Retinal pigment epithelium response to oxidant injury in the pathogenesis of early age-related macular degeneration

Molecular Aspects of Medicine

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 376-398

  Mettu, Priyatham S ^a,b   Wielgus, Albert R ^a,b   Ong, Sally S ^a,b   Cousins, Scott W ^a,b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY EYE CENTER   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Age related macular degeneration; Drusen; Extracellular matrix; Macrophage; Oxidative injury; Retinal pigment epithelium

Indexed keywords

GELATINASE A; LIPOFUSCIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE;

ACTIN FILAMENT; ANATOMICAL VARIATION; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CELL AGGREGATION; CELL METABOLISM; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME DEGRADATION; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; EYE BLOOD FLOW; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; LYSOSOME MEMBRANE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERMEABILITY BARRIER; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RETINA INJURY; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; OXIDANTS; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM;

EID: 84863719879     PISSN: 00982997     EISSN: 18729452     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.04.006     Document Type: Review

References (287)

1. A. Abdelsalam, L. Del Priore, and M.A. Zarbin Drusen in age-related macular degeneration: pathogenesis, natural course, and laser photocoagulation-induced regression Survey of Ophthalmology 44 1 1999 1 29
2. O. Alcazar, S.W. Cousins, and M.E. Marin-Castano MMP-14 and TIMP-2 overexpression protects against hydroquinone-induced oxidant injury in RPE: implications for extracellular matrix turnover Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 48 12 2007 5662 5670
3. O. Alcazar, A.M. Hawkridge, T.S. Collier, S.W. Cousins, S.K. Bhattacharya, D.C. Muddiman, and M.E. Marin-Castano Proteomics characterization of cell membrane blebs in human retinal pigment epithelium cells Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 8 10 2009 2201 2211
4. J.P. Alexander, J.M. Bradley, J.D. Gabourel, and T.S. Acott Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitor by human retinal pigment epithelium Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 31 12 1990 2520 2528
5. A.C. Allison, and P. Davies Mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 28 1974 419 446
6. J. Ambati, B.K. Ambati, S.H. Yoo, S. Ianchulev, and A.P. Adamis Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies Survey of Ophthalmology 48 3 2003 257 293
7. D.H. Anderson, R.F. Mullins, G.S. Hageman, and L.V. Johnson A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye American Journal of Ophthalmology 134 3 2002 411 431
8. M.J. Ashwood-Smith, G.W. Morris, R. Fowler, T.C. Appleton, and R. Ashorn Physical factors are involved in the destruction of embryos and oocytes during freezing and thawing procedures Human Reproduction 3 6 1988 795 802
9. S.J. Atkinson, M.L. Patterson, M.J. Butler, and G. Murphy Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and gelatinase A synergistically degrade type 1 collagen in a cell model FEBS Letters 491 3 2001 222 226
10. M. Aumailley, and B. Gayraud Structure and biological activity of the extracellular matrix Journal of Molecular Medicine 76 3-4 1998 253 265
11. N.G. Bazan, W.C. Gordon, and E.B. Rodriguez de Turco Docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism in photoreceptors: retinal conservation by an efficient retinal pigment epithelial cell-mediated recycling process Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 318 1992 295 306
12. S. Beatty, H. Koh, M. Phil, D. Henson, and M. Boulton The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration Survey of Ophthalmology 45 2 2000 115 134
13. A. Belkhiri, C. Richards, M. Whaley, S.A. McQueen, and F.W. Orr Increased expression of activated matrix metalloproteinase-2 by human endothelial cells after sublethal H2O2 exposure Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 77 5 1997 533 539
14. T.L. Berenberg, T.I. Metelitsina, B. Madow, Y. Dai, G.S. Ying, J.C. Dupont, L. Grunwald, A.J. Brucker, and J.E. Grunwald The association between drusen extent and foveolar choroidal blood flow in age-related macular degeneration Retina 32 1 2012 25 31
15. M. Bermann, F. Schutt, F.G. Holz, and J. Kopitz Does A2E, a retinoid component of lipofuscin and inhibitor of lysosomal degradative functions, directly affect the activity of lysosomal hydrolases? Experimental Eye Research 72 2 2001 191 195
16. K.M. Bertram, C.J. Baglole, R.P. Phipps, and R.T. Libby Molecular regulation of cigarette smoke induced-oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: implications for age-related macular degeneration American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 297 5 2009 C1200 1210
17. J. Bezard, J.P. Blond, A. Bernard, and P. Clouet The metabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 34 6 1994 539 568
18. A.C. Bird, N.M. Bressler, S.B. Bressler, I.H. Chisholm, G. Coscas, M.D. Davis, P.T. de Jong, C.C. Klaver, B.E. Klein, and R. Klein An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group Survey of Ophthalmology 39 5 1995 367 374
19. O. Blokhina, E. Virolainen, and K.V. Fagerstedt Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review Annals of Botany 91 Spec No. 2003 179 194
20. J.L. Bolton, M.A. Trush, T.M. Penning, G. Dryhurst, and T.J. Monks Role of quinones in toxicology Chemical Research in Toxicology 13 3 2000 135 160
21. M. Boulton, and P. Dayhaw-Barker The role of the retinal pigment epithelium: topographical variation and ageing changes Eye 15 Pt 3 2001 384 389
22. M. Boulton, M. Roanowska, and T. Wess Ageing of the retinal pigment epithelium: implications for transplantation Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 242 1 2004 76 84
23. M.A. Brantley Jr.; M.P. Osborn, B.J. Sanders, K.A. Rezaei, P. Lu, C. Li, G.L. Milne, J. Cai, and P. Sternberg Jr. Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Genetic Variants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration American Journal of Ophthalmology 2011
24. V. Brechler, N.R. Levens, M. De Gasparo, and S.P. Bottari Angiotensin AT2 receptor mediated inhibition of particulate guanylate cyclase: a link with protein tyrosine phosphatase stimulation? Receptors and Channels 2 2 1994 79 87
25. U.T. Brunk, and A. Terman Lipofuscin: mechanisms of age-related accumulation and influence on cell function Free Radical Biology & Medicine 33 5 2002 611 619
26. U.T. Brunk, H. Zhang, H. Dalen, and K. Ollinger Exposure of cells to nonlethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide induces degeneration-repair mechanisms involving lysosomal destabilization Free Radical Biology & Medicine 19 6 1995 813 822
27. G.C. Burdge Metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid in humans Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 75 3 2006 161 168
28. G.C. Burdge, and P.C. Calder Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 45 5 2005 581 597
29. R.P. Burns, and L. Feeney-Burns Clinico-morphologic correlations of drusen of Bruch's membrane Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 78 1980 206 225
30. M. Cano, R. Thimmalappula, M. Fujihara, N. Nagai, M. Sporn, A.L. Wang, A.H. Neufeld, S. Biswal, and J.T. Handa Cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, the anti-oxidant response through Nrf2 signaling, and Age-related Macular Degeneration Vision Research 50 7 2009 652 664
31. W.P. Chen, S.K. Tan, A. Chen, and C.Y. Lin Intrarenal infusion of supernatant from cytokine-activated human mesangial cells may cause glomerular damage Zhonghua yi xue za zhi = Chinese medical journal; Free China ed. 62 10 1999 657 665
32. S. Cherepanoff, P. McMenamin, M.C. Gillies, E. Kettle, and S.H. Sarks Bruch's membrane and choroidal macrophages in early and advanced age-related macular degeneration British Journal of Ophthalmology 94 7 2010 918 925
33. Z.L. Chi, T. Yoshida, J.D. Lambris, and T. Iwata Suppression of drusen formation by compstatin, a peptide inhibitor of complement C3 activation, on cynomolgus monkey with early-onset macular degeneration Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 703 2010 127 135
34. G.M. Chisolm 3rd, S.L. Hazen, P.L. Fox, and M.K. Cathcart The oxidation of lipoproteins by monocytes-macrophages. Biochemical and biological mechanisms The Journal of biological chemistry 274 37 1999 25959 25962
35. S.J. Chiu, J.A. Izatt, R.V. O'Connell, K.P. Winter, C.A. Toth, and S. Farsiu Validated Automatic Segmentation of AMD Pathology Including Drusen and Geographic Atrophy in SD-OCT Images Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 53 1 2012 53 61
36. T. Chiu, C. Santiskulvong, and E. Rozengurt ANG II stimulates PKC-dependent ERK activation, DNA synthesis, and cell division in intestinal epithelial cells American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 285 1 2003 G1 11
37. W.G. Christen, D.A. Schaumberg, R.J. Glynn, and J.E. Buring Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake and incident age-related macular degeneration in women Archives of Ophthalmology 129 7 2011 921 929
38. M. Chung, and A.J. Lotery Genetics update of macular diseases Ophthalmology clinics of North America 15 4 2002 459 465
39. C.G. Concannon, A.M. Gorman, and A. Samali On the role of Hsp27 in regulating apoptosis Apoptosis: an international journal on programmed cell death 8 1 2003 61 70
40. B. Constantin, K. Meerschaert, J. Vandekerckhove, and J. Gettemans Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of mammalian cells by the capping complex actin-fragmin is inhibited by actin phosphorylation and regulated by Ca2+ ions Journal of Cell Science 111 Pt 12 1998 1695 1706
41. S.W. Cousins, and K. Csaky Immunology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration J.I. Lim, Age-Related Macular Degeneration 2002 Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York 27 65
42. S.W. Cousins, D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, A. Alexandridou, J. Sall, S. Dubovy, and K. Csaky The role of aging, high fat diet and blue light exposure in an experimental mouse model for basal laminar deposit formation Experimental Eye Research 75 5 2002 543 553
43. S.W. Cousins, D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, and K.G. Csaky Monocyte activation in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a biomarker of risk for choroidal neovascularization? Archives of Ophthalmology 122 7 2004 1013 1018
44. S.W. Cousins, M.E. Marin-Castano, D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, A. Alexandridou, L. Striker, and S. Elliot Female gender, estrogen loss, and Sub-RPE deposit formation in aged mice Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44 3 2003 1221 1229
45. S.W. Cousins, D. Espinosa-Heidmann, and M.E. Marin-Castano Smoking-related oxidants and RPE injury in vitro and in vivo Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44 2003 1619 (ARVO E-Abstract)
46. J.W. Crabb, M. Miyagi, X. Gu, K. Shadrach, K.A. West, H. Sakaguchi, M. Kamei, A. Hasan, L. Yan, M.E. Rayborn, R.G. Salomon, and J.G. Hollyfield Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 23 2002 14682 14687
47. S. Cribier, G. Morrot, and A. Zachowski Dynamics of the membrane lipid phase Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 48 1 1993 27 32
48. C.A. Curcio, M. Johnson, J.D. Huang, and M. Rudolf Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins Prog Retin Eye Res 28 6 2009 393 422
49. C.A. Curcio, M. Johnson, J.D. Huang, and M. Rudolf Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in retinal aging and age-related macular degeneration Journal of Lipid Research 51 3 2009 451 467
50. C.A. Curcio, and C.L. Millican Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy Archives of Ophthalmology 117 3 1999 329 339
51. C.A. Curcio, C. Owsley, and G.R. Jackson Spare the rods, save the cones in aging and age-related maculopathy Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 41 8 2000 2015 2018
52. I. Dalle-Donne, R. Rossi, A. Milzani, P. Di Simplicio, and R. Colombo The actin cytoskeleton response to oxidants: from small heat shock protein phosphorylation to changes in the redox state of actin itself Free Radical Biology & Medicine 31 12 2001 1624 1632
53. D.A. Day, and J.T. Wiskich Regulation of alternative oxidase activity in higher plants Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 27 4 1995 379 385
54. P. de Lanerolle, and A.B. Cole Cytoskeletal proteins and gene regulation: form, function, and signal transduction in the nucleus Science's STKE: Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment 139 2002 pe30
55. A. Decanini, C.L. Nordgaard, X. Feng, D.A. Ferrington, and T.W. Olsen Changes in select redox proteins of the retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration American Journal of Ophthalmology 143 4 2007 607 615
56. G. Delogu, M. Signore, A. Mechelli, and G. Famularo Heat shock proteins and their role in heart injury Current opinion in critical care 8 5 2002 411 416
57. E.I. Deryugina, M.A. Bourdon, R.A. Reisfeld, and A. Strongin Remodeling of collagen matrix by human tumor cells requires activation and cell surface association of matrix metalloproteinase-2 Cancer Research 58 16 1998 3743 3750
58. A. Dewan, M. Liu, S. Hartman, S.S. Zhang, D.T. Liu, C. Zhao, P.O. Tam, W.M. Chan, D.S. Lam, M. Snyder, C. Barnstable, C.P. Pang, and J. Hoh HTRA1 promoter polymorphism in wet age-related macular degeneration Science 314 5801 2006 989 992
59. J.D. Ding, L.V. Johnson, R. Herrmann, S. Farsiu, S.G. Smith, M. Groelle, B.E. Mace, P. Sullivan, J.A. Jamison, U. Kelly, O. Harrabi, S.S. Bollini, J. Dilley, D. Kobayashi, B. Kuang, W. Li, J. Pons, J.C. Lin, and C. Bowes Rickman Anti-amyloid therapy protects against retinal pigmented epithelium damage and vision loss in a model of age-related macular degeneration Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 28 2011 E279 287
60. D.T. Dinh, A.G. Frauman, C.I. Johnston, and M.E. Fabiani Angiotensin receptors: distribution, signalling and function Clinical Science 100 5 2001 481 492
61. S. Dithmar, N.A. Sharara, C.A. Curcio, N.A. Le, Y. Zhang, S. Brown, and H.E. Grossniklaus Murine high-fat diet and laser photochemical model of basal deposits in Bruch membrane Archives of Ophthalmology 119 11 2001 1643 1649
62. G.P. Downey Mechanisms of leukocyte motility and chemotaxis Current Opinion in Immunology 6 1 1994 113 124
63. A.O. Edwards, R. Ritter 3rd, K.J. Abel, A. Manning, C. Panhuysen, and L.A. Farrer Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration Science 308 5720 2005 421 424
64. W. Eichler, U. Friedrichs, A. Thies, C. Tratz, and P. Wiedemann Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP-1 expression by cytokines in human RPE cells Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 43 8 2002 2767 2773
65. S. Elliot, P. Catanuto, P. Fernandez, D. Espinosa-Heidmann, M. Karl, K. Korach, and S.W. Cousins Subtype specific estrogen receptor action protects against changes in MMP-2 activation in mouse retinal pigmented epithelial cells Experimental Eye Research 86 4 2008 653 660
66. S. Elliot, P. Catanuto, W. Stetler-Stevenson, and S.W. Cousins Retinal pigment epithelium protection from oxidant-mediated loss of MMP-2 activation requires both MMP-14 and TIMP-2 Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 47 4 2006 1696 1702
67. S.J. Elliot, P. Catanuto, D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, P. Fernandez, E. Hernandez, P. Saloupis, K. Korach, M. Karl, and S.W. Cousins Estrogen receptor beta protects against in vivo injury in RPE cells Experimental Eye Research 90 1 2010 10 16
68. D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, A. Caicedo, E.P. Hernandez, K.G. Csaky, and S.W. Cousins Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells contribute to experimental choroidal neovascularization Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44 11 2003 4914 4919
69. D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, M.E. Marin-Castano, S. Pereira-Simon, E.P. Hernandez, S. Elliot, and S.W. Cousins Gender and estrogen supplementation increases severity of experimental choroidal neovascularization Experimental Eye Research 80 3 2005 413 423
70. D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, J. Sall, E.P. Hernandez, and S.W. Cousins Basal laminar deposit formation in APO B100 transgenic mice. complex interactions between dietary fat, blue light, and vitamin E Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45 1 2004 260 266
71. D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, I.J. Suner, P. Catanuto, E.P. Hernandez, M.E. Marin-Castano, and S.W. Cousins Cigarette smoke-related oxidants and the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental animal model of dry AMD Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 47 2 2006 729 737
72. D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, I.J. Suner, E.P. Hernandez, D. Monroy, K.G. Csaky, and S.W. Cousins Macrophage depletion diminishes lesion size and severity in experimental choroidal neovascularization Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44 8 2003 3586 3592
73. J.R. Evans Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration Progress in retinal and eye research 20 2 2001 227 253
74. L. Feeney-Burns, C.L. Gao, and M. Tidwell Lysosomal enzyme cytochemistry of human RPE, Bruch's membrane and drusen Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 28 7 1987 1138 1147
75. U. Felbor, C. Benkwitz, M.L. Klein, J. Greenberg, C.Y. Gregory, and B.H. Weber Sorsby fundus dystrophy: reevaluation of variable expressivity in patients carrying a TIMP3 founder mutation Archives of Ophthalmology 115 12 1997 1569 1571
76. H.L. Fillmore, J. Shurm, P. Furqueron, S.S. Prabhu, G.T. Gillies, and W.C. Broaddus An in vivo rat model for visualizing glioma tumor cell invasion using stable persistent expression of the green fluorescent protein Cancer Letters 141 1-2 1999 9 19
77. S.L. Fine, J.W. Berger, M.G. Maguire, and A.C. Ho Age-related macular degeneration The New England journal of medicine 342 7 2000 483 492
78. S.C. Finnemann, L.W. Leung, and E. Rodriguez-Boulan The lipofuscin component A2E selectively inhibits phagolysosomal degradation of photoreceptor phospholipid by the retinal pigment epithelium Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 6 2002 3842 3847
79. T.M. Florence The role of free radicals in disease Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 23 1 1995 3 7
80. E. Ganea Chaperone-like activity of alpha-crystallin and other small heat shock proteins Current Protein and Peptide Science 2 3 2001 205 225
81. X.D. Gao, and S. Albert A role for exocytosis in the spatial regulation of actin organization TheScientificWorldJournal 3 2003 1359 1362
82. T.R. Garbe, M. Kobayashi, and H. Yukawa Indole-inducible proteins in bacteria suggest membrane and oxidant toxicity Archives of Microbiology 173 1 2000 78 82
83. J.D. Gass Drusen and disciform macular detachment and degeneration Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 70 1972 409 436
84. W.T. Gerthoffer, and S.J. Gunst Invited review: focal adhesion and small heat shock proteins in the regulation of actin remodeling and contractility in smooth muscle Journal of Applied Physiology 91 2 2001 963 972
85. M.B. Gorin, J.C. Breitner, P.T. De Jong, G.S. Hageman, C.C. Klaver, M.H. Kuehn, and J.M. Seddon The genetics of age-related macular degeneration Molecular vision 5 1999 29
86. W.R. Green Histopathology of age-related macular degeneration Molecular vision 5 1999 27
87. W.R. Green, and C. Enger Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic studies. The 1992 Lorenz E. Zimmerman Lecture Ophthalmology 100 10 1993 1519 1535
88. G. Gregori, F. Wang, P.J. Rosenfeld, Z. Yehoshua, N.Z. Gregori, B.J. Lujan, C.A. Puliafito, and W.J. Feuer Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of drusen in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration Ophthalmology 118 7 2011 1373 1379
89. K.K. Griendling, C.A. Minieri, J.D. Ollerenshaw, and R.W. Alexander Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells Circulation Research 74 6 1994 1141 1148
90. H.E. Grossniklaus, K.A. Cingle, Y.D. Yoon, N. Ketkar, N. L'Hernault, and S. Brown Correlation of histologic 2-dimensional reconstruction and confocal scanning laser microscopic imaging of choroidal neovascularization in eyes with age-related maculopathy Archives of Ophthalmology 118 5 2000 625 629
91. H.E. Grossniklaus, J.X. Ling, T.M. Wallace, S. Dithmar, D.H. Lawson, C. Cohen, V.M. Elner, S.G. Elner, and P. Sternberg Jr. Macrophage and retinal pigment epithelium expression of angiogenic cytokines in choroidal neovascularization Molecular vision 8 2002 119 126
92. J. Grunwald Choroidal Blood Flow J.W. Berger, S.L. Fine, M.G. Maguire, Age related Macular Degeneration 1995 Mosby St Louis 167 172
93. J.E. Grunwald, S.M. Hariprasad, and J. DuPont Effect of aging on foveolar choroidal circulation Archives of Ophthalmology 116 2 1998 150 154
94. J.E. Grunwald, S.M. Hariprasad, J. DuPont, M.G. Maguire, S.L. Fine, A.J. Brucker, A.M. Maguire, and A.C. Ho Foveolar choroidal blood flow in age-related macular degeneration Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 39 2 1998 385 390
95. A.N. Gubin, B. Reddy, J.M. Njoroge, and J.L. Miller Long-term, stable expression of green fluorescent protein in mammalian cells Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 236 2 1997 347 350
96. R. Guymer, P. Luthert, and A. Bird Changes in Bruch's membrane and related structures with age Progress in retinal and eye research 18 1 1999 59 90
97. H. Ha, and H.B. Lee Reactive oxygen species as glucose signaling molecules in mesangial cells cultured under high glucose Kidney International. Supplement 77 2000 S19 25
98. G.S. Hageman, D.H. Anderson, L.V. Johnson, L.S. Hancox, A.J. Taiber, L.I. Hardisty, J.L. Hageman, H.A. Stockman, J.D. Borchardt, K.M. Gehrs, R.J. Smith, G. Silvestri, S.R. Russell, C.C. Klaver, I. Barbazetto, S. Chang, L.A. Yannuzzi, G.R. Barile, J.C. Merriam, R.T. Smith, A.K. Olsh, J. Bergeron, J. Zernant, J.E. Merriam, B. Gold, M. Dean, and R. Allikmets A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H(HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 20 2005 7227 7232
99. G.S. Hageman, P.J. Luthert, N.H. Victor Chong, L.V. Johnson, D.H. Anderson, and R.F. Mullins An integrated hypothesis that considers drusen as biomarkers of immune-mediated processes at the RPE-Bruch's membrane interface in aging and age-related macular degeneration Progress in retinal and eye research 20 6 2001 705 732
100. G.S. Hageman, R.F. Mullins, W.G. Clark, L.V. Johnson, and D.H. Anderson Drusen share molecular constituents common to atherosclerotic, elastotic, and amyloid deposits Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 36 1995 S432 (ARVO Abstract)
101. G.S. Hageman, and R.F. Mullins Molecular composition of drusen as related to substructural phenotype Molecular vision 5 1999 28
102. J. Hagmann, M.M. Burger, and D. Dagan Regulation of plasma membrane blebbing by the cytoskeleton Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 73 4 1999 488 499
103. J.L. Haines, M.A. Hauser, S. Schmidt, W.K. Scott, L.M. Olson, P. Gallins, K.L. Spencer, S.Y. Kwan, M. Noureddine, J.R. Gilbert, N. Schnetz-Boutaud, A. Agarwal, E.A. Postel, and M.A. Pericak-Vance Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration Science 308 5720 2005 419 421
104. B. Halliwell Free radicals and vascular disease: how much do we know? BMJ 307 6909 1993 885 886
105. B. Halliwell, and J.M.C. Gutteridge Free radicals in biology and medicine 3rd ed. 1999 Oxford University Press, Oxford New York
106. H.K. Hamdi, and C. Kenney Age-related macular degeneration: a new viewpoint Frontiers in bioscience: a journal and virtual library 8 2003 e305 314
107. C.J. Hammond, A.R. Webster, H. Snieder, A.C. Bird, C.E. Gilbert, and T.D. Spector Genetic influence on early age-related maculopathy: a twin study Ophthalmology 109 4 2002 730 736
108. J.F. Hancock, A.I. Magee, J.E. Childs, and C.J. Marshall All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated Cell 57 7 1989 1167 1177
109. J.F. Hancock, H. Paterson, and C.J. Marshall A polybasic domain or palmitoylation is required in addition to the CAAX motif to localize p21ras to the plasma membrane Cell 63 1 1990 133 139
110. T. Hannken, R. Schroeder, R.A. Stahl, and G. Wolf Angiotensin II-mediated expression of p27Kip1 and induction of cellular hypertrophy in renal tubular cells depend on the generation of oxygen radicals Kidney International 54 6 1998 1923 1933
111. M. Haslbeck SHsps and their role in the chaperone network Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS 59 10 2002 1649 1657
112. T. Heitzer, U. Wenzel, U. Hink, D. Krollner, M. Skatchkov, R.A. Stahl, R. MacHarzina, J.H. Brasen, T. Meinertz, and T. Munzel Increased NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated superoxide production in renovascular hypertension: evidence for an involvement of protein kinase C Kidney International 55 1 1999 252 260
113. P.M. Henson Secretion of lysosomal enzymes induced by immune complexes and complement Frontiers of biology 45 1976 99 126
114. A.T. Hewitt, K. Nakazawa, and D.A. Newsome Analysis of newly synthesized Bruch's membrane proteoglycans Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 30 3 1989 478 486
115. D.B. Hinshaw, L.A. Sklar, B. Bohl, I.U. Schraufstatter, P.A. Hyslop, M.W. Rossi, R.G. Spragg, and C.G. Cochrane Cytoskeletal and morphologic impact of cellular oxidant injury The American journal of pathology 123 3 1986 454 464
116. D.R. Hinton, S. He, and P.F. Lopez Apoptosis in surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration Archives of Ophthalmology 116 2 1998 203 209
117. Y. Hirai, K. Migita, S. Honda, Y. Ueki, S. Yamasaki, S. Urayama, M. Kamachi, A. Kawakami, H. Ida, M. Kita, T. Fukuda, K. Shibatomi, Y. Kawabe, T. Aoyagi, and K. Eguchi Effects of nitric oxide on matrix metalloproteinase-2 production by rheumatoid synovial cells Life Sciences 68 8 2001 913 920
118. N. Hirokawa Axonal transport and the cytoskeleton Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3 5 1993 724 731
119. P. Hiscott, C. Sheridan, R.M. Magee, and I. Grierson Matrix and the retinal pigment epithelium in proliferative retinal disease Progress in retinal and eye research 18 2 1999 167 190
120. M.W. Hollar, D. Espinosa-Heidmann, P. Saloupis, A. Dunnon, P. Hu, t. Pridgen, L. Koreen, S. Crowell, and S.W. Cousins Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation in a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 52 2011 945 (ARVO E-Abstract)
121. J.G. Hollyfield Age-related macular degeneration: the molecular link between oxidative damage, tissue-specific inflammation and outer retinal disease: the Proctor lecture Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 51 3 2010 1275 1281
122. J.G. Hollyfield, V.L. Bonilha, M.E. Rayborn, X. Yang, K.G. Shadrach, L. Lu, R.L. Ufret, R.G. Salomon, and V.L. Perez Oxidative damage-induced inflammation initiates age-related macular degeneration Nature Medicine 14 2 2008 194 198
123. J.G. Hollyfield, R.G. Salomon, and J.W. Crabb Proteomic approaches to understanding age-related macular degeneration Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 533 2003 83 89
124. A.D. Hughes Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of angiotensin II(AT1) receptors in vascular smooth muscle Journal of Human Hypertension 12 5 1998 275 281
125. P.B. Hulbert, and P.L. Grover Chemical rearrangement of phenol-epoxide metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to quinone-methides Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 117 1 1983 129 134
126. J. Huot, F. Houle, S. Rousseau, R.G. Deschesnes, G.M. Shah, and J. Landry SAPK2/p38-dependent F-actin reorganization regulates early membrane blebbing during stress-induced apoptosis The Journal of cell biology 143 5 1998 1361 1373
127. L. Hyman, and R. Neborsky Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: an update Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 13 3 2002 171 175
128. Y. Imamura, S. Noda, K. Hashizume, K. Shinoda, M. Yamaguchi, S. Uchiyama, T. Shimizu, Y. Mizushima, T. Shirasawa, and K. Tsubota Drusen, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction in SOD1-deficient mice. a model of age-related macular degeneration Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 30 2006 11282 11287
129. T. Inagami, S. Eguchi, K. Numaguchi, E.D. Motley, H. Tang, T. Matsumoto, and T. Yamakawa Cross-talk between angiotensin II receptors and the tyrosine kinases and phosphatases Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 10 Suppl 11 1999 S57 61
130. T. Inagami, D.F. Guo, and Y. Kitami Molecular biology of angiotensin II receptors: an overview. Journal of hypertension. Supplement: official journal of the International Society of Hypertension 12 10 1994 S83 94
131. M. Inatani, and H. Tanihara Proteoglycans in retina Progress in retinal and eye research 21 5 2002 429 447
132. T. Ishibashi, R. Patterson, Y. Ohnishi, H. Inomata, and S.J. Ryan Formation of drusen in the human eye American Journal of Ophthalmology 101 3 1986 342 353
133. T. Ishibashi, N. Sorgente, R. Patterson, and S.J. Ryan Pathogenesis of drusen in the primate Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 27 2 1986 184 193
134. K. Iwai An ubiquitin ligase recognizing a protein oxidized by iron: implications for the turnover of oxidatively damaged proteins Journal of Biochemistry 134 2 2003 175 182
135. T.A. Jacot, G.E. Striker, M. Stetler-Stevenson, and L.J. Striker Mesangial cells from transgenic mice with progressive glomerulosclerosis exhibit stable, phenotypic changes including undetectable MMP-9 and increased type IV collagen Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 75 6 1996 791 799
136. E.A. Jaimes, J.M. Galceran, and L. Raij Angiotensin II induces superoxide anion production by mesangial cells Kidney International 54 3 1998 775 784
137. L. Jia, Z. Liu, L. Sun, S.S. Miller, B.N. Ames, C.W. Cotman, and J. Liu Acrolein, a toxicant in cigarette smoke, causes oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in RPE cells: protection by(R)-alpha-lipoic acid Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 48 1 2007 339 348
138. J.B. Jonas, S.S. Hayreh, and P. Martus Influence of arterial hypertension and diet-induced atherosclerosis on macular drusen Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 241 2 2003 125 134
139. V. Justilien, J.J. Pang, K. Renganathan, X. Zhan, J.W. Crabb, S.R. Kim, J.R. Sparrow, W.W. Hauswirth, and A.S. Lewin SOD2 knockdown mouse model of early AMD Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 48 10 2007 4407 4420
140. E. Kaemmerer, F. Schutt, T.U. Krohne, F.G. Holz, and J. Kopitz Effects of lipid peroxidation-related protein modifications on RPE lysosomal functions and POS phagocytosis Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 48 3 2007 1342 1347
141. K. Kaibuchi, S. Kuroda, and M. Amano Regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by the Rho family GTPases in mammalian cells Annual Review of Biochemistry 68 1999 459 486
142. S. Katsuda, and T. Kaji Atherosclerosis and extracellular matrix Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 10 5 2003 267 274
143. S.A. Khan, S. Ghosh, M. Wickstrom, L.A. Miller, R. Hess, W.M. Haschek, and V.R. Beasley Comparative pathology of microcystin-LR in cultured hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and renal epithelial cells Natural Toxins 3 3 1995 119 128
144. A.A. Khanifar, A.F. Koreishi, J.A. Izatt, and C.A. Toth Drusen ultrastructure imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography in age-related macular degeneration Ophthalmology 115 11 2008 1883 1890
145. M.C. Killingsworth, J.P. Sarks, and S.H. Sarks Macrophages related to Bruch's membrane in age-related macular degeneration Eye 4 Pt 4 1990 613 621
146. V.L. Kinnula, A. Linnala, E. Viitala, K. Linnainmaa, and I. Virtanen Tenascin and fibronectin expression in human mesothelial cells and pleural mesothelioma cell-line cells American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 19 3 1998 445 452
147. C.C. Klaver, and R. Allikmets Genetics of macular dystrophies and implications for age-related macular degeneration Developments in Ophthalmology 37 2003 155 169
148. C.C. Klaver, M. Kliffen, C.M. van Duijn, A. Hofman, M. Cruts, D.E. Grobbee, C. van Broeckhoven, and P.T. de Jong Genetic association of apolipoprotein E with age-related macular degeneration American Journal of Human Genetics 63 1 1998 200 206
149. M.L. Klein, F.L. Ferris 3rd, J. Armstrong, T.S. Hwang, E.Y. Chew, S.B. Bressler, and S.R. Chandra Retinal precursors and the development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration Ophthalmology 115 6 2008 1026 1031
150. R. Klein, C.F. Chou, B.E. Klein, X. Zhang, S.M. Meuer, and J.B. Saaddine Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US population Archives of Ophthalmology 129 1 2011 75 80
151. R. Klein, T. Peto, A. Bird, and M.R. Vannewkirk The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration American Journal of Ophthalmology 137 3 2004 486 495
152. R.J. Klein, C. Zeiss, E.Y. Chew, J.Y. Tsai, R.S. Sackler, C. Haynes, A.K. Henning, J.P. SanGiovanni, S.M. Mane, S.T. Mayne, M.B. Bracken, F.L. Ferris, J. Ott, C. Barnstable, and J. Hoh Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration Science 308 5720 2005 385 389
153. M. Kliffen, T.L. van der Schaft, C.M. Mooy, and P.T. de Jong Morphologic changes in age-related maculopathy Microscopy Research and Technique 36 2 1997 106 122
154. T.U. Krohne, E. Kaemmerer, F.G. Holz, and J. Kopitz Lipid peroxidation products reduce lysosomal protease activities in human retinal pigment epithelial cells via two different mechanisms of action Experimental Eye Research 90 2 2010 261 266
155. T.U. Krohne, N.K. Stratmann, J. Kopitz, and F.G. Holz Effects of lipid peroxidation products on lipofuscinogenesis and autophagy in human retinal pigment epithelial cells Experimental Eye Research 90 3 2010 465 471
156. M. Kuzuya, and A. Iguchi Role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 10 5 2003 275 282
157. M. la Cour, J.F. Kiilgaard, and M.H. Nissen Age-related macular degeneration: epidemiology and optimal treatment Drugs and Aging 19 2 2002 101 133
158. A. Lakkaraju, S.C. Finnemann, and E. Rodriguez-Boulan The lipofuscin fluorophore A2E perturbs cholesterol metabolism in retinal pigment epithelial cells Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 26 2007 11026 11031
159. L.E. Lamb, and J.D. Simon A2E: a component of ocular lipofuscin Photochemistry and Photobiology 79 2 2004 127 136
160. J. Landry, and J. Huot Modulation of actin dynamics during stress and physiological stimulation by a signaling pathway involving p38 MAP kinase and heat-shock protein 27. Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire 73 9-10 1995 703 707
161. L. Lanzetti, P.P. Di Fiore, and G. Scita Pathways linking endocytosis and actin cytoskeleton in mammalian cells Experimental Cell Research 271 1 2001 45 56
162. H.B. Lee, M.R. Yu, Y. Yang, Z. Jiang, and H. Ha Reactive oxygen species-regulated signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 14 8 Suppl 3 2003 S241 245
163. J. Lei, S. Silbiger, F.N. Ziyadeh, and J. Neugarten Serum-stimulated alpha 1 type IV collagen gene transcription is mediated by TGF-beta and inhibited by estradiol The American journal of physiology 274 2 Pt 2 1998 F252 258
164. G. Lenaz Quinone specificity of complex I Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1364 2 1998 207 221
165. Y. Li, J. Liu, and X. Zhan Tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin is required for H2O2-mediated injury of human endothelial cells The Journal of biological chemistry 275 47 2000 37187 37193
166. P.F. Lopez, H.E. Grossniklaus, H.M. Lambert, T.M. Aaberg, A. Capone Jr.; P. Sternberg Jr.; and N. L'Hernault Pathologic features of surgically excised subretinal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration American Journal of Ophthalmology 112 6 1991 647 656
167. D.G. Lowe, D.J. Capon, E. Delwart, A.Y. Sakaguchi, S.L. Naylor, and D.V. Goeddel Structure of the human and murine R-ras genes, novel genes closely related to ras proto-oncogenes Cell 48 1 1987 137 146
168. F.C. Luft, E. Mervaala, D.N. Muller, V. Gross, F. Schmidt, J.K. Park, C. Schmitz, A. Lippoldt, V. Breu, R. Dechend, D. Dragun, W. Schneider, D. Ganten, and H. Haller Hypertension-induced end-organ damage: A new transgenic approach to an old problem Hypertension 33 1 Pt 2 1999 212 218
169. Lutty, G.; Grunwald, J.; Majji, A.B.; Uyama, M.; Yoneya, S.; 1999. Changes in choriocapillaris and retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration, 1999/11/17 ed.
170. L.J. Machlin, and A. Bendich Free radical tissue damage: protective role of antioxidant nutrients The FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1 6 1987 441 445
171. G. Malek, L.V. Johnson, B.E. Mace, P. Saloupis, D.E. Schmechel, D.W. Rickman, C.A. Toth, P.M. Sullivan, and C. Bowes Rickman Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 33 2005 11900 11905
172. W. Malorni, and G. Donelli Cell death. General features and morphological aspects Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 663 1992 218 233
173. W. Malorni, G. Donelli, E. Straface, M.T. Santini, S. Paradisi, and P.U. Giacomoni Both UVA and UVB induce cytoskeleton-dependent surface blebbing in epidermoid cells Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 26 3 1994 265 270
174. W. Malorni, F. Iosi, F. Mirabelli, and G. Bellomo Cytoskeleton as a target in menadione-induced oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells: alterations underlying surface bleb formation Chemico-Biological Interactions 80 2 1991 217 236
175. M.E. Marin-Castano Angiotensin II receptor expression and function in retinal pigment epithelium Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45 2004 1811 (ARVO E-Abstract)
176. M.E. Marin-Castano, K.G. Csaky, and S.W. Cousins Nonlethal oxidant injury to human retinal pigment epithelium cells causes cell membrane blebbing but decreased MMP-2 activity Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 46 9 2005 3331 3340
177. M.E. Marin-Castano, S.J. Elliot, M. Potier, M. Karl, L.J. Striker, G.E. Striker, K.G. Csaky, and S.W. Cousins Regulation of estrogen receptors and MMP-2 expression by estrogens in human retinal pigment epithelium Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 44 1 2003 50 59
178. M.E. Marin-Castano, G.E. Striker, O. Alcazar, P. Catanuto, D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, and S.W. Cousins Repetitive nonlethal oxidant injury to retinal pigment epithelium decreased extracellular matrix turnover in vitro and induced sub-RPE deposits in vivo Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 47 9 2006 4098 4112
179. J.L. Martin, E. Hickey, L.A. Weber, W.H. Dillmann, and R. Mestril Influence of phosphorylation and oligomerization on the protective role of the small heat shock protein 27 in rat adult cardiomyocytes Gene Expression 7 4-6 1999 349 355
180. J.L. Martin, R. Mestril, R. Hilal-Dandan, L.L. Brunton, and W.H. Dillmann Small heat shock proteins and protection against ischemic injury in cardiac myocytes Circulation 96 12 1997 4343 4348
181. J. Mattana, L. Margiloff, and L. Chaplia Oxidation of extracellular matrix modulates susceptibility to degradation by the mesangial matrix metalloproteinase-2 Free Radical Biology & Medicine 27 3-4 1999 315 321
182. C.A. McCarty, B.N. Mukesh, C.L. Fu, P. Mitchell, J.J. Wang, and H.R. Taylor Risk factors for age-related maculopathy: the Visual Impairment Project Archives of Ophthalmology 119 10 2001 1455 1462
183. P. Mehlen, A. Mehlen, D. Guillet, X. Preville, and A.P. Arrigo Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces changes in the phosphorylation, cellular localization, and oligomerization of human hsp27, a stress protein that confers cellular resistance to this cytokine Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 58 2 1995 248 259
184. B. Merle, M.N. Delyfer, J.F. Korobelnik, M.B. Rougier, J. Colin, F. Malet, C. Feart, M. Le Goff, J.F. Dartigues, P. Barberger-Gateau, and C. Delcourt Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and the risk for age-related maculopathy: the Alienor Study Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 52 8 2011 6004 6011
185. M.V. Miceli, M.R. Liles, and D.A. Newsome Evaluation of oxidative processes in human pigment epithelial cells associated with retinal outer segment phagocytosis Experimental Cell Research 214 1 1994 242 249
186. A. Milzani, I. DalleDonne, and R. Colombo Prolonged oxidative stress on actin Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 339 2 1997 267 274
187. M. Misawa, T. Tauchi, G. Sashida, A. Nakajima, K. Abe, J.H. Ohyashiki, and K. Ohyashiki Inhibition of human telomerase enhances the effect of chemotherapeutic agents in lung cancer cells International Journal of Oncology 21 5 2002 1087 1092
188. D. Monroy, M.E. Marin-Castano, L.J. Striker, and S.W. Cousins RPE expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2) and MCP-1 after different kinds of injury Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 42 2001 S758 (ARVO Abstract)
189. D.J. Moore, A.A. Hussain, and J. Marshall Age-related variation in the hydraulic conductivity of Bruch's membrane Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 36 7 1995 1290 1297
190. R.F. Mullins, M.N. Johnson, E.A. Faidley, J.M. Skeie, and J. Huang Choriocapillaris vascular dropout related to density of drusen in human eyes with early age-related macular degeneration Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 52 3 2011 1606 1612
191. R.F. Mullins, M.A. Olvera, A.F. Clark, and E.M. Stone Fibulin-5 distribution in human eyes: relevance to age-related macular degeneration Experimental Eye Research 84 2 2007 378 380
192. M.A. Musarella Molecular genetics of macular degeneration. Documenta ophthalmologica Advances in Ophthalmology 102 3 2001 165 177
193. K.C. Nelson, J.S. Armstrong, S. Moriarty, J. Cai, M.W. Wu, P. Sternberg Jr.; and D.P. Jones Protection of retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage by oltipraz, a cancer chemopreventive agent Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 43 11 2002 3550 3554
194. K.C. Nelson, J.L. Carlson, M.L. Newman, P. Sternberg Jr.; D.P. Jones, T.J. Kavanagh, D. Diaz, J. Cai, and M. Wu Effect of dietary inducer dimethylfumarate on glutathione in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 40 9 1999 1927 1935
195. E. Niki, S. Minamisawa, M. Oikawa, and E. Komuro Membrane damage from lipid oxidation induced by free radicals and cigarette smoke Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 686 1993 29 37 (discussion 37-28)
196. M. Nozaki, B.J. Raisler, E. Sakurai, J.V. Sarma, S.R. Barnum, J.D. Lambris, Y. Chen, K. Zhang, B.K. Ambati, J.Z. Baffi, and J. Ambati Drusen complement components C3a and C5a promote choroidal neovascularization Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 7 2006 2328 2333
197. H. Oh, H. Takagi, C. Takagi, K. Suzuma, A. Otani, K. Ishida, M. Matsumura, Y. Ogura, and Y. Honda The potential angiogenic role of macrophages in the formation of choroidal neovascular membranes Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 40 9 1999 1891 1898
198. H. Ohbayashi Matrix metalloproteinases in lung diseases Current Protein and Peptide Science 3 4 2002 409 421
199. K. Okamoto, M. Mizuno, N. Nakahara, A. Natsume, J. Yoshida, T. Mori, S. Hori, and H. Kobayashi Process of apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha in murine fibroblast Ltk-cells: continuous observation with video enhanced contrast microscopy Apoptosis: An International Journal on Programmed Cell Death 7 1 2002 77 86
200. J.M. Oliver, and R.D. Berlin Microtubules, microfilaments and the regulation of membrane functions Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 33 1979 277 298
201. L.C. Padgett, G.M. Lui, Z. Werb, and M.M. LaVail Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in the retinal pigment epithelium and interphotoreceptor matrix: vectorial secretion and regulation Experimental Eye Research 64 6 1997 927 938
202. S. Parthasarathy, and N. Santanam Mechanisms of oxidation, antioxidants, and atherosclerosis Current Opinion in Lipidology 5 5 1994 371 375
203. P. Penfold, M. Killingsworth, and S. Sarks An ultrastructural study of the role of leucocytes and fibroblasts in the breakdown of Bruch's membrane Australian Journal of Ophthalmology 12 1 1984 23 31
204. P.L. Penfold, M.C. Killingsworth, and S.H. Sarks Senile macular degeneration: the involvement of immunocompetent cells Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 223 2 1985 69 76
205. P.L. Penfold, M.C. Madigan, M.C. Gillies, and J.M. Provis Immunological and aetiological aspects of macular degeneration Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 20 3 2001 385 414
206. E.P. Peten, A. Garcia-Perez, Y. Terada, D. Woodrow, B.M. Martin, G.E. Striker, and L.J. Striker Age-related changes in alpha 1- and alpha 2-chain type IV collagen mRNAs in adult mouse glomeruli: competitive PCR The American Journal of Physiology 263 5 Pt 2 1992 F951 957
207. M. Pons, and M.E. Marin-Castano Cigarette smoke-related hydroquinone dysregulates MCP-1, VEGF and PEDF expression in retinal pigment epithelium in vitro and in vivo PLoS ONE 6 2 2011 e16722
208. M. Potier, S.J. Elliot, I. Tack, O. Lenz, G.E. Striker, L.J. Striker, and M. Karl Expression and regulation of estrogen receptors in mesangial cells: influence on matrix metalloproteinase-9 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 12 2 2001 241 251
209. F. Praddaude, S.W. Cousins, C. Pecher, and M.E. Marin-Castano Angiotensin II-induced hypertension regulates AT1 receptor subtypes and extracellular matrix turnover in mouse retinal pigment epithelium Experimental Eye Research 89 1 2009 109 118
210. X. Preville, H. Schultz, U. Knauf, M. Gaestel, and A.P. Arrigo Analysis of the role of Hsp25 phosphorylation reveals the importance of the oligomerization state of this small heat shock protein in its protective function against TNFalpha- and hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 69 4 1998 436 452
211. W.A. Pryor Cigarette smoke radicals and the role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenicity Environmental Health Perspectives 105 Suppl 4 1997 875 882
212. M.E. Pueyo, and J.B. Michel Angiotensin II receptors in endothelial cells General Pharmacology 29 5 1997 691 696
213. U. Puistola, A. Westerlund, A. Kauppila, and T. Turpeenniemi-Hujanen Regulation of 72-kd type IV collagenase-matrix metalloproteinase-2 by estradiol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in human granulosa-lutein cells Fertility and Sterility 64 1 1995 81 87
214. B.J. Putting, J.A. van Best, R.C. Zweypfenning, G.F. Vrensen, and J.A. Oosterhuis Spectral sensitivity of the blood-retinal barrier at the pigment epithelium for blue light in the 400-500 nm range Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 231 10 1993 600 606
215. A. Rao, and A.M. Craig Signaling between the actin cytoskeleton and the postsynaptic density of dendritic spines Hippocampus 10 5 2000 527 541
216. D.B. Rein, J.S. Wittenborn, X. Zhang, A.A. Honeycutt, S.B. Lesesne, and J. Saaddine Forecasting age-related macular degeneration through the year 2050: the potential impact of new treatments Archives of Ophthalmology 127 4 2009 533 540
217. K. Rhinehart, C.A. Handelsman, E.P. Silldorff, and T.L. Pallone ANG II AT2 receptor modulates AT1 receptor-mediated descending vasa recta endothelial Ca2+ signaling American Journal Of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284 3 2003 H779 789
218. C. Ries, and P.E. Petrides Cytokine regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity and its regulatory dysfunction in disease Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler 376 6 1995 345 355
219. O.C. Rodriguez, A.W. Schaefer, C.A. Mandato, P. Forscher, W.M. Bement, and C.M. Waterman-Storer Conserved microtubule-actin interactions in cell movement and morphogenesis Nature Cell Biology 5 7 2003 599 609
220. M. Rozanowska, A. Bober, J.M. Burke, and T. Sarna The role of retinal pigment epithelium melanin in photoinduced oxidation of ascorbate Photochemistry and Photobiology 65 3 1997 472 479
221. M. Rozanowska, J. Jarvis-Evans, W. Korytowski, M.E. Boulton, J.M. Burke, and T. Sarna Blue light-induced reactivity of retinal age pigment. In vitro generation of oxygen-reactive species The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 32 1995 18825 18830
222. J.P. SanGiovanni, E.Y. Chew, E. Agron, T.E. Clemons, F.L. Ferris 3rd, G. Gensler, A.S. Lindblad, R.C. Milton, J.M. Seddon, R. Klein, and R.D. Sperduto The relationship of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with incident age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 23 Archives of Ophthalmology 126 9 2008 1274 1279
223. J.P. SanGiovanni, E.Y. Chew, T.E. Clemons, M.D. Davis, F.L. Ferris 3rd, G.R. Gensler, N. Kurinij, A.S. Lindblad, R.C. Milton, J.M. Seddon, and R.D. Sperduto The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 20 Archives of Ophthalmology 125 5 2007 671 679
224. S. Sarks, S. Cherepanoff, M. Killingsworth, and J. Sarks Relationship of Basal laminar deposit and membranous debris to the clinical presentation of early age-related macular degeneration Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 48 3 2007 968 977
225. S.H. Sarks, J.J. Arnold, M.C. Killingsworth, and J.P. Sarks Early drusen formation in the normal and aging eye and their relation to age related maculopathy: a clinicopathological study The British Journal of Ophthalmology 83 3 1999 358 368
226. T. Sato, A. Ito, Y. Mori, K. Yamashita, T. Hayakawa, and H. Nagase Hormonal regulation of collagenolysis in uterine cervical fibroblasts. Modulation of synthesis of procollagenase, prostromelysin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) by progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta Biochem. J. 275 Pt 3 1991 645 650
227. J. Sawitzke, K.M. Im, B. Kostiha, M. Dean, and B. Gold Association assessment of copy number polymorphism and risk of age-related macular degeneration Ophthalmology 118 12 2011 2442 2446
228. F.G. Schlanitz, B. Baumann, T. Spalek, C. Schutze, C. Ahlers, M. Pircher, E. Gotzinger, C.K. Hitzenberger, and U. Schmidt-Erfurth Performance of automated drusen detection by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 52 7 2011 4571 4579
229. G.B. Schneider, H. Hamano, and L.F. Cooper In vivo evaluation of hsp27 as an inhibitor of actin polymerization: hsp27 limits actin stress fiber and focal adhesion formation after heat shock Journal of Cellular Physiology 177 4 1998 575 584
230. D.J. Schroen, and C.E. Brinckerhoff Nuclear hormone receptors inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression through diverse mechanisms Gene Expression 6 4 1996 197 207
231. C. Sheridan, R. Williams, and I. Grierson Basement membranes and artificial substrates in cell transplantation Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 242 1 2004 68 75
232. S. Silbiger, J. Lei, and J. Neugarten Estradiol suppresses type I collagen synthesis in mesangial cells via activation of activator protein-1 Kidney International 55 4 1999 1268 1276
233. A.P. Simopoulos Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 60 9 2006 502 507
234. T.A. Sivakumaran, R.P. Igo Jr.; J.M. Kidd, A. Itsara, L.J. Kopplin, W. Chen, S.A. Hagstrom, N.S. Peachey, P.J. Francis, M.L. Klein, E.Y. Chew, V.L. Ramprasad, W.T. Tay, P. Mitchell, M. Seielstad, D.E. Stambolian, A.O. Edwards, K.E. Lee, D.V. Leontiev, G. Jun, Y. Wang, L. Tian, F. Qiu, A.K. Henning, T. LaFramboise, P. Sen, M. Aarthi, R. George, R. Raman, M.K. Das, L. Vijaya, G. Kumaramanickavel, T.Y. Wong, A. Swaroop, G.R. Abecasis, R. Klein, B.E. Klein, D.A. Nickerson, E.E. Eichler, and S.K. Iyengar A 32 kb critical region excluding Y402H in CFH mediates risk for age-related macular degeneration PLoS ONE 6 10 2011 e25598
235. W. Smith, P. Mitchell, and S.R. Leeder Smoking and age-related maculopathy. The Blue Mountains Eye Study Archives of Ophthalmology 114 12 1996 1518 1523
236. W.E. Smoyer, and R.F. Ransom Hsp27 regulates podocyte cytoskeletal changes in an in vitro model of podocyte process retraction The FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 16 3 2002 315 326
237. Y. St-Pierre, C. Van Themsche, and P.O. Esteve Emerging features in the regulation of MMP-9 gene expression for the development of novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies Current Drug Targets: Inflammation & Allergy 2 3 2003 206 215
238. C. Starita, A.A. Hussain, S. Pagliarini, and J. Marshall Hydrodynamics of ageing Bruch's membrane: implications for macular disease Experimental Eye Research 62 5 1996 565 572
239. C. Starita, A.A. Hussain, A. Patmore, and J. Marshall Localization of the site of major resistance to fluid transport in Bruch's membrane Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 38 3 1997 762 767
240. S.J. Stohs The role of free radicals in toxicity and disease Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 6 3-4 1995 205 228
241. D. Stokoe, K. Engel, D.G. Campbell, P. Cohen, and M. Gaestel Identification of MAPKAP kinase 2 as a major enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of the small mammalian heat shock proteins FEBS Letters 313 3 1992 307 313
242. E.M. Stone, T.A. Braun, S.R. Russell, M.H. Kuehn, A.J. Lotery, P.A. Moore, C.G. Eastman, T.L. Casavant, and V.C. Sheffield Missense variations in the fibulin 5 gene and age-related macular degeneration The New England Journal of Medicine 351 4 2004 346 353
243. O. Strauss, F. Stumpff, S. Mergler, M. Wienrich, and M. Wiederholt The Royal College of Surgeons rat: an animal model for inherited retinal degeneration with a still unknown genetic defect Acta Anatomica 162 2-3 1998 101 111
244. G.E. Striker, F. Praddaude, O. Alcazar, S.W. Cousins, and M.E. Marin-Castano Regulation of angiotensin II receptors and extracellular matrix turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin II American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 295 6 2008 C1633 1646
245. N. Strunnikova, J. Baffi, A. Gonzalez, W. Silk, S.W. Cousins, and K.G. Csaky Regulated heat shock protein 27 expression in human retinal pigment epithelium Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 42 9 2001 2130 2138
246. N. Strunnikova, C. Zhang, D. Teichberg, S.W. Cousins, J. Baffi, K.G. Becker, and K.G. Csaky Survival of retinal pigment epithelium after exposure to prolonged oxidative injury: a detailed gene expression and cellular analysis Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45 10 2004 3767 3777
247. I.J. Suner, D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, M.E. Marin-Castano, E.P. Hernandez, S. Pereira-Simon, and S.W. Cousins Nicotine increases size and severity of experimental choroidal neovascularization Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45 1 2004 311 317
248. I.J. Suner, D.G. Espinosa-Heidmann, N.Z. Gregori, E.P. Hernandez, and S.W. Cousins Cigarette smoke-related oxidants and the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental mouse model Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45 2004 1810 (ARVO E-Abstract)
249. 2 induce catalase and metallothionein gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 36 7 1995 1271 1279
250. D.J. Tate, M.V. Miceli, and D.A. Newsome Expression of metallothionein isoforms in human chorioretinal complex Current Eye Research 24 1 2002 12 25
251. T. Tauchi, A. Nakajima, G. Sashida, T. Shimamoto, J.H. Ohyashiki, K. Abe, K. Yamamoto, and K. Ohyashiki Inhibition of human telomerase enhances the effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, in BCR-ABL-positive leukemia cells Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 8 11 2002 3341 3347
252. J. Taunton Actin filament nucleation by endosomes, lysosomes and secretory vesicles Current Opinion in Cell Biology 13 1 2001 85 91
253. A. Terman, and U.T. Brunk Lipofuscin The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 36 8 2004 1400 1404
254. G. Tezel, R. Hernandez, and M.B. Wax Immunostaining of heat shock proteins in the retina and optic nerve head of normal and glaucomatous eyes Archives of Ophthalmology 118 4 2000 511 518
255. R. Troutbeck, S. Al-Qureshi, and R.H. Guymer Therapeutic targeting of the complement system in age-related macular degeneration: a review Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 40 1 2012 18 26
256. J. Tuo, C.M. Bojanowski, and C.C. Chan Genetic factors of age-related macular degeneration Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 23 2 2004 229 249
257. T. Uchiki, K.A. Weikel, W. Jiao, F. Shang, A. Caceres, D. Pawlak, J.T. Handa, M. Brownlee, R. Nagaraj, and A. Taylor Glycation-altered proteolysis as a pathobiologic mechanism that links dietary glycemic index, aging, and age-related disease (in nondiabetics) Aging Cell 11 1 2012 1 13
258. A. Ungar, S. Castellani, C. Di Serio, C. Cantini, C. Cristofari, B. Vallotti, G. La Cava, and G. Masotti Changes in renal autacoids and hemodynamics associated with aging and isolated systolic hypertension Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 62 2 2000 117 133
259. F. Ursini, K.J. Davies, M. Maiorino, T. Parasassi, and A. Sevanian Atherosclerosis: another protein misfolding disease? Trends in Molecular Medicine 8 8 2002 370 374
260. K. Valentijn, J.A. Valentijn, and J.D. Jamieson Role of actin in regulated exocytosis and compensatory membrane retrieval: insights from an old acquaintance Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 266 3 1999 652 661
261. T.L. van der Schaft, W.C. de Bruijn, C.M. Mooy, and P.T. de Jong Basal laminar deposit in the aging peripheral human retina Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 231 8 1993 470 475
262. T.L. van der Schaft, C.M. Mooy, W.C. de Bruijn, F.T. Bosman, and P.T. de Jong Immunohistochemical light and electron microscopy of basal laminar deposit Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 232 1 1994 40 46
263. T.L. van der Schaft, C.M. Mooy, W.C. de Bruijn, F.G. Oron, P.G. Mulder, and P.T. de Jong Histologic features of the early stages of age-related macular degeneration. A statistical analysis Ophthalmology 99 2 1992 278 286
264. A.L. Wang, T.J. Lukas, M. Yuan, N. Du, M.O. Tso, and A.H. Neufeld Autophagy and exosomes in the aged retinal pigment epithelium: possible relevance to drusen formation and age-related macular degeneration PLoS ONE 4 1 2009 e4160
265. A.L. Wang, T.J. Lukas, M. Yuan, N. Du, M.O. Tso, and A.H. Neufeld Autophagy, exosomes and drusen formation in age-related macular degeneration Autophagy 5 4 2009 563 564
266. J.J. Wang, S. Foran, W. Smith, and P. Mitchell Risk of age-related macular degeneration in eyes with macular drusen or hyperpigmentation: the Blue Mountains Eye Study cohort Archives of Ophthalmology 121 5 2003 658 663
267. L. Wang, M.E. Clark, D.K. Crossman, K. Kojima, J.D. Messinger, J.A. Mobley, and C.A. Curcio Abundant lipid and protein components of drusen PLoS ONE 5 4 2010 e10329
268. S.A. Weed, and J.T. Parsons Cortactin: coupling membrane dynamics to cortical actin assembly Oncogene 20 44 2001 6418 6434
269. D. Weismann, K. Hartvigsen, N. Lauer, K.L. Bennett, H.P. Scholl, P. Charbel Issa, M. Cano, H. Brandstatter, S. Tsimikas, C. Skerka, G. Superti-Furga, J.T. Handa, P.F. Zipfel, J.L. Witztum, and C.J. Binder Complement factor H binds malondialdehyde epitopes and protects from oxidative stress Nature 478 7367 2011 76 81
270. T.H. Wheeler-Schilling, K. Kohler, M. Sautter, and E. Guenther Angiotensin II receptor subtype gene expression and cellular localization in the retina and non-neuronal ocular tissues of the rat The European Journal of Neuroscience 11 10 1999 3387 3394
271. A.R. Wielgus, S.W. Cousins, and G. Malek Effects of sub-lethal levels of omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation end products in RPE cell culture. Effects of Sub-Lethal Levels of Omega-3 and -6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Oxidation End Products in RPE Cell Culture Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 51 2010 6001 (ARVO E-Abstract)
272. A.R. Wielgus, and S.W. Cousins The effect of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation products on RPE cell morphology: implications for development of sub-retinal deposits in early AMD Investigative ophthalmology & Visual Science 52 2011 2309 (ARVO E-Abstract)
273. J. Wilhelm Metabolic aspects of membrane lipid peroxidation Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Medica. Monographia 137 1990 1 53
274. B.S. Winkler, M.E. Boulton, J.D. Gottsch, and P. Sternberg Oxidative damage and age-related macular degeneration Molecular vision 5 1999 32
275. G.W. Winston, D.F. Church, R. Cueto, and W.A. Pryor Oxygen consumption and oxyradical production from microsomal reduction of aqueous extracts of cigarette tar Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 304 2 1993 371 378
276. Y. Wu, E. Yanase, X. Feng, M.M. Siegel, and J.R. Sparrow Structural characterization of bisretinoid A2E photocleavage products and implications for age-related macular degeneration Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 16 2010 7275 7280
277. Z. Yang, N.J. Camp, H. Sun, Z. Tong, D. Gibbs, D.J. Cameron, H. Chen, Y. Zhao, E. Pearson, X. Li, J. Chien, A. Dewan, J. Harmon, P.S. Bernstein, V. Shridhar, N.A. Zabriskie, J. Hoh, K. Howes, and K. Zhang A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration Science 314 5801 2006 992 993
278. A. Yoshida, M. Yoshida, S. Yoshida, S. Shiose, G. Hiroishi, and T. Ishibashi Familial cases with age-related macular degeneration Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 44 3 2000 290 295
279. R.W. Young Pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration Survey of Ophthalmology 31 5 1987 291 306
280. D.J. Zack, M. Dean, R.S. Molday, J. Nathans, T.M. Redmond, E.M. Stone, A. Swaroop, D. Valle, and B.H. Weber What can we learn about age-related macular degeneration from other retinal diseases? Molecular Vision 5 1999 30
281. M.A. Zarbin Age-related macular degeneration: review of pathogenesis European Journal of Ophthalmology 8 4 1998 199 206
282. M.A. Zarbin Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration Archives of Ophthalmology 122 4 2004 598 614
283. C. Zhang, J. Baffi, S.W. Cousins, and K.G. Csaky Oxidant-induced cell death in retinal pigment epithelium cells mediated through the release of apoptosis-inducing factor Journal of Cell Science 116 Pt 10 2003 1915 1923
284. Z. Zhao, Y. Chen, J. Wang, P. Sternberg, M.L. Freeman, H.E. Grossniklaus, and J. Cai Age-related retinopathy in NRF2-deficient mice PLoS ONE 6 4 2011 e19456
285. J. Zhou, Y.P. Jang, S.R. Kim, and J.R. Sparrow Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 44 2006 16182 16187
286. Z.R. Zhu, R. Goodnight, T. Nishimura, N. Sorgente, T.E. Ogden, and S.J. Ryan Experimental changes resembling the pathology of drusen in Bruch's membrane in the rabbit Current Eye Research 7 6 1988 581 592
287. Y. Zhuge, and J. Xu Rac1 mediates type I collagen-dependent MMP-2 activation. Role in cell invasion across collagen barrier The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 19 2001 16248 16256