Evidence-based nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (FESNAD-SEEDO consensus document). The role of diet in obesity prevention (II/III);Recomendaciones nutricionales basadas en la evidencia para la prevención y el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad en adultos (consenso FESNAD-SEEDO). La dieta en la prevención de la obesidad (II/III)

Nutricion Hospitalaria

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 800-832

  Gargallo Fernandez M ^a   Quiles Izquierdo, J ^b   Basulto Marset, J ^f   Breton Lesmes, I ^c   Formiguera Sala, X ^d   Salas Salvado J ^e  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO INFANTA LEONOR   (Spain)

^b Centro Superior de Investigacion en Salud Publica   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^d Fundación SEEDO   (Spain)

^e UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI   (Spain)

^f NONE

Author keywords

Diet; Nutrition; Obesity; Overweight; Prevention

Indexed keywords

BODY WEIGHT; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CONSENSUS; DIET; DIET THERAPY; DRINKING; EATING; ENERGY METABOLISM; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FAT INTAKE; FOOD; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMAN; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; OBESITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW; SPAIN; VEGETARIAN DIET;

BODY WEIGHT; CONSENSUS; DIET; DIET SURVEYS; DIET, MEDITERRANEAN; DIET, VEGETARIAN; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY PROTEINS; DRINKING; EATING; ENERGY METABOLISM; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FOOD; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; PLANTS, EDIBLE; SPAIN;

EID: 84861775639     PISSN: 02121611     EISSN: 16995198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3305/nh.2012.27.3.5679     Document Type: Article

References (308)

1. Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillón P, León-Muñoz LM, Graciani A, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: The ENRICA Study. Obes Rev 2011. Doi: 10.1111/ j.1467-789X.2011.00964.x
2. Gargallo Fernández M, Basulto Marset J, Breton Lesmes I, Quiles Izquierdo J, Formiguera Sala X, Salas-Salvadó J, Grupo de Consenso FESNAD SEEDO. Recomendaciones nutricionales basadas en la evidencia para la prevención y el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad en adultos (Consenso FESNAD-SEEDO). Metodologia y resumen ejecutivo. Nutr Hosp 2012; 27: 777-787.
3. Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basdevant A, Finer N, Fried M, Mathus- Vliegen E et al. Management of obesity in adults: European clinical practice guidelines. Obes Facts 2008; 1: 106-16.
4. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. A guideline developers' handbook (Publication no 50). Edinburgh: SIGN: 2001. [monografía en Internet]. [actualizado 1 en 2008; citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/index.html
5. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Estrategia NAOS. 2005. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/csym
6. Corio R, Gadea P, Gutiérrez R, Díaz M, Matilla C; Monereo S. Estrategia SEMERGEN, SEEDO y SEEN para la prevención y el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad en Atención Primaria. Semergen 2007; 33: 463-5.
7. Aranceta J, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Serra-Majem L, Bellido D, de la Torre ML, Formiguera X, Moreno B. Prevention of overweight and obesity: a Spanish approach. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 1187-93.
8. Quiles J, Perez-Rodrigo C, Serra-Majem Ll, Roman B, Aranceta J. Situación de la obesidad en España y estrategias de intervención. Rev Esp Nutr Comunitaria 2008, 14 (3): 142-49.
9. World Health Organization. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. WHO Technical Report Series 916. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data; 2003.
10. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Estrategia mundial sobre régimen alimentario, actividad física y salud. Ginebra: Biblioteca de la Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2004.
11. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Obesity guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. 2006. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf
12. World Health Organization. The challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategies for response. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication; 2007.
13. Kumanyika SK, Obarzanek E, Stettler N, Bell R, Field AE, Fortmann SP et al. Population-based prevention of obesity: the need for comprehensive promotion of healthful eating, physical activity, and energy balance: a scientific statement from American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Interdisciplinary Committee for Prevention (formerly the expert panel on population and prevention science). Circulation 2008; 118: 428-64.
14. Seagle HM, Strain GW, Makris A, Reeves RS; American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 330-46.
15. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of obesity. A national clinical guideline. 2010. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.nice. org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG43NICEGuideline.pdf
16. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. U.S. Washington, DC: Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2010.
17. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.
18. Cucó G, Arija V, Martí-Henneberg C, Fernández-Ballart J. Food and nutricional profile of high energy density consumers in an adult Mediterranean population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 192-9.
19. Alinia S, Hels O, Tetens I. The potential association between fruit intake and body weight-a review. Obes Rev 2009; 10: 639-47S.
20. Bes-Rastrollo M, van Dam RM, Martínez-González MA, Li TY, Sampson LL, Hu FB. Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 769-77.
21. Savage JS, Marini M, Birch LL. Dietary energy density predicts women's weight change over 6 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 677-84.
22. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Wijckmans-Duijsens NE, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, de Graaf K, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA. Energy intake and body weight effects of six months reduced or full fat diets, as a function of dietary restraint. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 14-22.
23. Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Ard JD, Champagne C et al. Reductions in dietary energy density are associated with weight loss in overweight and obese participants in the PREMIER trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1212-21.
24. Torheim LE, Ferguson EL, Penrose K, Arimond M. Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients. J Nutr 2010; 140: 2051S-8S.
25. Black JL, Macinko J. Neighborhoods and obesity. Nutr Rev 2008; 66: 2-20.
26. Ford PB, Dzewaltowski DA. Disparities in obesity prevalence due to variation in the retail food environment: three testable hypotheses. Nutr Rev 2008; 66: 216-28.
27. Kamphuis CB, Giskes K, de Bruijn GJ, Wendel-Vos W, Brug J, van Lenthe FJ. Environmental determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2006; 96: 620-35.
28. López-Azpiazu I, Sánchez-Villegas A, Johansson L, Petkeviciene J, Prättälä R, Martínez-González MA; FAIR-97-3096 Project. Disparities in food habits in Europe: systematic review of educational and occupational differences in the intake of fat. J Hum Nutr Diet 2003; 16: 349-64.
29. Irala-Estévez JD, Groth M, Johansson L, Oltersdorf U, Prättälä R, Martínez-González MA. A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of fruit and vegetables. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: 706-14.
30. Casagrande SS, Whitt-Glover MC, Lancaster KJ, Odoms- Young AM, Gary TL. Built environment and health behaviors among African Americans: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2009; 36: 174-81.
31. Giskes K, Kamphuis CB, van Lenthe FJ, Kremers S, Droomers M, Brug J. A systematic review of associations between environmental factors, energy and fat intakes among adults: is there evidence for environments that encourage obesogenic dietary intakes? Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 1005-17.
32. Holsten JE. Obesity and the community food environment: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12: 397-405.
33. Jago R, Baranowski T, Baranowski JC. Fruit and vegetable availability: a micro environmental mediating variable? Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 681-9.
34. Papas MA, Alberg AJ, Ewing R, Helzlsouer KJ, Gary TL, Klassen AC. The built environment and obesity. Epidemiol Rev 2007; 29: 129-43.
35. Van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, Wendel-Vos W, Giskes K, van Lenthe F, Brug J. A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth. Health Educ Res 2007; 22: 203-26.
36. Orfanos P, Naska A, Trichopoulou A, Grioni S, Boer JM, van Bakel MM et al. Eating out of home: energy, macro-and micronutrient intakes in 10 European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (Suppl. 4): S239-62.
37. Rosenheck R. Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: A systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 535-547.
38. Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Jacobs DR Jr, Williams OD, Popkin BM. Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y change in body mass index: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 201-8.
39. French SA, Harnack L, Jeffery RW. Fast food restaurant use among women in the Pound of Prevention study: Dietary, behavioral and demographic correlates. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1353-9.
40. Jeffery RW, French SA. Epidemic obesity in the United States: are fast foods and television viewing contributing? Am J Public Health 1998; 88 (2): 277-80.
41. Li F, Harmer P, Cardinal BJ, Bosworth M, Johnson-Shelton D, Moore JM et al. Built environment and 1-year change in weight and waist circumference in middle-aged and older adults: Portland Neighborhood Environment and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169: 401-8.
42. Niemeier HM, Raynor HA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Rogers ML, Wing RR. Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39: 842-9.
43. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr, Ludwig DS. Fast-food habits, weight gain and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet 2005; 365: 36-42.
44. Bes-Rastrollo M, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Sánchez-Villegas A, Marti A, Martínez JA, Martínez-González MA. A prospective study of eating away-from-home meals and weight gain in a Mediterranean population: the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort. Public Health Nutr 2010; 13: 1356-63.
45. Vermeer WM, Steenhuis IH, Seidell JC. Portion size: a qualitative study of consumers' attitudes toward point-of-purchase interventions aimed at portion size. Health Educ Res 2010; 25: 109-20.
46. Wansink B, Kim J. Bad popcorn in big buckets: portion size can influence intake as much as taste. J Nutr Educ Behav 2005; 37: 242-5.
47. Ernersson A, Nystrom FH, Lindström T. Long-term increase of fat mass after a four week intervention with fast food based hyper-alimentation and limitation of physical activity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7: 68.
48. Kral TV. Effects on hunger and satiety, perceived portion size and pleasantness of taste of varying the portion size of foods: a brief review of selected studies. Appetite 2006; 46: 103-5.
49. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. 6th Edition, Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. January 2005.
50. Gilhooly CH, Das SK, Golden JK, McCrory MA, Dallal GE, Saltzman E, Kramer FM, Roberts SB. Food cravings and energy regulation: the characteristics of craved foods and their relationship with eating behaviors and weight change during 6 months of dietary energy restriction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 1849-58.
51. Schusdziarra V, Hausmann M, Wittke C, Mittermeier J, Kellner M, Naumann A, Wagenpfeil S, Erdmann J. Impact of breakfast on daily energy intake-an analysis of absolute versus relative breakfast calories. Nutr J 2011; 10: 5.
52. Nicklas TA, Myers L, Reger C, Beech B, Berenson GS. Impact of breakfast consumption on nutritional adequacy of the diets of young adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana: ethnic and gender contrasts. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98: 1432-1438.
53. De Castro JM. The time of day of food intake influences overall intake in humans. J Nutr 2004; 134: 104-111.
54. De Castro JM. The time of day and the proportions of macronutrients eaten are related to total daily food intake. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 1077-1083.
55. Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO. Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obes Res 2002; 10: 78-82.
56. Merten MJ, Williams AL, Shriver LH. Breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: parental presence, community context, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 1384-91.
57. Purslow LR, Sandhu MS, Forouhi N, Young EH, Luben RN, Welch AA et al. Energy intake at breakfast and weight change: Prospective study of 6,764 middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167: 188-192.
58. Nooyens AC, Visscher TL, Schuit AJ, van Rossum CT, Verschuren WM, van Mechelen W, Seidell JC. Effects of retirement on lifestyle in relation to changes in weight and waist circumference in Dutch men: a prospective study. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8: 1266-74.
59. Crossman A, Anne Sullivan D, Benin M. The family environment and American adolescents' risk of obesity as young adults. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63: 2255-67.
60. Van der Heijden AA, Hu FB, Rimm EB, van Dam RM. A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men. Obesity 2007; 15: 2,463-9.
61. Johnson GH, Anderson GH. Snacking definitions: impact on interpretation of the literature and dietary recommendations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50: 848-71.
62. Pérez-Cueto FJ, Verbeke W, de Barcellos MD, Kehagia O, Chryssochoidis G, Scholderer J et al. Food-related lifestyles and their association to obesity in five European countries. Appetite 2010; 54: 156-62.
63. Sánchez-Villegas A, Martínez-González MA, Toledo E, de Irala-Estévez J, Martínez JA; Equipo investigador del Proyecto SUN. Influencia del sedentarismo y el hábito de comer entre horas sobre la ganancia de peso. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 119: 46-52.
64. Marín-Guerrero AC, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillón P, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Eating behaviours and obesity in the adult population of Spain. Br J Nutr 2008; 100: 1142-8.
65. Halkjaer J, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Sørensen TI. Dietary predictors of 5-year changes in waist circumference. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 1356-66.
66. Woo J, Cheung B, Sham A, Lam TH. Influence of dietary pattern on the development of overweight in a Chinese population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008; 62: 480-7.
67. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sánchez-Villegas A, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Toledo E, Serrano-Martínez M. Prospective study of self-reported usual snacking and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project. Clin Nutr 2010; 29: 323-30.
68. Parks EJ, McCrory MA. When to eat and how often? Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 3-4.
69. Mattson MP. The need for controlled studies of the effects of meal frequency on health. Lancet 2005; 365: 1978-1980.
70. Speechly DP, Buffenstein R. Greater appetite control associated with an increased frequency of eating in lean males. Appetite 1999; 33: 285-97.
71. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lípido profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 16-24.
72. Ruidavets JB, Bongard V, Bataille V, Gourdy P, Ferrières J. Eating frequency and body fatness in middle-aged men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1476-1483.
73. Toschke AM, Küchenhoff H, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Meal frequency and childhood obesity. Obes Res 2005; 13: 1932-1938.
74. Dwyer JT, Evans M, Stone EJ, Feldman HA, Lytle L, Hoelscher D et al. Adolescents' eating patterns influence their nutrient intakes. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101: 798-802.
75. Howarth NC, Huang TT, Roberts SB, Lin BH, McCrory MA. Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 675-84.
76. Kerver JM, Yang EJ, Obayashi S, Bianchi L, Song WO. Meal and snack patterns are associated with dietary intake of energy and nutrients in US adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 46-53.
77. Ma Y, Bertone ER, Stanek EJ 3rd, Reed GW, Hebert JR, Cohen NL et al. Association between eating patterns and obesity in a freeliving US adult population. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 15-92.
78. Hartline-Grafton HL, Rose D, Johnson CC, Rice JC, Webber LS. The influence of weekday eating patterns on energy intake and BMI among female elementary school personnel. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010; 18: 736-42.
79. Núñez-Córdoba JM, Valencia-Serrano F, Toledo E, Alonso A, Martínez-González MA. The Mediterranean diet and incidence of hypertension: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169: 339-46.
80. Fargnoli J, Kim Y, Mantzoros CS. Mediterranean diet in disease prevention: current perspectives. En: Mantzoros, CS (Ed). Nutrition and Metabolism. Boston (USA): Humana Press; 2009, pp. 263-278.
81. Serra-Majem L, Roman B, Estruch R. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2006; 64 (2 Pt 2): S27-47.
82. Varela-Moreiras G, Avila JM, Cuadrado C, del Pozo S, Ruiz E, Moreiras O. Evaluation of food consumption and dietary patterns in Spain by the Food Consumption Survey: updated information. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64 (Suppl. 3): S37-43.
83. Salas-Salvadó J, Garcia-Arellano A, Estruch R, Marquez-Sandoval F, Corella D, Fiol M et al. Components of the Mediterranean- type food pattern and serum inflammatory markers among patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008; 62: 651-9.
84. Sofi F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 1189-96.
85. Martínez-González MA, de Irala-Estévez J; Pérez-Gaspar M; Gual P. Si son abstemios, mejor. Med Clin (Barc) 2000; 114: 237-8.
86. Martínez-González MA, Alonso A, Fernández-Jarne E, de Irala J. What is protective in the Mediterranean diet? Atherosclerosis 2003; 166: 405-7.
87. Martínez-González MA, Sánchez-Villegas A. The emerging role of Mediterranean diets in cardiovascular epidemiology: monounsaturated fats, olive oil, red wine or the whole pattern? Eur J Epidemiol 2004; 19: 9-13.
88. Bellisle F. Infrequently asked questions about the Mediterranean diet. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12: 1644-7.
89. Ferro-Luzzi A, James WP, Kafatos A. The high-fat Greek diet: a recipe for all? Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 796-809.
90. Belahsen R, Rguibi M. Population health and Mediterranean diet in southern Mediterranean countries. Public Health Nutr 2006; 9: 1130-5.
91. Muñoz MA, Fíto M, Marrugat J, Covas MI, Schröder H; REGICOR and HERMES investigators. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better mental and physical health. Br J Nutr 2009; 101: 1821-7.
92. Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Stefanadis C. Association between the prevalence of obesity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: the ATTICA study. Nutrition 2006; 22: 449-56.
93. Panagiotakos DB, Polystipioti A, Papairakleous N, Polychronopoulos E. Long-term adoption of a Mediterranean diet is associated with a better health status in elderly people; a cross-sectional survey in Cyprus. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16: 331-7.
94. Romaguera D, Norat T, Mouw T, May AM, Bamia C, Slimani N et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower abdominal adiposity in European men and women. J Nutr 2009; 139: 1728-37.
95. Schröder H, Marrugat J, Vila J, Covas MI, Elosua R. Adherence to the traditional mediterranean diet is inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in a spanish population. J Nutr 2004; 134: 3355-61.
96. Shubair MM, McColl RS, Hanning RM. Mediterranean dietary components and body mass index in adults: the peel nutrition and heart health survey. Chronic Dis Can 2005; 26: 43-51.
97. Sánchez-Taínta A, Estruch R, Bulló M, Corella D, Gómez-Gracia E, Fiol M et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet and reduced prevalence of clustered cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of 3,204 high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 589-93.
98. Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Orfanos P, Trichopoulos D. Mediterranean diet in relation to body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio: the Greek European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 935-40.
99. Tyrovolas S, Bountziouka V, Papairakleous N, Zeimbekis A, Anastassiou F, Gotsis E et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower prevalence of obesity hmong elderly people living in Mediterranean islands: the MEDIS study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 60: 137-150.
100. Ambring A, Friberg P, Axelsen M, Laffrenzen M, Taskinen MR, Basu S et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-inspired diet on blood lipids, vascular function and oxidative stress in healthy subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 106: 519-25.
101. Sánchez-Villegas A, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA, Serra-Majem L. Adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern and weight gain in a follow-up study: the SUN cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 350-8.
102. Mendez MA, Popkin BM, Jakszyn P, Berenguer A, Tormo MJ, Sánchez MJ et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced 3-year incidence of obesity. J Nutr 2006; 136: 2934-8.
103. Tortosa A, Bes-Rastrollo M, Sánchez-Villegas A, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Nuñez-Cordoba JM, Martínez-González MA. Mediterranean diet inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: the SUN prospective cohort. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2957-9.
104. Yannakoulia M, Panagiotakos D, Pitsavos C, Lentzas Y, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas I et al. Five-year incidence of obesity and its determinants: the ATTICA study. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12: 36-43.
105. Rumawas ME, Meigs JB, Dwyer JT, McKeown NM, Jacques PF. Mediterranean-style dietary pattern, reduced risk of metabolic syndrome traits, and incidence in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 1608-14.
106. Romaguera D, Norat T, Vergnaud AC, Mouw T, May AM, Agudo A et al. Mediterranean dietary patterns and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA project. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 912-21.
107. Buckland G, Bach A, Serra-Majem L. Obesity and the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 582-93.
108. Kastorini CM, Milionis HJ, Goudevenos JA, Panagiotakos DB. Mediterranean diet and coronary heart disease: is obesity a link? - A systematic review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20: 536-51.
109. Craig WJ, Mangels AR; American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 1266-82.
110. American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets. Can J Diet Pract Res 2003; 64: 62-81.
111. Berkow SE, Barnard N. Vegetarian diets and weight status. Nutr Rev 2006; 64: 175-88.
112. Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ. Low body mass index in non-meat eaters: the possible roles of animal fat, dietary fibre and alcohol. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 454-60.
113. Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Spence JT, Freedman M, King J. Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 110: 411-20.
114. Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 728-34.
115. Newby PK, Tucker KL, Wolk A. Risk of overweight and obesity among semi vegetarian, lactovegetarian and vegan women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 1,267-74.
116. Rosell M, Appleby P, Spencer E, Key T. Weight gain over 5 years in 21,966 meat-eating, fish-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 1389-96.
117. Saris WH, Asp NG, Björck I, Blaak E, Bornet F, Brouns F et al. Functional food science and substrate metabolism. Br J Nutr 1998; 80 (Suppl. 1): S47-75.
118. AESAN, Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Encuesta Nacional de Ingesta Dietética Española. 2011. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.aesan.msc.es/AESAN/web/notas_prensa/presentacion_enide.shtml
119. European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. EFSA Journal 2010; 8: 1462.
120. Wylie-Rosett J, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Segal-Isaacson A. Carbohydrates and increases in obesity: does the type of carbohydrate make a difference? Obes Res 2004; 12 (Suppl. 2): 124S-9S.
121. Willett WC. Low-carbohydrate diets: a place in health promotion? J Intern Med 2007; 261: 363-5.
122. Jeffcoat R. Obesity - a perspective based on the biochemical interrelationship of lipids and carbohydrates. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68: 1159-71.
123. Van Dam RM, Seidell JC. Carbohydrate intake and obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61 (Suppl. 1): S75-99.
124. Drewnowski A, Almiron-Roig E, Marmonier C, Lluch A. Dietary energy density and body weight: is there a relationship? Nutr Rev 2004; 62: 403-13.
125. Stookey JD. Energy density, energy intake and weight status in a large free-living sample of Chinese adults: exploring the underlying roles of fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber and water intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 349-5.
126. Eckel RH, Hernandez TL, Bell ML, Weil KM, Shepard TY, Grunwald GK et al. Carbohydrate balance predicts weight and fat gain in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 803-8.
127. Ma Y, Olendzki B, Chiriboga D, Hebert JR, Li Y, Li W, et al. Association between dietary carbohydrates and body weight. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 359-67.
128. Gaesser GA. Carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to body mass index. J Am Diet Assoc 2007; 107: 1768-80.
129. Yang EJ, Kerver JM, Park YK, Kayitsinga J, Allison DB, Song WO. Carbohydrate intake and biomarkers of glycemic control among US adults: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1426-33.
130. Bowman SA, Spence JT. A comparison of low-carbohydrate vs. high-carbohydrate diets: energy restriction, nutrient quality and correlation to body mass index. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 268-74.
131. Schaumberg DA, Liu S, Seddon JM, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Dietary glycemic load and risk of age-related cataract. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 489-95.
132. Flood A, Peters U, Jenkins DJ, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Church TR et al. Carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load and colorectal adenomas in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 1184-92.
133. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Chen WY, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Premenopausal dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12 (11 Pt 1): 1153-8.
134. Higginbotham S, Zhang ZF, Lee IM, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary glycemic load and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 65-70.
135. Silvera SA, Jain M, Howe GR, Miller AB, Rohan TE. Dietary carbohydrates and breast cancer risk: a prospective study of the roles of overall glycemic index and glycemic load. Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 653-8.
136. Slavin JL. Dietary fiber and body weight. Nutrition 2005; 21: 411-8.
137. Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, Hilner JE, Van Horn L, Slattery ML et al. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA 1999; 282: 1539-46.
138. Ahluwalia N, Ferrières J, Dallongeville J, Simon C, Ducimetière P, Amouyel P et al. Association of macronutrient intake patterns with being overweight in a population-based random sample of men in France. Diabetes Metab 2009; 35: 129-36.
139. Merchant AT, Vatanparast H, Barlas S, Dehghan M, Shah SM, De Koning L et al. Carbohydrate intake and overweight and obesity among healthy adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 1165-72.
140. Chen L, Appel LJ, Loria C, Lin PH, Champagne CM, Elmer PJ et al. Reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight loss: the PREMIER trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1299-306.
141. Almiron-Roig E, Flores SY, Drewnowski A. No difference in satiety or in subsequent energy intakes between a beverage and a solid food. Physiol Behav 2004; 82: 671-7.
142. Tsuchiya A, Almiron-Roig E, Lluch A, Guyonnet D, Drewnowski A. Higher satiety ratings following yogurt consumption relative to fruit drink or dairy fruit drink. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 550-7.
143. Mourao DM, Bressan J, Campbell WW, Mattes RD. Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 1688-95.
144. Stull AJ, Apolzan JW, Thalacker-Mercer AE, Iglay HB, Campbell WW. Liquid and solid meal replacement products differentially affect postprandial appetite and food intake in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 1226-30.
145. Flood-Obbagy JE, Rolls BJ. The effect of fruit in different forms on energy intake and satiety at a meal. Appetite 2009; 52: 416-22.
146. Mattes RD, Campbell WW. Effects of food form and timing of ingestion on appetite and energy intake in lean young adults and in young adults with obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 430-7.
147. Anne Moorhead S, Welch RW, Barbara M, Livingstone E, McCourt M, Burns AA, Dunne A. The effects of the fibre content and physical structure of carrots on satiety and subsequent intakes when eaten as part of a mixed meal. Br J Nutr 2006; 96: 587-95.
148. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 794-800.
149. Flood JE, Rolls BJ. Soup preloads in a variety of forms reduce meal energy intake. Appetite 2007; 49: 626-34.
150. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Hamidi M, Marchie A et al. Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 266S-73S.
151. Venn BJ, Green TJ. Glycemic index and glycemic load: measurement issues and their effect on diet-disease relationships. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61 (Suppl. 1): S122-31.
152. Van Bakel MM, Kaaks R, Feskens EJ, Rohrmann S, Welch AA, Pala V et al. Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (Suppl. 4): S188-205.
153. Lau C, Toft U, Tetens I, Richelsen B, Jørgensen T, Borch- Johnsen K et al. Association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and body mass index in the Inter99 study: Is underreporting a problem? Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 641-5.
154. Milton JE, Briche B, Brown IJ, Hickson M, Robertson CE, Frost GS. Relationship of glycaemic index with cardiovascular risk factors: Analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey for people aged 65 and older. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 1.321-35.
155. Murakami K, Sasaki S, Okubo H, Takahashi Y, Hosoi Y, Itabashi M. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: A cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18-20 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 986-95.
156. Méndez MA, Covas MI, Marrugat J, Vila J, Schröder H. Glycemic load, glycemic index and body mass index in Spanish adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 316-22.
157. Hare-Bruun H, Flint A, Heitmann BL. Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in adult Danes. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 871-9.
158. Du H, van der A DL, van Bakel MM, Slimani N, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ et al. Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33: 1280-8.
159. Sloth B, Krog-Mikkelsen I, Flint A, Tetens I, Bjorck I, Vinoy S et al. No difference in body weight decrease between a lowglycemic- index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic- index diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 337-47.
160. Sichieri R, Moura AS, Genelhu V, Hu F, Willett WC. An 18- mo randomised trial of a low-glycemic-index diet and weight change in Brazilian women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 707-13.
161. De Rougemont A, Normand S, Nazare JA, Skilton MR, Sothier M, Vinoy S et al. Beneficial effects of a 5-week low-glycaemic index regimen on weight control and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight non-diabetic subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 1288-98.
162. Livesey G., Taylo R, Hulshof T, Howlett J. Glycemic response and health-a systematic review and meta-analysis: relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87 (Suppl.): 258S-68S.
163. DeLany JP, Windhauser MM, Champagne CM, Bray GA. Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 905-11.
164. Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, DeLany JP, Lefevre M, Hwang D, et al. The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2488-91.
165. Field AE, Willett WC, Lissner L, Colditz GA. Dietary fat and weight gain among women in the Nurses' Health Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 967-976.
166. European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal 2010; 8: 1461.
167. Bray GA, Paeratakul S, Popkin BM. Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies. Physiol Behav 2004; 83: 549-55.
168. Popkin BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity! Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 1157-73.
169. Willett WC, Leibel RL. Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat. Am J Med 2002; 113 (Suppl. 9B): 47S-59S.
170. Saris WH. Sugars, energy metabolism, and body weight control. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 850S-857S.
171. Macdiarmid JI, Cade JE, Blundell JE. High and low fat consumers, their macronutrient intake and body mass index: further analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of British Adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50: 505-12.
172. Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity! Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 1157-73.
173. Donahoo W, Wyatt HR, Kriehn J, Stuht J, Dong F, Hosokawa P et al. Dietary fat increases energy intake across the range of typical consumption in the United States. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 64-9.
174. Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Du H, van der A DL, Halkjaer J, Schulze MB et al. Dietary fat intake and subsequent weight change in adults: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 1632-41.
175. Donnelly JE, Sullivan DK, Smith BK, Jacobsen DJ, Washburn RA, Johnson SL, et al. Alteration of dietary fat intake to prevente weight gain: Jayhawk Observed Eating Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 107-12.
176. Buttriss J. Dairy products, nutritional contribution. En: Benjamin Caballero, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. Amsterdam: Oxford Academic Press; 2003.
177. Grupo EPIC en España. Patrones de consumo y principales fuentes de ingestión de lípidos y ácidos grasos en la cohorte española del Estudio Prospectivo Europeo sobre Dieta y Cáncer (EPIC). Med Clin (Barc) 1999; 112: 125-32.
178. Linseisen J, Welch AA, Ocké M, Amiano P, Agnoli C, Ferrari P et al. Dietary fat intake in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: results from the 24-h dietary recalls. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (Suppl. 4): S61-80.
179. Kien CL, Bunn JY and Ugrasbul F. Increasing dietary palmitic acid decreases fat oxidation and daily energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 320-326.
180. Martínez-González MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. The cardioprotective benefits of monounsaturated fatty acid. Altern Ther Health Med 2006; 12: 2.
181. Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ. Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48: 355-74.
182. European Food Safety Authority. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) related health claims. EFSA Journal 2010; 8: 1734.
183. Moussavi N, Gavino V, Receveur O. Could the quality of dietary fat, and not just its quantity, be related to risk of obesity? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 7-15.
184. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre el riesgo asociado a la presencia de ácidos grasos trans en alimentos. Revista del Comité Científico de la AESAN 2010; 12: 9-37.
185. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Update on Trans Fatty Acids and Health. Position Statement by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN). London: HMSO; 2007.
186. Mozaffarian D, Aro A, Willett WC. Health effects of transfatty acids: experimental and observational evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (Suppl. 2): S5-21.
187. Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W et al. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking with nine-year gain in waist circumference among 16,587 US men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 719-27.
188. Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Estrategia Naos. Dietas milagro: un riesgo para la salud. 2011. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.naos.aesan.msps.es/csym/saber_mas/articulos/dietas.html
189. Halkjaer J, Olsen A, Bjerregaard LJ, Deharveng G, Tjønneland A, Welch AA et al. Intake of total, animal and plant proteins, and their food sources in 10 countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (Suppl. 4): S16-36.
190. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Medicine; 2005.
191. Fung TT, van Dam RM, Hankinson SE, Stampfer M, Willett WC, Hu FB. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and causespecific mortality: two cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 289-98.
192. Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D. Low-carbohydrate-high-protein diet and longterm survival in a general population cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61 (5): 575-81.
193. Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A. Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 562-71.
194. Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 1558S-61S.
195. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, Keller U, Yancy WS Jr, Brehm BJ et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 285-93.
196. Raben A, Agerholm-Larsen L, Flint A, Holst JJ, Astrup A. Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 91-100.
197. Blatt AD, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increasing the protein content of meals and its effect on daily energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc 2011; 111: 290-4.
198. Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, Mouw T, May AM, Travier N et al. Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 398-407.
199. European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to protein and increase in satiety leading to a reduction in energy intake (ID 414, 616, 730), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 414, 616, 730), maintenance of normal bone (ID 416) and growth or maintenance of muscle mass (ID 415, 417, 593, 594, 595, 715) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2010; 8: 1811.
200. Singh PN, Sabaté J, Fraser GE. Does low meat consumption increase life expectancy in humans? Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78 (3 Suppl.): 526S-532S.
201. Koppes LL, Boon N, Nooyens AC, van Mechelen W, Saris WH. Macronutrient distribution over a period of 23 years in relation to energy intake and body fatness. J Nutr 2009; 101: 108-15.
202. Kahn HS, Tatham LM, Rodriguez C, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and likelihood of gain at the waist. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 747-54.
203. Vang A, Singh PN, Lee JW, Haddad EH, Brinegar CH. Meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: findings from Adventist Health Studies. Ann Nutr Metab 2008; 52: 96-104.
204. Wagemakers JJMF, Prynne CJ, Stephen AM, Wadsworth MFJ. Consumption of red or processed meat does not predict risk factors for coronary heart disease; results from a cohort of British adults in 1989 and 1999. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 303-114.
205. USDA Nutrition Evidence Library. American Dietetic Association. Worksheet: Wagemakers et al, 2009. 2010. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 17 jun 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.com/worksheet.cfm?worksheet_id=251518
206. Cope MB, Erdman JW Jr, Allison DB. The potential role of soyfoods in weight and adiposity reduction: an evidence-based review. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 219-35.
207. McVeigh BL, Dillingham BL, Lampe JW, Duncan AM. Effect of soy protein varying in isoflavone content on serum lipids in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 244-51.
208. Pan A, Franco OH, Ye J, Demark-Wahnefried W, Ye X, Yu Z et al. Soy protein intake has sex-specific effects on the risk of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. J Nutr 2008; 138: 2413-21.
209. Pera G, Gonzales CA, Grupo EPIC en España. Consumo de suplementos vitaminicos y minerales en población adulta sana de cinco provincias de España. Gaceta Sanitaria 1999; 13: 326-327.
210. Skeie G, Braaten T, Hjartåker A, Lentjes M, Amiano P, Jakszyn P et al. Use of dietary supplements in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition calibration study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (Suppl. 4): S226-38.
211. Marra MV, Boyar AP. Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrient supplementation. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 2073-85.
212. Lawson KA, Wright ME, Subar A, Mouw T, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF. Multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 754-64.
213. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007; 297: 842-57.
214. Kimmons JE, Blanck HM, Tohill BC, Zhang J, Khan LK. Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults. MedGenMed 2006; 8: 59.
215. Zulet MA, Puchau B, Hermsdorff HH, Navarro C, Martínez JA. Vitamin A intake is inversely related with adiposity in healthy young adults. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008; 54: 347-52.
216. Sneve M, Figenschau Y, Jorde R. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not result in weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159: 675-84.
217. Jorde R, Sneve M, Emaus N, Figenschau Y, Grimnes G. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relation between serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D and body mass index: the Tromsø study. Eur J Nutr 2010; 49: 401-7.
218. Trowman R, Dumville JC, Hahn S, Torgerson DJ. A systematic review of the effects of calcium supplementation on body weight. Br J Nutr 2006; 95: 1033-8.
219. Teegarden D, White KM, Lyle RM, Zemel MB, Van Loan MD et al. Calcium and dairy product modulation of lipid utilization and energy expenditure. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1566-72.
220. Yanovski JA, Parikh SJ, Yanoff LB, Denkinger BI, Calis KA, Reynolds JC et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight and adiposity in overweight and obese adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 821-9.
221. Caan B, Neuhouser M, Aragaki A, Lewis CB, Jackson R, LeBoff MS et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of postmenopausal weight gain. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 893-902.
222. Cummings JH, Stephen AM. Carbohydrate terminology and classification. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61 (Suppl. 1): S5-18.
223. Slavin JL. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 1716-31.
224. Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH Jr, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, et al. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr Rev 2009; 67: 188-205.
225. Ruiz-Roso B, Pérez-Olleros L. Avance de resultados sobre consumo de fibra en España y beneficios asociados a la ingesta de fibra insoluble. Rev Esp Nutr Comunitaria 2010; 16: 147-153.
226. Cuervo M, Abete I, Baladia E, Corbalán M, Manera M, Basulto J et al. Ingestas dietéticas de referencia para la población española. Navarra: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A (EUNSA); 2010.
227. Babio N, Balanza R, Basulto J, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary fibre: influence on body weight, glycemic control and plasma cholesterol profile. Nutr Hosp 2010; 25: 327-40.
228. Van de Vijver LP, van den Bosch LM, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Whole-grain consumption, dietary fibre intake and body mass index in the Netherlands cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 31-8.
229. Newby PK, Maras J, Bakun P, Muller D, Ferrucci L, Tucker KL. Intake of whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber measured with 7-d diet records and associations with risk factors for chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 1745-53.
230. Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Basora- Gallisá J, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Covas MI et al. Effects of dietary fiber intake on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in subjects at high risk. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 63: 582-8.
231. Kromhout D, Bloemberg B, Seidell JC et al. Physical activity and dietary fiber determine population fat levels: the Seven Countries Study. Int J Obes 2001; 25: 301-6.
232. Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Liu S, Jacobs Jr DR, Spiegelman D et al. Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 1237-45.
233. Tucker LA, Thomas KS. Increasing total fiber intake reduces risk of weight and fat gains in women. J Nutr 2009; 139: 576-81.
234. Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Rosner B, Colditz G. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 920-7.
235. Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA, Sánchez-Villegas A, de la Fuente Arrillaga C, Martínez JA. Association of fiber intake and fruit/vegetable consumption with weight gain in a Mediterranean population. Nutrition 2006; 22: 504-11.
236. Du H, van der A DL, Boshuizen HC, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, Halkjaer J et al. Dietary fiber and subsequent changes in body weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 329-36.
237. Dennis EA, Flack KD, Davy BM. Beverage consumption and adult weight management: A review. Eat Behav 2009; 10: 237-46.
238. Popkin BM, Barclay DV, Nielsen SJ. Water and food consumption patterns of U.S. adults from 1999 to 2001. Obes Res 2005; 13: 2146-52.
239. Kant AK, Graubard BI, Atchison EA. Intakes of plain water, moisture in foods and beverages, and total water in the adult US population-nutritional, meal pattern, and body weight correlates: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 655-63.
240. Van Walleghen EL, Orr JS, Gentile CL, Davy BM. Pre-meal water consumption reduces meal energy intake in older but not younger subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 93-9.
241. Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Uenishi K; Japan Dietetic Students' Study for Nutrition and Biomarkers Group. Intake of water from foods, but not water from beverages, is related to lower body mass index and waist circumference in free-living humans. Nutrition 2008; 24: 925-32.
242. Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, Caballero B, Frei B, Willett WC. A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 529-42.
243. Kaplan RJ. Beverage guidance system is not evidence-based. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 1248-9.
244. Weaver C, Lupton J, King J, Go VL, Nicklas T, Pi-Sunyer FX et al. Dietary guidelines vs beverage guidance system. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 1245-6.
245. Institute of Medicine. Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Medicine; 2004.
246. USDA Nutrition Evidence Library. Topic: Sodium, Potassium and Water. 2010. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 17 jun 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.nutritionevidencelibrary.com/topic.cfm?cat=2863
247. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Organización Mundial de la Salud Europa. Plan europeo de actuación sobre alcohol 2000-2005. Copenhague: Oficina Regional de la OMS para Europa; 2000. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.msc.es/en/ciudadanos/proteccion- Salud/adultos/docs/planEurActAlcohol.pdf
248. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data; 2011.
249. American Heart Association. Alcoholic Beverages and Cardiovascular Disease. 2011. [monografía en Internet]. [citado 15 en 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/ GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Alcohol-Wine-and-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_305864_Article.jsp
250. Córdoba R, Robledo T, Nebot M, Cabezas C, Megido MJ, Marques F et al. Alcohol, vino y salud: mitos y realidades. Atención Primaria 2007; 39: 637-639.
251. Gronbaek M. Confounders of the Relation between Type of Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17: S13-S15.
252. Rehm J, Baliunas D, Borges GL, Graham K, Irving H, Kehoe T et al. The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction 2010; 105: 817-43.
253. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington DC: AICR; 2007.
254. World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in- Publication Data; 2011.
255. Yeomans MR, Hails NJ, Nesic JS. Alcohol and the appetizer effect. Behav Pharmacol 1999; 10: 151-161.
256. Heatherington MM, Cameron F, Wallis DJ, Pirie LM. Stimulation of appetite by alcohol. Physiol Behav 2001; 74: 283-289.
257. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Verwegen CRT. The appetizing effect of an aperitif in overweight and normal-weight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 205-212.
258. Poppitt SD, Eckhardt JW, McGonagle J, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. Short-term effects of alcohol consumption on appetite and energy intake. Physiol Behav 1996; 60: 1063-1070.
259. Sherwood NE, Jeffery RW, French SA, Hannan PJ, Murray DM. Predictors of weight gain in the Pound of Prevention study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 395-403.
260. Sammel MD, Grisso JA, Freeman EW, Hollander L, Liu L, Liu S et al. Weight gain among women in the late reproductive years. Family Practice 2003; 20: 401-9.
261. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Alcohol, body weight, and weight gain in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1312-7.
262. Wannamethee SG, Field AE, Colditz GA, Rimm EB. Alcohol intake and 8-year weight gain in women: a prospective study. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1386-96.
263. Sayon-Orea C, Bes-Rastrollo M, Nuñez-Cordoba JM, Basterra- Gortari FJ, Beunza JJ, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Type of alcoholic beverage and incidence of overweight/obesity in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN project. Nutrition 2011; 27: 802-808.
264. Vadstrup ES, Petersen L, Sørensen TI, Grønbaek M. Waist circumference in relation to history of amount and type of alcohol: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 238-46.
265. Tolstrup JS, Halkjaer J, Heitmann BL, Tjonneland AM, Overvad K, Sorensen TI, et al. Alcohol drinking frequency in relation to subsequent changes in waist circumference. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 957-63.
266. Pajari M, Pietiläinen KH, Kaprio J, Rose RJ, Saarni SE. The effect of alcohol consumption on later obesity in early adulthood- a population-based longitudinal study. Alcohol Alcohol 2010; 45: 173-9.
267. Bergmann MM, Schütze M, Steffen A, Boeing H, Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A. The association of lifetime alcohol use with measures of abdominal and general adiposity in a large-scale European cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011 May 11. [Epub ahead of print].
268. Goss J, Grubbs L. Comparative analysis of body mass index, consumption of fruits and vegetables, smoking, and physical activity among Florida residents. J Community Health Nurs 2005; 22: 37-46.
269. Radhika G, Sudha V, Mohan Sathya R, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Association of fruit and vegetable intake with cardiovascular risk factors in urban south Indians. Br J Nutr 2008; 99: 398-405.
270. Xu F, Yin XM, Tong SL. Association between excess body weight and intake of red meat and vegetables among urban and rural adult Chinese in Nanjing, China. Asia Pac J Public Health 2007; 19: 3-9.
271. Davis JN, Hodges VA, Gillham MB. Normal-weight adults consume more fiber and fruit than their age- and height-matched overweight/obese counterparts. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 833-40.
272. Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Schulze MB, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, Sharp S et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes and subsequent changes in body weight in European populations: results from the project on Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes). Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 202-9.
273. He K, Hu FB, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Willett WC, Liu S. Changes in intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of obesity and weight gain among middle-aged women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1569-74.
274. Vioque J, Weinbrenner T, Castello A, Asensio L, Garcia de la Hera M. Intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to 10-year weight gain among Spanish adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 664-70.
275. Lutsey PL, Jacobs DR Jr, Kori S, Mayer-Davis E, Shea S, Steffen LM, Szklo M, Tracy R. Whole grain intake and its crosssectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 397-405.
276. McKeown NM, Yoshida M, Shea MK, Jacques PF, Lichtenstein AH, Rogers G et al. Whole-grain intake and cereal fiber are associated with lower abdominal adiposity in older adults. J Nutr 2009; 139: 1950-5.
277. O'Neil CE, Zanovec M, Cho SS, Nicklas TA. Whole grain and fiber consumption are associated with lower body weight measures in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Nutr Res 2010; 30: 815-22.
278. Ford ES, Bergmann MM, Kröger J, Schienkiewitz A, Weikert C, Boeing H. Healthy living is the best revenge: findings from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition- Potsdam study. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 1355-62.
279. Williams PG, Grafenauer SJ, O'Shea JE. Cereal grains, legumes, and weight management: a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence. Nutr Rev 2008; 66: 171-82.
280. Harland JI, Garton LE. Whole-grain intake as a marker of healthy body weight and adiposity. Public Health Nutrition 2008; 11: 554-63.
281. Parnell W, Wilson N, Alexander D, Wohlers M, Williden M, Mann J, Gray A. Exploring the relationship between sugars and obesity. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11: 860-6.
282. Johnson RK, Yon BA. Weighing in on added sugars and health. J Am Diet Assoc 2010; 110: 1296-9.
283. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 86: 274-88.
284. Wolff E, Dansinger ML. Soft drinks and weight gain: how strong is the link? Medscape J Med 2008; 10 (8): 189.
285. Ruxton CH, Gardner EJ, McNulty HM. Is sugar consumption detrimental to health? A review of the evidence 1995-2006. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50: 1-19.
286. Liebman M, Pelican S, Moore SA, Holmes B, Wardlaw MK, Melcher LM et al. Dietary intake, eating behavior, and physical activity-related determinants of high body mass index in rural communities in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 684-92.
287. Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middleaged women. JAMA 2004; 292: 927-34.
288. Kvaavik E, Andersen LF, Klepp KI. The stability of soft drinks intake from adolescence to adult age and the association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and lifestyle factors and body weight. Public Health Nutr 2005; 8: 149-57.
289. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sánchez-Villegas A, Gómez-Gracia E, Martinez JA, Pajares RM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Predictors of weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 362-70.
290. Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF, Wang TJ, Fox CS, Meigs JB, D'Agostino RB, Gaziano JM, Vasan RS. Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation 2007; 116: 480-8.
291. Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Krishnan S, Hu FB, Singer M, Rosenberg L. Sugar-sweetened beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168:1487-92.
292. Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Moller AC, Astrup A. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 721-9.
293. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 2007; 97: 667-75.
294. Gibson S. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence from observational studies and interventions. Nutr Res Rev 2008; 21: 134-47.
295. López-Miranda J, Pérez-Jiménez F, Ros E, De Caterina R, Badimón L, Covas MI et al. Olive oil and health: summary of the II international conference on olive oil and health consensus report, Jaén and Córdoba (Spain) 2008. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20: 284-94.
296. Pérez-Jiménez F, Ruano J, Perez-Martinez P, López-Segura F, Lopez-Miranda J. The influence of olive oil on human health: not a question of fat alone. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51: 1199-208.
297. Covas MI, Konstantinidou V, Fitó M. Olive oil and cardiovascular health. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 54: 477-82.
298. Huang CL, Sumpio BE. Olive oil, the mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular health. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 207: 407-16.
299. González CA, Pera G, Quirós JR, Lasheras C, Tormo MJ, Rodriguez M et al. Types of fat intake and body mass index in a Mediterranean country. Public Health Nutr 2000; 3: 329-36.
300. Soriguer F, Almaraz MC, Ruiz-de-Adana MS, Esteva I, Linares F, García-Almeida JM, Incidence of obesity is lower in persons who consume olive oil. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 1371-4.
301. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sánchez-Villegas A, de la Fuente C, de Irala J, Martínez JA, Martínez-González MA. Olive oil consumption and weight change: the SUN prospective cohort study. Lipids 2006; 41: 249-56.
302. Sabaté J, Oda K, Ros E. Nut consumption and blood lipid levels: a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 821-7.
303. Jenab M, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Norat T, Casagrande C, Overad et al. Association of nut and seed intake with colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1595-603.
304. Sabaté J. Nut consumption, vegetarian diets, ischemic heart disease risk, and all-cause mortality: evidence from epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (Suppl.): 500S-503S.
305. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sabaté J, Gómez-Gracia E, Alonso A, Martínez JA, Martínez-González MA. Nut consumption and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 107-116.
306. Bes-Rastrollo M, Wedick NM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Li TY, Sampson L, Hu FB. Prospective study of nut consumption, long-term weight change, and obesity risk in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1913-9.
307. Sabaté J, Cordero-Macintyre Z, Siapco G, Torabian S, Haddad E. Does regular walnut consumption lead to weight gain? Br J Nutr 2005; 94: 859-864.
308. Salas-Salvadó J, Fernández-Ballart J, Ros E, Martínez-González MA, Fitó M, Estruch R et al. Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status: oneyear results of the PREDIMED randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2449-58.