The Royal College of Surgeons rat: An animal model for inherited retinal degeneration with a still unknown genetic defect

Acta Anatomica

Volumn 162, Issue 2-3, 1998, Pages 101-111

  Strauss, Olaf ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Candidate gene; Phagocytosis; Retinal dystrophy; Retinal pigment epithelium; Royal College of Surgeons rat

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHOTORECEPTOR; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; RETINA DEGENERATION; RETINA DYSTROPHY; RETINA ROD OUTER SEGMENT; REVIEW; SECOND MESSENGER;

EID: 0031792744     PISSN: 00015180     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000046474     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Azarian, S.M., D.S. Williams (1995) Calpain activity in the retinas of the normal and RCS rats. Curr Eye Res 14:731-735.
2. - transport mechanisms in bovine pigment epithelium that can modulate subretinal space volume and composition. J Physiol (Lond) 475:401-417.
3. Bok, D., M.O. Hall ( 1971 ) The role of the pigment epithelium in the etiology of inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat. J Cell Biol 49:664-682.
4. Bok, D. (1985) Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26:1659-1694.
5. Bonavita, V., F. Ponte, G. Amore (1963) Neurochemical studies on the inherited retinal degeneration of the rat. Vision Res 3:271-280.
6. Bost, L.M., A.E. Aotaki-Keen, L.M. Hjelmeland (1992) Coexpression of FGF-5 and bFGF by the retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Exp Eye Res 55:727-734.
7. Bost, L.M., A.E. Aotaki-Keen, L.M. Hjelmeland (1994) Cellular adhesion regulates bFGF gene expression inhuman retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 58:545-552.
8. Botchkin, L.M., G. Matthews (1993) Chloride current activated by swelling in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Am J Physiol 265:C1037-C1045.
9. Botchkin, L.M., G. Matthews (1994) Voltagedependent sodium channels develop in rat retinal pigment epithelium cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:4564-1568.
10. Bourne, M.C., D.A. Campbell, K. Tansley (1938) Hereditary degeneration of rat retina. Br J Ophthalmol 22:613-623.
11. Boyle, D.L., B.J. McLaughlin (1990) The effect of swainsonine on the phagocytosis of rod outer segments by rat RPE. Curr Eye Res 9: 407-414.
12. Boyle, D.L., L. Tien, N.G. Cooper, V. Shepherd, B.J. McLaughlin (1991) A mannose receptor is involved in retinal phagocytosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:1464-1470.
13. Caldwell, R.B., R.S. Roque, S.W. Salomon (1989) Increased vascular density and vitro-retinal membranes accompany vascularization of the pigment epithelium in the dystrophic retina. Curr Eye Res 8:923-937.
14. Chaitin, M.H., M.O. Hall (1983) Defective ingestion of rod outer segments by cultured dystrophic rat pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24: 812-820.
15. Connolly, S.E., L.M. Hjelmeland, M.M. LaVail (1992) Immunohistochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor in mature and developing retinas of normal and RCS rats. Curr Eye Res 11:1005-1017.
16. Defoe, D.M., B. Matsumoto, J.C. Besharse (1992) Reconstitution of the photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interface: L-Glutamate stimulation of adhesive interactions and rod-disc shedding after recombination of dissociated Xenopus laevis eyecups. Exp Eye Res 54:903-911.
17. Dowling, J.E., R.L. Sidman (1962) Inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat. J Cell Biol 14:73-109.
18. Dowling, J.E. (1964) Nutrional and inherited blindness in the rat. Exp Eye Res 3: 348-356.
19. Dunaief, J.L., R.C. Kwun, N. Bhardwaj, R. Lopez, P. Gouras, S.P. Goff (1995) Retroviral gene transfer into retinal pigment epithelial cells followed by transplantation into rat retina. Hum GeneThero 6:1225-1229.
20. Edelman, J.L., H. Lin, S.S. Miller ( 1994a) Acidification stimulates chloride and fluid absorption across frog retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Physiol 260:C946-C956.
21. Edelman, J.L., H. Lin, S.S. Miller (1994b) Potassium-induced chloride secretion across the frog retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Physiol 266:C957-C966.
22. Edelman, J.L., S.S. Miller (1991) Epinephrine stimulates fluid absorption across bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:3033-3040.
23. Edwards, R.B. (1991) Stimulation of rod outer segment phagocytosis by serum occurs only at the RPE apical surface. Exp Eye Res 53:229-232.
24. Edwards, R.B., S. Bakshian (1980) Phagocytosis of outer segments by cultured rat pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19: 1184-1188.
25. Edwards, R.B., P.M. Flaherty (1986) Association of changes in intracellular cyclic AMP with changes in phagocytosis in cultured rat pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 5: 19-26.
26. Edwards, R.B., R.B. Szamier (1977) Defective phagocytosis of isolated rod outer segments by RCS rat retinal pigment epithelium in culture. Science 797:1001-1003.
27. Ei-Hifnawi, E.-S. (1987) Pathomorphology of the retina and its vasculature in hereditary retinal dystrophy in RCS rats; in Zrenner E, II Krastel, H-H Goebel (eds): Advances in the Biosciences. Oxford, Pergamon Journals, vol 62, pp 417-434.
28. Ehifnawi, E.-S., W. Kühnel (1987) The role of lysosomes in hereditary retinal dystrophy in RCS rats. Adv Biosci 62: 381-395.
29. EI-Hifnawi, E.-S., W. Kühnel, D. BenEzra (1989) Ultrastructural studies on the effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the course of retinal dystrophy in RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30(suppl): 11.
30. El-Hifnawi, E.-S., D.T. Lincoln, H. Dashiti (1995) Effects of vitamin E on the retina and retinal piement epithelium of IRCS rats. Nutrition 11(suppl): 576-581.
31. Essener, E., R.M. Pino, R.A. Griewski (1979) Permeability of retinal capillaries in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18:859-863.
32. Factorovich, E.G., R.H. Steinbcrg, D. Yasumura, M.T. Matthes, M.M. LaVail (1990) Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Nature 347:83-86.
33. Factorovich, E.G., R.H. Steinberg, D. Yasumura, M.T. Matthes, M.M. LaVail (1992) Basic fibroblast growth factor and local injury protect photoreceptors from light damage in the rat. J Neurosci 12:3554-3567.
34. Feldman, E.L., A.E. Randolph, G.C. Johnston, M.A. DelMonte, D.A. Greene (1991) Receptor-coupled phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human retinal pigment epithelium. J Neurochem 56:2049-2100.
35. 2+-exchange mechanism in apical membrane vesicles of the retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 12:261-270.
36. Fox, J.A., B.A. Pfeffer, G.L. Fain (1988) Singlechannel recordings from human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. J Gen Physiol 91: 193-222.
37. Fox, J.A., R.H. Steinberg (1992) Voltage-dependent currents in isolated cells of the turtle retinal pigment epithelium. Pflügers Arch 402:451-460.
38. Friedman, Z., T.M. Delahunty, J. Linden, P.A. Campochiaro (1991) Human retinal pigment epithelial cells possess V, vasopressin receptors. Curr Eye Res 10:811-816.
39. Friedman, Z., S.F. Hackett, P.A. Campochiaro (1987) Characterization of adenylate cyclase in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 44:471-479.
40. Friedman, Z., S.F. Hackett, J. Linden, P.A. Campochiaro (1989) Human retinal epithelial cells in culture possess A,-adenosine receptors. Brain Res 492:29-35.
41. Gallcmore, R.P., R.H. Steinberg (1990) Effects of dopamine on the chick retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:67-80.
42. - conductance in chick retinal pigment epithe'ium: The light peak and fast oscillation. J Neurophysiol 70: 1669-1680.
43. Goldman, A.I., P.J. O'Brien (1978) Phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium of the RCS rat. Science 207:1023-1025.
44. Gordon, W.C., E.B. Rodriguez de Turco, N.G. Bazan (1992) Retinal pigment epithelial cells play a central role in the conservation of docosahexanoic acid by photoreceptor cells after shedding and phagocytosis. Curr Eye Res 11: 73-83.
45. Gouras, P., J. Du, M. Gelanze, R. Kwun, H. Kjeldbye, R. Lopez (1991) Transplantation of photoreceptors labeled with tritiated thymidine into RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32: 1704-1707.
46. Greaton, C.J., K.B. Lane, V.L. Shepherd, B.J. McLaughlin (1996) Sequence homology identified between the retinal pigment epithelium and the macrophage mannose receptor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37(suppl): S920.
47. Gregory, C.Y., T.A. Abrams, M.O. Hall (1992) cAMP production via the adenylyl cyclase pathway is reduced in RCS rat RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:3121-3124.
48. 2-adenosine receptors inhibits the ingestion of photoreceptor outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:819-825.
49. Gregory, C.Y., M.O. Hall (1992) The phagocytosis of ROS is inhibited by an antiserum to RPE cell membranes. Exp Eye Res 54: 843-851.
50. Griff, E.R. (1991) Potassium-evoked responses from the retinal pigment epithelium of the toad Buffo marinus. Exp Eye Res 53:219-228.
51. Hall, M.O., T.A. Abrams (1987) Kinetic studies of rod outer segment binding and ingestion by cultured rat RPE cells. Exp Eye Res 45: 907-922.
52. Hall, M.O., T.A. Abrams (1991a) RPE cells from normal rats do not secrete a factor which enhances the phagocytosis of ROS by dystrophic rat RPE cells. Exp Eye Res 52:461-464.
53. Hall, M.O., T.A. Abrams (1991b) The phagocytosis of ROS by RPE cells is not inhibited by mannose-containing ligands. Exp Eye Res 53: 167-170.
54. Hall, M.O., T.A. Abrams, T.W. Mittag (1991) ROS ingestion by RPE cells is turned off by increased protein kinase C activity and by increased calcium. Exp Eye Res 52: 591-598.
55. Hall, M.O., T.A. Abrams, T.W. Mittag (1993) The phagocytosis of rod outer segments is inhibited by drugs linked to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:2392-2401.
56. Hall, M.O., B.L. Burgess, T.A. Abrams, A.V. Ershov, C.A. Gregory (1996a) Further studies on the identification of the phagocytosis receptor of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 63:255-264.
57. Hall, M.O., B.L. Burgess, T.A. Abrams, M.O. Martinez (1996b) Carbachol does not correct the defect in the phagocytosis of outer segments by Royal College of Surgeons rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37: 1473-1477.
58. Hall, M.O., B.L. Burgess, H. Arikawa, S.J. Fliesler (1990) The effect of inhibitors of glycoprotein synthesis and processing on the phagocytosis of rod outer segments by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Glycobiology 1:51-61.
59. Herron, W.L., B.W. Riegel, E. Brennan, M.L. Rubin (1974) Retinal dystrophy in the pigmented rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 13: 87-94.
60. Herron, W.L., B.W. Riegel, O.E. Myers, M.L. Rubin (1969) Retinal dystrophy in the rat - A pigment epithelial disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 8:595-604.
61. Heth, C.A., P.A. Marescalchi (1994) Inositol triphosphate generation in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55:409-416.
62. Heth, C.A., S.Y. Schmidt (1991) Phagocytic challenge induces changes in phosphorylation of retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 10: 1049-1057.
63. Heth, CA., S.Y. Schmidt (1992) Protein phosphorylation in retinal pigment epithelium of Long-Evans and Royal College of Surgeon rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2839-2847.
64. Hu, J.G., R.P. Gallemore, D. Bok, D.A. Frambach (1996) Chloride transport in cultured fetal human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 62:443-448.
65. Hughes, B.A., Y. Segawa (1993) c-AMP activated chloride currents in amphibian retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Physiol (Lond) 466:749-766.
66. Hughes, B.A., R.H. Steinberg (1990) Voltagedependent currents in isolated cells of the frog retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond) 428:273-297.
67. + currents in isolated human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1125-1139.
68. Jiang, M., S. Pandey, V.T. Tran, H.W. Fong (1991) Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 88: 3907-3911.
69. Joseph, D., S.S. Miller (1991) Apical and basal membrane transport mechanisms in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond) 435:439-463.
70. Keller, S.K., T.J. Jentsch, I. Janicke, M. Wiederholt (1988) Regulation of intracellular pH in cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pllugers Arch 411:47-52.
71. Kennedy, B.G. (1994) Volume regulation in cultured cells derived from human retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Physiol 266:C676-C683.
72. Kuriyama, S., M.O. Hall, T.A. Abrams, T.W. Mittag (1995) Isoproterenol inhibits rod outer segment phagocytosis by both cAMP-dependent and independent pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:730-736.
73. 2+ transient and phosphatidyl turnover in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Brain Res 579:227-233.
74. LaCour, M. (1989) Rheogenic sodium-bicarbonate co-transport across the retinal membrane of the frog retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond)419:539-553.
75. 3 co-transport in frog retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond) 459:59-72.
76. -transport in frog retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 54: 921-931.
77. LaCour, M. (1993) Ion transport in the retinal pigment epithelium. Acta Ophthalmol 71(suppl 209): 1-34.
78. LaCour, M., H. Lund-Anderson, T. Zeuthen (1986) Potassium transport of the frog retinal pigment epithelium: Autoregulation of potassium activity in the subretinal space. J Physiol (Lond) 375:461-179.
79. La Vail, M.M. (1976) Rod outer segment disc shedding in relation to cyclic lightning. Exp Eye Res 23:277-280.
80. LaVail, M.M. (1980) Circadian nature of rod outer segment disc shedding in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19:407-411.
81. LaVail, M.M., B.-A. Battelle (1975) Influence of eye pigmentation and light deprivation on inherited retinal dystrophy in rat. Exp Eye Res 21:167-192.
82. LaVail, M.M., K. Unoki, D. Yasumura, M.T. Matthes, G.D. Yancopoulos, R.H. Steinberg (1992) Multiple growth factors, cytokines and neurotrophins rescue photoreceptors from damaging effects of constant light. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11249-11253.
83. Li, L., H.J. Sheedlo, J.E. Turner (1993) Müller cell expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in RPE-cell transplanted retinas of RCS dystrophic rats. Curr Eye Res 12: 841-849.
84. Li, L., J.E. Turner (1991) Optimal conditions for long-term photoreceptor cell rescue in RCS rats: The necessity for healthy RPE transplants. Exp Eye Res 52:669-679.
85. Little, C.W., B. Castillo, D.A. DiLoreto, C. Cox, J. Wyatt, C. del Cerro, M. del Cerro (1996) Transplantation of human fetal retinal pigment epithelium rescues photoreceptor cells from degeneration in the Royal College of Surgeons rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:204-211.
86. Liu, N.-P., F. Fitzgibbon, M. Nash, N.N. Osborne (1992) Epidermal growth factor potentiates the transmitter-induced stimulation of c-AMP and inositol phosphates in human pigment epithelial cells in culture. Exp Eye Res 55:489-497.
87. Lolley, R.N., D.B. Farber (1976) A proposed link between debris accumulation, guanosine 3′,5′cyclic monophosphate changes and photoreceptor cell degeneration in retina of RCS rats. Exp Eye Res 22:477-486.
88. Lopez, R., P. Gouras, H. Kjeldbye, B. Sullivan, V. Reppucci, M. Briltis, F. Wapner, E. Goluboff (1989) Transplanted retinal pigment epithelium modifies the retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:586-588.
89. Lopez-Colome, A.M., G. Fragoso, C.E. Wright, J.A. Sturman (1994) Excitatory amino acid receptors in membranes from cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 13: 553-560.
90. Lopez-Colome, A.M., R. Salceda, G. Fragoso (1993) Specific interaction of glutamate with membranes from cultured retinal pigment epithelium. J Neurosci Res 34:454-461.
91. Lutz, D.A., Y. Guo, B.J. McLaughlin (1995) Natural, high-mannose containing glycoproteins inhibit ROS binding and ingestion by RPE cell cultures. Exp Eye Res 61:487-493.
92. May, C.A., M. Horneber, E. Liitjen-Drecoll (1996) Quantitative and morphological changes of the choroid vasculature in RCS rats and their congenie controls. Exp Eye Res 63:75-84.
93. McLaren, M.J. (1996) Kinetics of rod outer segment phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37: 1213-1224.
94. McLaren, M.J., W. An, M.E. Brown, G. Inana (1996) Analysis of basic fibroblast growth factor in rats with inherited retinal degeneration. FEBS Lett 387:63-70.
95. McLaren, M.J., M. Holderby, M.E. Brown, G. Inana (1992) Kinetics of ROS binding and ingestion by cultured RCS rat RPE cells: Modulation by conditioned media bFGF. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33(suppl): 1027.
96. McLaughlin, B.J., N.G.F. Cooper, V.L. Shepherd (1994) How good is the evidence to suggest that phagocytosis of ROS by RPE is receptor mediated? Prog Retinal Eye Res 13: 147-164.
97. 2+-channels by tyrosine kinase and PKC in RPE cells from rats with retinal dystrophy. FASEB J, in press.
98. Miceli, M.V., D.A. Newsome (1994) Insulin stimulation of retinal outer segment uptake by cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells determined by a flow cytometric method. Exp Eye Res 59:271-280.
99. Miceli, M.V., D.A. Newsome, D.J. Tate, Jr. (1997) Phagocytosis of ROS by RPE is coupled to diverse transmembrane signalling pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38(suppl): S329.
100. Miller, S.S., R.H. Steinberg (1977) Active transport of ions across frog retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 25:235-248.
101. Mullen, R.J., M.M. LaVail (1976) Inherited retinal dystrophy: Primary defect in pigment epithelium determined with experimental rat chimeras. Science 792:799-801.
102. Nash, M.S., N.N. Osborne (1995a) Agonist-induced effects on cyclic AMP metabolism are affected in pigment epithelial cells of the Royal College of Surgeon rat. Neurochem Int 27: 253-262.
103. Nash, M.S., N.N. Osborne (1995b) Pertussis toxinsensitive melatonin receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase associated with cultured human and rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:95-102.
104. Nash, M.S., J.P.M. Wood, N.N. Osborne (1997) Protein kinase C activation by serotonin potentiates agonist-induced stimulation of cAMP production in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 64:249-255.
105. 2, receptor-mediated phosphoinositide turnover and mobilization of calcium in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium cells. Vision Res 33:2171-2179.
106. Perry, J., J. Du, H. Kjeldbye, P. Gouras (1995) The effects of bFGF on RCS rat eyes. Curr Eye Res 14:585-592.
107. Poyer, J.F., J.S. Ryan, M.E.M. Kelly (1996) G protein-mediated activation of a nonspecification current in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Memb Biol 153:13-26.
108. +-ATPase and Sail antigen in apical microvilli of the retinal pigment epithelium is unrelated to oc-spectrin. J Cell Sci 108:3623-3633.
109. Rodriguez de Turco, E.B., W.C. Gordon, N.G. Bazan (1992) Light stimulates in vivo inositol lipid turnover in frog retinal pigment epithelial cells at the onset of shedding and phagocytosis of photoreceptor membranes. Exp Eye Res 55: 719-725.
110. Roque, R.S., C.J. Imperial, R.B. Caldwell (1996) Microglial cells invade the outer retina as photoreceptors degenerate in the Royal College of Surgeons rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37: 196-203.
111. Ruiz, A., D. Bok (1996) Characterization of the 3′ UTR sequence encoded by the AQP-1 gene in human retinal pigment epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta 1282:174-178.
112. Ryeom, S.W., R.L. Silverstein, A. Scotto, J.R. Sparrow (1996) Binding of anionic phospholipids to retinal pigment epithelium may be mediated by the scavenger receptor CD36. J Biol Chem 277:20536-20539.
113. Ryeom, S.W., R.L. Silverstein, J.R. Sparrow (1995) The absence of CD36, a molecule mediating phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS), correlates with a lack of ROS uptake by retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36(suppl): S815.
114. Ryeom, S.W., J.R. Sparrow, R.L. Silverstein (1994) CD 36 is expressed on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and mediates phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35(suppl):2140.
115. +-conductance in the toad retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond) 476:41-53.
116. Shepherd, V.L., B.I. Tarnowski, B.J. McLaughlin (1991) Isolation and characterization of a mannose receptor from human pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:1779-1784.
117. Sheu, S.-J., T. Sakamoto, R. Osusky, H.-M. Wang, T.E. Ogden, S.J. Ryan, D.R. Hinton, R. Gopalakrishna (1994) Transforming growth factor-β regulates human retinal pigment epithelial cell phagocytosis by influencing a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 232: 695-701.
118. Shima, D.T., A.P. Adamis, N. Ferrara, K.-T. Yeo, T.-K. Yeo, R. Allende, J. Folkman, P.A. 0'Amore (1995) Hypoxie induction of endothelial cell growth factors in retinal cells: Identification and characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the mitogen. Mol Med 1: 182-193.
119. Sollom, A.W., D. Adlakha (1968) Flugrescein staining in primary pigmentary degeneration of the retina - A histological study in rats. Exp Eye Res 7:1-3.
120. Sparrow, J.R., S.W. Ryeom, N.A. Abumrad, A. Ibrahim, R.L. Silverstein (1997) CD36 expression is altered in retinal pigment epithelial cells of the RCS rat. Exp Eye Res 64:45-56.
121. + signaling in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells during mechanical and pharmacologie stimulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:176-187.
122. Steele, F.R., G.J. Chader, L.V. Johnson, J. Tombran-Tmk (1992) Pigment epithelium-derived factor: Neurotrophic activity and identification as a member of the serine protease inhibitor gene family. Proc Natl Acad USA 90: 1526-1530.
123. Steinberg, R.H. (1985) Interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium and the neural retina. Doc Ophthalmol 60: 327-346.
124. Strauss, O., S. Mergler, M. Wiederholt (1997) Regulation of L-type calcium channels by tyrosine kinases (PTK) and protein kinase C (PKC) in cultured rat and human retinal pigment epithelial cells. FASEB J 11:859-867.
125. Strauss, O., G. Richard, M. Wienrich (1993) Voltage-dependent potassium currents in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 191:775-781.
126. --conductance by protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 66:35-42.
127. Strauss, O., T. Weiser, M. Wienrich (1994) Potassium currents in cultured cells of the rat retinal pigment epithelium. Comp Biochem Physiol 109A:975-983.
128. --currents in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells by intracellular application of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate: Differences between rats with retinal dystrophy (RCS) and normal rats. J Membr Biol 151: 189-200.
129. Strauss, O., M. Wienrich (1993) Cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells from RCS rats express an increased calcium conductance compared with cells from non-dystrophic rats. Pflügers Arch 425:68-76.
130. 2+-conductances in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 160:89-96.
131. Strauss, O., M. Wienrich (1994b) Extracellular matrix proteins as substrate modulate the pattern of calcium channel expression in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pflueers Arch 429:137-139.
132. Tao, Q., M.E.M. Kelly (1995) Calcium-activated potassium current in cultured rabbit retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 75: 237-246.
133. Tao, Q., P.E. Rafuse, M.E.M. Kelly (1994) Potassium currents in cultured rabbit retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Membr Biol 141:123-138.
134. Thanos, S. (1992) Sick photoreceptors attract microglia from the ganglion cell layer: A model to study the inflammatory cascades in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. Brain Res 588:21-28.
135. Tien, L., B.J. McLaughlin, N.G.F. Cooper (1991) Glycoproteins in the retinal pigment epithelium of normal and dystrophic rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:319-326.
136. Timmers, A.M., D.A.H.M. Van Groningen-Luyben, W.J. de Grip (1991) Uptake and isomerization of all-trans retinol by isolated bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells: Further clues to the visual cycle. Exp Eye Res 52:129-138.
137. Tso, M.O.M., C. Zhang, A.S. Abler, et al (1994) Apoptosis leads to photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy of RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:2693-2699.
138. Tsuboi, S., J.E. Pederson (1988) Volume across the isolated retinal pigment epithelium of cynomolgus monkey eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:1652-1655.
139. Ueda, Y., R.H. Steinberg (1993) Voltage-operated calcium channels in fresh and cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34:3408-3418.
140. Ueda, Y., R.H. Steinberg (1994) Chloride currents in freshly isolated rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 58:331-342.
141. Uehara, F., D. Yasumura, M.M. LaVail (1991) Development of light-evoked changes of the interphotoreceptor matrix in normal and RCS rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. Exp Eye Res 53:55-60.
142. Voaden, M.J. (1988) Retinitis pigmentosa and its models; in Osborne NN, JG Chader (eds): Progress in Retinal Research. Oxford, Pergamon Press, vol 7, pp 293-331.
143. Wagner, U., M. Wiederholt (1996) Membrane voltage and whole-cell currents in cultured pericytes of control rats and rats with retinal dystrophy. Curr Eye Res 75:1045-1053.
144. Wen, R., G.M. Liu, R.H. Steinberg (1993) Wholecell recordings in fresh and cultured cells of the human and monkey retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond) 465:121-147.
145. +-current in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Physiol (Lond) 476:187-196.
146. Wen, R., Y. Song, T. Cheng, M.T. Matthes, D. Yasumura, M.M. LaVail, R.H. Steinberg (1995) Injury-induced upregulation of bFGF and CNTF mRNAs in the rat retina. J Neurosci 15: 7377-7385.
147. Wileman, T.E., M.R. Lennartz, P.D. Stahl (1986) Identification of the macrophage mannose receptor as a 175 kDa membrane protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2501-2505.
148. Wilt, S.D., D.A. Lutz, M. Sciler, V.L. Shepherd, B.J. McLaughlin (1995) Developmental expression of a phagocytic receptor during onset of ROS phagocytosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36(suppl): S550.
149. Yoshida, M., H. Tanihara, N. Yoshimura (1992) Platelet-derived growth factor gene expression in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189:66-71.
150. Yoshimura, N., S. Kuriyama, M. Iwaki, Y. Honda (1992) Growth factor dependent phosphorylation of membrane proteins in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 11: 997-1004.
151. Young, R.W., D. Bok (1969) Participation of the retinal pigment epithelium in the rod outer segment renewal process. J Cell Biol 42:392-403.