Consumption of cocoa, tea and coffee and risk of cardiovascular disease

European Journal of Internal Medicine

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 15-25

  Di Castelnuovo, Augusto ^a   Di Giuseppe, Romina ^a,b   Iacoviello, Licia ^a   De Gaetano, Giovanni ^a  

^a Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura Giovanni Paolo II   (Italy)

^b GERMAN INSTITUTE OF HUMAN NUTRITION   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chocolate; Coffee; Coronary artery disease prevention; Nutrition; Tea

Indexed keywords

CATECHIN; FLAVONOL; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INFARCTION; CACAO; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COFFEE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FISH; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; MORTALITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SODIUM RESTRICTION; STROKE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TEA; VEGETABLE;

EID: 83555174805     PISSN: 09536205     EISSN: 18790828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.07.014     Document Type: Short Survey

References (114)

1. C.J.L. Murray, and A.D. Lopez The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020 1996 Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Mass
2. S. Yusuf, S. Hawken, S. Ounpuu, T. Dans, A. Avezum, and F. Lanas Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study Lancet 364 2004 937 952 (Pubitemid 39208455)
3. M.J. Stampfer, F.B. Hu, J.E. Manson, E.B. Rimm, and W.C. Willett Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle N Engl J Med 343 2000 16 22 (Pubitemid 30447987)
4. M. de Lorgeril, P. Salen, J.L. Martin, I. Monjaud, J. Delaye, and N. Mamelle Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study Circulation 99 1999 779 785 (Pubitemid 29083018)
5. W.C. Willett, F. Sacks, A. Trichopoulou, G. Drescher, A. Ferro-Luzzi, and E. Helsing Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating Am J Clin Nutr 61 1995 S1402 S1406
6. A. Keys, A. Menotti, M.J. Karvonen, C. Aravanis, H. Blackburn, and R. Buzina The diet and 15-year death rate in the Seven Countries Study Am J Epidemiol 124 1986 903 915 (Pubitemid 17207259)
7. A. Trichopoulou, T. Costacou, C. Bamia, and D. Trichopoulos Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek Population N Engl J Med 348 2003 2599 2608 (Pubitemid 36741587)
8. F. Sofi, R. Abbate, G.F. Gensini, and A. Casini Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis Am J Clin Nutr 92 2010 1189 1196
9. J. Dai, D.P. Jones, J. Goldberg, T.R. Ziegler, R.M. Bostick, and P.W. Wilson Association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and oxidative stress Am J Clin Nutr 88 2008 1364 1370
10. C. Pitsavos, D.B. Panagiotakos, N. Tzima, C. Chrysohoou, M. Economou, and A. Zampelas Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with total antioxidant capacity in healthy adults: the ATTICA study Am J Clin Nutr 82 2005 694 699 (Pubitemid 43759257)
11. R.R. Huxley, and H.A. Neil The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Eur J Clin Nutr 57 2003 904 908 (Pubitemid 36987238)
12. L. Hooper, P.A. Kroon, E.B. Rimm, J.S. Cohn, I. Harvey, and K.A. Le Cornu Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Am J Clin Nutr 88 2008 38 50 (Pubitemid 351988681)
13. C.H. Risner Simultaneous determination of theobromine, (+)-catechin, caffeine, and (-)-epicatechin in standard reference material baking chocolate 2384, cocoa, cocoa beans, and cocoa butter J Chromatogr Sci 46 2008 892 899
14. A. McShea, E. Ramiro-Puig, S.B. Munro, G. Casadesus, M. Castell, and M.A. Smith Clinical benefit and preservation of flavonols in dark chocolate manufacturing Nutr Rev 66 2008 630 641
15. K.W. Lee, Y.J. Kim, H.J. Lee, and C.Y. Lee Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine J Agric Food Chem 51 2003 7292 7295
16. M. Serafini, R. Bugianesi, G. Maiani, S. Valtuena, S. De Santis, and A. Crozier Plasma antioxidants from chocolate - dark chocolate may offer its consumers health benefits the milk variety cannot match Nature 424 2003 1013
17. M.B. Engler, M.M. Engler, C.Y. Chen, M.J. Malloy, A. Browne, and E.Y. Chiu Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults J Am Coll Nutr 23 2004 197 204 (Pubitemid 38746107)
18. J.F. Wang, D.D. Schramm, R.R. Holt, J.L. Ensunsa, C.G. Fraga, and H.H. Schmitz A dose-response effect from chocolate consumption on plasma epicatechin and oxidative damage J Nutr 130 2000 2115S 2119S (Pubitemid 30619392)
19. T.K. Mao, J. Van de Water, C.L. Keen, H.H. Schmitz, and M.E. Gershwin Effect of cocoa flavanols and their related oligomers on the secretion of interleukin-5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells J Med Food 5 2002 17 22 (Pubitemid 34462797)
20. J.E. Kim, J.E. Son, S.K. Jung, N.J. Kang, C.Y. Lee, and K.W. Lee Cocoa polyphenols suppress TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) activities in mouse epidermal cells Br J Nutr 104 2010 957 964
21. D. Taubert, R. Roesen, C. Lehmann, N. Jung, and E. Schömig Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 298 2007 49 60 (Pubitemid 47026770)
22. F. Hermann, L.E. Spieker, F. Ruschitzka, I. Sudano, M. Hermann, and C. Binggeli Dark chocolate improves endothelial and platelet function Heart 92 2006 119 120 (Pubitemid 43021877)
23. D. Rein, T.G. Paglieroni, T. Wun, D.A. Pearson, H.H. Schmitz, and R. Gosselin Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function Am J Clin Nutr 72 2000 30 35 (Pubitemid 30441653)
24. S. Heptinstall, J. May, S. Fox, C. Kwik-Uribe, and L. Zha Cocoa flavanols and platelet and leukocyte function: recent in vitro and ex vivo studies in healthy adults J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47 2006 S197 S205 discussion S206-9
25. D.D. Schramm, J.F. Wang, R.R. Holt, J.L. Ensunsa, J.L. Gonsalves, and S.A. Lazarus Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells Am J Clin Nutr 73 2001 36 40 (Pubitemid 32016813)
26. F.M. Steinberg, M.M. Bearden, and C.L. Keen Cocoa and chocolate flavonoids: implications for cardiovascular health J Am Diet Assoc 103 2003 215 223 (Pubitemid 38375924)
27. O.K. Chun, S.J. Chung, K.J. Claycombe, and W.O. Song Serum C-reactive protein concentrations are inversely associated with dietary flavonoid intake in US adults J Nutr 138 2008 753 760 (Pubitemid 351469420)
28. M.S. Hamed, S. Gambert, K.P. Bliden, O. Bailon, A. Singla, and M.J. Antonino Dark chocolate effect on platelet activity, C-reactive protein and lipid profile: a pilot study South Med J 101 2009 1203 1208 Erratum in: South Med J 2009;102:332
29. R. di Giuseppe, A. Di Castelnuovo, F. Centritto, F. Zito, A. De Curtis, and S. Costanzo Regular consumption of dark chocolate is associated with low serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in a healthy Italian population J Nutr 138 2008 1939 1945
30. C. Manach, A. Mazur, and A. Scalbert Polyphenols and prevention of cardiovascular diseases Curr Opin Lipidol 16 2005 77 84 (Pubitemid 40333370)
31. B. Buijsse, E.J. Feskens, F.J. Kok, and D. Kromhout Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study Arch Intern Med 166 2006 411 417
32. B. Buijsse, C. Weikert, D. Drogan, M. Bergmann, and H. Boeing Chocolate consumption in relation to blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease in German adults Eur Heart J 31 2010 1616 1623
33. D. Grassi, G. Desideri, S. Necozione, C. Lippi, R. Casale, and G. Properzi Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate J Nutr 138 2008 1671 1676
34. K. Ried, T. Sullivan, P. Fakler, O.R. Frank, and N.P. Stocks Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis BMC Med 28 2010 8 39
35. G. Rimbach, M. Melchin, J. Moehring, and A.E. Wagner Polyphenols from cocoa and vascular health - a critical review Int J Mol Sci 10 2009 4290 4309
36. R. Corti, A.J. Flammer, N.K. Hollenberg, and T.F. Lüscher Cocoa and cardiovascular health Circulation 119 2009 1433 1441
37. P.C.H. Hollman, A. Geelen, and D. Kromhout Dietary flavonol intake may lower stroke risk in men and women J Nutr 140 2010 600 604
38. E.L. Ding, S.M. Hutfless, X. Ding, and S. Girotra Chocolate and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review Nutr Metab (Lond) 3 2006 2
39. S. Gallus, A. Tavani, and C. La Vecchia Response to chocolate, well-being, and health among elderly men: chocolate and acute myocardial infarction in a case-control study from Italy Eur J Clin Nutr 63 2009 588 589
40. I. Janszky, K.J. Mukamal, R. Ljung, S. Ahnve, A. Ahlbom, and J. Hallqvist Chocolate consumption and mortality following a first acute myocardial infarction: the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program J Intern Med 266 2009 248 257
41. P.J. Mink, C.G. Scrafford, L.M. Barraj, L. Harnack, C.-P. Hong, and J.A. Nettleton Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study Am J Clin Nutr 85 2007 895 909 (Pubitemid 46393524)
42. M.G. Myers, and A. Basinski Coffee and coronary heart disease Arch Intern Med 152 1992 1767 1772
43. E. Lopez-Garcia, R.M. van Dam, W.C. Willett, E.B. Rimm, J.E. Manson, and M.J. Stampfer Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in men and women: a prospective cohort study Circulation 113 2006 2045 2053
44. I. Kawachi, G.A. Colditz, and C.B. Stone Does coffee drinking increase risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta-analysis Br Heart J 72 1994 269 275
45. S. Greenland A meta-analysis of coffee, myocardial infarction, and coronary death Epidemiology 4 1993 366 374 (Pubitemid 23199715)
46. J.P. Reis, C.M. Loria, L.M. Steffen, X. Zhou, L. van Horn, and D.S. Siscovick Decaffeinated coffee, caffeine, and tea consumption in young adulthood and atherosclerosis later in life: the CARDIA study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2010 2059 2066
47. M.C. Cornelis, A. El-Sohemy, E.K. Kabagambe, and H. Campos Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction JAMA 295 2006 1135 1141 (Pubitemid 43352342)
48. P. Happonen, S. Voutilainen, and J.T. Salonen Coffee drinking is dose-dependently related to the risk of acute coronary events in middle-aged men J Nutr 134 2004 2381 2386 (Pubitemid 39201612)
49. L.F. Andersen, D.R.J. Jacobs, M.H. Carlsen, and R. Blomhoff Consumption of coffee is associated with reduced risk of death attributed to inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases in the Iowa Women's Health Study Am J Clin Nutr 83 2006 1039 1046 (Pubitemid 44713102)
50. A. Azevedo, and H. Barros Coffee and myocardial infarction: heterogeneity of an association in Portuguese men Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 13 2006 268 273 (Pubitemid 44097734)
51. D.B. Panagiotakos, C. Pitsavos, C. Chrysohoou, P. Kokkinos, P. Toutouzas, and C. Stefanadis The J-shaped effect of coffee consumption on the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes: the CARDIO2000 case-control study J Nutr 133 2003 3229 3232
52. M. Woodward, and H. Tunstall-Pedoe Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease, and all cause mortality J Epidemiol Community Health 53 1999 481 487 (Pubitemid 29358777)
53. P. Kleemola, P. Jousilahti, P. Pietinen, E. Vartiainen, and J. Tuomilehto Coffee consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease and death Arch Intern Med 160 2000 3393 3400
54. M.A. Spiller The chemical components of coffee G.A. Spiller, Caffeine 1998 CRC Press Boca Raton 97 161
55. R. Urgert, and M.B. Katan The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans Annu Rev Nutr 17 1997 305 324 (Pubitemid 27328803)
56. M. van Dusseldorp, M.B. Katan, T. van Vliet, P.N. Demacker, and A.F. Stalenhoef Cholesterol-raising factor from boiled coffee does not pass a paper filter Arterioscler Thromb 11 1991 586 593
57. K. Yanagimoto, H. Ochi, K.G. Lee, and T. Shibamoto Antioxidative activities of fractions obtained from brewed coffee J Agric Food Chem 52 2004 592 596
58. M. Daglia, A. Papetti, C. Gregotti, F. Bertè, and G. Gazzani In vitro antioxidant and ex vivo protective activities of green and roasted coffee J Agric Food Chem 48 2000 1449 1454 (Pubitemid 30331471)
59. M.C. Cornelis, and A. El-Sohemy Coffee, caffeine, and coronary heart disease Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 10 2007 745 751 (Pubitemid 350293776)
60. A. Svilaas, A.K. Sakhi, L.F. Andersen, T. Svilaas, E.C. Ström, and D.R. Jacobs Jr. Intakes of antioxidants in coffee, wine, and vegetables are correlated with plasma carotenoids in humans J Nutr 134 2004 562 567 (Pubitemid 38298496)
61. R. Pulido, M. Hernandez-Garcia, and F. Saura-Calixto Contribution of beverages to the intake of lipophillic and hydrophillic antioxidants in the Spanish diet Eur J Clin Nutr 57 2003 1275 1282 (Pubitemid 37259394)
62. N.P. Riksen, G.A. Rongen, and P. Smits Acute and long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee: implications for coronary heart disease Pharmacol Ther 121 2009 185 191
63. M.L. Nurminen, L. Niittynen, R. Korpela, and H. Vapaatalo Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review Eur J Clin Nutr 53 1999 831 839 (Pubitemid 29532988)
64. M. Noordzij, C.S. Uiterwaal, L.R. Arends, F.J. Kok, D.E. Grobbee, and J.M. Geleijnse Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J Hypertens 23 2005 921 928 (Pubitemid 40637906)
65. N.H. Farag, A.S. Vincent, B.S. McKe, T.L. Whitsett, and W.R. Lovallo Hemodynamic mechanisms underlying the incomplete tolerance to caffeine's pressor effects Am J Cardiol 95 2005 1389 1392 (Pubitemid 40719879)
66. P. Smits, T. Thien, and A. van 't Laar Circulatory effects of coffee in relation to the pharmacokinetics of caffeine Am J Cardiol 56 1985 958 963 (Pubitemid 16126781)
67. E. Karatzis, T.G. Papaioannou, K. Aznaouridis, K. Karatzi, K. Stamatelopoulos, and A. Zampelas Acute effects of caffeine on blood pressure and wave reflections in healthy subjects: should we consider monitoring central blood pressure? Int J Cardiol 98 2005 425 430 (Pubitemid 40247932)
68. D. Robertson, J.C. Frölich, R.K. Carr, J.T. Watson, J.W. Hollifield, and D.G. Shand Effects of caffeine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure N Engl J Med 298 1978 181 186 (Pubitemid 8272275)
69. C.M. Papamichael, K.A. Aznaouridis, E.N. Karatzis, K.N. Karatzi, K.S. Stamatelopoulos, and G. Vamvakou Effect of coffee on endothelial function in healthy subjects. The role of caffeine Clin Sci (Lond) 109 2005 55 60 (Pubitemid 40943033)
70. S.H. Jee, J. He, L.J. Appe, P.K. Whelton, I. Suh, and M.J. Klag Coffee consumption and serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials Am J Epidemiol 153 2001 353 362 (Pubitemid 32144561)
71. I.M. Rodrigues, and L.C. Klein Boiled or filtered coffee? Effects of coffee and caffeine on cholesterol, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein Toxicol Rev 25 2006 55 69 (Pubitemid 44127534)
72. P. Verhoef, W.J. Pasman, T. van Vliet, R. Urgert, and M.B. Katan Contribution of caffeine to the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee: a randomized controlled trial in humans Am J Clin Nutr 76 2002 1244 1248 (Pubitemid 35416558)
73. R.M. van Dam, and F.B. Hu Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review JAMA 294 2005 97 104 (Pubitemid 41002844)
74. E. Ciccarone, A. Di Castelnuovo, M. Salcuni, A. Siani, A. Giacco, and M.B. Donati Gendiabe Investigators. A high-score Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with a reduced risk of peripheral arterial disease in Italian patients with Type 2 diabetes J Thromb Haemost 1 2003 1744 1752
75. R.C. Loopstra-Masters, A.D. Liese, S.M. Haffner, L.E. Wagenknecht, and A.J. Hanley Associations between the intake of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and measures of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function Diabetologia 54 2011 320 328
76. W.C. Winkelmayer, M. Stampfer, W.C. Willett, and G.C. Curhan Habitual caffeine intake and the risk of hypertension in women JAMA 294 2005 2330 2335 (Pubitemid 41607409)
77. M. Shechter, G. Shalmon, M. Scheinowitz, N. Koren-Morag, M.S. Feinberg, and D. Harats Impact of acute caffeine ingestion on endothelial function in subjects with and without coronary artery disease Am J Cardiol 107 9 2011 1255 1261
78. M. Nardini, F. Natella, and C. Scaccini Role of dietary polyphenols in platelet aggregation. A review of the supplementation studies Platelets 18 2007 224 243 (Pubitemid 46744120)
79. F. Sofi, A.A. Conti, A.M. Gori, M.L. Eliana Luisi, A. Casini, and R. Abbate Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 17 2007 209 223 (Pubitemid 46400413)
80. J.N. Wu, S.C. Ho, C. Zhou, W.H. Ling, W.Q. Chen, and C.L. Wang Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases: a meta-analysis of 21 prospective cohort studies Int J Cardiol 137 2009 216 225
81. E. Lopez-Garcia, R.M. van Dam, T.Y. Li, F. Rodriguez-Artalejo, and F.B. Hu The relationship of coffee consumption with mortality Ann Intern Med 148 2008 904 914 (Pubitemid 351860822)
82. N. Hammar, T. Andersson, L. Alfredsson, C. Reuterwall, T. Nilsson, and J. Hallqvist Association of boiled and filtered coffee with incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction: the SHEEP and the VHEEP study J Intern Med 253 2003 653 659 (Pubitemid 36649097)
83. A. Baylin, S. Hernandez-Diaz, E.K. Kabagambe, X. Siles, and H. Campos Transient exposure to coffee as a trigger of a first nonfatal myocardial infarction Epidemiology 17 2006 506 511 (Pubitemid 44223057)
84. J.J. de Vreede-Swagemakers, A.P. Gorgels, M.P. Weijenberg, W.I. Dubois-Arbouw, B. Golombeck, and J.W. van Ree Risk indicators for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with coronary artery disease J Clin Epidemiol 52 1999 601 607 (Pubitemid 29284817)
85. K.J. Mukamal, M. Maclure, J.E. Muller, J.B. Sherwood, and M.A. Mittleman Caffeinated coffee consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction Am Heart J 147 2004 999 1004 (Pubitemid 38880954)
86. M.G. Silletta, R. Marfisi, G. Levantesi, A. Boccanelli, C. Chieffo, and M. Franzosi Coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction: results from the GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico)-Prevenzione trial Circulation 116 2007 2944 2951 (Pubitemid 350291201)
87. J.M. de Koning Gans, C.S. Uiterwaal, Y.T. van der Schouw, J.M. Boer, D.E. Grobbee, and W.M. Verschuren Tea and coffee consumption and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2010 1665 1671
88. D.E. Grobbee, E.B. Rimm, E. Giovannucci, G. Colditz, M. Stampfer, and W. Willett Coffee, caffeine, and cardiovascular disease in men N Engl J Med 323 1990 1026 1032 (Pubitemid 20336961)
89. S.C. Larsson, S. Männistö, M.J. Virtanen, J. Kontto, D. Albanes, and J. Virtamo Coffee and tea consumption and risk of stroke subtypes in male smokers Stroke 39 2008 1681 1687
90. E. Mostofsky, G. Schlaug, K.J. Mukamal, W.D. Rosamond, and M.A. Mittleman Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: the Stroke Onset Study Neurology 75 2010 1583 1588
91. S. Costanzo, A. Di Castelnuovo, M.B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and de Gaetano Alcohol consumption and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 1339 1347
92. H.N. Graham Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry Prev Med 21 1992 334 350
93. T.O. Cheng All teas are not created equal: the Chinese green tea and cardiovascular health Int J Cardiol 108 2006 301 308 (Pubitemid 43339795)
94. D.L. McKay, and J.B. Blumberg The role of tea in human health: an update J Am Coll Nutr 21 2002 1 13 (Pubitemid 34123703)
95. J.M. Hodgson, and K.D. Croft Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health Mol Aspects Med 31 2010 495 502
96. A. Negre-Salvayre, and R. Salvayre Quercetin prevents the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL on lymphoid cell lines Free Radic Biol Med 12 1992 101 106
97. C.A. Rice-Evans, N.J. Miller, and G. Paganga Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids Free Radic Biol Med 20 1996 933 956 (Pubitemid 26157509)
98. T.W. Wu, K.P. Fung, J. Wu, C.C. Yang, J. Lo, and R.D. Weisel Morin hydrate inhibits azoinitiator induced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein Life Sci 58 1996 17 22
99. P. Gresele, C. Cerletti, G. Guglielmini, P. Pignatelli, G. de Gaetano, and F. Violi Effects of resveratrol and other wine polyphenols on vascular function: an update J Nutr Biochem 22 2011 201 211
100. P.V. Babu, and D. Liu Green tea catechins and cardiovascular health: an update Curr Med Chem 15 2008 1840 1850
101. R.J. Moore, K.G. Jackson, and A.M. Minihane Green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins and vascular function Br J Nutr 102 2009 1790 1802
102. Y. Naito, and T. Yoshikawa Green tea and heart health J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 54 2009 385 390
103. D.A. Balentine, S.A. Wiseman, and L.C. Bouwens The chemistry of tea flavonoids Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 37 1997 693 704 (Pubitemid 127349613)
104. J.M. Geleijnse, L.J. Launer, D.A. Van der Kuip, A. Hofman, and J.C. Witteman Inverse association of tea and flavonoid intakes with incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study Am J Clin Nutr 75 2002 880 886 (Pubitemid 34441257)
105. E.J. Gardner, C.H.S. Ruxton, and A.R. Leeds Black tea - helpful or harmful? A review of the evidence Eur J Clin Nutr 61 2007 3 18 (Pubitemid 44921110)
106. D. Grassi, A. Aggio, L. Onori, G. Croce, S. Tiberti, and C. Ferri Tea, flavonoids, and nitric oxide-mediated vascular reactivity J Nutr 138 2008 1554S 1560S
107. U. Peters, C. Poole, and L. Arab Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis Am J Epidemiol 154 2001 495 503 (Pubitemid 32867948)
108. Z.M. Wang, B. Zhou, Y.S. Wang, Q.Y. Gong, Q.M. Wang, and J.J. Yan Black and green tea consumption and the risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis Am J Clin Nutr 93 2011 506 515
109. L.M. Ostertag, N. O'Kennedy, P.A. Kroon, G.G. Duthie, and B. de Roos Impact of dietary polyphenols on human platelet function - a critical review of controlled dietary intervention studies Mol Nutr Food Res 54 2010 60 81
110. S. Kuriyama, T. Shimazu, K. Ohmori, N. Kikuchi, N. Nakaya, and Y. Nishino Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study JAMA 13 2006 1255 1265 (Pubitemid 44394897)
111. L. Arab, W. Liu, and D. Elashoff Green and black tea consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis Stroke 40 2009 1786 1792
112. J.H.K. Vogel, S.F. Bolling, R.B. Costello, E.M. Guarneri, M.W. Krucoff, and J.C. Longhurst Integrating complementary medicine into cardiovascular medicine: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (Writing Committee to Develop an Expert Consensus Document on Complementary and Integrative Medicine) J Am Coll Cardiol 46 2005 184 221 (Pubitemid 40908907)
113. A. Di Castelnuovo, S. Costanzo, V. Bagnardi, M.B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and G. de Gaetano Alcohol dosing and total mortality in males and females: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies Arch Intern Med 166 2006 2437 2445 (Pubitemid 44913227)
114. A. Di Castelnuovo, S. Costanzo, M.B. Donati, L. Iacoviello, and de Gaetano Prevention of cardiovascular risk by moderate alcohol consumption: epidemiologic evidence and plausible mechanisms G Intern Emerg Med 5 4 2010 291 297