Single-electron transport in ropes of carbon nanotubes

Science

Volumn 275, Issue 5308, 1997, Pages 1922-1925

  Bockrath, Marc ^a,b   Cobden, David H ^a,b   McEuen, Paul L ^a,b   Chopra, Nasreen G ^a,b   Zettl, A ^a,b   Thess, Andreas ^c,d   Smalley, R E ^c,d  

^a LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON;

ARTICLE; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTRON BEAM; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENERGY; MEASUREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0030892702     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5308.1922     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. For a review, see H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1991); M. A. Kastner, Phys Today 46, 24 (January 1993); L. P. Kouwenhoven and P. L. McEuen, in Nanoscience and Technology, G. Timp, Ed. (AIP Press, New York, in press).
2. For a review, see H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1991); M. A. Kastner, Phys Today 46, 24 (January 1993); L. P. Kouwenhoven and P. L. McEuen, in Nanoscience and Technology, G. Timp, Ed. (AIP Press, New York, in press).
3. For a review, see H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1991); M. A. Kastner, Phys Today 46, 24 (January 1993); L. P. Kouwenhoven and P. L. McEuen, in Nanoscience and Technology, G. Timp, Ed. (AIP Press, New York, in press).
4. S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991); for a recent review, see T. W. Ebbesen, Phys. Today 49, 26 (June 1996).
5. S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991); for a recent review, see T. W. Ebbesen, Phys. Today 49, 26 (June 1996).
6. R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992); N. Hamada, S. Sawada, A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
7. R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992); N. Hamada, S. Sawada, A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
8. A. Thess et al., Science 273, 483 (1996).
9. L. Langer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 479 (1996).
10. H. Dai, E. W. Wong, C. M. Lieber, Science 272, 523 (1996).
11. T. W. Ebbesen et al., Nature 382, 54 (1996); A. Yu. Kasumov, I. I. Khodos, P. M. Ajayan, C. Colliex, Europhys. Lett. 34, 429 (1996).
12. T. W. Ebbesen et al., Nature 382, 54 (1996); A. Yu. Kasumov, I. I. Khodos, P. M. Ajayan, C. Colliex, Europhys. Lett. 34, 429 (1996).
13. J. E. Fischer et al., Phys. Rev. B 55, 4921 (1997).
14. D. Bernaerts et al., preprint (1996); J. M. Cowley, P. Nikolaev, A. Thess, R. E. Smalley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 265, 379 (1997).
15. D. Bernaerts et al., preprint (1996); J. M. Cowley, P. Nikolaev, A. Thess, R. E. Smalley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 265, 379 (1997).
16. R/C. For more information, see (1).
17. H.-Y. Zhu, D. J. Klein, T. G. Schmalz, N. H. Rubio, N. H. March, preprint (1996).
18. L. X. Benedict, S. G. Louie, M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 52, 8541 (1995).
19. Other measurements on these samples also support the notion that transport is through individual decoupled tubes. In four-terminal measurements of the ropes at temperatures > 30 K (where the rope resistance becomes much less than the voltage-probe impedance and reliable four-terminal measurements are possible), nonlocal voltages have been observed. For example, referring to the AFM image shown in Fig. 1, a voltage can appear between the terminals 1 and 2 in response to a current flowing between contacts 3 and 4. Such nonlocal effects are possible if different contacts make contact to different tubes and the intertube coupling is small. Current injected into 4 in a particular tube that is not well connected to 3 can arrive at contact 1 or 2, producing a nonlocal response.
20. Individual tubes within a rope have chiral angles within 10° of the achiral (10, 10) tube with roughly 30 to 40% of the sample being (10, 10) tubes (9). The indices of tubes consistent with the experimental constraints on chirality and radius (4) are (10, 10), (9, 11), (8, 12), (7, 13), and the opposite-handed twins. The gap of the (7, 13) tube is small and likely does not survive intertube interactions, but the gaps of the (9, 11) and (8, 12) tubes are about 0.5 eV, which is probably large enough to maintain semiconducting behavior within the rope.
21. L. Chico, L. X. Benedict, S. G. Louie, M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 54, 2600 (1996); L. Chico et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 971 (1996).
22. L. Chico, L. X. Benedict, S. G. Louie, M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 54, 2600 (1996); L. Chico et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 971 (1996).
23. C. L. Kane and E. J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett., in press.
24. 2/h, imply that good electrical contact has been made between the metal leads and part of the rope.
25. Y. A. Krotov, D.-H. Lee, S. G. Louie, preprint (cond-mat/9611073, available on the Internet from the e-Print archive at xxx.lanl.gov); L. Balents and M. P. A. Fisher, preprint (cond-mat/9611126, available from the e-Print archive at xxx.lanl.gov).
26. Y. A. Krotov, D.-H. Lee, S. G. Louie, preprint (cond-mat/9611073, available on the Internet from the e-Print archive at xxx.lanl.gov); L. Balents and M. P. A. Fisher, preprint (cond-mat/9611126, available from the e-Print archive at xxx.lanl.gov).
27. S. Tans, preprint (1997).
28. We would like to acknowledge useful discussions with V. Crespi, M. Cohen, D. H. Lee, and S. Louie. We are also indebted to S. Tans for communicating his unpublished results of measurements on nanotubes and emphasizing the importance of a gate voltage. Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract DE-AC03-76SF00098, and by the Office of Naval Research, order N00014-95-F-0099.