Electronic structure of quantum dots

Reviews of Modern Physics

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 1283-1342

  Reimann, Stephanie M ^a   Manninen, Matti ^b  

^a LUND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036822332     PISSN: 00346861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1283     Document Type: Review

References (429)

1. Adamowski. J., M. Sobkowicz, B. Szafran, and S. Bednarek, 2000. Phys. Rev. B 62, 4234.
2. Aharonov, Y., and D. Bohm, 1959, Phys. Rev. 115, 485.
3. Alder, K., A. Bohr, T. Huus, B. Mottelson, and A. Winther, 1956, Rev. Mod. Phys. 28, 432.
4. Aleiner, I. L., P. W. Brouwer, and L. I. Glazman, 2002, Phys. Rep. 358, 309.
5. Alhassid, Y., 2000, Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 895.
6. Alivisatos, A. P., 1996, Science 271, 933.
7. Altshuler, B. L., P. A. Lee, and R. A. Webb, 1991, Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids (North-Holland, Amsterdam).
8. Anderson, P. W., 1961, Phys. Rev. 124, 41.
9. Ando, T., A. B. Fowler, and F. Stern, 1982, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 437.
10. Ashoori, R. C., 1996, Nature (London) 379, 413.
11. Ashoori, R. C., R. H. Silsbee, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West, 1992, in Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems, Proceedings of the Int. Symp. Santa Fe, May, 1991, edited by M. Reed and W. Kirk (Academic, San Diego).
12. Ashoori, R. C., H. L. Störmer, J. S. Weiner, L. N. Pfeiffer, K. W. Baldwin, and K. W. West, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 613.
13. Ashoori, R. C., H. L. Störmer, J. S. Weiner, L. N. Pfeiffer, S. J. Pearton, K. W. Baldwin, and K. W. West, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3088.
14. Austing, D. G., T. Honda, K. Muraki, Y. Tokura, and S. Tarucha, 1998, Physica B 249-251, 206.
15. Austing, D. G., T. Honda, and S. Tarucha, 1996, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 11, 388.
16. Austing, D. G., T. Honda, and S. Tarucha, 1997, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 36, 1667.
17. Austing, D. G., S. Sasaki, S. Tarucha, S. M. Reimann, M. Koskinen, and M. Manninen, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, 11 514.
18. Austing, D. G., H. Tamura, Y. Tokura, K. Muraki, S. Amaha, K. Ono, and S. Tarucha, 2001, Physica E (Amsterdam) 10, 112.
19. Austing, D. G., Y. Tokura, T. Honda, S. Tarucha, M. Danoesastro, J. Janssen, T. H. Oosterkamp, and L. P. Kouwenhoven, 1999, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 38, 372.
20. Austing, D. G., Y. Tokura, S. Tarucha, P. Matagne, and J. P. Leburton, 2000, Physica E (Amsterdam) 11, 63.
21. Averin, D. V., and K. K. Likharev, 1986, J. Low Temp. Phys. 62, 345.
22. Averin, D. V., and K. K. Likharev, 1991, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, edited by B. I. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, and R. A. Webb (Elsevier, Amsterdam), p. 167.
23. Baker, J., and A. G. Rojo, 2001, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, 5313.
24. Balian, R., and C. Bloch, 1970, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 60, 401.
25. Balian, R., and C. Bloch, 1971, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 63, 592.
26. Balian, R., and C. Bloch, 1972, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 69, 76.
27. Bao, C. G., 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3475.
28. Baranger, H. U., and R. M. Westervelt, 1998, Chapter 14 in Nanotechnology, edited by G. Timp (Springer, New York), p. 537.
29. Bawendi, M. G., M. L. Steigerwald, and L. E. A. Brus, 1990, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 41, 447.
30. Beck, D. E., 1984, Solid State Commun. 49, 381.
31. Bedanov, V. M., and F. M. Peeters, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 49, 2667.
32. Bednarek, S., B. Szafran, and J. Adamowski, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 13036.
33. Beenakker, C. W. J., 1991, Phys. Rev. B 44, 1646.
34. Beenakker, C. W. J., and H. van Houten, 1991, in Solid State Physics, edited by H. Ehrenreich and D. Turnbull (Academic, New York), Vol. 44, p. 1.
35. Bertsch, G. F., and T. Papenbrock, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5412.
36. Bimberg, D., M. Grundmann, and N. N. Ledentsov, 1999, Quantum Dot Heterostructures (Wiley, Chichester/New York).
37. Blick, R. H., R. J. Haug, J. Weis, D. Pfannkuche, K. v. Klitzing, and K. Eberl, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 7899.
38. Blick, R. H., D. Pfannkuche, R. J. Haug, K. v. Klitzing, and K. Eberl, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4032.
39. Bloch, F., 1972, Phys. Rev. B 2, 109.
40. Bøggild, P., A. Kristensen, H. Bruus, S. M. Reimann, and P. E. Lindelof, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15 408.
41. Bohr, Å., and B. R. Mottelson, 1953, Mat. Fys. Medd. K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. 27, 16.
42. Bohr, Å., and B. R. Mottelson, 1975, Nuclear Structure (World Scientific, New York).
43. Bolton, F., 1994a, Solid-State Electron. 37, 1159.
44. Bolton, F., 1994b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 158.
45. Bolton, F., 1996, Phys. Rev. B 54, 4780.
46. Bolton, F., and U. Rössler, 1993, Superlattices Microstruct. 13, 139.
47. Brack, M., 1993, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 677.
48. Brack, M., and Bhaduri, R. K., 1997, Semiclassical Physics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA).
49. Brack, M., J. Blaschke, S. C. Creagh, A. G. Magner, P. Meier, and S. M. Reimann, 1997, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 40, 276.
50. Brack, M., J. Damgaard, A. S. Jensen, H. C. Pauli, V. M. Strutinsky, and C. Y. Wong, 1972, Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 320.
51. Brey, L., N. F. Johnson, and B. I. Halperin, 1989, Phys. Rev. B 40, 10647.
52. Brodsky, M., N. B. Zhitenev, R. C. Ashoori, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2356.
53. Bruce, N. A., and P. A. Maksym, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 61, 4718.
54. Brunner, K., U. Bockelmann, G. Abstreiter, M. Walther, G. Böhm, G. Tränkle, and G. Weimann, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3216.
55. Bryant, G. W., 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1140.
56. Büttiker, M., 1985, Phys. Rev. B 32, 1846.
57. Büttiker, M., Y. Imry, and R. Landauer, 1983, Phys. Lett. 96A, 365.
58. Burkhard, G., D. Loss, and D. P. Di Vincenzo, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 2070.
59. Butler, P. A., and W. Nazarewicz, 1996, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 349.
60. Butts, D. A., and D. S. Rokhsar, 1999, Nature (London) 397, 327.
61. Byers, N., and C. N. Yang, 1961, Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 46.
62. Campbell, L. J., and R. M. Ziff, 1979, Phys. Rev. B 20, 1886.
63. Canali, C. M., 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3934.
64. Capelle, K., and G. Vignale, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5546.
65. Ceperley, D. M., and B. J. Alder, 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 566.
66. Chakraborty, T., 1992, Comments Condens. Matter Phys. 16, 35.
67. Chakraborty, T., 1999, Quantum Dots: A Survey of the Properties of Artificial Atoms (North-Holland, Amsterdam).
68. Chakraborty, T., and P. Pietiläinen, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 50, 8460.
69. Chakraborty, T., and P. Pietiläinen, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 52, 1932.
70. Chang, L. L., L. Esaki, W. E. Howard, and R. Ludeke, 1973, J. Vac. Sci. Teehnol. 10, 11.
71. Chang, L. L., L. Esaki, and R. Tsu, 1974, Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 593.
72. Chen, G., G. Klimeck, S. Datta, G. Chen, and W. A. Goddard III, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 50, 8035.
73. Chengguang, B., R. Wenying, and L. Youyang, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 10 820.
74. Chou, M. Y., A. Cleland, and M. L. Cohen, 1984, Solid State Commun. 52, 645.
75. Chui, S. T., and B. Tanatar, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 458.
76. Ciorga, M., A. S. Sachrajda, P. Hawrylak, C. Gould, P. Zawadzki, S. Jullian, Y. Feng, and Z. Wasilewski, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 61, R16 315.
77. Cooper, N. R., and N. K. Wilkin, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, R16279.
78. Cornell, E. A., 2001, Nobel Lecture. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2001/cornell-lecture.html
79. Creffield, C. E., W. Häusler, J. H. Jefferson, and S. Sarkar, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 10 719.
80. Dalfovo, F., S. Giorgini, L. P. Pitaevskii, and S. Stringari, 1999, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 463.
81. Darnhofer, T., and U. Rössler, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 16 020.
82. Darwin, C. G., 1930, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 27, 86.
83. Date, G., M. V. N. Murthy, and R. Vathsan, 1998, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 10, 5876.
84. Davidocvić, D., and M. Tinkham, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1644.
85. de Chamon, C., and X. G. Wen, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8227.
86. de Heer, W., 1993, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 611.
87. Dean, D. J., M. R. Strayer, and J. C. Wells, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 64, 125305.
88. Dellow, M. W., E H. Beton, M. Henini, P. C. Main, and L. Eaves, 1991, Electron. Lett. 27, 134.
89. Delsing, P., K. K. Likharev, L. S. Kuzmin, and T. Claeson, 1989a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1180.
90. Delsing, P., K. K. Likharev, L. S. Kuzmin, and T. Claeson, 1989b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1861.
91. Demel, T., D. Heitmann, P. Grambow, and K. Ploog, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 788.
92. Dempsey, J., B. Y. Gelfand, and B. I. Halperin, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3639.
93. Deo, P. S., 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 5441.
94. Deo, P. S., 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 15 447.
95. Dineykhan, M., and R. G. Nazmitdinov, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 55, 13 707.
96. Dingle, R., A. C. Gossard, and W. Wiegmann, 1974, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 827.
97. Dixon, D., L. P. Kouwenhoven, P. L. McEuen, Y. Nagamune, J. Motohisa, and H. Sakaki, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 12 625.
98. Dreizler, R. M., and E. K. U. Gross, 1990, Density Functional Theory (Springer, Berlin).
99. Drexler, H., D. Leonard, W. Hansen, J. P. Kotthaus, and P. M. Petroff, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2252.
100. Eckardt, C., 1935, Phys. Rev. 47, 552.
101. Egger, R., W. Häusler, C. H. Mak, and H. Grabert, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3320.
102. Ekardt, W., 1984, Phys. Rev. B 29, 1558.
103. Ekardt, W., 1999, Metal Clusters (Wiley, New York).
104. El-Said, M., 1996, Phys. Status Solidi B 193, 105.
105. Esaki, L., and L. L. Chang, 1974, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 495.
106. Esaki, L., and R. Tsu, 1970, IBM J. Res. Dev. 14, 61.
107. Eto, M., 1997, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 36, 3924.
108. Eto, M., 1999, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 38, 376.
109. Ezaki, T., N. Mori, and C. Hamaguchi, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 6428.
110. Ezaki, T., Y. Sugimoto, N. Mori, and C. Hamaguchi, 1998a, Physica B 249-251, 238.
111. Ezaki, T., Y. Sugimoto, N. Mori, and C. Hamaguchi, 1998b, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 13, A1.
112. Fano, G., and F. Ortolani, 1988, Phys. Rev. B 37, 8179.
113. Ferconi, M., and G. Vignale, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 50, 14 722.
114. Ferconi, M., and G. Vignale, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12 108.
115. Filinov, A. V., M. Bonitz, and Yu. E. Lozovik, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3851.
116. Fock, V., 1928, Z. Phys. 47, 446.
117. Fonseca, L. R. C., J. L. Jimenez, J. P. Leburton, R. M. Martin, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, 4017.
118. Foxman, E. B., P. L. McEuen, U. Meirav, N. S. Wingreen, Y. Meir, P. A. Belk, N. R. Belk, M. A. Kastner, and S. J. Wind, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 10 020.
119. Franeeschetti, A., and A. Zunger, 2000, Europhys. Lett. 50 (2), 243.
120. Franco, M., and L. Brey, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 10 383.
121. Frauendorf, S., 2001, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 463.
122. Fricke, M., A. Lorke, J. P. Kotthaus, G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, and P. M. Petroff, 1996, Europhys. Lett. 36, 197.
123. Fujito, M., A. Natori, and H. Yasunaga, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 9952.
124. Fulton, T. A., and G. J. Dolan, 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109.
125. Gammon, D., 2000, Nature (London) 405, 899.
126. Geilikman, B. T., 1960, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Structure, Kingston, Canada, edited by D. A. Branley and E. W. Vogt (University of Toronto, Toronto), p. 874.
127. Giaever, I., and H. R. Zeller, 1968, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 1504.
128. Gilbert, T. L., 1975, Phys. Rev. B 12, 2111.
129. Girvin, S. M., and T. Jach, 1983, Phys. Rev. B 28, 4506.
130. Goeppert-Mayer, M., 1949, Phys. Rev. 75, 1969.
131. Goldmann, E., and S. R. Renn, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, 16 611.
132. González, A., L. Quiroga, and B. A. Rodriguez, 1996, FewBody Syst. 21, 47.
133. Goodings, C. J., J. R. A. Cleaver, and H. Ahmed, 1992, Electron. Lett. 28, 1535.
134. Gorter, C. J., 1951, Physica (Amsterdam) 17, 777.
135. Grabert, H., and M. H. Devoret, 1991, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York).
136. Groshev, A., 1990, Phys. Rev. B 42, 5895.
137. Gross, E. K. U., E. Runge, and O. Heinonen, 1991, Many Particle Theory (Hilger, Bristol).
138. Grundmann, M., J. Christen, N. N. Ledentsov, J. Böhrer, D. Bimberg, S. Ruvimov, P. Werner, U. Richter, U. Gösele, J. Heydenreieh, V. M. Ustinov, A. Yu. Egorov, A. E. Zhukov, P. S. Kopév, and Zh. I. Alferov, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4043.
139. Gudmundsson, V., A. Braatas, P. Grambow, B. Meurer, T. Kurth, and D. Heitmann, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 17 744.
140. Gudmundsson, V., and R. R. Gerhardts, 1991, Phys. Rev. B 43, 12 098.
141. Gudmundsson, V., and J. J. Palacios, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 52, 11 266.
142. Gudmundsson, V., and G. Pálsson, 1994, Phys. Scr. T 54, 92.
143. Guéret, P., N. Blanc, R. Germann, and H. Rothuizen, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1896.
144. Gunnarsson, O., and B. I. Lunqvist, 1976, Phys. Rev. B 13, 4274.
145. Häkkinen, H., J. Kolehmainen, M. Koskinen, P. O. Lipas, and M. Manninen, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1034.
146. Hamamoto, I., B. R. Mottelson, H. Xie, and X. Z. Zhang, 1991, Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 21, 163.
147. Hansen, W., T. P. Smith III, and K. Y. Lee, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1992.
148. Hansen, W., T. P. Smith III, K. Y. Lee, J. A. Brum, C. M. Knoedler, and D. P. Kern, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2168.
149. Hansen, W., et al., 1990, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 168.
150. Harju, A., V. A. Sverdlov, and R. M. Nieminen, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 5622.
151. Harting, J., O. Mülken, and P. Borrmann, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 10 207.
152. Häusler, W., 1994, Adv. Solid State Phys. 34, 171.
153. Häusler, W., 2000, Europhys. Lett. 49, 231.
154. Häusler, W., and B. Kramer, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 16 353.
155. Hawrylak, P., 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3347.
156. Hawrylak, P., and J. J. Palacios, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 1769.
157. Hawrylak, P., and D. Pfannkuche, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 485.
158. Haxel, O., J. H. D. Jensen, and H. E. Suess, 1949, Phys. Rev. B 75, 1766.
159. Heinoneu, O., J. M. Kinaret, and M. D. Johnson, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 8073.
160. Heinonen, O., M. I. Lubin, and M. D. Johnson, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4110.
161. Herzberg, G., 1945, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules (Van Nostrand, New York).
162. Hintermann, A., and M. Manninen, 1983, Phys. Rev. B 27, 7262.
163. Hirose, K., and N. Wingreen, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 4604.
164. Hofmann, F., T. Heinzel, D. A. Wharam, J. K. Kotthaus, G. Böhm, W. Klein, G. Tränkle, and G. Weimann, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 13 872.
165. Hohenberg, P., and W. Kohn, 1964, Phys. Rev. 136, B864.
166. Hu, L., H. Li, and G. He, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 16 744.
167. Hubbard, J., 1963, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 276, 238.
168. Hüller, A., and D. M. Kroll, 1975, J. Chem. Phys. 63, 4495.
169. Hund, F., 1938, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 32, 102.
170. Imamura, H., H. Aoki, and P. A. Maksym, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, R4257.
171. Imamura, H., P. A. Maksym, and H. Aoki, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 12 613.
172. Imamura, H., P. A. Maksym, and H. Aoki, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 5817.
173. Jacak, L., P. Hawrylak, and A. Wójs, 1998, Quantum Dots (Springer, Berlin).
174. Jackson, A. D., G. M. Kavoulakis, B. Mottelson, and S. M. Reimann, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 055602.
175. Jahn, H. A., and E. Teller, 1937, Proc. R. Soc. London, Sen A 161, 220.
176. Jain, J. K., 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 199.
177. Jain, J. K., and T. Kawamura, 1995, Europhys. Lett. 29, 321.
178. Janak, J. F., 1978, Phys. Rev. B 18, 7165.
179. Jauregui, K., W. Häusler, and B. Kramer, 1993, Europhys. Lett. 24, 581.
180. Jayannavar, A. M., and P. S. Deo, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 10 175.
181. Jefferson, J. H., and W. Häusler, 1997, Mol. Phys. Rep. 17, 81.
182. Jiang, T. F., Xiao-Min Tang, and Shih-I Chu, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 63, 045317.
183. Johnson, A. T., L. P. Kouwenhoven, W. de Jung, N. C. van der Vaart, C. J. P. M. Harmans, and C. T. Foxon, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1592.
184. Johnson, N. F., 1992, Phys. Rev. B 46, 2636.
185. Johnson, N. F., and M. C. Payne, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1157.
186. Johnson, N. F., and L. Quiroga, 1994, Solid State Commun. 89, 661.
187. Johnson, N. F., and L. Quiroga, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4277.
188. Jones, R. O., and O. Gunnarsson, 1989, Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 689.
189. Jovanovic, D., and J. P. Leburton, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 49, 7474.
190. Kamilla, R. K., and J. K. Jain, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 52, 2798.
191. Karlhede, A., S. A. Kivelson, K. Lejnell, and S. L. Sondhi, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2061.
192. Karlhede, A., and K. Leijnell, 1997, Physica E (Amsterdam) 1, 42.
193. Kash, J. A., M. Zachau, E. Mendez, J. M. Hong, and T. Fukuzawa, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2247.
194. Kastner, M. A., 1992, Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 849.
195. Kastner, M. A., 1993, Phys. Today 46 (1), 24.
196. Kavoulakis, G. M., B. Mottelson, and C. Pethick, 2000, Phys. Rev. A 62, 063605.
197. Ketterle, W., 2001, Nobel lecture. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2001/ketterle-lecture.html
198. Klein, O., C. de Chamon, D. Tang, D. M. Abusch-Magder, U. Meirav, X.-G. Wen, and M. Kastner, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 785.
199. Klein, O., D. Goldhaber-Gordon, C. de C. Chamon, and M. A. Kastner, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, R4221.
200. Klimeck, G., G. Chen, and S. Datta, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 50, 2316.
201. Knight, W. D., K. Clemenger, W. A. de Heer, W. A. Saunders, M. Y. Chou, and M. L. Cohen, 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2141.
202. Kohn, W., 1959, Phys. Rev. 115, 1160.
203. Kohn, W., 1961, Phys. Rev. 123, 1242.
204. Kohn, W., 1999, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 1253.
205. Kohn, W., and L. J. Sham, 1965, Phys. Rev. 140, A1133.
206. Kolagunta, V. R., D. B. Janes, G. L. Chen, K. J. Webb, and M. R. Melloch, 1995, Superlattices Microstruct. 17, 339.
207. Kolehmainen, J., S. M. Reimann, M. Koskinen, and M. Manninen, 2000, Eur. Phys. J. B 13, 731.
208. Kolomeisky, E. B., and J. P. Straley, 1996, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 175.
209. Koopmans, T., 1933, Physica (Amsterdam) 1, 104.
210. Korotkov, A. N., D. V. Averin, and K. K. Likharev, 1900, Physica B 165, 927.
211. Koskinen, M., J. Kolehmainen, S. M. Reimann, J. Toivanen, and M. Manninen, 1999, Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 487.
212. Koskinen, M., P. O. Lipas, and M. Manninen, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8418.
213. Koskinen, M., M. Manninen, B. Mottelson, and S. M. Reimann, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 63, 205323.
214. Koskinen, M., M. Manninen, and S. M. Reimann, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1389.
215. Kouwenhoven, L. P., D. G. Austing, and S. Tarucha, 2001, Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, 701.
216. Kouwenhoven, L. P., and C. Marcus, 1998, Phys. World 11 (6), 35.
217. Kouwenhoven, L. P., C. M. Marcus, P. L. McEuen, S. Tarucha, R. M. Westervelt, and N. S. Wingreen, 1997, in Mesoscopic Electron Transport, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mesoscopic Electron Transport, Series E345, edited by L. L. Sohn, L. P. Kouwenhoven, and G. Schön (Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston), p. 105.
218. Kouwenhoven, L. P., and P. L. McEuen, 1999, in Nanotechnology, edited by G. Timp (Springer, New York), p. 471.
219. Kouwenhoven, L. P., T. H. Oosterkamp, M. W. S. Danoesastro, M. Eto, D. G. Austing, T. Honda, and S. Tarucha, 1997, Science 278, 1788.
220. Kouwenhoven, L. P., N. C. van der Vaart, A. T. Johnson, W. Kool, C. J. P. M. Harmans, J. G. Williamson, A. A. M. Staring, and C. T. Foxon, 1991, Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter 85, 367.
221. Kulik, I. O., and R. I. Shekhter, 1975, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 68, 623 [Sov. Phys. JETP 41, 308].
222. Kumar, A., S. E. Laux, and F. Stern, 1990, Phys. Rev. B 42, 5166.
223. Kuzmin, L. S., P. Delsing, T. Claeson, and K. K. Likharev, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2539.
224. Kuzmin, L. S., and K. K. Likharev, 1987, Pis'Ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 45, 250 [JETP Lett. 45, 495].
225. Lai, Ying-Ju, and I. Lin, 1999, Phys. Rev. E 60, 4743.
226. Lambe, J., and R. C. Jaklevic, 1969, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 1371.
227. Landau, L., 1930, Z. Phys. 64, 629.
228. Lang, N. D., and W. Kohn, 1970, Phys. Rev. B 1, 4555.
229. Laughlin, R. B., 1983, Phys. Rev. B 27, 3383.
230. Lebens, J. A., C. S. Tsai, K. J. Vahala, 1990, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 2642.
231. Lee, D. H., and C. L. Kane, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1313.
232. Lee, I.-H., Yong-Hoon Kim, and Kang-Hun Ahn, 2001, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, 1987.
233. Lee, I.-H., V. Rao, R. M. Martin, and J.-P. Leburton, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, 9035.
234. Leggett, A. J., 1991, in Granular Nano-Electronics, edited by D. K. Ferry, J. R. Barker, and C. Jacoboni, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Series B: Physics, Vol. 251 (Plenum, New York), p. 297.
235. Leggett, A. J., 2001, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73. 307.
236. Leinaas, J. M., and S. Viefers, 1998, Nucl. Phys. B 520, 675.
237. Levesque, D., J. J. Weis, and A. H. MacDonald, 1984, Phys. Rev. B 30, 1056.
238. Levy, M., 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 6062.
239. Lieb, E., and D. Mattis, 1969, Phys. Rev. 125, 164.
240. Lipparini, E., N. Barbéran, M. Barranco, M. Pi, and L. Serra, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12 375.
241. Lipparini, E., and L. Serra, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, R6830.
242. Lorke, A., M. Fricke, B. T. Miller, M. Haslinger, J. P. Kotthaus, G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, and P. M. Petroff, 1997, in Compound Semiconductors 1996, edited by M. S. Shur and R. A. Suris, IOP Conference Proceedings No. 155 (Institute of Physics, Bristol/Philadelphia), p. 803.
243. Lorke, A., J. P. Kotthaus, and K. Ploog, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2559.
244. Lorke, A., and R. J. Luvken, 1998, Physica B 256, 424.
245. Loss, D., and D. P. Di Vincenzo, 1998, Phys. Rev. A 57, 120.
246. Lozovik, Yu. E., and V. A. Mandelshtam, 1990, Phys. Lett. A 145, 269.
247. Lozovik, Yu. E., and V. A. Mandelshtam, 1992, Phys. Lett. A 165, 469.
248. Lubin, M. I., O. Heinonen, and M. D. Johnson, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 10 373.
249. Luyken, R. J., A. Lorke, M. Haslinger, B. T. Miller, M. Fricke, J. P. Kotthaus, G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, and P. M. Petroff, 1998, Physica E (Amsterdam) 2, 704.
250. MacDonald, A. H., S. R. E. Yang, and M. D Johnson. 1993, Aust. J. Phys. 46, 345.
251. Macucci, M., K. Hess, and G. J. Iafrate, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 48, 17 354.
252. Macucci, M., K. Hess, and G. J. Iafrate, 1995, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 3267.
253. Macucci, M., K. Hess, and G. J. Iafrate, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 55, R4879.
254. Mak, C. H., R. Egger, and H. Weber-Gottschick, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4533.
255. Maksym, P. A., 1993, Physica B 184, 385.
256. Maksym, P. A., 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 10 871.
257. Maksym, P. A., 1998, Physica B 249, 233.
258. Maksym, P. A., and N. A. Bruce, 1997, Physica E (Amsterdam) 1, 211.
259. Maksym, P. A., and T. Chakraborty, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 108.
260. Maksym, P. A., and T. Chakraborty, 1992, Phys. Rev. B 45, 1947.
261. Maksym, P. A., H. Imamura, G. P. Mallon, and H. Aoki, 2000, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 12, R299.
262. Manninen, M., 1986, Solid State Commun. 59, 281.
263. Manninen, M., M. Koskinen, S. M. Reimann, and B. Mottelson, 2001, Eur. Phys. J. D 16, 381.
264. Manninen, M., and R. Nieminen, 1978, J. Phys. F: Met. Phys. 8, 2243.
265. Manninen, M., R. Nieminen, P. Hautojärvi, and A. Arponen, 1975, Phys. Rev. B 12, 4012.
266. Manninen, M., S. Viefers, M. Koskinen, and S. M. Reimann, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 64, 245322.
267. Martins, J. L., J. Buttet, and R. Car, 1985, Phys. Rev. B 31, 1804.
268. Martins, J. L., R. Car, and J. Buttet, 1981, Surf. Sci. 106, 265.
269. Marzin, J.-Y., J.-M. Gerard, A. Izrael, D. Barrier, and G. Bastard, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 716.
270. Matagne, P., J. P. Leburton, D. G. Austing, and S. Tarucha, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 65, 085325.
271. McEuen, P. L., 1997, Science 278, 1729.
272. McEuen, P. L., E. B. Foxman, J. Kinaret, U. Meirav, M. A. Kastner, N. S. Wingreen, and S. J. Wind, 1992, Phys. Rev. B 45, 11 419.
273. McEuen, P. L., E. B. Foxman, U. Meirav, M. A. Kastner, Y. Meir, N. S. Wingreen, and S. J. Wind, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1926.
274. McEuen, P. L., N. S. Wingreen, E. B. Foxman, J. Kinaret, U. Meirav, M. A. Kastner, Y. Meir, and S. J. Wind, 1993, Physica B 189, 70.
275. Meir, Y., and N. S. Wingreen, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2512.
276. Meir, Y., N. S. Wingreen, and P. A. Lee, 1991, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3048.
277. Meirav, U., M. A. Kastner, and S. J. Wind, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 771.
278. Meurer, B., D. Heitmann, and K. Ploog, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1371.
279. Miller, B. T., W. Hansen, S. Manus, R. J. Luyken, A. Lorke, J. P. Kotthaus, S. Huant, G. Medeiros-Ribeiro, and M. Petroff, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 6764.
280. Monnier, R., and J. P. Perdew, 1978, Phys. Rev. B 17, 2595.
281. Morf, R., N. D'Ambrumenil, and B. I. Halperin, 1986, Phys. Rev. B 34, 3037.
282. Morf, R., and B. J. Halperin, 1987, Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter 68, 391.
283. Mottelson, B., 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2695.
284. Müller, H.-M., and S. E. Koonin, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 54, 14 532.
285. Nagaraja, S., J.-P. Leburton, and R. M. Martin, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, 8759.
286. Nagaraja, S., P. Matagne, V.-Y. Thean, J.-P. Leburton, Y.-H. Kim, and R. M. Martin, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 15 752.
287. Niemelä, K., P. Pietiläinen, P. Hyvönen, and T. Chakraborty, 1996, Europhys. Lett. 36, 533.
288. Nilsson, S. G., 1955, Mat. Fys. Medd. K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. 29, 16.
289. Nishioka, H., K. Hansen, and B. Mottelson, 1990, Phys. Rev. B 42, 9377.
290. Niu, C., L. Liu, and T. Lin, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 5130.
291. Notzel, R., J. Temmo, A. Kozen, T. Tamamura, T. Fukui, and H. Hasegawa, 1995, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2525.
292. Oaknin, J. H., L. Martín-Moreno, J. J. Palacios, and C. Tejedor, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 5120.
293. Oaknin, J. H., B. Paredes, L. Martín-Moreno, and C. Tejedor, 1997, Physica E (Amsterdam) 1, 47.
294. Ohno, H., E. E. Mendez, J. A. Brum, J. M. Hong, F. Agulló-Rueda, L. L. Chang, and L. Esaki, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2555.
295. Oosterkamp, T. H., S. F. Godijn, M. J. Uilenreef, Y. V. Nazarov, N. C. van der Vaart, and L. P. Kouwenhoven, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4951.
296. Oosterkamp, T. H., J. W. Janssen, L. P. Kouwenhoven, D. G. Austing, T. Honda, and S. Tarucha, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2931.
297. Overhauser, A. W., 1960, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 462.
298. Overhauser, A. W., 1962, Phys. Rev. 128, 1437.
299. Overhauser, A. W., 1968, Phys. Rev. Lett. 167, 691.
300. Palacios, J. J., L. Martín-Moreno, G. Chiappe, E. Louis, and C. Tejedor, 1994, Phys. Rev. B 50, 5760.
301. Palacios, J. J., L. Martín-Moreno, and C. Tejedor, 1993, Euro- phys. Lett. 23, 495.
302. Partoens, B., and F. M. Peeters, 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4433.
303. Partoens, B., and F. M. Peeters, 2001, Physica B 298, 282.
304. Pederiva, F., C. J. Umrigar, and E. Lipparini, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 8120.
305. Pedersen, J., S. Bjørnholm, J. Borggreen, K. Hansen, T. P. Martin, and H. D. Rasmussen, 1991, Nature (London) 353, 733.
306. Peierls, R. E., and D. J. Thouless, 1962, Nucl. Phys. 38, 154.
307. Peierls, R. E., and J. Yoccoz, 1957, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 70, 381.
308. Perdew, J. P., and A. Zunger, 1981, Phys. Rev. B 23, 5048.
309. Persson, M., P. E. Lindelof, B. von Sydow, J. Pettersson, and A. Kristensen, 1995, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 7, 3733.
310. Persson, M., J. Pettersson, A. Kristensen, and P. E. Lindelof, 1994, Physica B 194, 1273.
311. Persson, M., J. Pettersson, B. von Sydow, P. E. Lindelof, A. Kristensen, and K. F. Berggreen, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 52, 8921.
312. Pethick, C. J., and H. Smith, 2002, Bose-Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases (Cambridge, England).
313. Petroff, P. M., and S. P. Denbaars, 1994, Superlattices Microstruct. 15, 15.
314. Petroff, P. M., A. Lorke, and A. Imamoglu, 2001, Phys. Today 54 (5), 46.
315. Pfannkuche, D., R. R. Gerhardts, P. A. Maksym, and V. Gudmundsson, 1993, Physica B 189, 6.
316. Pfannkuche, D., V. Gudmundsson, P. Hawrylak, and R. R. Gerhardts, 1994, Solid-State Electron. 37, 1221.
317. Pfannkuche, D, V. Gudmundsson, and P. A. Maksym, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 2244.
318. Pfeiffer, L., K. W. West, H. L. Stormer, J. P. Eisenstein, K. W. Baldwin, D. Gershoni, and J. Spector, 1990, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1697.
319. Pi, M., M. Barranco, A. Emperador, E. Lipparini, and Ll. Serra, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 57, 14 783.
320. Pi, M., A. Emperador, M. Barranco, F. Garcias, K. Muraki, S. Tarucha, and D. G. Austing, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 066801.
321. Pople, J. A., 1999, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 1267.
322. Prange, E., and S. M. Girvin, 1990, Eds., The Quantum Hall Effect (Springer-Verlag, New York).
323. Price, R., and S. Das Sarma, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 54, 8033.
324. Puente, A., and L. Serra, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3266.
325. Quiroga, L., D. Ardila, and N. F. Johnson, 1993, Solid State Commun. 86, 775.
326. Ralph, D. C., C. T. Black, and M. Tinkham, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4087.
327. Rapisarda, F., and G. Senatore, 1996, Aust. J. Phys. 49, 161.
328. Rasolt, M., and F. Perrot, 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2563.
329. Reed, M. A., 1993, Sci. Am. (Int. Ed.) 268 (1), 98.
330. Reed, M. A., J. N. Randall, R. J. Aggarwall, R. J. Matyi, T. M. Moore, and A. E. Wetsel, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 535.
331. Reimann, S. M., M. Koskinen, H. Häkkinen, P. E. Lindelof, and M. Manninen, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12 147.
332. Reimann, S. M., M. Koskinen, J. Helgesson, P. E. Lindelof, and M. Manninen, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 58, 8111.
333. Reimann, S. M., M. Koskinen, J. Kolehmainen, M. Manninen, D. G. Austing, and S. Tarucha, 1999, Eur. Phys. J. D 9, 105.
334. Reimann, S. M., M. Koskinen, P. E. Lindelof, and M. Manninen, 1998, Physica E (Amsterdam) 2, 648.
335. Reimann, S. M., M. Koskinen, and M. Manninen, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 59, 1613.
336. Reimann, S. M., M. Koskinen, and M. Manninen, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 8108.
337. Reimann, S. M., M. Koskinen, M. Manninen, and B. Mottelson, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3270.
338. Reimann, S. M., M. Persson, P. E. Lindelof, and M. Brack, 1996, Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter 101, 377.
339. Reusch, B., W. Häsler, and H. Grabert, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 63, 113313.
340. Ring, P., and P. Schuck, 1980, The Nuclear Many-Body Problem (Springer, New York), p. 438ff.
341. Rontani, M., F. Rossi, F. Manghi, and E. Molinari, 1999a, Phys. Rev. B 59, 10 165.
342. Rontani, M., F. Rossi, F. Manghi, and E. Molinari, 1999b, Solid State Commun. 112, 151.
343. Ruan, W. Y., Y. Y. Liu, C. G. Bao, and Z. Q. Zhang, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 7942.
344. Saint Jean, M., C. Even, and C. Guthmann, 2001, Europhys. Lett. 55, 45.
345. Sakaki, H., 1980, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 19, L735.
346. Schedelbeck, G., W. Wegscheider, M. Bichler, and G. Abstreiter, 1997, Science 278, 1792.
347. Schmidt, T., R. J. Haug, K. v. Klitzing, A. Förster, and H. Lüth, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1544.
348. Schmidt, T., M. Tewordt, R. H. Blick, R. J. Hang, D. Pfannkuche, K. v. Klitzing, A. Förster, and H. Lüth, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 5570.
349. Schulte, F. K., 1974, J. Phys. C 7, L370.
350. Schulte, F. K., 1977, Z. Phys. B 27, 303.
351. Schulz, H. J., 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1864.
352. Schweigert, V. A., and F. M. Peeters, 1994, Superlattices Microstruct. 16, 243.
353. Schweigert, V., and F. M. Peeters, 1995, Phys. Rev. B 51, 7700.
354. Scott-Thomas, J. H. F., S. B. Field, M. A. Kastner, H. I. Smith, and D. A. Antonadius, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 583.
355. Seki, T., Y. Kuramoto, and T. Nishino, 1996, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 65, 3945.
356. Serra, L., M. Barranco, A. Emperador, M. Pi, and E. Lipparini, 1998, Phys. Rev. B 59, 15 290.
357. Serra, L., and E. Lipparini, 1997, Europhys. Lett. 40, 667.
358. Serra, L., A. Puente, and E. Lipparini, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, R13 966.
359. Shumway, J., L. R. C. Fonseca, J. P. Leburton, R. M. Martin, and D. M. Ceperley, 2000, Physica E (Amsterdam) 8, 260.
360. Sikorski, C., and U. Merkt, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2164.
361. Silsbee, R. H., and R. C. Ashoori, 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1991.
362. Skyrme, T. H. R., 1961, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 626, 233.
363. Smith, T. P., III, H. Arnot, J. M. Hong, C. M. Knoedler, S. E. Laux, and H. Schmid, 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2802.
364. Smith, T. P., III, K. Y. Lee, C. M. Knoedler, J. M. Hong, and D. P. Kern, 1988, Phys. Rev. B 38, 2172.
365. Sondhi, S. L., A. Karlhede, S. A. Kivelson, and E. H. Rezayi, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 16 419.
366. Stafford, C. A., and S. Das Sarma, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3590.
367. Steffens, O., U. Rössler, and M. Suhrke, 1998, Europhys. Lett. 42, 529.
368. Steffens, O., and M. Suhrke, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3891.
369. Steffens, O., M. Suhrke, and U. Rössler, 1998a, Europhys. Lett. 44, 222.
370. Steffens, O., M. Suhrke, and U. Rössler, 1998b, Physica B 256, 147.
371. Stewart, D. R., D. Sprinzak, C. M. Marcus, C. I. Duruöz, and J. S. Harris, Jr., 1997, Science 278, 1784.
372. Stopa, M., 1993, Phys. Rev. B 48, 18 340.
373. Stopa, M., 1996, Phys. Rev. B 54, 13 767.
374. Stranski, I. N., and L. von Krastanow, 1939, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 2B 146, 797.
375. Su, B., V. I. Goldman, and J. E. Cunningham, 1992a, Science 255, 313.
376. Su, B., V. I. Goldman, and J. E. Cunningham, 1992b, Phys. Rev. B 46, 7644.
377. Su, B., V. I. Goldman, and J. E. Cunningham, 1994, Surf. Sci. 305, 566.
378. Sun, Q., J. Wang, and T. Lin, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 61, 12 643.
379. Szafran, B., J. Adamowski, and S. Bednarek, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 61, 1971.
380. Tamm, I., 1932, Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 1, 733.
381. Tan, W.-C., and J. C. Inkson, 1999, Phys. Rev. B 60, 5626.
382. Tanaka, Y., and H. Akera, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 3901.
383. Tanatar, B., and D. M. Ceperley, 1989, Phys. Rev. B 39, 5005.
384. Tarucha, S., D. G. Austing, and T. Honda, 1995, Superlattices Microstruct. 18, 121.
385. Tarucha, S., D. G. Austing, T. Honda, R. J. van der Haage, and L. Kouwenhoven, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3613.
386. Taut, M., 1994, J. Phys. A 27, 1045.
387. Tejedor, C., L. Martín-Moreno, J. J. Palacios, J. H. Oaknin, G. Chiappe, and E. Louis, 1994, Phys. Scr., T 55, 20.
388. Thornton, T. J., M. Pepper, H. Ahmed, D. Andrews, and G. J. Davies, 1986, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1198.
389. Trugman, S. A., and S. Kivelson, 1985, Phys. Rev. B 31, 5280.
390. Ullrich, C. A., and G. Vignale, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 61, 2729.
391. van der Wiel, W. G., S. De Franceschi, J. M. Elzermann, T. Fujisawa, S. Tarucha, and L. P. Kouwenhoven, 2002, Rev. Mod. Phys. (in press).
392. van Houten, H., and C. W. J. Beenakker, 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1893.
393. Viefers, S., P. S. Deo, S. M. Reimann, M. Manninen, and M. Koskinen, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 10 668.
394. Viefers, S., T. H. Hansson, and S. M. Reimann, 2000, Phys. Rev. A 62, 053604.
395. Vignale, G., and M. Rasolt, 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2360.
396. Vignale, G., and M. Rasolt, 1988, Phys. Rev. B 37, 10 685.
397. von Barth, U., and L. Hedin, 1972, J. Phys. C 5, 1629.
398. von Delft, J., and D. C. Ralph, 2001, Phys. Rep. 345, 61.
399. Wagner, M., U. Merkt, and A. V. Chaplik, 1992, Phys. Rev. B 45, 1951.
400. Wang, L., J. K. Zhang, and A. R. Bishop, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 585.
401. Waugh, F. R., M. J. Berry, D. J. Mar, R. M. Westervelt, K. L. Campman, and A. C. Gossard, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 705.
402. Wegscheider, W., and G. Abstreiter, 1998, Phys. Bl. 54, 1115 (in German).
403. Wegscheider, W., L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West, 1996, in Advances in Solid State Physics, edited by R. Helbig (Vieweg, Braunschweig), Vol. 35, p. 155.
404. Weinmann, D., W. Häusler, and B. Kramer, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 984.
405. Weis, J., R. J. Haug, K. von Klitzing, and K. Ploog, 1992, Phys. Rev. B 46, 12 837.
406. Weis, J., R. J, Haug, K. von Klitzing, and K. Ploog, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4019.
407. Wensauer, A., O. Steffens, M. Suhrke, and U. Rössler, 2000, Phys. Rev. B 62, 2605.
408. Wheeler, R. G., K. K. Choi, A. Goel, R. Wisnieff, and D. E. Prober, 1982, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1674.
409. Wieman, C. E., 2001, Nobel lecture. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2001/wieman-lecture.html
410. Wigner, E. P., 1934, Phys. Rev. 46, 1002.
411. Wójs, A., and P. Hawrylak, 1996, Phys. Rev. B 53, 10 841.
412. Wójs, A., and P. Hawrylak, 1997, Phys. Rev. B 56, 13 227.
413. Wong, C. Y., 1970, Phys. Lett, 32B, 668.
414. Yakimenko, I. I., A. M. Bychkov, and K.-F. Berggren, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 63, 165309.
415. Yang, K., F. D. M. Haldane, E. H. Rezayi, 2001, Phys. Rev. B 64, 081301.
416. Yang, S.-R. E., and A. H. MacDonald, 2002, Phys. Rev. B 66, 041202.
417. Yang, S.-R. E., A. H. MacDonald, and M. D. Johnson, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3194.
418. Yannouleas, C., and U. Landman, 1999, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5325.
419. Yannouleas, C., and U. Landman, 2000a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1726.
420. Yannouleas, C., and U. Landman, 2000b, Phys. Rev. B 61, 15 895.
421. Yip, S. K., 1991, Phys. Rev. B 43, 1707.
422. Yoshioka, D., 1984, Phys. Rev. B 29, 6833.
423. Zangwill, A., 1988, Physics at Surfaces (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England).
424. Zeller, H. R., and I. Giaever, 1969, Phys. Rev. 181, 789.
425. Zeng, Y. H., B. Goodman, and R. A. Serota, 1993, Phys. Rev. B 47, 15 660.
426. Zhang, S. C., T. H. Hansson, and S. Kivelson, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 82.
427. Zhitenev, N. B., R. C. Ashoori, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West, 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2308.
428. Zhitenev, N. B., M. Brodsky, R. C. Ashoori, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West, 1999, Science 285, 715.
429. Zhu, J.-L., 2000, Phys. Lett. A 269, 343.