Mechanisms of body weight reduction and metabolic syndrome alleviation by tea

Molecular Nutrition and Food Research

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 160-174

  Yang, Chung S ^a,b   Zhang, Jinsong ^b   Zhang, Le ^a,b   Huang, Jinbao ^b   Wang, Yijun ^b  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ANHUI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

AMPK; Diabetes; EGCG; Obesity; Tea

Indexed keywords

CATECHIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE KINASE; POLYPHENOL; TEA;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; CAMELLIA SINENSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHEMISTRY; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; HUMAN; LIVER; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC SYNDROME X; METABOLISM; PLANT LEAF; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TEA; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; ANIMALS; CAMELLIA SINENSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CATECHIN; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; LIVER; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PLANT LEAVES; POLYPHENOLS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; TEA; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84952977318     PISSN: 16134125     EISSN: 16134133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500428     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Yang, C. S., Hong, J., Prevention of chronic diseases by tea: possible mechanisms and human relevance. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2013, 33, 161-181.
2. Huang, J., Wang, Y., Xie, Z., Zhou, Y. et al., The anti-obesity effects of green tea in human intervention and basic molecular studies. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 68, 1075-1087.
3. Wang, S., Moustaid-Moussa, N., Chen, L., Mo, H. et al., Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2014, 25, 1-18.
4. Sae-tan, S., Grove, K. A., Lambert, J. D., Weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea. Pharmacol. Res. 2011, 64, 146-154.
5. Balentine, D. A., Wiseman, S. A., Bouwens, L. C., The chemistry of tea flavonoids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1997, 37, 693-704.
6. Sang, S., Lambert, J. D., Ho, C. T., Yang, C. S., The chemistry and biotransformation of tea constituents. Pharmacol. Res. 2011, 64, 87-99.
7. Alves, M. G., Martins, A. D., Teixeira, N. F., Rato, L. et al., White tea consumption improves cardiac glycolytic and oxidative profile of prediabetic rats. J. Funct. Foods 2015, 14, 102-110.
8. Yamashita, Y., Wang, L., Wang, L., Tanaka, Y. et al., Oolong, black and pu-erh tea suppresses adiposity in mice via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 2420-2429.
9. Yang, T. Y., Chou, J. I., Ueng, K. C., Chou, M. Y. et al., Weight reduction effect of Puerh tea in male patients with metabolic syndrome. Phytother. Res. 2014, 28, 1096-1101.
10. Du, W. H., Peng, S. M., Liu, Z. H., Shi, L. et al., Hypoglycemic effect of the water extract of Pu-erh tea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 10126-10132.
11. Li, G. X., Chen, Y. K., Hou, Z., Xiao, H. et al., Pro-oxidative activities and dose-response relationship of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the inhibition of lung cancer cell growth: a comparative study in vivo and in vitro. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31, 902-910.
12. Tao, L., Forester, S. C., Lambert, J. D., The role of the mitochondrial oxidative stress in the cytotoxic effects of the green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, in oral cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014, 58, 665-676.
13. Shen, G., Xu, C., Hu, R., Jain, M. R. et al., Comparison of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate elicited liver and small intestine gene expression profiles between C57BL/6J mice and C57BL/6J/Nrf2 (-/-) mice. Pharm. Res. 2005, 22, 1805-1820.
14. Wang, D., Wang, Y., Wan, X., Yang, C. S. et al., Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate triggered hepatotoxicity in mice: responses of major antioxidant enzymes and the Nrf2 rescue pathway. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2015, 283, 65-74.
15. James, K. D., Forester, S. C., Lambert, J. D., Dietary pretreatment with green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces the bioavailability and hepatotoxicity of subsequent oral bolus doses of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2015, 76, 103-108.
16. Hou, Z., Sang, S., You, H., Lee, M. J. et al., Mechanism of action of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: auto-oxidation-dependent inactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor and direct effects on growth inhibition in human esophageal cancer KYSE 150 cells. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 8049-8056.
17. Tachibana, H., Koga, K., Fujimura, Y., Yamada, K., A receptor for green tea polyphenol EGCG. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2004, 11, 380-381.
18. Urusova, D. V., Shim, J. H., Kim, D. J., Jung, S. K. et al., Epigallocatechin-gallate suppresses tumorigenesis by directly targeting Pin1. Cancer Prev. Res. 2011, 4, 1366-1377.
19. Yang, C. S., Wang, X., Lu, G., Picinich, S. C., Cancer prevention by tea: animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9, 429-439.
20. Lipinski, C. A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. W., Feeney, P. J., Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2001, 46, 3-26.
21. Yang, C. S., Sang, S., Lambert, J. D., Lee, M. J., Bioavailability issues in studying the health effects of plant polyphenolic compounds. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52 (Suppl 1), S139-S151.
22. Chow, H. H., Hakim, I. A., Pharmacokinetic and chemoprevention studies on tea in humans. Pharmacol. Res. 2011, 64, 105-112.
23. Mulder, T. P., van Platerink, C. J., Wijnand Schuyl, P. J., van Amelsvoort, J. M., Analysis of theaflavins in biological fluids using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 2001, 760, 271-279.
24. Li, C., Lee, M. J., Sheng, S., Meng, X. et al., Structural identification of two metabolites of catechins and their kinetics in human urine and blood after tea ingestion. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2000, 13, 177-184.
25. Ford, E. S., Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2005, 28, 2745-2749.
26. Bose, M., Lambert, J. D., Ju, J., Reuhl, K. R. et al., The major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits obesity, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 1677-1683.
27. Chen, Y. K., Cheung, C., Reuhl, K. R., Liu, A. B. et al., Effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 11862-11871.
28. Okuda, M. H., Zemdegs, J. C., de Santana, A. A., Santamarina, A. B. et al., Green tea extract improves high fat diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, without affecting the serotoninergic system. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2014, 25, 1084-1089.
29. Byun, J. K., Yoon, B. Y., Jhun, J. Y., Oh, H. J. et al., Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates both obesity and autoinflammatory arthritis aggravated by obesity by altering the balance among CD4+ T-cell subsets. Immunol. Lett. 2014, 157, 51-59.
30. Ortsater, H., Grankvist, N., Wolfram, S., Kuehn, N. et al., Diet supplementation with green tea extract epigallocatechin gallate prevents progression to glucose intolerance in db/db mice. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 9, 11.
31. Tang, W., Li, S., Liu, Y., Huang, M.-T. et al., Anti-diabetic activity of chemically profiled green tea and black tea extracts in a type 2 diabetes mice model via different mechanisms. J. Funct. Foods 2013, 5, 1784-1793.
32. Qin, B., Polansky, M. M., Harry, D., Anderson, R. A., Green tea polyphenols improve cardiac muscle mRNA and protein levels of signal pathways related to insulin and lipid metabolism and inflammation in insulin-resistant rats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2010, 54(Suppl 1), S14-S23.
33. Serisier, S., Leray, V., Poudroux, W., Magot, T. et al., Effects of green tea on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and expression of PPARalpha and PPARgamma and their target genes in obese dogs. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 1208-1216.
34. Hursel, R., Viechtbauer, W., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Obes. 2009, 33, 956-961.
35. Phung, O. J., Baker, W. L., Matthews, L. J., Lanosa, M. et al., Effect of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on anthropometric measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 73-81.
36. Wang, H., Wen, Y., Du, Y., Yan, X. et al., Effects of catechin enriched green tea on body composition. Obesity 2010, 18, 773-779.
37. Wu, A. H., Spicer, D., Stanczyk, F. Z., Tseng, C. C. et al., Effect of 2-month controlled green tea intervention on lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and hormone levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Cancer Prev. Res. 2012, 5, 393-402.
38. Suliburska, J., Bogdanski, P., Szulinska, M., Stepien, M. et al., Effects of green tea supplementation on elements, total antioxidants, lipids, and glucose values in the serum of obese patients. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2012, 149, 315-322.
39. Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Barrenechea, L., Alcorta, P., Larrarte, E. et al., Effects of dietary supplementation with epigallocatechin-3-gallate on weight loss, energy homeostasis, cardiometabolic risk factors and liver function in obese women: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 111, 1263-1271.
40. Hodgson, A. B., Randell, R. K., Boon, N., Garczarek, U. et al., Metabolic response to green tea extract during rest and moderate-intensity exercise. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2013, 24, 325-334.
41. Hursel, R., Viechtbauer, W., Dulloo, A. G., Tremblay, A. et al., The effects of catechin rich teas and caffeine on energy expenditure and fat oxidation: a meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 2011, 12, e573-e581.
42. Janssens, P. L., Hursel, R., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Long-term green tea extract supplementation does not affect fat absorption, resting energy expenditure, and body composition in adults. J. Nutr. 2015, 145, 864-870.
43. Kim, S., Lee, M. J., Hong, J., Li, C. et al., Plasma and tissue levels of tea catechins in rats and mice during chronic consumption of green tea polyphenols. Nutr. Cancer 2000, 37, 41-48.
44. Chang, C. S., Chang, Y. F., Liu, P. Y., Chen, C. Y. et al., Smoking, habitual tea drinking and metabolic syndrome in elderly men living in rural community: the Tianliao old people (TOP) study 02. PloS One 2012, 7, e38874.
45. Vernarelli, J. A., Lambert, J. D., Tea consumption is inversely associated with weight status and other markers for metabolic syndrome in US adults. Eur. J. Nutr. 2013, 52, 1039-1048.
46. Takami, H., Nakamoto, M., Uemura, H., Katsuura, S. et al., Inverse correlation between coffee consumption and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: baseline survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study in Tokushima, Japan. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 23, 12-20.
47. Pham, N. M., Nanri, A., Kochi, T., Kuwahara, K. et al., Coffee and green tea consumption is associated with insulin resistance in Japanese adults. Metabolism 2014, 63, 400-408.
48. Song, Y., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Sesso, H. D. et al., Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective study and cross-sectional analysis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2005, 24, 376-384.
49. Iso, H., Date, C., Wakai, K., Fukui, M. et al., The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 144, 554-562.
50. Huxley, R., Lee, C. M., Barzi, F., Timmermeister, L. et al., Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169, 2053-2063.
51. Bogdanski, P., Suliburska, J., Szulinska, M., Stepien, M. et al., Green tea extract reduces blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, and oxidative stress and improves parameters associated with insulin resistance in obese, hypertensive patients. Nutr. Res. 2012, 32, 421-427.
52. Hsu, C. H., Liao, Y. L., Lin, S. C., Tsai, T. H. et al., Does supplementation with green tea extract improve insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetics? A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Clin. Ther. 2011, 16, 157-163.
53. Fukino, Y., Ikeda, A., Maruyama, K., Aoki, N. et al., Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities. Eur. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 62, 953-960.
54. Josic, J., Olsson, A. T., Wickeberg, J., Lindstedt, S. et al., Does green tea affect postprandial glucose, insulin and satiety in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled tria. Nutr. J. 2010, 30, 63.
55. Brown, A. L., Lane, J., Coverly, J., Stocks, J. et al., Effects of dietary supplementation with the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on insulin resistance and associated metabolic risk factors: randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, 886-894.
56. Deka, A., Vita, J. A., Tea and cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol. Res. 2011, 64, 136-145.
57. Di Castelnuovo, A., di Giuseppe, R., Iacoviello, L., de Gaetano, G., Consumption of cocoa, tea and coffee and risk of cardiovascular disease. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2012, 23, 15-25.
58. Munir, K. M., Chandrasekaran, S., Gao, F., Quon, M. J., Mechanisms for food polyphenols to ameliorate insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: therapeutic implications for diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 305, E679-E686.
59. Hartley, L., Flowers, N., Holmes, J., Clarke, A. et al., Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013, 6, CD009934.
60. Kuriyama, S., Shimazu, T., Ohmori, K., Kikuchi, N. et al., Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2006, 296, 1255-1265.
61. Mineharu, Y., Koizumi, A., Wada, Y., Iso, H. et al., Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2011, 65, 230-240.
62. Kokubo, Y., Iso, H., Saito, I., Yamagishi, K. et al., The impact of green tea and coffee consumption on the reduced risk of stroke incidence in Japanese population: the Japan public health center-based study cohort. Stroke 2013, 44, 1369-1374.
63. Liang, W., Lee, A. H., Binns, C. W., Huang, R. et al., Tea consumption and ischemic stroke risk: a case-control study in southern China. Stroke 2009, 40, 2480-2485.
64. Shen, L., Song, L. G., Ma, H., Jin, C. N. et al., Tea consumption and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2012, 13, 652-662.
65. Mukamal, K. J., Alert, M., Maclure, M., Muller, J. E. et al., Tea consumption and infarct-related ventricular arrhythmias: the determinants of myocardial infarction onset study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2006, 25, 472-479.
66. de Koning Gans, J. M., Uiterwaal, C. S., van der Schouw, Y. T., Boer, J. M. et al., Tea and coffee consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2010, 30, 1665-1671.
67. Sesso, H. D., Gaziano, J. M., Liu, S., Buring, J. E., Flavonoid intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 1400-1408.
68. Arab, L., Liu, W., Elashoff, D., Green and black tea consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2009, 40, 1786-1792.
69. Wang, Z. M., Zhou, B., Wang, Y. S., Gong, Q. Y. et al., Black and green tea consumption and the risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 93, 506-515.
70. Friedrich, M., Petzke, K. J., Raederstorff, D., Wolfram, S. et al., Acute effects of epigallocatechin gallate from green tea on oxidation and tissue incorporation of dietary lipids in mice fed a high-fat diet. Int. J. Obes. 2012, 36, 735-743.
71. Ikeda, I., Yamahira, T., Kato, M., Ishikawa, A., Black-tea polyphenols decrease micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro and intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 8591-8595.
72. Grove, K. A., Sae-tan, S., Kennett, M. J., Lambert, J. D., (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits pancreatic lipase and reduces body weight gain in high fat-fed obese mice. Obesity 2012, 20, 2311-2313.
73. Koo, S. I., Noh, S. K., Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2007, 18, 179-183.
74. Park, J. H., Jin, J. Y., Baek, W. K., Park, S. H. et al., Ambivalent role of gallated catechins in glucose tolerance in humans: a novel insight into non-absorbable gallated catechin-derived inhibitors of glucose absorption. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2009, 60, 101-109.
75. Forester, S. C., Gu, Y., Lambert, J. D., Inhibition of starch digestion by the green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2012, 56, 1647-1654.
76. Axling, U., Olsson, C., Xu, J., Fernandez, C. et al., Green tea powder and Lactobacillus plantarum affect gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and inflammation in high-fat fed C57BL/6J mice. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 9, 105.
77. Everard, A., Lazarevic, V., Derrien, M., Girard, M. et al., Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes 2011, 60, 2775-2786.
78. Everard, A., Matamoros, S., Geurts, L., Delzenne, N. M. et al., Saccharomyces boulardii administration changes gut microbiota and reduces hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, and fat mass in obese and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. MBio 2014, 5, e01011-e01014.
79. Jin, J. S., Touyama, M., Hisada, T., Benno, Y., Effects of green tea consumption on human fecal microbiota with special reference to Bifidobacterium species. Microbiol. Immunol. 2012, 56, 729-739.
80. Cani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Knauf, C. et al., Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia 2007, 50, 2374-2383.
81. Duca, F. A., Cote, C. D., Rasmussen, B. A., Zadeh-Tahmasebi, M. et al., Metformin activates a duodenal Ampk-dependent pathway to lower hepatic glucose production in rats. Nat. Med. 2015, 21, 506-511.
82. Rains, T. M., Agarwal, S., Maki, K. C., Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins: a mechanistic review. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2011, 22, 1-7.
83. Murase, T., Misawa, K., Haramizu, S., Hase, T., Catechin-induced activation of the LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2009, 78, 78-84.
84. Long, Y. C., Zierath, J. R., AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in metabolic regulation. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116, 1776-1783.
85. Hardie, D. G., Ross, F. A., Hawley, S. A., AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2012, 13, 251-262.
86. Hardie, D. G., AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2015, 33, 1-7.
87. Xiao, B., Sanders, M. J., Underwood, E., Heath, R. et al., Structure of mammalian AMPK and its regulation by ADP. Nature 2011, 472, 230-233.
88. Banerjee, S., Ghoshal, S., Porter, T. D., Phosphorylation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase and liver kinase B1 is increased after a single oral dose of green tea extract to mice. Nutr. Res. 2012, 32, 985-990.
89. Zhou, J., Farah, B. L., Sinha, R. A., Wu, Y. et al., Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, stimulates hepatic autophagy and lipid clearance. PLoS One 2014, 9, e87161.
90. Collins, Q. F., Liu, H. Y., Pi, J., Liu, Z. et al., Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis through 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 30143-30149.
91. Serrano, J. C., Gonzalo-Benito, H., Jove, M., Fourcade, S. et al., Dietary intake of green tea polyphenols regulates insulin sensitivity with an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase alpha content and changes in mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2013, 57, 459-470.
92. Kim, H. S., Quon, M. J., Kim, J. A., New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate. Redox Biol. 2014, 2, 187-195.
93. Yamashita, Y., Wang, L., Tinshun, Z., Nakamura, T. et al., Fermented tea improves glucose intolerance in mice by enhancing translocation of glucose transporter 4 in skeletal muscle. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 11366-11371.
94. Leung, J. H., Schurig-Briccio, L. A., Yamaguchi, M., Moeller, A. et al., Structural biology. Division of labor in transhydrogenase by alternating proton translocation and hydride transfer. Science 2015, 347, 178-181.
95. Valenti, D., de Bari, L., Manente, G. A., Rossi, L. et al., Negative modulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by epigallocatechin-3 gallate leads to growth arrest and apoptosis in human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2013, 1832, 2085-2096.
96. Shrestha, S., Ehlers, S. J., Lee, J. Y., Fernandez, M. L. et al., Dietary green tea extract lowers plasma and hepatic triglycerides and decreases the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA and its responsive genes in fructose-fed, ovariectomized rats. J. Nutr. 2009, 139, 640-645.
97. Cao, H., Hininger-Favier, I., Kelly, M. A., Benaraba, R. et al., Green tea polyphenol extract regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose uptake and insulin signaling in rats fed a high fructose diet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 6372-6378.
98. Egawa, T., Hamada, T., Ma, X., Karaike, K. et al., Caffeine activates preferentially alpha1-isoform of 5′AMP-activated protein kinase in rat skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. 2011, 201, 227-238.
99. Lee, M. S., Kim, C. T., Kim, Y., Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces body weight with regulation of multiple genes expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2009, 54, 151-157.
100. Cunha, C. A., Lira, F. S., Rosa Neto, J. C., Pimentel, G. D. et al., Green tea extract supplementation induces the lipolytic pathway, attenuates obesity, and reduces low-grade inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mediators Inflamm. 2013, 2013, 635470.
101. Ueda, M., Ashida, H., Green tea prevents obesity by increasing expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 8917-8923.
102. Tian, C., Ye, X., Zhang, R., Long, J. et al., Green tea polyphenols reduced fat deposits in high fat-fed rats via ERK1/2-PPARgamma-adiponectin pathway. PLoS One 2013, 8, e53796.
103. Bao, S., Cao, Y., Fan, C., Fan, Y. et al., Epigallocatechin gallate improves insulin signaling by decreasing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activity in adipose tissues of high-fat diet rats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014, 58, 677-686.
104. Kao, Y. H., Chang, H. H., Lee, M. J., Chen, C. L., Tea, obesity, and diabetes. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2006, 50, 188-210.
105. Ku, H. C., Liu, H. S., Hung, P. F., Chen, C. L. et al., Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibits IGF-I and IGF-II stimulation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte mitogenesis via the 67-kDa laminin receptor, but not AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2012, 56, 580-592.
106. Jochmann, N., Lorenz, M., Krosigk, A., Martus, P. et al., The efficacy of black tea in ameliorating endothelial function is equivalent to that of green tea. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 863-868.
107. Lorenz, M., Wessler, S., Follmann, E., Michaelis, W. et al., A constituent of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-, cAMP-dependent protein kinase-, and Akt-dependent pathway and leads to endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 6190-6195.
108. Aggio, A., Grassi, D., Onori, E., D'Alessandro, A. et al., Endothelium/nitric oxide mechanism mediates vasorelaxation and counteracts vasoconstriction induced by low concentration of flavanols. Eur. J. Nutr. 2013, 52, 263-272.
109. Li, Y., Ying, C., Zuo, X., Yi, H. et al., Green tea polyphenols down-regulate caveolin-1 expression via ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in endothelial cells. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2009, 20, 1021-1027.
110. Akiyama, S., Katsumata, S., Suzuki, K., Nakaya, Y. et al., Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of hesperidin and cyclodextrin-clathrated hesperetin in Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2009, 73, 2779-2782.
111. Colombo, S. L., Moncada, S., AMPKalpha1 regulates the antioxidant status of vascular endothelial cells. Biochem. J. 2009, 421, 163-169.
112. Wu, J., Xu, X., Li, Y., Kou, J. et al., Quercetin, luteolin and epigallocatechin gallate alleviate TXNIP and NLRP3-mediated inflammation and apoptosis with regulation of AMPK in endothelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014, 745, 59-68.
113. Pullikotil, P., Chen, H., Muniyappa, R., Greenberg, C. C. et al., Epigallocatechin gallate induces expression of heme oxygenase-1 in endothelial cells via p38 MAPK and Nrf-2 that suppresses proinflammatory actions of TNF-alpha. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2012, 23, 1134-1145.
114. Pae, M., Ren, Z., Meydani, M., Shang, F. et al., Dietary supplementation with high dose of epigallocatechin-3-gallate promotes inflammatory response in mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2012, 23, 526-531.
115. Kao, Y. H., Hiipakka, R. A., Liao, S., Modulation of endocrine systems and food intake by green tea epigallocatechin gallate. Endocrinology 2000, 141, 980-987.
116. Chen, D., Wang, C. Y., Lambert, J. D., Ai, N. et al., Inhibition of human liver catechol-O-methyltransferase by tea catechins and their metabolites: structure-activity relationship and molecular-modeling studies. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2005, 69, 1523-1531.
117. Dulloo, A. G., Duret, C., Rohrer, D., Girardier, L. et al., Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 1999, 70, 1040-1045.
118. Gonzalez de Mejia, E., Ramirez-Mares, M. V., Impact of caffeine and coffee on our health. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 25, 489-492.
119. Ellinger, S., Muller, N., Stehle, P., Ulrich-Merzenich, G., Consumption of green tea or green tea products: is there an evidence for antioxidant effects from controlled interventional studies? Phytomedicine 2011, 18, 903-915.
120. Basu, A., Betts, N. M., Mulugeta, A., Tong, C. et al., Green tea supplementation increases glutathione and plasma antioxidant capacity in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr. Res. 2013, 33, 180-187.