NMR of hyperpolarised probes

NMR in Biomedicine

Volumn 26, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 788-802

  Witte, Christopher ^a   Schröder, Leif ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUT FÜR MOLEKULARE PHARMAKOLOGIE   (Germany)

Author keywords

DNP; Hyperpolarisation; Metabolic imaging; MRS; PHIP; SEOP

Indexed keywords

DNP; HYPERPOLARISATION; METABOLIC IMAGING; MRS; PHIP; SEOP;

DIAGNOSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; SIGNAL ENCODING;

PROBES;

2 KETO[1 13C]ISOCAPROATE; [1 13C 2,3 D2]DIETHYL SUCCINATE; [1 13C]GLUTAMINE; [1 13C]LEUCINE; [1 13C]PYRUVATE; [1,1,2,2 D4,2 13C]CHOLINE CHLORIDE; [1,2 13C2]PYRUVATE; [2 13C]FRUCTOSE; [5 13C]GLUTAMINE; ALKALI METAL; CARBON; CARBON 13; CARBOXYLIC ACID; FLUORINE; HYDROGEN; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; PROTON; PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE; RHODIUM; RUBIDIUM; SODIUM[1 13C]ACETATE; SODIUM[1,2 13C2]ACETATE; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLE; TRACER; TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; XENON; XENON 129; YTTRIUM 89; YTTRIUM 90;

ABSORPTION; ARTICLE; CARBON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CATALYST; CELL NUCLEUS; DIODE; DISSOLUTION; DYNAMIC NUCLEAR POLARISATION; ELECTRODE; ELECTRON; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; ENERGY; FLUORINE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERPOLARIZATION; LASER; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY; SIGNAL DETECTION; SPECTROSCOPY; SPIN EXCHANGE OPTICAL PUMPING; TEMPERATURE;

ANIMALS; CARBON ISOTOPES; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR PROBES; SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED;

EID: 84879545306     PISSN: 09523480     EISSN: 10991492     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2873     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Sidransky D. Emerging molecular markers of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2002; 2: 210-219.
2. Brindle K. New approaches for imaging tumour responses to treatment. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2008; 8: 94-107.
3. Rudin M, Weissleder R. Molecular imaging in drug discovery and development. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003; 2: 123-131.
4. Frangioni JV. The problem is background, not signal. Mol. Imaging, 2009; 8: 303-304.
5. Special Issue: Polarized carbon-13 technology and its application in biomedical imaging. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 925-1028.
6. Los Alamos Achieves World-Record Pulsed Magnetic Field. Available at: [accessed 28 September 2012].
7. Overhauser AW. Polarization of nuclei in metals. Phys. Rev. 1953; 92: 411-415.
8. Shimon D, Hovav Y, Feintuch A, Goldfarb D, Vega S. Dynamic nuclear polarization in the solid state: a transition between the cross effect and the solid effect. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012; 14: 5729-5743.
9. 13C in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions. J. Magn. Reson. 2009; 201: 137-145.
10. Levitt MH. Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, West Sussex; 2001.
11. Günther U. Dynamic Nuclear Hyperpolarization in Liquids. Topics in Current Chemistry. Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg; 2012. DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_229. [Epub ahead of print].
12. Ardenkjær-Larsen JH, Fridlund B, Gram A, Hansson G, Hansson L, Lerche MH, Servin R, Thaning M, Golman K. Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of>10, 000 times in liquid-state NMR. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003; 100: 10 158-10 163.
13. Barnes AB, Paëpe GD, van der Wel PCA, Hu K-N, Joo C-G, Bajaj VS, Mak-Jurkauskas ML, Sirigiri JR, Herzfeld J, Temkin RJ, Griffin RG. High-field dynamic nuclear polarization for solid and solution biological NMR. Appl. Magn. Reson. 2008; 34: 237-263.
14. De Graaf RA. In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Techniques. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, West Sussex; Hoboken, NJ; 2007.
15. 13C]pyruvate. Phys. Med. Biol. 2011; 56: N85-N92.
16. Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Jóhannesson H, Petersson JS, Wolber J. Hyperpolarized molecules in solution. In: Schröder L, Faber C (eds). In vivo NMR Imaging. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press: Totowa, NJ; 2011, pp. 205-226.
17. Comment A, Rentsch J, Kurdzesau F, Jannin S, Uffmann K, van Heeswijk RB, Hautle P, Konter JA, van den Brandt B, van der Klink JJ. Producing over 100 ml of highly concentrated hyperpolarized solution by means of dissolution DNP. J. Magn. Reson. 2008; 194: 152-155.
18. Duckett SB. Parahydrogen-enhanced NMR spectroscopic methods: a chemical perspective. In: Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, West Sussex; 2009.
19. Bowers CR, Weitekamp DP. Transformation of symmetrization order to nuclear-spin magnetization by chemical reaction and nuclear magnetic resonance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986; 57: 2645-2648.
20. Bowers CR, Weitekamp DP. Parahydrogen and synthesis allow dramatically enhanced nuclear alignment. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987; 109: 5541-5542.
21. Bowers CR. Sensitivity enhancement utilizing parahydrogen. In: Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, West Sussex; 2007.
22. 13C through order transfer from parahydrogen: a new contrast agent for MRI. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 2005; 23: 153-157.
23. 13C polarization by RF irradiation, for use in MRI. C. R. Phys. 2005; 6: 575-581.
24. Aguilar JA, Elliott PIP, López-Serrano J, Adams RW, Duckett SB. Only para-hydrogen spectroscopy (OPSY), a technique for the selective observation of para-hydrogen enhanced NMR signals. Chem. Commun. 2007; 1183-1185.
25. Aguilar JA, Adams RW, Duckett SB, Green GGR, Kandiah R. Selective detection of hyperpolarized NMR signals derived from para-hydrogen using the Only Para-hydrogen SpectroscopY (OPSY) approach. J. Magn. Reson. 2011; 208: 49-57.
26. Atkinson KD, Cowley MJ, Duckett SB, Elliott PIP, Green GGR, López-Serrano J, Khazal IG, Whitwood AC. Para-hydrogen induced polarization without incorporation of para-hydrogen into the analyte. Inorg. Chem. 2008; 48: 663-670.
27. Adams RW, Aguilar JA, Atkinson KD, Cowley MJ, Elliott PIP, Duckett SB, Green GGR, Khazal IG, López-Serrano J, Williamson DC. Reversible interactions with para-hydrogen enhance NMR sensitivity by polarization transfer. Science, 2009; 323: 1708-1711.
28. Adams RW, Duckett SB, Green RA, Williamson DC, Green GGR. A theoretical basis for spontaneous polarization transfer in non-hydrogenative parahydrogen-induced polarization. J. Chem. Phys. 2009; 131: 194505.
29. 3He. Magn. Reson. Med. 1996; 36: 192-196.
30. 129Xe. Nature, 1994; 370: 199-201.
31. 3 gas by optical pumping. Phys. Rev. 1963; 132: 2561-2572.
32. Branca RT, Cleveland ZI, Fubara B, Kumar CSSR, Maronpot RR, Leuschner C, Warren WS, Driehuys B. Molecular MRI for sensitive and specific detection of lung metastases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010; 107: 3693-3697.
33. 129Xe: a theoretical study. Appl. Phys. B 2007; 89: 65-71.
34. Volodin BL, Dolgy SV, Melnik ED, Downs E, Shaw J, Ban VS. Wavelength stabilization and spectrum narrowing of high-power multimode laser diodes and arrays by use of volume Bragg gratings. Opt. Lett. 2004; 29: 1891-1893.
35. Nikolaou P, Whiting N, Eschmann NA, Chaffee KE, Goodson BM, Barlow MJ. Generation of laser-polarized xenon using fiber-coupled laser-diode arrays narrowed with integrated volume holographic gratings. J. Magn. Reson. 2009; 197: 249-254.
36. Berthault P, Huber G, Desvaux H. Biosensing using laser-polarized xenon NMR/MRI. Progr. NMR Spectrosc. 2009; 55: 35-60.
37. 129Xe spin-exchange optical pumping using VHG-narrowed laser diode arrays. J. Magn. Reson. 2011; 208: 298-304.
38. Walker TG, Happer W. Spin-exchange optical pumping of noble-gas nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1997; 69: 629-642.
39. Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Brindle K, Chekmenev EY, Comment A, Cunningham CH, DeBerardinis RJ, Green GG, Leach MO, Rajan SS, Rizi RR, Ross BD, Warren WS, Malloy CR. Analysis of cancer metabolism by imaging hyperpolarized nuclei: prospects for translation to clinical research. Neoplasia, 2011; 13: 81-97.
40. Aime S, Reineri F. Advances in bio-imaging: a survey from WWMR 2010. J. Magn. Reson. 2011; 209: 109-115.
41. 13C biomolecules: equipment design and installation. Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med. 2009; 22: 111-121.
42. 13C biomolecules. MAGMA, 2009; 22: 123-134.
43. Zhou X. Hyperpolarized noble gases as contrast agents. In: Schröder L, Faber C (eds). In Vivo NMR Imaging. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press: Totowa, NJ; 2011, 189-204.
44. 13C imaging-a new diagnostic platform. Eur. Radiol. 2006; 16: 57-67.
45. 129Xe gas: preliminary human results. Magn. Reson. Med. 1997; 37: 809-815.
46. 129Xe MRI: a viable functional lung imaging modality? Eur. J. Radiol. 2007; 64: 335-344.
47. Harris T, Bretschneider C, Frydman L. Dissolution DNP NMR with solvent mixtures: substrate concentration and radical extraction. J. Magn. Reson. 2011; 211: 96-100.
48. Miéville P, Ahuja P, Sarkar R, Jannin S, Vasos PR, Gerber-Lemaire S, Mishkovsky M, Comment A, Gruetter R, Ouari O, Tordo P, Bodenhausen G. Scavenging free radicals to preserve enhancement and extend relaxation times in NMR using dynamic nuclear polarization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2010; 122: 6318-6321.
49. McCarney ER, Han S. Spin-labeled gel for the production of radical-free dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced molecules for NMR spectroscopy and imaging. J. Magn. Reson. 2008; 190: 307-315.
50. Lingwood MD, Siaw TA, Sailasuta N, Ross BD, Bhattacharya P, Han S. Continuous flow Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization of water in the fringe field of a clinical magnetic resonance imaging system for authentic image contrast. J. Magn. Reson. 2010; 205: 247-254.
51. Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Leach AM, Clarke N, Urbahn J, Anderson D, Skloss TW. Dynamic nuclear polarization polarizer for sterile use intent. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 927-932.
52. 13C angiography. Magn. Reson. Med. 2001; 46: 1-5.
53. 13C para-hydrogen-induced polarization experiments for MRI applications. Contr. Media Mol. Imaging, 2011; 6: 77-84.
54. Reineri F, Viale A, Ellena S, Boi T, Daniele V, Gobetto R, Aime S. Use of labile precursors for the generation of hyperpolarized molecules from hydrogenation with parahydrogen and aqueous-phase extraction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2011; 50: 7350-7353.
55. Koptyug IV, Kovtunov KV, Burt SR, Anwar MS, Hilty C, Han S-I, Pines A, Sagdeev RZ. Para-hydrogen-induced polarization in heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007; 129: 5580-5586.
56. Bouchard L, Kovtunov KV, Burt SR, Anwar MS, Koptyug IV, Sagdeev RZ, Pines A. Para-hydrogen-enhanced hyperpolarized gas-phase magnetic resonance imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2007; 46: 4064-4068.
57. Bouchard L-S, Burt SR, Anwar MS, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Pines A. NMR imaging of catalytic hydrogenation in microreactors with the use of para-hydrogen. Science, 2008; 319: 442-445.
58. Gutmann T, Ratajczyk T, Xu Y, Breitzke H, Grünberg A, Dillenberger S, Bommerich U, Trantzschel T, Bernarding J, Buntkowsky G. Understanding the leaching properties of heterogenized catalysts: a combined solid-state and PHIP NMR study. Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 2010; 38: 90-96.
59. Koptyug IV, Zhivonitko VV, Kovtunov KV. New perspectives for parahydrogen-induced polarization in liquid phase heterogeneous hydrogenation: an aqueous phase and ALTADENA study. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2010; 11: 3086-3088.
60. Freundlich AR, Bhattacharya P, Techy G, Ward B, Ingram M, Ross BD. Rapid toxicity screening of novel PASADENA MRI contrast agents. Proc. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 2006; 46: 3507.
61. 13C-succinate imaging of brain cancer. J. Magn. Reson. 2007; 186: 150-155.
62. Chekmenev EY, Hövener J, Norton VA, Harris K, Batchelder LS, Bhattacharya P, Ross BD, Weitekamp DP. PASADENA hyperpolarization of succinic acid for MRI and NMR spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008; 130: 4212-4213.
63. 13C MR angiography using trueFISP. Magn. Reson. Med. 2003; 50: 256-262.
64. 13C compounds. MAGMA, 2009; 22: 251-256.
65. 13C-labeled compounds using multiple echo 3D bSSFP. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 2010; 28: 459-465.
66. 13C]-pyruvate dynamics using time-resolved multiband RF excitation echo-planar MRSI. Magn. Reson. Med. 2010; 63: 582-591.
67. 13C MRSI with in vivo applications to transgenic mouse models of cancer. Magn. Reson. Med. 2010; 63: 312-321.
68. 13C studies. Magn. Reson. Med. 2011; 65: 610-619.
69. Lau AZ, Chen AP, Hurd RE, Cunningham CH. Spectral-spatial excitation for rapid imaging of DNP compounds. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 988-996.
70. 13C]pyruvate. J. Magn. Reson. 2011; 211: 109-113.
71. 13C metabolic studies. J. Magn. Reson. 2012; 214: 319-323.
72. 13C]-fructose: a hemiketal DNP substrate for in vivo metabolic imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009; 131: 17 591-17 596.
73. Mishkovsky M, Cheng T, Comment A, Gruetter R. Localized in vivo hyperpolarization transfer sequences. Magn. Reson. Med. 2012; 68: 349-352.
74. 1 neighbors using FLOPSY-8. J. Magn. Reson. 2011; 213: 187-191.
75. Allouche-Arnon H, Lerche MH, Karlsson M, Lenkinski RE, Katz-Brull R. Deuteration of a molecular probe for DNP hyperpolarization - a new approach and validation for choline chloride. Contr. Media Mol. Imaging, 2011; 6: 499-506.
76. Kurdzesau F, van den Brandt B, Comment A, Hautle P, Jannin S, van der Klink JJ, Konter JA. Dynamic nuclear polarization of small labelled molecules in frozen water-alcohol solutions. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2008; 41: 155506.
77. Reineri F, Santelia D, Gobetto R, Aime S. Effect of low and zero magnetic field on the hyperpolarization lifetime in parahydrogenated perdeuterated molecules. J. Magn. Reson. 2009; 200: 15-20.
78. 1 limit: singlet nuclear spin states in low magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004; 92: 153003.
79. 13C hyperpolarization in small molecules with parahydrogen-induced polarization. J. Chem. Phys. 2006; 124: 201109.
80. 2O in blood and other solvents-potential as a magnetic tracer. Magn. Reson. Med. 2011; 66: 1177-1180.
81. Warren WS, Jenista E, Branca RT, Chen X. Increasing hyperpolarized spin lifetimes through true singlet eigenstates. Science, 2009; 323: 1711-1714.
82. Vasos PR, Comment A, Sarkar R, Ahuja P, Jannin S, Ansermet J-P, Konter JA, Hautle P, Van Den Brandt B, Bodenhausen G. Long-lived states to sustain hyperpolarized magnetization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009; 106: 18 469-18 473.
83. Ahuja P, Sarkar R, Jannin S, Vasos PR, Bodenhausen G. Proton hyperpolarisation preserved in long-lived states. Chem. Commun. 2009; 46: 8192-8194.
84. 13C MR imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. Sci. 2011; 10: 211-217.
85. 13C magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo tumor diagnosis. Cancer Res. 2006; 66: 10 855-10 860.
86. 13C lactate, pyruvate, and alanine: noninvasive biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and grading. Cancer Res. 2008; 68: 8607-8615.
87. 13C magnetic resonance metabolic imaging: application to brain tumors. NeuroOncol. 2010; 12: 133-144.
88. 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 2011; 66: 505-519.
89. Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Jóhannesson H, Petersson JS, Wolber J. Applications of hyperpolarized agents in solutions. In: Schröder L, Faber C (eds). In vivo NMR Imaging. Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press: Totowa, NJ; 2011, 655-689.
90. 13C spectra. NMR Biomed. 2012; 25: 142-151.
91. Saito K, Matsumoto S, Devasahayam N, Subramanian S, Munasinghe JP, Morris HD, Lizak MJ, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Transient decrease in tumor oxygenation after intravenous administration of pyruvate. Magn. Reson. Med. 2012; 67: 801-807.
92. 2H]lactate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012; 134: 4969-4977.
93. 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2012; 32: 1508-1514.
94. 13C compounds: P001, pyruvate and urea. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 2012; 30: 305-311.
95. 13C]-ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid: vitamin C as a probe for imaging redox status in vivo. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011; 133: 11 795-11 801.
96. 13C dehydroascorbate as an endogenous redox sensor for in vivo metabolic imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011; 108: 18 606-18 611.
97. 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mol. Cancer. Ther. 2010; 9: 3278-3288.
98. 13C spectroscopy detects early changes in tumor vasculature and metabolism after VEGF neutralization. Cancer Res. 2012; 72: 854-864.
99. 13C MR metabolic imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 2011; 33: 1284-1290.
100. 13C magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Nat Med. 2007; 13: 1382-1387.
101. 2]fumarate is a marker of cell necrosis and treatment response in tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009; 106: 19 801-19 806.
102. 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 2011; 65: 557-563.
103. 13C-labeled pyruvate utilization as methods for detecting tumor response to treatment. Neoplasia, 2009; 11: 574-582.
104. 13C spectroscopic imaging informs on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and Myc activity downstream of platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 2010; 70: 7400-7410.
105. 13C MR spectroscopic imaging can be used to monitor Everolimus treatment in vivo in an orthotopic rodent model of glioblastoma. NeuroImage, 2012; 59: 193-201.
106. 13C MRSI. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 997-1005.
107. 13C]pyruvate. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 980-987.
108. 13C MRI assist clinical decision-making for patients with heart disease? NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 973-979.
109. 13C-labelled bicarbonate. Nature, 2008; 453: 940-943.
110. 13C. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 1006-1015.
111. 2]pyruvate in vivo. NMR Biomed. 2012; 25: 305-311.
112. Ross BD, Bhattacharya P, Wagner S, Tran T, Sailasuta N. Hyperpolarized MR imaging: neurologic applications of hyperpolarized metabolism. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2010; 31: 24-33.
113. 13C diethyl succinate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011; 134: 934-943.
114. 13C-hyperpolarized probes for magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 7186-7193.
115. 13C imaging of atheroma in mice. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 1023-1028.
116. 15N choline. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008; 130: 4598-4599.
117. 15N-choline metabolites enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009; 131: 16 014-16 015.
118. 15N labeled choline in rats. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010; 12: 5818.
119. Dementyev AE, Cory DG, Ramanathan C. Dynamic nuclear polarization in silicon microparticles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008; 100: 127601.
120. Aptekar JW, Cassidy MC, Johnson AC, Barton RA, Lee M, Ogier AC, Vo C, Anahtar MN, Ren Y, Bhatia SN, Ramanathan C, Cory DG, Hill AL, Mair RW, Rosen MS, Walsworth RL, Marcus CM. Silicon nanoparticles as hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging agents. ACS Nano. 2009; 3: 4003-4008.
121. van Heeswijk RB, Uffmann K, Comment A, Kurdzesau F, Perazzolo C, Cudalbu C, Jannin S, Konter JA, Hautle P, van den Brandt B, Navon G, van der Klink JJ, Gruetter R. Hyperpolarized lithium-6 as a sensor of nanomolar contrast agents. Magn. Reson. Med. 2009; 61: 1489-1493.
122. 89Y offers the potential of direct imaging of metal ions in biological systems by magnetic resonance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007; 129: 12 942-12 943.
123. 89Y NMR signal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011; 133: 8673-8680.
124. 89Y complexes as pH sensitive NMR probes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 1784-1785.
125. 89Y as a model for gadolinium in contrast agents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 5006-5007.
126. McCarney ER, Armstrong BD, Lingwood MD, Han S. Hyperpolarized water as an authentic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007; 104: 1754-1759.
127. Dollmann BC, Kleschyov AL, Sen V, Golubev V, Schreiber LM, Spiess HW, Münnemann K, Hinderberger D. Spin-labeled heparins as polarizing agents for dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2010; 11: 3656-3663.
128. Comment A, Jannin S, Hyacinthe J-N, Miéville P, Sarkar R, Ahuja P, Vasos PR, Montet X, Lazeyras F, Vallée J-P, Hautle P, Konter JA, van den Brandt B, Ansermet J-P, Gruetter R, Bodenhausen G. Hyperpolarizing gases via dynamic nuclear polarization and sublimation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010; 105: 018104.
129. 19F. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006; 110: 3521-3526.
130. 19F-MRI at low spin density. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010; 12: 10309.
131. Dechent JF, Buljubasich L, Schreiber LM, Spiess HW, Münnemann K. Proton magnetic resonance imaging with para-hydrogen induced polarization. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012; 14: 2346.
132. Bifone A, Song Y-Q, Seydoux R, Taylor RE, Goodson BM, Pietrass T, Budinger TF, Navon G, Pines A. NMR of laser-polarized xenon in human blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1996; 93: 12 932-12 936.
133. 129Xe MRI. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006; 103: 18 278-18 283.
134. Mugler JP, III, Altes TA, Ruset IC, Dregely IM, Mata JF, Miller GW, Ketel S, Ketel J, Hersman FW, Ruppert K. Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging of ventilation distribution and gas uptake in the human lung using hyperpolarized xenon-129. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010; 107: 21 707-21 712.
135. Ruppert K, Brookeman JR, Hagspiel KD, Mugler JP III. Probing lung physiology with xenon polarization transfer contrast (XTC). Magn. Reson. Med. 2000; 44: 349-357.
136. Ruppert K, Mata JF, Wang HJ, Tobias WA, Cates GD, Brookeman JR, Hagspiel KD, Mugler JP, III. XTC MRI: sensitivity improvement through parameter optimization. Magn. Reson. Med. 2007; 57: 1099-1109.
137. Dregely I, Ruset IC, Mata JF, Ketel J, Ketel S, Distelbrink J, Altes TA, Mugler JP, III, Wilson Miller G, Hersman FW, Ruppert K. Multiple-exchange-time xenon polarization transfer contrast (MXTC) MRI: initial results in animals and healthy volunteers. Magn. Reson. Med. 2012; 67: 943-953.
138. 129Xe signal in the mouse chest based on experimental evidence from extensive magnetic resonance measurements. Magn. Reson. Med. Sci. 2011; 10: 149-154.
139. 129Xe NMR signature of living biological cells. NMR Biomed. 2011; 24: 1264-1269.
140. Spence MM, Rubin SM, Dimitrov IE, Ruiz EJ, Wemmer DE, Pines A, Yao SQ, Tian F, Schultz PG. Functionalized xenon as a biosensor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2001; 98: 10 654-10 657.
141. Brotin T, Dutasta J-P. Cryptophanes and their complexes-present and future. Chem. Rev. 2008; 109: 88-130.
142. 129Xe NMR biosensors for matrix metalloproteinase detection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006; 128: 13 274-13 283.
143. Chambers JM, Hill PA, Aaron JA, Han Z, Christianson DW, Kuzma NN, Dmochowski IJ. Cryptophane xenon-129 nuclear magnetic resonance biosensors targeting human carbonic anhydrase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008; 131: 563-569.
144. 129Xe NMR: the transferrin case. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2011; 19: 4135-4143.
145. Seward GK, Wei Q, Dmochowski IJ. Peptide-mediated cellular uptake of cryptophane. Bioconj. Chem. 2008; 19: 2129-2135.
146. Schlundt A, Kilian W, Beyermann M, Sticht J, Günther S, Höpner S, Falk K, Roetzschke O, Mitschang L, Freund C. A xenon-129 biosensor for monitoring MHC-peptide interactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2009; 48: 4142-4145.
147. Roy V, Brotin T, Dutasta J, Charles M, Delair T, Mallet F, Huber G, Desvaux H, Boulard Y, Berthault P. A cryptophane biosensor for the detection of specific nucleotide targets through xenon NMR spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2007; 8: 2082-2085.
148. 129Xe MRI probe. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2012; 124: 4176-4179.
149. Meldrum T, Seim KL, Bajaj VS, Palaniappan KK, Wu W, Francis MB, Wemmer DE, Pines A. A xenon-based molecular sensor assembled on an MS2 viral capsid scaffold. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 5936-5937.
150. 129Xe-based contrast agent composed of cryptophane-A molecular cages on a bacteriophage scaffold. Magn. Reson. Med. 2012; DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24371. [Epub ahead of print].
151. Berthault P, Desvaux H, Wendlinger T, Gyejacquot M, Stopin A, Brotin T, Dutasta J, Boulard Y. Effect of pH and counterions on the encapsulation properties of xenon in water-soluble cryptophanes. Chem. Eur. J. 2010; 16: 12 941-12 946.
152. Schröder L, Chavez L, Meldrum T, Smith M, Lowery TJ, Wemmer DE, Pines A. Temperature-controlled molecular depolarization gates in nuclear magnetic resonance. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2008; 47: 4316-4320.
153. Schilling F, Schröder L, Palaniappan KK, Zapf S, Wemmer DE, Pines A. MRI thermometry based on encapsulated hyperpolarized xenon. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2010; 11: 3529-3533.
154. Meldrum T, Schröder L, Denger P, Wemmer DE, Pines A. Xenon-based molecular sensors in lipid suspensions. J. Magn. Reson. 2010; 205: 242-246.
155. 129Xe biosensors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008; 130: 16 456-16 457.
156. Schröder L, Lowery TJ, Hilty C, Wemmer DE, Pines A. Molecular imaging using a targeted magnetic resonance hyperpolarized biosensor. Science, 2006; 314: 446-449.
157. 129Xe depolarization transfer and its application for ultrasensitive NMR detection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008; 100: 257603.
158. Kunth M, Döpfert J, Witte C, Rossella F, Schröder L. Optimized use of reversible binding for fast and selective NMR localization of caged xenon. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012; 51: 8217-8220.
159. 129Xe contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2010; 14: 97-104.
160. Schröder L. Xenon for NMR biosensing - inert but alert. Phys. Med. 2011; DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2011.11.001. [Epub ahead of print].
161. 13C. Br. J. Radiol. 2003; 76: S118-S127.
162. 129Xe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006; 96: 053002.