Engineering novel and improved biocatalysts by cell surface display

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

Volumn 54, Issue 16, 2015, Pages 4021-4032

  Smith, Mason R ^a   Khera, Eshita ^a   Wen, Fei ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCATALYSTS; CELL ENGINEERING; CELL MEMBRANES; CELLS; CYTOLOGY; DISPLAY DEVICES; MOBILE SECURITY; SUBSTRATES; TEMPERATURE;

CELL SURFACE DISPLAYS; CONVENTIONAL CATALYST; ENHANCED PROPERTIES; ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES; INTRACELLULAR ENZYME; PRODUCT SELECTIVITIES; SUBSTRATE TRANSPORTS; WHOLE CELL BIOCATALYSTS;

ENZYMES;

EID: 84929452694     PISSN: 08885885     EISSN: 15205045     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ie504071f     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Schmid, A.; Dordick, J. S.; Hauer, B.; Kiener, A.; Wubbolts, M.; Witholt, B. Industrial biocatalysis today and tomorrow Nature 2001, 409, 258-268
2. Rothenberg, G. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2000.
3. Johannes, T. W.; Simurdiak, M. R.; Zhao, H. Biocatalysis. In Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing; Lee, S., Ed.; Taylor & Francis: New York, 2006; pp 101-110.
4. Schoemaker, H. E.; Mink, D.; Wubbolts, M. G. Dispelling the myths-biocatalysis in industrial synthesis Science 2003, 299, 1694-1697
5. Faber, K. Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2011; pp 9-10.
6. Bommarius, A.; Riebel, B. Introduction to biocatalysis. Biocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2004; pp 1-18.
7. Frock, A. D.; Kelly, R. M. Extreme thermophiles: moving beyond single-enzyme biocatalysis Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2012, 1, 363-372
8. Jemli, S.; Ayadi-Zouari, D.; Hlima, H. B.; Bejar, S. Biocatalysts: application and engineering for industrial purposes Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2014, 8551, 1-13
9. Applied Biocatalysis, 2 nd ed.; Straathof, A. J.; Adlercreutz, P., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
10. Ni, Y.; Chen, R. R. Accelerating whole-cell biocatalysis by reducing outer membrane permeability barrier Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2004, 87, 804-811
11. Yang, J.; Liu, R.; Jiang, H.; Yang, Y.; Qiao, C. Selection of a whole-cell biocatalyst for methyl parathion biodegradation Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 95, 1625-1632
12. Ishige, T.; Honda, K.; Shimizu, S. Whole organism biocatalysis Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2005, 9, 174-180
13. Schüürmann, J.; Quehl, P.; Festel, G.; Jose, J. Bacterial whole-cell biocatalysts by surface display of enzymes: toward industrial application Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 98, 8031-8046
14. Reetz, M. T. Biocatalysis in organic chemistry and biotechnology: past, present, and future J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12480-12496
15. Bornscheuer, U. T.; Huisman, G. W.; Kazlauskas, R. J.; Lutz, S.; Moore, J. C.; Robins, K. Engineering the third wave of biocatalysis Nature 2012, 485, 185-194
16. Arnold, F. Design by directed evolution Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 125-131
17. Smith, G. P. Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface Science 1985, 228, 1315-1317
18. Makela, A.; Oker-Blom, C. The baculovirus display technology-an evolving instrument for molecular screening and drug delivery Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screening 2008, 11, 86-98
19. Xu, X.; Gao, C.; Zhang, X.; Che, B.; Ma, C.; Qiu, J.; Tao, F.; Xu, P. Production of N -acetyl- d -neuraminic acid by use of an efficient spore surface display system Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 3197-3201
20. Freudl, R.; MacIntyre, S.; Degen, M.; Henning, U. Cell surface exposure of the outer membrane protein OmpA of Escherichia coli K-12 J. Mol. Biol. 1986, 491-494
21. Boder, E.; Wittrup, K. Yeast surface display for screening combinatorial polypeptide libraries. Nat. Biotechnol. 1997, 15.
22. Wu, Y.; Cain-Hom, C.; Choy, L.; Hagenbeek, T. J.; de Leon, G. P.; Chen, Y.; Finkle, D.; Venook, R.; Wu, X.; Ridgway, J.; Schahin-Reed, D.; Dow, G. J.; Shelton, A.; Stawicki, S.; Watts, R. J.; Zhang, J.; Choy, R.; Howard, P.; Kadyk, L.; Yan, M.; Zha, J.; Callahan, C. A.; Hymowitz, S. G.; Siebel, C. W. Therapeutic antibody targeting of individual Notch receptors Nature 2010, 464, 1052-1057
23. Shi, L.; Wheeler, J. C.; Sweet, R. W.; Lu, J.; Luo, J.; Tornetta, M.; Whitaker, B.; Reddy, R.; Brittingham, R.; Borozdina, L.; Chen, Q.; Amegadzie, B.; Knight, D. M.; Almagro, J. C.; Tsui, P. De novo selection of high-affinity antibodies from synthetic fab libraries displayed on phage as pIX fusion proteins J. Mol. Biol. 2010, 397, 385-396
24. Pershad, K.; Pavlovic, J. D.; Gräslund, S.; Nilsson, P.; Colwill, K.; Karatt-Vellatt, A.; Schofield, D. J.; Dyson, M. R.; Pawson, T.; Kay, B. K.; McCafferty, J. Generating a panel of highly specific antibodies to 20 human SH2 domains by phage display Protein Eng., Des. Sel. 2010, 23, 279-288
25. Chen, K.; Sun, X.; Niu, G.; Ma, Y.; Yap, L.-P.; Hui, X.; Wu, K.; Fan, D.; Conti, P. S.; Chen, X. Evaluation of 64Cu labeled GX1: a phage display peptide probe for PET imaging of tumor vasculature Mol. Imaging Biol. 2012, 14, 96-105
26. Deutscher, S. L. Phage display in molecular imaging and diagnosis of cancer Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3196-3211
27. Khurana, S.; Chearwae, W.; Castellino, F.; Manischewitz, J.; King, L. R.; Honorkiewicz, A.; Rock, M. T.; Edwards, K. M.; Del Giudice, G.; Rappuoli, R.; Golding, H. Vaccines with MF59 adjuvant expand the antibody repertoire to target protective sites of pandemic avian H5N1 influenza virus Sci. Transl. Med. 2010, 2, 15ra5
28. Khurana, S.; Verma, N.; Yewdell, J. W.; Hilbert, A. K.; Castellino, F.; Lattanzi, M.; Del Giudice, G.; Rappuoli, R.; Golding, H. MF59 adjuvant enhances diversity and affinity of antibody-mediated immune response to pandemic influenza vaccines Sci. Transl. Med. 2011, 3, 85ra48
29. Szabó, A.; Héja, D.; Szakács, D.; Zboray, K.; Kékesi, K. a; Radisky, E. S.; Sahin-Tóth, M.; Pál, G. High affinity small protein inhibitors of human chymotrypsin C (CTRC) selected by phage display reveal unusual preference for P4′ acidic residues J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286, 22535-22545
30. Héja, D.; Harmat, V.; Fodor, K.; Wilmanns, M.; Dobó, J.; Kékesi, K. A.; Závodszky, P.; Gál, P.; Pál, G. Monospecific inhibitors show that both mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) and -2 are essential for lectin pathway activation and reveal structural plasticity of MASP-2 J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 20290-20300
31. Piotukh, K.; Geltinger, B.; Heinrich, N.; Gerth, F.; Beyermann, M.; Freund, C.; Schwarzer, D. Directed evolution of sortase A mutants with altered substrate selectivity profiles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 17536-17539
32. Gasparian, M. E.; Bobik, T. V.; Kim, Y. V.; Ponomarenko, N. A.; Dolgikh, D. A.; Gabibov, A. G.; Kirpichnikov, M. P. Heterogeneous catalysis on the phage surface: display of active human enteropeptidase Biochimie 2013, 95, 2076-2081
33. Fernandez-Gacio, A.; Uguen, M.; Fastrez, J. Phage display as a tool for the directed evolution of enzymes Trends Biotechnol. 2003, 21, 408-414
34. Levin, A. M.; Weiss, G. A. Optimizing the affinity and specificity of proteins with molecular display Mol. BioSyst. 2006, 2, 49-57
35. Lee, S. Y.; Choi, J. H.; Xu, Z. Microbial cell-surface display Trends Biotechnol. 2003, 21, 45-52
36. Knez, K.; Noppe, W.; Geukens, N.; Janssen, K. P. F.; Spasic, D.; Heyligen, J.; Vriens, K.; Thevissen, K.; Cammue, B. P. a; Petrenko, V.; Ulens, C.; Deckmyn, H.; Lammertyn, J. Affinity comparison of p3 and p8 peptide displaying bacteriophages using surface plasmon resonance Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 10075-10082
37. Van Bloois, E.; Winter, R. T.; Kolmar, H.; Fraaije, M. W. Decorating microbes: surface display of proteins on Escherichia coli Trends Biotechnol. 2011, 29, 79-86
38. Schneewind, O.; Missiakas, D. M. Protein secretion and surface display in Gram-positive bacteria Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2012, 367, 1123-1139
39. Francisco, J. Transport and anchoring of beta-lactamase to the external surface of Escherichia coli Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89, 2713-2717
40. Yang, C.; Zhao, Q.; Liu, Z.; Li, Q.; Qiao, C.; Mulchandani, A.; Chen, W. Cell surface display of functional macromolecule fusions on Escherichia coli for development of an autofluorescent whole-cell biocatalyst Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 6105-6110
41. Wei, W.; Liu, X.; Sun, P.; Wang, X.; Zhu, H.; Hong, M.; Mao, Z.-W.; Zhao, J. Simple whole-cell biodetection and bioremediation of heavy metals based on an engineered lead-specific operon Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 3363-3371
42. Maurer, J.; Jose, J.; Meyer, T. F. Autodisplay: one-component system for efficient surface display and release of soluble recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli J. Bacteriol. 1997, 179, 794-804
43. Jung, H. C.; Lebeault, J. M.; Pan, J. G. Surface display of Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase by using the ice-nucleation protein of Pseudomonas syringae Nat. Biotechnol. 1998, 16, 576-580
44. Jose, J.; Meyer, T. F. The autodisplay story, from discovery to biotechnical and biomedical applications Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2007, 71, 600-619
45. Nicolay, T.; Vanderleyden, J.; Spaepen, S. Autotransporter-based cell surface display in Gram-negative bacteria Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2013, 7828, 1-15
46. Jose, J.; von Schwichow, S. Autodisplay of active sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) yields a whole cell biocatalyst for the synthesis of rare sugars ChemBioChem 2004, 5, 491-499
47. Detzel, C.; Maas, R.; Tubeleviciute, A.; Jose, J. Autodisplay of nitrilase from Klebsiella pneumoniae and whole-cell degradation of oxynil herbicides and related compounds Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 97, 4887-4896
48. Jose, J.; Maas, R. M.; Teese, M. G. Autodisplay of enzymes-molecular basis and perspectives J. Biotechnol. 2012, 161, 92-103
49. Karami, A.; Latifi, A. M.; Khodi, S. Comparison of the organophosphorus hydrolase surface display using InaVN and Lpp-OmpA systems in Escherichia coli J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 24, 379-385
50. Li, L.; Kang, D. G.; Cha, H. J. Functional display of foreign protein on surface of Escherichia coli using N-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2004, 85, 214-221
51. Fischer, C. R.; Klein-Marcuschamer, D.; Stephanopoulos, G. Selection and optimization of microbial hosts for biofuels production Metab. Eng. 2008, 10, 295-304
52. Ernst, W.; Grabherr, R.; Wegner, D.; Borth, N.; Grassauer, A.; Katinger, H. Baculovirus surface display: Construction and screening of a eukaryotic epitope library Nucleic Acids Res. 1998, 26, 1718-1723
53. Beerli, R. R.; Bauer, M.; Buser, R. B.; Gwerder, M.; Muntwiler, S.; Maurer, P.; Saudan, P.; Bachmann, M. F. Isolation of human monoclonal antibodies by mammalian cell display Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 14336-14341
54. Martínez-Pastor, M. T.; Marchler, G.; Schüller, C.; Marchler-Bauer, A.; Ruis, H.; Estruch, F. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae zinc finger proteins Msn2p and Msn4p are required for transcriptional induction through the stress response element (STRE) EMBO J. 1996, 15, 2227-2235
55. Marchler, G.; Schüller, C.; Adam, G.; Ruis, H. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae UAS element controlled by protein kinase A activates transcription in response to a variety of stress conditions EMBO J. 1993, 12, 1997-2003
56. Dhar, R.; Sägesser, R.; Weikert, C.; Wagner, A. Yeast adapts to a changing stressful environment by evolving cross-protection and anticipatory gene regulation Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30, 573-588
57. Pepper, L.; Cho, Y. A decade of yeast surface display technology: where are we now? Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screening 2008, 11, 127-134
58. Tanaka, T.; Yamada, R.; Ogino, C.; Kondo, A. Recent developments in yeast cell surface display toward extended applications in biotechnology Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 95, 577-591
59. Liu, Y.; Zhang, R.; Lian, Z.; Wang, S.; Wright, A. T. Yeast cell surface display for lipase whole cell catalyst and its applications J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2014, 106, 17-25
60. Blazic, M.; Kovacevic, G.; Prodanovic, O.; Ostafe, R.; Gavrovic-Jankulovic, M.; Fischer, R.; Prodanovic, R. Yeast surface display for the expression, purification and characterization of wild-type and B11 mutant glucose oxidases Protein Expression Purif. 2013, 89, 175-180
61. Yeasmin, S.; Kim, C. H.; Park, H. J.; Sheikh, M. I.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, J. W.; Back, K. K.; Kim, S. H. Cell surface display of cellulase activity-free xylanase enzyme on Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2011, 164, 294-304
62. Gera, N.; Hussain, M.; Rao, B. M. Protein selection using yeast surface display Methods 2013, 60, 15-26
63. Birnbaum, M. E.; Mendoza, J. L.; Sethi, D. K.; Dong, S.; Glanville, J.; Dobbins, J.; Özkan, E.; Davis, M. M.; Wucherpfennig, K. W.; Garcia, K. C. Deconstructing the peptide-MHC specificity of T cell recognition Cell 2014, 157, 1073-1087
64. Wen, F.; Sethi, D. K.; Wucherpfennig, K. W.; Zhao, H. Cell surface display of functional human MHC class II proteins: yeast display versus insect cell display Protein Eng., Des. Sel. 2011, 24, 701-709
65. Bony, M.; Thines-Sempoux, D.; Barre, P.; Blondin, B. Localization and cell surface anchoring of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae flocculation protein Flo1p J. Bacteriol. 1997, 179, 4929-4936
66. Matsumoto, T.; Fukuda, H.; Ueda, M.; Tanaka, A.; Kondo, A. Construction of yeast strains with high cell surface lipase activity by using novel display systems based on the Flo1p flocculation functional domain Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68, 4517-4522
67. Jiang, Z.-B.; Song, H.-T.; Gupta, N.; Ma, L.-X.; Wu, Z.-B. Cell surface display of functionally active lipases from Yarrowia lipolytica in Pichia pastoris Protein Expression Purif. 2007, 56, 35-39
68. Han, Z.; Han, S.; Zheng, S.; Lin, Y. Enhancing thermostability of a Rhizomucor miehei lipase by engineering a disulfide bond and displaying on the yeast cell surface Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 85, 117-126
69. Kondo, A.; Shigechi, H.; Abe, M.; Uyama, K.; Matsumoto, T.; Takahashi, S.; Ueda, M.; Tanaka, A.; Kishimoto, M.; Fukuda, H. High-level ethanol production from starch by a flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain displaying cell-surface glucoamylase Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 58, 291-296
70. Kondo, A.; Ueda, M. Yeast cell-surface display-applications of molecular display Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 64, 28-40
71. Vallejo, J. A.; Sánchez-Pérez, A.; Martínez, J. P.; Villa, T. G. Cell aggregations in yeasts and their applications Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 97, 2305-2318
72. Bauer, F. F.; Govender, P.; Bester, M. C. Yeast flocculation and its biotechnological relevance Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 88, 31-39
73. Mohebali, G.; Ball, A. S. Biocatalytic desulfurization (BDS) of petrodiesel fuels Microbiology 2008, 154, 2169-2183
74. Wang, H.; Lang, Q.; Li, L.; Liang, B.; Tang, X.; Kong, L.; Mascini, M.; Liu, A. Yeast surface displaying glucose oxidase as whole-cell biocatalyst: construction, characterization, and its electrochemical glucose sensing application Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 6107-6112
75. Tang, X.; Liang, B.; Yi, T.; Manco, G.; Palchetti, I.; Palchetti, I.; Liu, A. Cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase for sensitive spectrophotometric detection of p-nitrophenol substituted organophosphates Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2014, 55, 107-112
76. Wang, M.; Si, T.; Zhao, H. Biocatalyst development by directed evolution Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 115, 117-125
77. Martínez, R.; Schwaneberg, U. A roadmap to directed enzyme evolution and screening systems for biotechnological applications Biol. Res. 2013, 46, 395-405
78. Wen, F.; Mclachlan, M.; Zhao, H. Directed evolution: novel and improved enzymes. Wiley Encyclopedia of Chemical Biology; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2008.
79. Kumar, A.; Singh, S. Directed evolution: tailoring biocatalysts for industrial applications Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2013, 33, 365-378
80. Turner, N. J. Directed evolution drives the next generation of biocatalysts Nat. Chem. Biol. 2009, 5, 567-573
81. Rubin-Pitel, S. B.; Zhao, H. Recent advances in biocatalysis by directed enzyme evolution Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screening 2006, 9, 247-257
82. Fulda, S.; Gorman, A. M.; Hori, O.; Samali, A. Cellular stress responses: cell survival and cell death Int. J. Cell Biol. 2010, 2010, 214074
83. Beliën, T.; Verjans, P.; Courtin, C. M.; Delcour, J. a. Phage display based identification of novel stabilizing mutations in glycosyl hydrolase family 11 B. subtilis endoxylanase XynA Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 368, 74-80
84. Liu, W.; Zhang, X.-Z.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.-H. P. Engineering of Clostridium phytofermentans endoglucanase Cel5A for improved thermostability Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 4914-4917
85. Peng, X.-Q. Improved thermostability of lipase B from Candida antarctica by directed evolution and display on yeast surface Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2012, 169, 351-358
86. Chen, Y.-P.; Hwang, I.-E.; Lin, C.-J.; Wang, H.-J.; Tseng, C.-P. Enhancing the stability of xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi by cell-surface display on Escherichia coli J. Appl. Microbiol. 2012, 112, 455-463
87. Korman, T. P.; Sahachartsiri, B.; Charbonneau, D. M.; Huang, G. L.; Beauregard, M.; Bowie, J. U. Dieselzymes: development of a stable and methanol tolerant lipase for biodiesel production by directed evolution Biotechnol. Biofuels 2013, 6, 70
88. Reetz, M. T.; Soni, P.; Fernández, L.; Gumulya, Y.; Carballeira, J. D. Increasing the stability of an enzyme toward hostile organic solvents by directed evolution based on iterative saturation mutagenesis using the B-FIT method Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 8657-8658
89. Han, S.; Zhang, J.; Han, Z.; Zheng, S.; Lin, Y. Combination of site-directed mutagenesis and yeast surface display enhances Rhizomucor miehei lipase esterification activity in organic solvent Biotechnol. Lett. 2011, 33, 2431-2438
90. Zhang, J.; Lin, Y.; Sun, Y.; Ye, Y.; Zheng, S.; Han, S. High-throughput screening of B factor saturation mutated Rhizomucor miehei lipase thermostability based on synthetic reaction Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2012, 50, 325-330
91. Tan, L.-T.; Hiraishi, T.; Sudesh, K.; Maeda, M. Directed evolution of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] depolymerase using cell surface display system: functional importance of asparagine at position 285 Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 97, 4859-4871
92. Zhang, K.; Nelson, K. M.; Bhuripanyo, K.; Grimes, K. D.; Zhao, B.; Aldrich, C. C.; Yin, J. Engineering the substrate specificity of the DhbE adenylation domain by yeast cell surface display Chem. Biol. 2013, 20, 92-101
93. Chen, K.-C.; Wu, C.-H.; Chang, C.-Y.; Lu, W.-C.; Tseng, Q.; Prijovich, Z. M.; Schechinger, W.; Liaw, Y.-C.; Leu, Y.-L.; Roffler, S. R. Directed evolution of a lysosomal enzyme with enhanced activity at neutral pH by mammalian cell-surface display Chem. Biol. 2008, 15, 1277-1286
94. Kim, S. Y.; Sohn, J. H.; Pyun, Y. R.; Kim, K. H.; Choi, E. S. In vitro evolution of lipase B from Candida antarctica using surface display in Hansenula polymorpha J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 17, 1308-1315
95. Gupta, N.; Farinas, E. T. Directed evolution of CotA laccase for increased substrate specificity using Bacillus subtilis spores Protein Eng., Des. Sel. 2010, 23, 679-682
96. Liang, B.; Lang, Q.; Tang, X.; Liu, A. Simultaneously improving stability and specificity of cell surface displayed glucose dehydrogenase mutants to construct whole-cell biocatalyst for glucose biosensor application Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 147, 492-498
97. Sunbul, M.; Marshall, N. J.; Zou, Y.; Zhang, K.; Yin, J. Catalytic turnover-based phage selection for engineering the substrate specificity of Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase J. Mol. Biol. 2009, 387, 883-898
98. Bonner, W. A.; Hulett, H. R.; Sweet, R. G.; Herzenberg, L. A. Fluorescence activated cell sorting Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1972, 43, 404-409
99. Gupta, R.; Beg, Q. K.; Lorenz, P. Bacterial alkaline proteases: molecular approaches and industrial applications Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 59, 15-32
100. Yi, L.; Gebhard, M. C.; Li, Q.; Taft, J. M.; Georgiou, G.; Iverson, B. L. Engineering of TEV protease variants by yeast ER sequestration screening (YESS) of combinatorial libraries Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 7229-7234
101. Yoo, T. H.; Pogson, M.; Iverson, B. L.; Georgiou, G. Directed evolution of highly selective proteases using a novel FACS based screen that capitalizes on the p53 regulator MDM2 ChemBioChem 2012, 13, 649-653
102. Paegel, B. M.; Joyce, G. F. Microfluidic compartmentalized directed evolution Chem. Biol. 2010, 17, 717-724
103. Griffiths, A. D.; Tawfik, D. S. Man-made enzymes-from design to in vitro compartmentalisation Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2000, 11, 338-353
104. Agresti, J. J.; Antipov, E.; Abate, A. R.; Ahn, K.; Rowat, A. C.; Baret, J.-C.; Marquez, M.; Klibanov, A. M.; Griffiths, A. D.; Weitz, D. A. Ultrahigh-throughput screening in drop-based microfluidics for directed evolution Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107, 4004-4009
105. Acevedo-Rocha, C. G.; Agudo, R.; Reetz, M. T. Directed evolution of stereoselective enzymes based on genetic selection as opposed to screening systems J. Biotechnol. 2014, 191, 3-10
106. Reetz, M. T. Combinatorial and evolution-based methods in the creation of enantioselective catalysts Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 284-310
107. Liebeton, K.; Zonta, A.; Schimossek, K.; Nardini, M.; Lang, D.; Dijkstra, B. W.; Reetz, M. T.; Jaeger, K. E. Directed evolution of an enantioselective lipase Chem. Biol. 2000, 7, 709-718
108. Reetz, M. T.; Becker, M. H.; Klien, H.-W.; Stockigt, D. A method for high-throughput screening of enantioselective catalysts Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1758-1761
109. Reetz, M. T.; Zonta, A.; Schimossek, K.; Liebeton, K.; Jaeger, K.-E. Creation of enantioselective biocatalysts for organic chemistry by in vitro evolution Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2830-2832
110. Lipovsek, D.; Antipov, E.; Armstrong, K. A.; Olsen, M. J.; Klibanov, A. M.; Tidor, B.; Wittrup, K. D. Selection of horseradish peroxidase variants with enhanced enantioselectivity by yeast surface display Chem. Biol. 2007, 14, 1176-1185
111. Antipov, E.; Cho, A. E.; Wittrup, K. D.; Klibanov, A. M. Highly l and d enantioselective variants of horseradish peroxidase discovered by an ultrahigh-throughput selection method Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 17694-17699
112. Dröge, M. J.; Boersma, Y. L.; van Pouderoyen, G.; Vrenken, T. E.; Rüggeberg, C. J.; Reetz, M. T.; Dijkstra, B. W.; Quax, W. J. Directed evolution of Bacillus subtilis lipase A by use of enantiomeric phosphonate inhibitors: crystal structures and phage display selection ChemBioChem 2006, 7, 149-157
113. Becker, S.; Schmoldt, H.-U.; Adams, T. M.; Wilhelm, S.; Kolmar, H. Ultra-high-throughput screening based on cell-surface display and fluorescence-activated cell sorting for the identification of novel biocatalysts Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2004, 15, 323-329
114. Becker, S.; Höbenreich, H.; Vogel, A.; Knorr, J.; Wilhelm, S.; Rosenau, F.; Jaeger, K.-E.; Reetz, M. T.; Kolmar, H. Single-cell high-throughput screening to identify enantioselective hydrolytic enzymes Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 5085-5088
115. Becker, S.; Michalczyk, A.; Wilhelm, S.; Jaeger, K.-E.; Kolmar, H. Ultrahigh-throughput screening to identify E. coli cells expressing functionally active enzymes on their surface ChemBioChem 2007, 8, 943-949
116. Richins, R. D.; Kaneva, I.; Mulchandani, A.; Chen, W. Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase Nat. Biotechnol. 1997, 15, 984-987
117. Kim, S.; Song, J. K.; Kim, H. K. Cell surface display of Staphylococcus haemolyticus L62 lipase in Escherichia coli and its application as a whole cell biocatalyst for biodiesel production J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2013, 97, 54-61
118. Liu, R.; Yang, C.; Xu, Y.; Xu, P.; Jiang, H.; Qiao, C. Development of a whole-cell biocatalyst/biosensor by display of multiple heterologous proteins on the Escherichia coli cell surface for the detoxification and detection of organophosphates J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 7810-7816
119. Shimazu, M.; Mulchandani, A.; Chen, W. Cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase using ice nucleation protein Biotechnol. Prog. 2001, 17, 76-80
120. Takayama, K.; Suye, S.; Kuroda, K.; Ueda, M.; Kitaguchi, T.; Tsuchiyama, K.; Fukuda, T.; Chen, W.; Mulchandani, A. Surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase on Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22, 939-943
121. Matano, Y.; Hasunuma, T.; Kondo, A. Simultaneous improvement of saccharification and ethanol production from crystalline cellulose by alleviation of irreversible adsorption of cellulase with a cell surface-engineered yeast strain Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 97, 2231-2237
122. Chen, X.; Ishida, N.; Todaka, N.; Nakamura, R.; Maruyama, J.; Takahashi, H.; Kitamoto, K. Promotion of efficient saccharification of crystalline cellulose by Aspergillus fumigatus Swo1 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 2556-2561
123. Arantes, V.; Saddler, J. N. Access to cellulose limits the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis: the role of amorphogenesis Biotechnol. Biofuels 2010, 3, 4
124. Nakatani, Y.; Yamada, R.; Ogino, C.; Kondo, A. Synergetic effect of yeast cell-surface expression of cellulase and expansin-like protein on direct ethanol production from cellulose Microb. Cell Fact. 2013, 12, 66
125. Li, K.; Frost, J. W. Synthesis of vanillin from glucose J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 10545-10546
126. Barghini, P.; Di Gioia, D.; Fava, F.; Ruzzi, M. Vanillin production using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli under non-growing conditions Microb. Cell Fact. 2007, 6, 13
127. Pan, X.-X.; Xu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Xiao, X.; Wang, X.-F.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, H.; Yan, Y.-J. Efficient display of active Geotrichum sp. lipase on Pichia pastoris cell wall and its application as a whole-cell biocatalyst to enrich EPA and DHA in fish oil J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 9673-9679
128. Jin, Z.; Liang, S.; Zhang, X.; Han, S.; Ren, C.; Lin, Y.; Zheng, S. Synthesis of fructose laurate esters catalyzed by a CALB-displaying Pichia pastoris whole-cell biocatalyst in a non-aqueous system Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2013, 18, 365-374
129. Jin, Z.; Ntwali, J.; Han, S.-Y.; Zheng, S.-P.; Lin, Y. Production of flavor esters catalyzed by CALB-displaying Pichia pastoris whole-cells in a batch reactor J. Biotechnol. 2012, 159, 108-114
130. Resch, M. G.; Donohoe, B. S.; Baker, J. O.; Decker, S. R.; Bayer, E. a.; Beckham, G. T.; Himmel, M. E. Fungal cellulases and complexed cellulosomal enzymes exhibit synergistic mechanisms in cellulose deconstruction Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1858
131. Hyeon, J. E.; Jeon, S. D.; Han, S. O. Cellulosome-based, Clostridium-derived multi-functional enzyme complexes for advanced biotechnology tool development: advances and applications Biotechnol. Adv. 2013, 31, 936-944
132. Schwarz, W. H. The cellulosome and cellulose degradation by anaerobic bacteria Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 56, 634-649
133. Tsai, S.-L.; Oh, J.; Singh, S.; Chen, R.; Chen, W. Functional assembly of minicellulosomes on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface for cellulose hydrolysis and ethanol production Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75, 6087-6093
134. Tsai, S.-L.; Goyal, G.; Chen, W. Surface display of a functional minicellulosome by intracellular complementation using a synthetic yeast consortium and its application to cellulose hydrolysis and ethanol production Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 7514-7520
135. Wen, F.; Sun, J.; Zhao, H. Yeast surface display of trifunctional minicellulosomes for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose to ethanol Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 1251-1260
136. Lynd, L. R.; van Zyl, W. H.; McBride, J. E.; Laser, M. Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2005, 16, 577-583
137. Olson, D. G.; McBride, J. E.; Shaw, A. J.; Lynd, L. R. Recent progress in consolidated bioprocessing Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012, 23, 396-405
138. Fan, L.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, X. Self-surface assembly of cellulosomes with two miniscaffoldins on Saccharomyces cerevisiae for cellulosic ethanol production Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 1-6
139. Tsai, S.-L.; DaSilva, N. A.; Chen, W. Functional display of complex cellulosomes on the yeast surface via adaptive assembly ACS Synth. Biol. 2013, 2, 14-21
140. Han, Z.; Zhang, B.; Wang, Y. E.; Zuo, Y. Y.; Su, W. W. Self-assembled amyloid-like oligomeric-cohesin scaffoldin for augmented protein display on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78, 3249-3255
141. Liang, Y.; Si, T.; Ang, E. L.; Zhao, H. An engineered pentafunctional minicellulosome for simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014, 80, 6677-6684
142. You, C.; Zhang, X.-Z.; Sathitsuksanoh, N.; Lynd, L. R.; Zhang, Y.-H. P. Enhanced microbial utilization of recalcitrant cellulose by an ex vivo cellulosome-microbe complex Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78, 1437-1444
143. Lin, Y.; Tanaka, S. Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources: current state and prospects Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 69, 627-642
144. Ensley, B. D. Stability of recombinant plasmids in industrial microorganisms Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 1986, 4, 263-277
145. Xu, Y.; Tao, F.; Ma, C.; Xu, P. New constitutive vectors: useful genetic engineering tools for biocatalysis Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013, 79, 2836-2840
146. Goodrick, J. C.; Xu, M.; Finnegan, R.; Schilling, B. M.; Schiavi, S.; Hoppe, H.; Wan, N. C. High-level expression and stabilization of recombinant human chitinase produced in a continuous constitutive Pichia pastoris expression system Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2001, 74, 492-497
147. He, X.; Liu, N.; Li, W.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, B.; Ma, Y. Inducible and constitutive expression of a novel thermostable alkaline β-mannanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5 in Pichia pastoris and characterization of the recombinant enzyme Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2008, 43, 13-18
148. Wu, J. M.; Lin, J. C.; Chieng, L. L.; Lee, C. K.; Hsu, T. A. Combined use of GAP and AOX1 promoter to enhance the expression of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in Pichia pastoris Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2003, 33, 453-459
149. Schreuder, M. P.; Brekelmans, S.; van den Ende, H.; Klis, F. M. Targeting of a heterologous protein to the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast 1993, 9, 399-409
150. Schultheiss, E.; Weiss, S.; Winterer, E.; Maas, R.; Heinzle, E.; Jose, J. Esterase autodisplay: enzyme engineering and whole-cell activity determination in microplates with pH sensors Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 74, 4782-4791