lakhtakia "Chiral sculptured thin films," Nature 384, 616 (1996) [doi:10.1038/384616a0].
173. Roberts, G. G., P. S. Vincett, and W. A. Barlow "Technological applications of Langmuir-Blodgett films," Phys. Technol. 12, 69-87 (1981) [doi:10.1088/0305-4624/12/2/I02].
174. Schwartz, D. K. "Langmuir-Blodgett film structure," Surf. Sci. Rep. 27, 245-334 (1997) [doi:10.1016/S0167-5729(97)00003-4].
175. Vaia, R. and J. Baur "Adaptive composites," Science 319, 420-421 (2008) [doi:10.1126/science.1152931].
176. Walser, R. M., "Metamaterials: An introduction," in Introduction to Complex Mediums for Optics and Electromagnetics, W. S. Weiglhofer and A. Lakhtakia, Eds., SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA (2003).
177. Winey, K. I. and R. A. Vaia "Polymer nanocomposites," MRS Bull. 32, 314-319 (2007).
178. Wolf, E. L., Nanophysics and Nanotechnology: An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany (2004) [doi:10.1002/9783527618972].
179. Xia, Y., P. Yang, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, B. Mayers, B. Gates, Y. Yin, F. Kim, and H. Yan "One-dimensional nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization and applications," Adv. Mater. 15, 353-389 (2003) [doi:10.1002/adma.200390087].
180. nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2007).
181. Cavin, R. K., V. V. Zhirnov, G. I. Bourianoff, J. A. Hutchby, D. J. C. Herr, H. H. Hosack, W. H. Joyner, and T. A. Wooldridge "A long-term view of research targets in nanoelectronics," J. Nanopart. Res. 7, 573-586 (2005) [doi:10.1007/s11051-005-7528-0].
182. Davies, J. C., Oversight of Next Generation Nanotechnology, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC (2009).
183. Drexler, K. E. "Toward integrated nanosystems: Fundamental issues in design and modeling," J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 3, 1-10 (2006) [doi:10.1166/jctn.2006.001].
184. European Commission, Vision 2020-Nanoelectronics at the Centre of Change.
185. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.eniac.eu/web/SRA/e-vision-2020.pdf, 2004.
186. Farber, D. and A. Lakhtakia, "Scenario planning and nanotechnological futures," Eur. J. Phys. 30, S3-S15 (2009) [doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/4/S02].
187. nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2007).
188. Hullmann, A., The Economic Development of Nanotechnology-An Indicators Based Analysis. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/nanotechnology/docs/nanoarticle_hullmann_nov2006.pdf, 2006.
189. Kostoff, R. N., R. G. Koytcheff, and C. G. Y. Lou "Global nanotechnology research literature overview," Curr. Sci. 92, 1492-1498 (2007).
190. Marks, R., D. Cullen, I. Karube, C. R. Lowe, and H. H. Weetall, Eds., Handbook of Biosensors and Biochips. Wiley, Chichester, UK (2007).
191. McKibben, B., Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age, Henry Holt, New York (2003).
192. Montague, P. "Welcome to NanoWorld: nanotechnology and the precautionary principle imperative," Multinational Monitor 25 (9), 16-19 (2004).
193. Saxton, J. and U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee, Nanotechnology: The Future is Coming Sooner Than You Think. U.S. Congress,Washington, DC. http://www.house.gov/jec/publications/110/nanotechnology_03-22-07.pdf, 2007.
194. United Nations Environment Program, GEO-2000 Economic Instruments, http://www.unep.org/Geo2000/english/0138htm, 2000.