New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal

Neuropharmacology

Volumn 96, Issue PB, 2015, Pages 223-234

  Jackson, K J ^a   Muldoon, P P ^c   De Biasi, M ^b   Damaj, M I ^c  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Nicotine; Nicotine dependence; Nicotine withdrawal; Nicotinic receptors; Tobacco dependence

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMFEBUTAMONE; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CALCIUM; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DOPAMINE; ENDOCANNABINOID; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 5; GALANIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; NEUROKININ; NICOTINE; OPIATE RECEPTOR; OREXIN; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC AGENT; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR;

AGE; ARTICLE; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; ANIMAL; BRAIN; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; NEURONS; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGONISTS; RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; TOBACCO USE DISORDER;

EID: 84932192527     PISSN: 00283908     EISSN: 18737064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. K. Ahn, M.K. McKinney, and B.F. Cravatt Enzymatic pathways that regulate endocannabinoid signaling in the nervous system Chem. Rev. 108 2008 1687 1707
2. S.S. Allen, T. Bade, D. Hatsukami, and B. Center Craving, withdrawal, and smoking urges on days immediately prior to smoking relapse Nicotine Tob. Res. 10 2008 35 45
3. C.I. Amos, X. Wu, P. Broderick, I.P. Gorlov, J. Gu, and T. Eisen Genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1 Nat. Genet. 40 2008 616 622
4. G. Aston-Jones, R.J. Smith, G.C. Sartor, D.E. Moorman, L. Massi, and P. Tahsili-Fahadan Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: a role in reward-seeking and addiction Brain Res. 1314 2010 74 90
5. T.B. Baker, R.B. Weiss, D. Bolt, N.A. von, M.C. Fiore, and D.M. Dunn Human neuronal acetylcholine receptor A5-A3-B4 haplotypes are associated with multiple nicotine dependence phenotypes Nicotine Tob. Res. 11 2009 785 796
6. P.R. Baldwin, R. Alanis, and R. Salas The role of the habenula in nicotine addiction J. Addict. Res. Ther. S1 2011
7. G.N. Balerio, E. Aso, F. Berrendero, P. Murtra, and R. Maldonado Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases somatic and motivational manifestations of nicotine withdrawal in mice Eur. J. Neurosci. 20 2004 2737 2748
8. D.J. Balfour The neurobiology of tobacco dependence: a preclinical perspective on the role of the dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens [corrected] Nicotine Tob. Res. 6 2004 899 912
9. D.J. Balfour, and K.O. Fagerstrom Pharmacology of nicotine and its therapeutic use in smoking cessation and neurodegenerative disorders Pharmacol. Ther. 72 1996 51 81
10. R.M. Bauzo, and A.W. Bruijnzeel Animal models of nicotine withdrawal: intracranial self-stimulation and somatic signs of withdrawal Methods Mol. Biol. 829 2012 257 268
11. M.E. Benwell, D.J. Balfour, and J.M. Anderson Evidence that tobacco smoking increases the density of (-)-[3H]nicotine binding sites in human brain J. Neurochem. 50 1988 1243 1247
12. F. Berrendero, B.L. Kieffer, and R. Maldonado Attenuation of nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and dependence in mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice J. Neurosci. 22 2002 10935 10940
13. F. Berrendero, A. Plaza-Zabala, L. Galeote, A. Flores, S.A. Bura, and B.L. Kieffer Influence of delta-opioid receptors in the behavioral effects of nicotine Neuropsychopharmacology 37 2012 2332 2344
14. J. Beuten, J.Z. Ma, T.J. Payne, R.T. Dupont, K.M. Crews, and G. Somes Single- and multilocus allelic variants within the GABA(B) receptor subunit 2 (GABAB2) gene are significantly associated with nicotine dependence Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76 2005 859 864
15. S.Y. Bhang, S.W. Choi, and J.H. Ahn Changes in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in smokers after smoking cessation Neurosci. Lett. 468 2010 7 11
16. G. Biala, B. Budzynska, and M. Kruk Naloxone precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome and attenuates nicotine-induced antinociception in mice Pharmacol. Rep. 57 2005 755 760
17. S. Bibevski, Y. Zhou, J.M. McIntosh, R.E. Zigmond, and M.E. Dunlap Functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that mediate ganglionic transmission in cardiac parasympathetic neurons J. Neurosci. 20 2000 5076 5082
18. L.J. Bierut, J.A. Stitzel, J.C. Wang, A.L. Hinrichs, R.A. Grucza, and X. Xuei Variants in nicotinic receptors and risk for nicotine dependence Am. J. Psychiatry 165 2008 1163 1171
19. C.A. Bousman, C. Rivard, J.D. Haese, C. Ambrosone, and A. Hyland Alpha-5 and -3 nicotinic receptor gene variants predict nicotine dependence but not cessation: findings from the COMMIT cohort Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 159B 2012 227 235
20. E.J. Breetvelt, M.E. Numans, M.F. Aukes, W. Hoeben, E. Strengman, and J.J. Luykx The association of the alpha-5 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene with different aspects of smoking behavior Psychiatr. Genet. 22 2012 96 98
21. L.P. Breitling, H. Muller, T. Illig, D. Rujescu, G. Winterer, and N. Dahmen Dopamine-related genes and spontaneous smoking cessation in ever-heavy smokers Pharmacogenomics 12 2011 1099 1106
22. A.L. Brody, M.A. Mandelkern, E.D. London, R.E. Olmstead, J. Farahi, and D. Scheibal Cigarette smoking saturates brain alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63 2006 907 915
23. A.W. Bruijnzeel, J. Ford, J.A. Rogers, S. Scheick, Y. Ji, and M. Bishnoi Blockade of CRF1 receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuates the dysphoria associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 101 2012 62 68
24. A.W. Bruijnzeel, and A. Markou Adaptations in cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area associated with the affective signs of nicotine withdrawal in rats Neuropharmacology 47 2004 572 579
25. A.W. Bruijnzeel, M. Prado, and S. Isaac Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor activation mediates nicotine withdrawal-induced deficit in brain reward function and stress-induced relapse Biol. Psychiatry 66 2009 110 117
26. A.W. Bruijnzeel, G. Zislis, C. Wilson, and M.S. Gold Antagonism of CRF receptors prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats Neuropsychopharmacology 32 2007 955 963
27. B. Budzynska, P. Polak, and G. Biala Effects of calcium channel antagonists on the motivational effects of nicotine and morphine in conditioned place aversion paradigm Behav. Brain Res. 228 2012 144 150
28. C. Butt, A. Alptekin, T. Shippenberg, and M. Oz Endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in mouse thalamic synaptosomes J. Neurochem. 105 2008 1235 1243
29. G.A. Cabral, and F. Marciano-Cabral Cannabinoid receptors in microglia of the central nervous system: immune functional relevance J. Leukoc. Biol. 78 2005 1192 1197
30. N. Caporaso, F. Gu, N. Chatterjee, J. Sheng-Chih, K. Yu, and M. Yeager Genome-wide and candidate gene association study of cigarette smoking behaviors PLoS One 4 2009 e4653
31. A. Castane, E. Valjent, C. Ledent, M. Parmentier, R. Maldonado, and O. Valverde Lack of CB1 cannabinoid receptors modifies nicotine behavioural responses, but not nicotine abstinence Neuropharmacology 43 2002 857 867
32. J.P. Changeux, D. Bertrand, P.J. Corringer, S. Dehaene, S. Edelstein, and C. Lena Brain nicotinic receptors: structure and regulation, role in learning and reinforcement Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 26 1998 198 216
33. L.S. Chen, T.B. Baker, M.E. Piper, N. Breslau, D.S. Cannon, and K.F. Doheny Interplay of genetic risk factors (CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4) and cessation treatments in smoking cessation success Am. J. Psychiatry 169 2012 735 742
34. X. Chen, J. Chen, V.S. Williamson, S.S. An, J.M. Hettema, and S.H. Aggen Variants in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors alpha5 and alpha3 increase risks to nicotine dependence Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 150B 2009 926 933
35. A. Cippitelli, G. Astarita, A. Duranti, G. Caprioli, M. Ubaldi, and S. Stopponi Endocannabinoid regulation of acute and protracted nicotine withdrawal: effect of FAAH inhibition PLoS One 6 2011 e28142
36. A. Cohen, J. Treweek, S. Edwards, R.M. Leão, G. Schulteis, G.F. Koob, and O. George Extended access to nicotine leads to a CRF1 receptor dependent increase in anxiety-like behavior and hyperalgesia in rats Addict. Biol. 2013 Jul 22 10.1111/adb.12077
37. B.R. Cooper, C.M. Wang, R.F. Cox, R. Norton, V. Shea, and R.M. Ferris Evidence that the acute behavioral and electrophysiological effects of bupropion (Wellbutrin) are mediated by a noradrenergic mechanism Neuropsychopharmacology 11 1994 133 141
38. T.B. Cooper, R.F. Suckow, and A. Glassman Determination of bupropion and its major basic metabolites in plasma by liquid chromatography with dual-wavelength ultraviolet detection J. Pharm. Sci. 73 1984 1104 1107
39. B.F. Cravatt, D.K. Giang, S.P. Mayfield, D.L. Boger, R.A. Lerner, and N.B. Gilula Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides Nature 384 1996 83 87
40. J.F. Cryan, F. Gasparini, H.G. van, and A. Markou Non-nicotinic neuropharmacological strategies for nicotine dependence: beyond bupropion Drug Discov. Today 8 2003 1025 1034
41. K.M. Cummings, and M. Mahoney Current and emerging treatment approaches for tobacco dependence Curr. Oncol. Rep. 8 2006 475 483
42. M.I. Damaj, F.I. Carroll, J.B. Eaton, H.A. Navarro, B.E. Blough, and S. Mirza Enantioselective effects of hydroxy metabolites of bupropion on behavior and on function of monoamine transporters and nicotinic receptors Mol. Pharmacol. 66 2004 675 682
43. M.I. Damaj, S.D. Grabus, H.A. Navarro, R.E. Vann, J.A. Warner, and L.S. King Effects of hydroxymetabolites of bupropion on nicotine dependence behavior in mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 334 2010 1087 1095
44. M.I. Damaj, W. Kao, and B.R. Martin Characterization of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the mouse J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307 2003 526 534
45. J.A. Dani, and S. Heinemann Molecular and cellular aspects of nicotine abuse Neuron 16 1996 905 908
46. D.Q. Dao, E.E. Perez, Y. Teng, J.A. Dani, and B.M. De Nicotine enhances excitability of medial habenular neurons via facilitation of neurokinin signaling J. Neurosci. 34 2014 4273 4284
47. F.M. Dautzenberg, S. Braun, and R.L. Hauger GRK3 mediates desensitization of CRF1 receptors: a potential mechanism regulating stress adaptation Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280 2001 R935 R946
48. J.A. Davis, J.R. James, S.J. Siegel, and T.J. Gould Withdrawal from chronic nicotine administration impairs contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice J. Neurosci. 25 2005 8708 8713
49. M. De Biasi, and J.A. Dani Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 34 2011 105 130
50. M. De Biasi, and R. Salas Influence of neuronal nicotinic receptors over nicotine addiction and withdrawal Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 233 2008 917 929
51. K. De Ruyck, K. Nackaerts, L. Beels, J. Werbrouck, V.A. De, and M. Meysman Genetic variation in three candidate genes and nicotine dependence, withdrawal and smoking cessation in hospitalized patients Pharmacogenomics 11 2010 1053 1063
52. W.A. Devane, L. Hanus, A. Breuer, R.G. Pertwee, L.A. Stevenson, and G. Griffin Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor Science 258 1992 1946 1949
53. T.P. Dinh, D. Carpenter, F.M. Leslie, T.F. Freund, I. Katona, and S.L. Sensi Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 2002 10819 10824
54. E.F. Domino, and H. Tsukada Nicotine sensitization of monkey striatal dopamine release Eur. J. Pharmacol. 607 2009 91 95
55. K. Ebner, and N. Singewald The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses Amino Acids 31 2006 251 272
56. J.M. Engelmann, A.K. Radke, and J.C. Gewirtz Potentiated startle as a measure of the negative affective consequences of repeated exposure to nicotine in rats Psychopharmacol. Berl. 207 2009 13 25
57. M.P. Epping-Jordan, S.S. Watkins, G.F. Koob, and A. Markou Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal Nature 393 1998 76 79
58. M. Erdtmann-Vourliotis, P. Mayer, S. Ammon, U. Riechert, and V. Hollt Distribution of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) isoforms 2, 3, 5 and 6 mRNA in the rat brain Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 95 2001 129 137
59. E. Ericson, and S. Ahlenius Suggestive evidence for inhibitory effects of galanin on mesolimbic dopaminergic neurotransmission Brain Res. 822 1999 200 209
60. F.S. Falvella, A. Galvan, E. Frullanti, M. Spinola, E. Calabro, and A. Carbone Transcription deregulation at the 15q25 locus in association with lung adenocarcinoma risk Clin. Cancer Res. 15 2009 1837 1842
61. J.S. Fowler, J. Logan, G.J. Wang, and N.D. Volkow Monoamine oxidase and cigarette smoking Neurotoxicology 24 2003 75 82
62. J.D. Fryer, and R.J. Lukas Noncompetitive functional inhibition at diverse, human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes by bupropion, phencyclidine, and ibogaine J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288 1999 88 92
63. L. Galeote, F. Berrendero, S.A. Bura, A. Zimmer, and R. Maldonado Prodynorphin gene disruption increases the sensitivity to nicotine self-administration in mice Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 12 2009 615 625
64. O. George, S. Ghozland, M.R. Azar, P. Cottone, E.P. Zorrilla, and L.H. Parsons CRF-CRF1 system activation mediates withdrawal-induced increases in nicotine self-administration in nicotine-dependent rats Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 2007 17198 17203
65. O. George, T.E. Grieder, M. Cole, and G.F. Koob Exposure to chronic intermittent nicotine vapor induces nicotine dependence Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 96 2010 104 107
66. N.W. Gilpin, A.M. Whitaker, B. Baynes, A.Y. Abdel, M.T. Weil, and O. George Nicotine vapor inhalation escalates nicotine self-administration Addict. Biol. 19 2014 587 592
67. A.B. Gold, E.P. Wileyto, A. Lori, D. Conti, J.F. Cubells, and C. Lerman Pharmacogenetic association of the galanin receptor (GALR1) SNP rs2717162 with smoking cessation Neuropsychopharmacology 37 2012 1683 1688
68. D. Gonzales, S.I. Rennard, M. Nides, C. Oncken, S. Azoulay, and C.B. Billing Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 296 2006 47 55
69. A. Gorlich, B. Antolin-Fontes, J.L. Ables, S. Frahm, M.A. Slimak, and J.D. Dougherty Reexposure to nicotine during withdrawal increases the pacemaking activity of cholinergic habenular neurons Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110 2013 17077 17082
70. T.J. Gould, G.S. Portugal, J.M. Andre, M.P. Tadman, M.J. Marks, and J.W. Kenney The duration of nicotine withdrawal-associated deficits in contextual fear conditioning parallels changes in hippocampal high affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptor upregulation Neuropharmacology 62 2012 2118 2125
71. S.D. Grabus, B.R. Martin, A.M. Batman, R.F. Tyndale, E. Sellers, and M.I. Damaj Nicotine physical dependence and tolerance in the mouse following chronic oral administration Psychopharmacol. Berl. 178 2005 183 192
72. S.D. Grabus, B.R. Martin, and D.M. Imad Nicotine physical dependence in the mouse: involvement of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor subtype Eur. J. Pharmacol. 515 2005 90 93
73. K.R. Hamilton, S.S. Berger, M.E. Perry, and N.E. Grunberg Behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal in adult male and female rats Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 92 2009 51 59
74. K.R. Hamilton, M.E. Perry, S.S. Berger, and N.E. Grunberg Behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal differ by genetic strain in male and female adolescent rats Nicotine Tob. Res. 12 2010 1236 1245
75. G.C. Harris, and G. Aston-Jones Critical role for ventral tegmental glutamate in preference for a cocaine-conditioned environment Neuropsychopharmacology 28 2003 73 76
76. A.A. Harrison, F. Gasparini, and A. Markou Nicotine potentiation of brain stimulation reward reversed by DH beta E and SCH 23390, but not by eticlopride, LY 314582 or MPEP in rats Psychopharmacol. Berl. 160 2002 56 66
77. R.L. Hauger, V. Risbrough, R.H. Oakley, J.A. Olivares-Reyes, and F.M. Dautzenberg Role of CRF receptor signaling in stress vulnerability, anxiety, and depression Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1179 2009 120 143
78. B.E. Hildebrand, G.G. Nomikos, P. Hertel, B. Schilstrom, and T.H. Svensson Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome Brain Res. 779 1998 214 225
79. B.E. Hildebrand, G.G. Nomikos, C. Bondjers, M. Nisell, and T.H. Svensson Behavioral manifestations of the nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat: peripheral versus central mechanisms Psychopharmacol. Berl. 129 1997 348 356
80. B.E. Hildebrand, G. Panagis, T.H. Svensson, and G.G. Nomikos Behavioral and biochemical manifestations of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the rat: role of nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area Neuropsychopharmacology 21 1999 560 574
81. D.E. Hilleman, S.M. Mohiuddin, M.G. Del Core, and M.H. Sketch Sr. Effect of buspirone on withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation Arch. Intern. Med. 152 1992 350 352
82. D.E. Hilleman, S.M. Mohiuddin, and M.G. Delcore Comparison of fixed-dose transdermal nicotine, tapered-dose transdermal nicotine, and buspirone in smoking cessation J. Clin. Pharmacol. 34 1994 222 224
83. J.A. Hollander, Q. Lu, M.D. Cameron, T.M. Kamenecka, and P.J. Kenny Insular hypocretin transmission regulates nicotine reward Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 2008 19480 19485
84. A. Holmes, M. Heilig, N.M. Rupniak, T. Steckler, and G. Griebel Neuropeptide systems as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 2003 580 588
85. S.S. Hook, and A.R. Means Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent kinases: from activation to function Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41 2001 471 505
86. J.R. Hughes, S.B. Gulliver, J.W. Fenwick, W.A. Valliere, K. Cruser, and S. Pepper Smoking cessation among self-quitters Health Psychol. 11 1992 331 334
87. J.R. Hughes Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course Nicotine Tob. Res. 9 2007 315 327
88. R.J. Hung, J.D. McKay, V. Gaborieau, P. Boffetta, M. Hashibe, and D. Zaridze A susceptibility locus for lung cancer maps to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes on 15q25 Nature 452 2008 633 637
89. B.M. Ignatowska-Jankowska, P.P. Muldoon, A.H. Lichtman, and M.I. Damaj The cannabinoid CB2 receptor is necessary for nicotine-conditioned place preference, but not other behavioral effects of nicotine in mice Psychopharmacol. Berl. 229 2013 591 601
90. E.E. Irvine, M. Bagnalasta, C. Marcon, C. Motta, M. Tessari, S.E. File, and C. Chiamulera Nicotine self-administration and withdrawal: modulation of anxiety in the social interaction test in rats Psychopharmacol. Berl. 153 2001 315 320
91. Y. Ise, M. Narita, H. Nagase, and T. Suzuki Modulation of opioidergic system on mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats Psychopharmacol. Berl. 151 2000 49 54
92. K.J. Jackson, F.I. Carroll, S.S. Negus, and M.I. Damaj Effect of the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist JDTic on nicotine antinociception, reward, and withdrawal in the mouse Psychopharmacol. Berl. 210 2010 285 294
93. K.J. Jackson, X. Chen, M.F. Miles, J. Harenza, and M.I. Damaj The neuropeptide galanin and variants in the GalR1 gene are associated with nicotine dependence Neuropsychopharmacology 36 2011 2339 2348
94. K.J. Jackson, and M.I. Damaj L-type calcium channels and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II differentially mediate behaviors associated with nicotine withdrawal in mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 330 2009 152 161
95. K.J. Jackson, and M.I. Damaj Beta2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II and synapsin I protein levels in the nucleus accumbens after nicotine withdrawal in mice Eur. J. Pharmacol. 701 2013 1 6
96. K.J. Jackson, D.H. Kota, B.R. Martin, and M.I. Damaj The role of various nicotinic receptor subunits and factors influencing nicotine conditioned place aversion Neuropharmacology 56 2009 970 974
97. K.J. Jackson, B.R. Martin, J.P. Changeux, and M.I. Damaj Differential role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in physical and affective nicotine withdrawal signs J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 325 2008 302 312
98. K.J. Jackson, J.M. McIntosh, D.H. Brunzell, S.S. Sanjakdar, and M.I. Damaj The role of alpha6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nicotine reward and withdrawal J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 331 2009 547 554
99. K.J. Jackson, S.S. Sanjakdar, X. Chen, and M.I. Damaj Nicotine reward and affective nicotine withdrawal signs are attenuated in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV knockout mice PLoS One 7 2012 e51154
100. K.J. Jackson, S.S. Sanjakdar, P.P. Muldoon, J.M. McIntosh, and M.I. Damaj The alpha3beta4∗nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype mediates nicotine reward and physical nicotine withdrawal signs independently of the alpha5 subunit in the mouse Neuropharmacology 70 2013 228 235
101. K.J. Jackson, C.L. Walters, M.F. Miles, B.R. Martin, and M.I. Damaj Characterization of pharmacological and behavioral differences to nicotine in C57Bl/6 and DBA/2 mice Neuropharmacology 57 2009 347 355
102. P.M. Johnson, J.A. Hollander, and P.J. Kenny Decreased brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal in C57BL6 mice: evidence from intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 90 2008 409 415
103. D.E. Jorenby, J.T. Hays, N.A. Rigotti, S. Azoulay, E.J. Watsky, and K.E. Williams Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 296 2006 56 63
104. J.W. Kenney, and T.J. Gould Modulation of hippocampus-dependent learning and synaptic plasticity by nicotine Mol. Neurobiol. 38 2008 101 121
105. P.J. Kenny, S.E. File, and M. Rattray Acute nicotine decreases, and chronic nicotine increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 85 2000 234 238
106. D.P. King, S. Paciga, E. Pickering, N.L. Benowitz, L.J. Bierut, and D.V. Conti Smoking cessation pharmacogenetics: analysis of varenicline and bupropion in placebo-controlled clinical trials Neuropsychopharmacology 37 2012 641 650
107. T. Kivinummi, K. Kaste, T. Rantamaki, E. Castren, and L. Ahtee Alterations in BDNF and phospho-CREB levels following chronic oral nicotine treatment and its withdrawal in dopaminergic brain areas of mice Neurosci. Lett. 491 2011 108 112
108. G.F. Koob, S.C. Heinrichs, E.M. Pich, F. Menzaghi, H. Baldwin, and K. Miczek The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in behavioural responses to stress Ciba Found. Symp. 172 1993 277 289
109. G.F. Koob, and M. Le Moal Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the 'dark side' of drug addiction Nat. Neurosci. 8 2005 1442 1444
110. G.F. Koob, and M. Le Moal Review. Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363 2008 3113 3123
111. G.F. Koob, and N.D. Volkow Neurocircuitry of addiction Neuropsychopharmacology 35 2010 217 238
112. D. Kota, B.R. Martin, and M.I. Damaj Age-dependent differences in nicotine reward and withdrawal in female mice Psychopharmacol. Berl. 198 2008 201 210
113. D. Kota, B.R. Martin, S.E. Robinson, and M.I. Damaj Nicotine dependence and reward differ between adolescent and adult male mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322 2007 399 407
114. M.S. Kramer, N. Cutler, J. Feighner, R. Shrivastava, J. Carman, and J.J. Sramek Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors Science 281 1998 1640 1645
115. S. Krishnan-Sarin, M.I. Rosen, and S.S. O'Malley Naloxone challenge in smokers. Preliminary evidence of an opioid component in nicotine dependence Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56 1999 663 668
116. J.H. Krystal, E. Webb, C. Grillon, N. Cooney, L. Casal, and C.A. Morgan III Evidence of acoustic startle hyperreflexia in recently detoxified early onset male alcoholics: modulation by yohimbine and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) Psychopharmacol. Berl. 131 1997 207 215
117. U.E. Lang, T. Sander, F.W. Lohoff, R. Hellweg, M. Bajbouj, and G. Winterer Association of the met66 allele of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with smoking Psychopharmacol. Berl. 190 2007 433 439
118. B. Le Foll, and S.R. Goldberg Effects of nicotine in experimental animals and humans: an update on addictive properties Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2009 335 367
119. W. Lee, R. Ray, A.W. Bergen, G.E. Swan, P. Thomas, and R.F. Tyndale DRD1 associations with smoking abstinence across slow and normal nicotine metabolizers Pharmacogenet. Genomics 22 2012 551 554
120. S.F. Leibowitz Regulation and effects of hypothalamic galanin: relation to dietary fat, alcohol ingestion, circulating lipids and energy homeostasis Neuropeptides 39 2005 327 332
121. E.S. Lein, M.J. Hawrylycz, N. Ao, M. Ayres, A. Bensinger, and A. Bernard Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain Nature 445 2007 168 176
122. C. Lerman, M.G. LeSage, K.A. Perkins, S.S. O'Malley, S.J. Siegel, and N.L. Benowitz Translational research in medication development for nicotine dependence Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 6 2007 746 762
123. C. Lerman, E.P. Wileyto, F. Patterson, M. Rukstalis, J. Audrain-McGovern, and S. Restine The functional mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) Asn40Asp variant predicts short-term response to nicotine replacement therapy in a clinical trial Pharmacogenomics J. 4 2004 184 192
124. M.G. LeSage, J.L. Perry, C.M. Kotz, D. Shelley, and W.A. Corrigall Nicotine self-administration in the rat: effects of hypocretin antagonists and changes in hypocretin mRNA Psychopharmacol. Berl. 209 2010 203 212
125. M.D. Li, X.Y. Lou, G. Chen, J.Z. Ma, and R.C. Elston Gene-gene interactions among CHRNA4, CHRNB2, BDNF, and NTRK2 in nicotine dependence Biol. Psychiatry 64 2008 951 957
126. R.H. Lipsky, and A.M. Marini Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuronal survival and behavior-related plasticity Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1122 2007 130 143
127. D.M. Liu, J. Cuevas, and D.J. Adams VIP and PACAP potentiation of nicotinic ACh-evoked currents in rat parasympathetic neurons is mediated by G-protein activation Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 2000 2243 2251
128. J.J. Liu, C.A. Mohila, Y. Gong, N. Govindarajan, and S.P. Onn Chronic nicotine exposure during adolescence differentially influences calcium-binding proteins in rat anterior cingulate cortex Eur. J. Neurosci. 22 2005 2462 2474
129. J.Z. Long, W. Li, L. Booker, J.J. Burston, S.G. Kinsey, and J.E. Schlosburg Selective blockade of 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis produces cannabinoid behavioral effects Nat. Chem. Biol. 5 2009 37 44
130. J.Z. Long, D.K. Nomura, and B.F. Cravatt Characterization of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition reveals differences in central and peripheral endocannabinoid metabolism Chem. Biol. 16 2009 744 753
131. A. Lori, Y. Tang, S. O'Malley, M.R. Picciotto, R. Wu, and K.N. Conneely The galanin receptor 1 gene associates with tobacco craving in smokers seeking cessation treatment Neuropsychopharmacology 36 2011 1412 1420
132. S. Lotfipour, J.S. Byun, P. Leach, C.D. Fowler, N.P. Murphy, and P.J. Kenny Targeted deletion of the mouse alpha2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene (Chrna2) potentiates nicotine-modulated behaviors J. Neurosci. 33 2013 7728 7741
133. D.H. Malin, J.R. Lake, V.A. Carter, J.S. Cunningham, and O.B. Wilson Naloxone precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat Psychopharmacol. Berl. 112 1993 339 342
134. D.H. Malin, J.R. Lake, P. Newlin-Maultsby, L.K. Roberts, J.G. Lanier, and V.A. Carter Rodent model of nicotine abstinence syndrome Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43 1992 779 784
135. D.H. Malin, J.R. Lake, T.D. Smith, H.N. Khambati, R.L. Meyers-Paal, and A.L. Montellano Bupropion attenuates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat Psychopharmacol. Berl. 184 2006 494 503
136. C. Mannucci, M. Navarra, A. Pieratti, G.A. Russo, A.P. Caputi, and G. Calapai Interactions between endocannabinoid and serotonergic systems in mood disorders caused by nicotine withdrawal Nicotine Tob. Res. 13 2011 239 247
137. C.A. Marcinkiewcz, M.M. Prado, S.K. Isaac, A. Marshall, D. Rylkova, and A.W. Bruijnzeel Corticotropin-releasing factor within the central nucleus of the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens shell mediates the negative affective state of nicotine withdrawal in rats Neuropsychopharmacology 34 2009 1743 1752
138. A. Markou, T.R. Kosten, and G.F. Koob Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: a self-medication hypothesis Neuropsychopharmacology 18 1998 135 174
139. A. Markou, and N.E. Paterson The nicotinic antagonist methyllycaconitine has differential effects on nicotine self-administration and nicotine withdrawal in the rat Nicotine Tob. Res. 3 2001 361 373
140. A.M. Mathieu, J. Caboche, and M.J. Besson Distribution of preproenkephalin, preprotachykinin A, and preprodynorphin mRNAs in the rat nucleus accumbens: effect of repeated administration of nicotine Synapse 23 1996 94 106
141. A.M. Mathieu-Kia, and M.J. Besson Repeated administration of cocaine, nicotine and ethanol: effects on preprodynorphin, preprotachykinin A and preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the dorsal and the ventral striatum of the rat Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 54 1998 141 151
142. L.A. Matsuda, S.J. Lolait, M.J. Brownstein, A.C. Young, and T.I. Bonner Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA Nature 346 1990 561 564
143. R. Mechoulam, S. Ben-Shabat, L. Hanus, M. Ligumsky, N.E. Kaminski, and A.R. Schatz Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors Biochem. Pharmacol. 50 1995 83 90
144. F. Mennicken, C. Hoffert, M. Pelletier, S. Ahmad, and D. O'Donnell Restricted distribution of galanin receptor 3 (GalR3) mRNA in the adult rat central nervous system J. Chem. Neuroanat. 24 2002 257 268
145. L.L. Merritt, B.R. Martin, C. Walters, A.H. Lichtman, and M.I. Damaj The endogenous cannabinoid system modulates nicotine reward and dependence J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 326 2008 483 492
146. M. Miura, K. Ishii, T. Aosaki, and K. Sumikawa Chronic nicotine treatment increases GABAergic input to striatal neurons Neuroreport 17 2006 537 540
147. P.P. Muldoon, A.H. Lichtman, L.H. Parsons, and M.I. Damaj The role of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in nicotine reward and dependence Life Sci. 92 2013 458 462
148. M.R. Munafo, K.M. Elliot, M.F. Murphy, R.T. Walton, and E.C. Johnstone Association of the mu-opioid receptor gene with smoking cessation Pharmacogenomics J. 7 2007 353 361
149. M.R. Munafo, E.C. Johnstone, P. Aveyard, and T. Marteau Lack of association of OPRM1 genotype and smoking cessation Nicotine Tob. Res. 15 2013 739 744
150. M.R. Munafo, E.C. Johnstone, D. Walther, G.R. Uhl, M.F. Murphy, and P. Aveyard CHRNA3 rs1051730 genotype and short-term smoking cessation Nicotine Tob. Res. 13 2011 982 988
151. S. Munro, K.L. Thomas, and M. Abu-Shaar Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids Nature 365 1993 61 65
152. L.A. Natividad, M.W. Buczynski, L.H. Parsons, O.V. Torres, and L.E. O'Dell Adolescent rats are resistant to adaptations in excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms that modulate mesolimbic dopamine during nicotine withdrawal J. Neurochem. 123 2012 578 588
153. L.A. Natividad, H.A. Tejeda, O.V. Torres, and L.E. O'Dell Nicotine withdrawal produces a decrease in extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens that is lower in adolescent versus adult male rats Synapse 64 2010 136 145
154. F. Navarrete, M. Rodriguez-Arias, E. Martin-Garcia, D. Navarro, M.S. Garcia-Gutierrez, and M.A. Aguilar Role of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the rewarding, reinforcing, and physical effects of nicotine Neuropsychopharmacology 38 2013 2515 2524
155. G.G. Nomikos, B.E. Hildebrand, G. Panagis, and T.H. Svensson Nicotine withdrawal in the rat: role of alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area Neuroreport 10 1999 697 702
156. L.E. O'Dell, S.A. Chen, R.T. Smith, S.E. Specio, R.L. Balster, N.E. Paterson, A. Markou, E.P. Zorrilla, and G.F. Koob Extended access to nicotine self-administration leads to dependence: Circadian measures, withdrawal measures, and extinction behavior in rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320 2007 180 193
157. L.E. O'Dell, A.W. Bruijnzeel, R.T. Smith, L.H. Parsons, M.L. Merves, and B.A. Goldberger Diminished nicotine withdrawal in adolescent rats: implications for vulnerability to addiction Psychopharmacol. Berl. 186 2006 612 619
158. L.E. O'Dell, O.V. Torres, L.A. Natividad, and H.A. Tejeda Adolescent nicotine exposure produces less affective measures of withdrawal relative to adult nicotine exposure in male rats Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 29 2007 17 22
159. Y. Ohmura, E.M. Jutkiewicz, and E.F. Domino L-DOPA attenuates nicotine withdrawal-induced behaviors in rats Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 98 2011 552 558
160. Y. Ohmura, E.M. Jutkiewicz, M. Yoshioka, and E.F. Domino 5-Hydroxytryptophan attenuates somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal J. Pharmacol. Sci. 117 2011 121 124
161. C.O. Okere, and B.D. Waterhouse Nicotine withdrawal upregulates nitrergic and galaninergic activity in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus Neurosci. Lett. 536 2013 29 34
162. M. Oz, A. Ravindran, O. Diaz-Ruiz, L. Zhang, and M. Morales The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses in Xenopus oocytes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306 2003 1003 1010
163. J.N. Pennefather, A. Lecci, M.L. Candenas, E. Patak, F.M. Pinto, and C.A. Maggi Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors: a growing family Life Sci. 74 2004 1445 1463
164. A. Plaza-Zabala, A. Flores, R. Maldonado, and F. Berrendero Hypocretin/orexin signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is essential for the expression of nicotine withdrawal Biol. Psychiatry 71 2012 214 223
165. A. Plaza-Zabala, A. Flores, E. Martin-Garcia, R. Saravia, R. Maldonado, and F. Berrendero A role for hypocretin/orexin receptor-1 in cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior Neuropsychopharmacology 38 2013 1724 1736
166. A. Plaza-Zabala, R. Maldonado, and F. Berrendero The hypocretin/orexin system: implications for drug reward and relapse Mol. Neurobiol. 45 2012 424 439
167. A. Plaza-Zabala, E. Martin-Garcia, L.L. de, R. Maldonado, and F. Berrendero Hypocretins regulate the anxiogenic-like effects of nicotine and induce reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior J. Neurosci. 30 2010 2300 2310
168. G.S. Portugal, and T.J. Gould Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: converging evidence from human and animal research Behav. Brain Res. 193 2008 1 16
169. G.S. Portugal, D.S. Wilkinson, J.W. Kenney, C. Sullivan, and T.J. Gould Strain-dependent effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on fear conditioning Behav. Genet. 42 2012 133 150
170. G.S. Portugal, D.S. Wilkinson, J.R. Turner, J.A. Blendy, and T.J. Gould Developmental effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on fear conditioning Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 97 2012 482 494
171. L. Quartara, and C.A. Maggi The tachykinin NK1 receptor. Part II: distribution and pathophysiological roles Neuropeptides 32 1998 1 49
172. P. Rada, K. Jensen, and B.G. Hoebel Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine-induced withdrawal on extracellular dopamine and acetylcholine in the rat nucleus accumbens Psychopharmacology (Berl) 157 2001 105 110
173. S. Rahman, J. Zhang, E.A. Engleman, and W.A. Corrigall Neuroadaptive changes in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system after chronic nicotine self-administration: a microdialysis study Neuroscience 129 2004 415 424
174. R. Ray, C. Jepson, E.P. Wileyto, J.P. Dahl, F. Patterson, and M. Rukstalis Genetic variation in mu-opioid-receptor-interacting proteins and smoking cessation in a nicotine replacement therapy trial Nicotine Tob. Res. 9 2007 1237 1241
175. A.K. Rehni, T.G. Singh, and S. Arora SU-6656, a selective Src kinase inhibitor, attenuates mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice Nicotine Tob. Res. 14 2012 407 414
176. I. Roth-Deri, T. Green-Sadan, and G. Yadid Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement Prog. Neurobiol. 86 2008 1 21
177. N.R. Rustay, C.C. Wrenn, J.W. Kinney, A. Holmes, K.R. Bailey, and T.L. Sullivan Galanin impairs performance on learning and memory tasks: findings from galanin transgenic and GAL-R1 knockout mice Neuropeptides 39 2005 239 243
178. T. Sakurai The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 2007 171 181
179. T. Sakurai, A. Amemiya, M. Ishii, I. Matsuzaki, R.M. Chemelli, and H. Tanaka Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior Cell 92 1998 573 585
180. M.E. Saladin, D.J. Drobes, S.F. Coffey, and J.M. Libet The human startle reflex and alcohol cue reactivity: effects of early versus late abstinence Psychol. Addict. Behav. 16 2002 98 105
181. R. Salas, F. Pieri, and B.M. De Decreased signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice null for the beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit J. Neurosci. 24 2004 10035 10039
182. R. Salas, R. Sturm, J. Boulter, and B.M. De Nicotinic receptors in the habenulo-interpeduncular system are necessary for nicotine withdrawal in mice J. Neurosci. 29 2009 3014 3018
183. J.E. Sarginson, J.D. Killen, L.C. Lazzeroni, S.P. Fortmann, H.S. Ryan, and A.F. Schatzberg Markers in the 15q24 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster (CHRNA5-A3-B4) predict severity of nicotine addiction and response to smoking cessation therapy Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 156B 2011 275 284
184. C. Severini, G. Improta, G. Falconieri-Erspamer, S. Salvadori, and V. Erspamer The tachykinin peptide family Pharmacol. Rev. 54 2002 285 322
185. P.Y. Shih, S.E. Engle, G. Oh, P. Deshpande, N.L. Puskar, and H.A. Lester Differential expression and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in subdivisions of medial habenula J. Neurosci. 34 2014 9789 9802
186. M.J. Shram, E.C. Siu, Z. Li, R.F. Tyndale, and A.D. Le Interactions between age and the aversive effects of nicotine withdrawal under mecamylamine-precipitated and spontaneous conditions in male Wistar rats Psychopharmacol. Berl. 198 2008 181 190
187. T.G. Singh, A.K. Rehni, and S. Arora Ro 32-0432 attenuates mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice Naunyn Schmiedeb. Arch. Pharmacol. 386 2013 197 204
188. A.J. Skwara, T.E. Karwoski, R.K. Czambel, R.T. Rubin, and M.E. Rhodes Influence of environmental enrichment on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to single-dose nicotine, continuous nicotine by osmotic mini-pumps, and nicotine withdrawal by mecamylamine in male and female rats Behav. Brain Res. 234 2012 1 10
189. J.E. Slemmer, B.R. Martin, and M.I. Damaj Bupropion is a nicotinic antagonist J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 295 2000 321 327
190. E. Small, H.P. Shah, J.J. Davenport, J.E. Geier, K.R. Yavarovich, and H. Yamada Tobacco smoke exposure induces nicotine dependence in rats Psychopharmacol. Berl. 208 2010 143 158
191. M. Solinas, G. Tanda, Z. Justinova, C.E. Wertheim, S. Yasar, and D. Piomelli The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide produces delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-like discriminative and neurochemical effects that are enhanced by inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase but not by inhibition of anandamide transport J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 321 2007 370 380
192. C.E. Spivak, C.R. Lupica, and M. Oz The endocannabinoid anandamide inhibits the function of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Mol. Pharmacol. 72 2007 1024 1032
193. S.M. Stine, C.G. Grillon, C.A. Morgan III, T.R. Kosten, D.S. Charney, and J.H. Krystal Methadone patients exhibit increased startle and cortisol response after intravenous yohimbine Psychopharmacol. Berl. 154 2001 274 281
194. A.K. Stoker, B. Olivier, and A. Markou Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in brain reward deficits associated with cocaine and nicotine withdrawal and somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal Psychopharmacol. Berl. 221 2012 317 327
195. A.K. Stoker, B. Olivier, and A. Markou Role of alpha7- and beta4-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal: studies in knockout mice Behav. Genet. 42 2012 423 436
196. A.K. Stoker, S. Semenova, and A. Markou Affective and somatic aspects of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice Neuropharmacology 54 2008 1223 1232
197. I.P. Stolerman, and M.J. Jarvis The scientific case that nicotine is addictive Psychopharmacol. Berl. 117 1995 2 10
198. T. Sugiura, S. Kondo, A. Sukagawa, S. Nakane, A. Shinoda, and K. Itoh 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215 1995 89 97
199. G. Sutherland, J.A. Stapleton, M.A. Russell, and C. Feyerabend Naltrexone, smoking behaviour and cigarette withdrawal Psychopharmacology (Berl) 120 1995 418 425
200. T. Suzuki, Y. Ise, T. Mori, and M. Misawa Attenuation of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion by the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron Life Sci. 61 1997 L249 L254
201. T. Suzuki, Y. Ise, M. Tsuda, J. Maeda, and M. Misawa Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats Eur. J. Pharmacol. 314 1996 281 284
202. G.E. Swan, M.M. Ward, and L.M. Jack Abstinence effects as predictors of 28-day relapse in smokers Addict. Behav. 21 1996 481 490
203. H. Takahashi, Y. Takada, N. Nagai, T. Urano, and A. Takada Effects of nicotine and footshock stress on dopamine release in the striatum and nucleus accumbens Brain Res. Bull. 45 1998 157 162
204. R. Talhout, A. Opperhuizen, and J.G. van Amsterdam Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17 2007 627 636
205. H.A. Tejeda, L.A. Natividad, J.E. Orfila, O.V. Torres, and L.E. O'Dell Dysregulation of kappa-opioid receptor systems by chronic nicotine modulate the nicotine withdrawal syndrome in an age-dependent manner Psychopharmacol. Berl. 224 2012 289 301
206. T. Teli, D. Markovic, M.A. Levine, E.W. Hillhouse, and D.K. Grammatopoulos Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1alpha signaling: structural determinants for G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and agonist-mediated desensitization Mol. Endocrinol. 19 2005 474 490
207. T.E. Thorgeirsson, F. Geller, P. Sulem, T. Rafnar, A. Wiste, and K.P. Magnusson A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease Nature 452 2008 638 642
208. J.M. Trigo, A. Zimmer, and R. Maldonado Nicotine anxiogenic and rewarding effects are decreased in mice lacking beta-endorphin Neuropharmacology 56 2009 1147 1153
209. K. Tsuda, S. Tsuda, I. Nishio, Y. Masuyama, and M. Goldstein Effects of galanin on dopamine release in the central nervous system of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats Am. J. Hypertens. 11 1998 1475 1479
210. M.D. Van Sickle, M. Duncan, P.J. Kingsley, A. Mouihate, P. Urbani, and K. Mackie Identification and functional characterization of brainstem cannabinoid CB2 receptors Science 310 2005 329 332
211. A.P. Varani, L.M. Moutinho, B. Bettler, and G.N. Balerio Acute behavioural responses to nicotine and nicotine withdrawal syndrome are modified in GABA(B1) knockout mice Neuropharmacology 63 2012 863 872
212. A.P. Varani, L.M. Moutinho, M. Calvo, and G.N. Balerio Ability of baclofen to prevent somatic manifestations and neurochemical changes during nicotine withdrawal Drug Alcohol Depend. 119 2011 e5 12
213. S. Vlachou, N.E. Paterson, S. Guery, K. Kaupmann, W. Froestl, and D. Banerjee Both GABA(B) receptor activation and blockade exacerbated anhedonic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in rats Eur. J. Pharmacol. 655 2011 52 58
214. J.C. Wang, C. Cruchaga, N.L. Saccone, S. Bertelsen, P. Liu, and J.P. Budde Risk for nicotine dependence and lung cancer is conferred by mRNA expression levels and amino acid change in CHRNA5 Hum. Mol. Genet. 18 2009 3125 3135
215. M.M. Ward, G.E. Swan, and L.M. Jack Self-reported abstinence effects in the first month after smoking cessation Addict. Behav. 26 2001 311 327
216. S.S. Watkins, G.F. Koob, and A. Markou Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal Nicotine Tob. Res. 2 2000 19 37
217. R.J. West, P. Hajek, and M. Belcher Severity of withdrawal symptoms as a predictor of outcome of an attempt to quit smoking Psychol. Med 19 1989 981 985
218. R. West, P. Hajek, and A. McNeill Effect of buspirone on cigarette withdrawal symptoms and short-term abstinence rates in a smokers clinic Psychopharmacol. Berl. 104 1991 91 96
219. D.S. Wilkinson, and T.J. Gould The effects of galantamine on nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice Behav. Brain Res. 223 2011 53 57
220. D.S. Wilkinson, J.R. Turner, J.A. Blendy, and T.J. Gould Genetic background influences the effects of withdrawal from chronic nicotine on learning and high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus Psychopharmacol. Berl. 225 2013 201 208
221. J.L. Wilkinson, and R.A. Bevins Intravenous nicotine conditions a place preference in rats using an unbiased design Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 88 2008 256 264
222. C.E. Wilmouth, and L.P. Spear Withdrawal from chronic nicotine in adolescent and adult rats Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 85 2006 648 657
223. S. Wonnacott Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors Trends Neurosci. 20 1997 92 98
224. Y. Xue, and E.F. Domino Tobacco/nicotine and endogenous brain opioids Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32 2008 1131 1138
225. Z. Yuan, R. McCauley, C. Chen-Scarabelli, K. Abounit, A. Stephanou, and S.P. Barry Activation of Src protein tyrosine kinase plays an essential role in urocortin-mediated cardioprotection Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 325 2010 1 7
226. M. Zaniewska, A.C. McCreary, K. Wydra, and M. Filip Effects of serotonin (5-HT)2 receptor ligands on depression-like behavior during nicotine withdrawal Neuropharmacology 58 2010 1140 1146
227. L. Zhang, Y. Dong, W.M. Doyon, and J.A. Dani Withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure alters dopamine signaling dynamics in the nucleus accumbens Biol. Psychiatry 71 2012 184 191
228. R. Zhao-Shea, L. Liu, X. Pang, P.D. Gardner, and A.R. Tapper Activation of GABAergic neurons in the interpeduncular nucleus triggers physical nicotine withdrawal symptoms Curr. Biol. 23 2013 2327 2335
229. X. Zhou, J. Nonnemaker, B. Sherrill, A.W. Gilsenan, F. Coste, and R. West Attempts to quit smoking and relapse: factors associated with success or failure from the ATTEMPT cohort study Addict. Behav. 34 2009 365 373
230. A.Z. Zhu, L.S. Cox, N. Nollen, B. Faseru, K.S. Okuyemi, and J.S. Ahluwalia CYP2B6 and bupropion's smoking-cessation pharmacology: the role of hydroxybupropion Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 92 2012 771 777