Dietary fibre: Influence on body weight, glycemic control and plasma cholesterol profile

Nutricion Hospitalaria

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 327-340

  Babio, N ^a,b   Balanza, R ^a,b   Basulto, J ^a   Bullo M ^a,b   Salas Salvado J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI   (Spain)

^b Instituto de Salud Carlos III   (Spain)

Author keywords

Body weight; Cholesterol; Diabetes; Dietary fibre; Obesity; Overweight

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

BLOOD; BODY WEIGHT; DIETARY FIBER; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; REVIEW;

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY WEIGHT; CHOLESTEROL; DIETARY FIBER; HUMANS;

EID: 77951947970     PISSN: 02121611     EISSN: 16995198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3305/nh.2010.25.3.4459     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes: energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.
2. Trowell H. Crude fibre, dietary fibre and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1972; 16: 138-40.
3. Burkitt DP, Trowell HC. Refined carbohydrate foods and disea se: the implications of dietary fiber. London, Academic Press, 1975.
4. Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, de Lezenne-Coulander C. Dietary fiber and 10-year mortality from coronary heart disease, cancer, and all causes: the Zutphen Study. Lancet 1982; 1: 518-22. (Pubitemid 12048145)
5. Kushi LH, Lew RA, Stare FJ, Ellison CR, el Lozy M, Bourke G, Daly L, Graham I, Hickey N, Mulcahy R et al. Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 811-8.
6. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary fiber and reduced ischemic heart disease mortality rates in men and women: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 1093-102. (Pubitemid 18017795)
7. Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E et al. Vegetable, fruit and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 1996; 275: 447-51. (Pubitemid 26065617)
8. Wolk A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hu FB, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1999; 281: 1998-2004. (Pubitemid 29254857)
9. Pereira MA, O'Reilly E, Augustsson K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Heitmann BL, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 370-6. (Pubitemid 38116619)
10. Anderson JW, Hanna TJ, Peng X, Kryscio RJ. Whole grain foods and heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19: 291S-9S. (Pubitemid 30399584)
11. Jacobs Jr DR, Pereira MA, Meyer KA, Kushi LH. Fiber from whole grains, but not refined grains, is inversely associated with all-cause mortality in older women: the Iowa women's health study. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19: 326S-30S.
12. Streppel MT, Ocké MC, Boshuizen HC, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Dietary fiber intake in relation to coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality over 40 y: the Zutphen Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 1119-25.
13. Slavin JL. Dietary fiber and body weight. Nutrition 2005; 21: 411-8.
14. Pasman WJ, Saris WH, Wauters MA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effect of one week of fibre supplementation on hunger and satiety ratings and energy intake. Appetite 1997; 29: 77-87.
15. Aleixandre A, Miguel M. Dietary fiber in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48: 905-12.
16. Miller WC, Niederpruem MG, Wallace JP et al. Dietary fat, sugar and fiber predict body fat content. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94: 612-15.
17. Nelson LH, Tucker LA. Diet composition related to body fat in a multivariate study of 203 men. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96: 771-7.
18. Kromhout D, Bloemberg B, Seidell JC et al. Physical activity and dietary fiber determine population fat levels: the Seven Countries Study. Int J Obes 2001; 25: 301-6. (Pubitemid 32209803)
19. Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev 2001; 59: 129-39. (Pubitemid 32494625)
20. Berkow SE, Barnard N. Vegetarian diets and weight status. Nutr Rev 2006; 64: 175-88.
21. Alfieri MAH, Pomerleau J, Grace DM, Anderson L. Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects. Obes Res 1995; 3: 541-7.
22. Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Basora-Gallisá J, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Covas MI, Fiol M, Gómez-Gracia E, López-Sabater MC, Escoda R, Pena MA, Díez-Espino J, Lahoz C, Lapetra J, Saez G, Ros E. Effects of dietary fiber intake on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in subjects at high risk. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009 [Epub ahead of print].
23. Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, Hilner JE, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA 1999; 282: 1539-46. (Pubitemid 29504047)
24. Liu S. Whole-grain foods, dietary fiber and type 2 diabetes: searching for a kernel of truth. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 622-9. (Pubitemid 36258557)
25. Tucker LA, Thomas KS. Increasing total fiber intake reduces risk of weight and fat gains in women. J Nutr 2009; 139: 576-81.
26. Rossner S, Andersson I, Ryttig K. Effects of a dietary fibre supplement to a weight reduction programme on blood pressure. Acta Med Scand 1988; 223: 353-7.
27. Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F, Lazcano-Burciaga G. Lipid- and glucose-lowering efficacy of plantago psyllium in type II diabetes. J Diab Complicat 1998; 12: 273-8. (Pubitemid 28423398)
28. Birketvedt GS, Aaseth J, Florholmen JR, Ryttig K. Long-term effect of fibre supplement and reduced energy intake on body weight and blood lipids in overweight subjects. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2000; 43: 129-32.
29. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Guar gum for body weight reduction: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2001; 110: 724-30. (Pubitemid 32524322)
30. Tuomilehto J, Voutilainen E, Huttunen J et al. Effect of guar gum on body weight and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic females. Acta Med Scand 1980; 208: 45-8. (Pubitemid 10004160)
31. Ryttig KR, Tellnes G, Haegh L, Boe E, Fagerthun H. A dietary fibre supplement and weight maintenance after weight reduction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled long-term trial. Int J Obes 1989; 13: 165-71. (Pubitemid 19144694)
32. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Angel LA, Apfelbaum M. Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre suplement: a 6 month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Obes 1990; 14: 763-9. (Pubitemid 20271832)
33. Makkonen M, Simpanen AL, Saarikoski S, Uusitupa M, Penttilä I, Silvasti M, Korhonen P. Endocrine and metabolic effects of guar gum in menopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 1993; 7: 135-41. (Pubitemid 23231262)
34. Hylander B, Rössner S. Effects of dietary fiber intake before meals on weight loss and hunger in a weight-reducing club. Acta Med Scand 1983; 213: 217-20. (Pubitemid 13130094)
35. Walsh DE, Yaghoubian V, Behforooz A. Effect of glucomannan on obese patients: a clinical study. Int J Obes 1984; 8: 289-93. (Pubitemid 14020743)
36. Birketvedt GS, Shimshi M, Erling T, Florholmen J. Experiences with three different fiber supplements in weight reduction. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: I5-8. (Pubitemid 40116404)
37. Biancardi G, Palmiero L, Ghirardi PE. Glucomannan in the treatment of overweight patients with osteoarthrosis. Curr Ther Res 1989; 46: 908-12. (Pubitemid 19285551)
38. Vita PM, Restelli A, Caspani P, Klinger R. Chronic use of glucomannan in the dietary treatment of severe obesity. Minerva Med 1992; 83: 135-9.
39. Cairella M, Marchini G. Evaluation of the action of glucomannan on metabolic parameters and on the sensation of satiation in overweight and obese patients. Clin Ter 1995; 146: 269-74.
40. Salas-Salvadó J, Farrés X, Luque X, Narejos S, Borrell M, Basora J, Anguera A, Torres F, Bulló M, Balanza R; Fiber in Obesity-Study Group. Effect of two doses of a mixture of soluble fibres on body weight and metabolic variables in overweight or obese patients: a randomized trial. Br J Nutr 2008; 99: 1380-7.
41. Jacobs DR Jr, Steffen LM. Wheat bran, whole grain, and food synergy. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1652-3.
42. Slavin JL, Martini MC, Jacobs DR Jr, Marquart L. Plausible mechanisms for the protectiveness of whole grains. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 459S-63S. (Pubitemid 29407124)
43. Salmeron J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 545-50. (Pubitemid 27143413)
44. Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997; 277: 472-7. (Pubitemid 27074331)
45. Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Slavin J, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 921-30. (Pubitemid 30176574)
46. Montonen J, Knekt P, Järvinen R, Aromaa A, Reunanen A. Whole-grain and fibre intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 622-9. (Pubitemid 36258571)
47. Krishnan S, Rosenberg L, Singer M, Hu FB, Djoussé L, Cupples LA, Palmer JR. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and cereal fibre intake and risk of T2DMin US black women. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 2304-9. (Pubitemid 350179524)
48. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. A prospecive study of whole-grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in US women. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 1409-15.
49. Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 535-40. (Pubitemid 34059860)
50. Van Dam RM, Hu FB, Rosenberg L, Krishnan S, Palmer JR. Dietary calcium and magnesium, major food sources, and risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2238-43. (Pubitemid 44899858)
51. Stevens J, Ahn K, Juhaeri, Houston D, Steffan L, Couper D. Dietary fiber intake and glycemic index and incidence of diabetes in African-American and white adults: the ARIC study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1715-21. (Pubitemid 41071076)
52. Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 348-56. (Pubitemid 41080008)
53. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Pins JJ, Raatz SK, Gross MD, Slavin JL, Seaquist ER. Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 848-55.
54. Weickert MO, Möhlig M, Schöfl C, Arafat AM, Otto B, Viehoff H, Koebnick C, Kohl A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF. Cereal fiber improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 775-80. (Pubitemid 44115293)
55. Giacco R, Parillo M, Rivellese AA, Lasorella G, Giacco A, D'Episcopo L, Riccardi G. Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1461-6.
56. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1392-8. (Pubitemid 30262396)
57. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Martini MC, Axelsen M, Faulkner D, Virgen E, Parker T, Lau H, Connelly PW, Teitel J, Singer W, Vandenbroucke AC, Leiter LA, Josse RG. Effect of wheat bran on glycemic control and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1522-8. (Pubitemid 41071105)
58. Hagander B, Asp NG, Efendi S, Nilsson-Ehle P, Scherstén B. Dietary fiber decreases fasting blood glucose levels and plasma LDL concentration in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47: 852-8.
59. Schulze MB, Schulz M, Heidemann C, Schienkiewitz A, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 956-65. (Pubitemid 46762759)
60. Pastors JG, Blaisdell PW, Balm TK, Asplin CM, Pohl SL. Psyllium fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1431-35.
61. Sierra M, García JJ, Fernández N, Díez MJ, Calle AP, Sahagún AM. Effects of ispaghula husk and guar gum on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 235-43. (Pubitemid 32266515)
62. Magnati G, Arsenio L, Bodria P, Lateana M, Strata A. Dietary fiber and OGTT: blood sugar variations after administration of a new purified glucomannane. Acta Bio-Medica de l'Ateneo Parmense 1984; 55: 5-14. (Pubitemid 14103204)
63. Morgan LM, Tredger JA, Wright J, Marks V. The effect of soluble- and insoluble-fibre supplementation on post-prandial glucose tolerance, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in healthy subjects. Brit J Nutr 1990; 64: 103-10. (Pubitemid 20261539)
64. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Khehans GW, Guild M. Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a literature review. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94: 425-36. (Pubitemid 24114421)
65. Butt MS, Shahzadi N, Sharif MK, Nasir M. Guar gum: a miracle therapy for hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia and obesity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47: 389-96. (Pubitemid 46676537)
66. Holt S, Heading RC, Carter DC, Prescott LF, Tothill P. Effect of gel fibre on gastric emptying and absorption of glucose and paracetamol. Lancet 1979; 1: 636-9. (Pubitemid 9136912)
67. Williams DR, James WP, Evans IE. Dietary fibre supplementation of a "normal" breakfast administered to diabetics. Diabetologia 1980; 18: 379-83.
68. American Diabetes Association, Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, Apovian CM, Clark NG, Franz MJ, Hoogwerf BJ, Lichtenstein AH, Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian AD, Wheeler ML. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: S61-78.
69. Morgan LM, Tredger JA, Shavila Y, Travis JS, Wright J. The effect of non-starch polysaccharide supplementation on circulating bile acids, hormone and metabolite levels following a fat meal in human subjects. Br J Nutr 1993; 70: 491-501. (Pubitemid 23310214)
70. Anderson JW, Story L, Seiling B, Chen WJ, Petro MS, Story J. Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat-bran or bean intake for hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40: 1146-55. (Pubitemid 15221076)
71. Fernández ML. Distinct mechanisms of plasma LDL lowering by dietary soluble fiber. Specific effects of pectin, guar gum and psyllium. J Lip Res 1995; 36: 2394-404.
72. Trautwein EA, Kunath-Rau A, Erbersdobler HF. Increased fecal bile acid excretion and changes in the circulating bile acid pool are involved in the hypocholesterolemic and gallstone-preventive actions of psyllium in hamsters. J Nutr 1999; 129: 896-902. (Pubitemid 29162386)
73. Roy S, Freake HC, Fernández ML. Gender and hormonal status affect the regulation of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity and mRNA abundance by dietary soluble fiber in the guinea pig. Atherosclerosis 2002; 163: 29-37. (Pubitemid 34615723)
74. Fernández ML. Soluble fiber and nondigestible carbohydrate effects on plasma lipids and cardiovascular risk. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001; 12: 35-40.
75. Jenkins DJ. Fibre in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. In: Handbook of Dietary Fibre in Human Nutrition. Spiller GA, ed. Florida, CRC Press, 1993: 419-38.
76. Jones PJ, Leitch CA, Pederson RA. Meal frequency effects on plasma hormone concentrations and cholesterol synthesis in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 868-74.
77. Wolever TMS, Spadafora PJ, Cunnane SC et al. Propionate inhibits incorporation of colonic acetate into plasma lipids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 1241-47.
78. Cheng HH, Lai MH. Fermentation of resistant rice starch produces propionate reduced serum and hepatic cholesterol in rats. J Nutr 2000; 130: 1991-95.
79. Craig WJ. Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97: S199-204.
80. Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 2002; 288: 2569-78.
81. Buttriss JL, Stokes CS. Dietary fibre and health: an overview. Nutrition Bulletin 2008; 33: 186-200.
82. Mann J. Dietary carbohydrate: relationship to cardiovascular disease and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: S100-11. (Pubitemid 350104364)
83. Berg CM, Lappas G, Strandhagen E, Wolk A, Torén K, Rosengren A, Aires N, Thelle DS, Lissner L. Food patterns and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Swedish INTERGENE research program. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 289-97.
84. Van Dam RM, Grievink L, Ocké MC, Feskens EJ. Patterns of food consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the general Dutch population. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1156-63. (Pubitemid 44858430)
85. Ruixing Y, Jinzhen W, Yaoheng H, Jing T, Hai W, Muyan L, Yiyang L, Dongmei F, Hanjun Y, Yuming C. Associations of diet and lifestyle with hyperlipidemia for middle-aged and elderly persons among the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 970-6. (Pubitemid 351450865)
86. Toft U, Kristoffersen LH, Lau C, Borch-Johnsen K, Jørgensen T. The Dietary Quality Score: validation and association with cardiovascular risk factors: the Inter99 study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 270-8. (Pubitemid 46251729)
87. Lairon D, Bertrais S, Vincent S, Arnault N, Galan P, Boutron MC, Hercberg S; French Supplementation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) Adult Cohort. Dietary fibre intake and clinical indices in the French Supplementation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) adult cohort. Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62: 11-5.
88. Lairon D, Arnault N, Bertrais S, Planells R, Clero E, Hercberg S, Boutron-Ruault MC. Dietary fiber intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 1185-94. (Pubitemid 43779716)
89. Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas Y, Stefanadis C. The association between food patterns and the metabolic syndrome using principal components analysis: The ATTICA Study. J Am Diet Assoc 2007; 107: 979-87. (Pubitemid 46764587)
90. Pala V, Sieri S, Masala G, Palli D, Panico S, Vineis P, Sacerdote C, Mattiello A, Galasso R, Salvini S, Ceroti M, Berrino F, Fusconi E, Tumino R, Frasca G, Riboli E, Trichopoulou A, Baibas N, Krogh V. Associations between dietary pattern and lifestyle, anthropometry and other health indicators in the elderly participants of the EPIC-Italy cohort. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 16: 186-2.
91. Newby PK, Maras J, Bakun P, Muller D, Ferrucci L, Tucker KL. Intake of whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber measured with 7-d diet records and associations with risk factors for chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 745-53. (Pubitemid 350232192)
92. De Castro TG, Gimeno SG, Ferreira SR, Cardoso MA; Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group. Association of dietary fiber with temporal changes in serum cholesterol in Japanese-Brazilians. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2006; 52: 205-10.
93. Wu H, Dwyer KM, Fan Z, Shircore A, Fan J, Dwyer JH. Dietary fiber and progression of atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 1085-9. (Pubitemid 36831117)
94. Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Velich T et al. Predictive value of lípido profile for salutary coronary angiographic changes in patients on a low-fat diet and physical exercise program. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 163-7. (Pubitemid 26244364)
95. Lemieux I, Lamarche B, Couillard C, Pascot A, Cantin B, Berge ron J, Dagenais GR, Després JP. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2685-92. (Pubitemid 33134844)
96. Keys A, Grande F, Anderson JT. Fibre and pectin in the diet and serum cholesterol concentration in man. Proc Soc Esp Biol 1961; 106: 555-8.
97. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 472-9. (Pubitemid 30061225)
98. Brighenti F. Dietary fructans and serum triacylglycerols: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nutr 2007; 11: 2552S-6S. (Pubitemid 350058734)
99. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 30-42. (Pubitemid 29031248)
100. García AL, Steiniger J, Reich SC, Weickert MO, Harsch I, Machowetz A, Mohlig M, Spranger J, Rudovich NN, Meuser F, Doerfer J, Katz N, Speth M, Zunft HJ, Pfeiffer AH, Koebnick C. Arabinoxylan fibre consumption improved glucose metabolism, but did not affect serum adipokines in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 761-6. (Pubitemid 44885430)
101. Naumann E, Van Rees AB, Onning G, Oste R, Wydra M, Mensink RP. Beta-glucan incorporated into a fruit drink effectively lowers serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 601-5. (Pubitemid 44699205)
102. Cicero AF, Derosa G, Manca M, Bove M, Borghi C, Gaddi AV. Different effect of psyllium and guar dietary supplementation on blood pressure control in hypertensive overweight patients: a six-month, randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Hypertens 2007; 29: 383-94. (Pubitemid 47345885)
103. Keenan JM, Goulson M, Shamliyan T, Knutson N, Kolberg L, Curry L. The effects of concentrated barley beta-glucan on blood lipids in a population of hypercholesterolaemic men and women. Br J Nutr 2007; 97: 1162-8. (Pubitemid 46925369)
104. Queenan KM, Stewart ML, Smith KN, Thomas W, Fulcher RG, Slavin JL. Concentrated oat beta-glucan, a fermentable fiber, lowers serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults in a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2007; 6: 6. (Pubitemid 46548451)
105. Pittaway JK, Ahuja KD, Cehun M, Chronopoulos A, Robertson IK, Nestel PJ, Ball MJ. Dietary supplementation with chickpeas for at least 5 weeks results in small but significant reductions in serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols in adult women and men. Ann Nutr Metab 2006; 50: 512-8. (Pubitemid 46218885)
106. Maki KC, Davidson MH, Witchger MS, Dicklin MR, Subbaiah PV. Effects of high-fiber oat and wheat cereals on postprandial glucose and lipid responses in healthy men. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2007; 77: 347-56.
107. Bloedon LT, Balikai S, Chittams J, Cunnane SC, Berlin JA, Rader DJ, Szapary PO. Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27: 65-74. (Pubitemid 351600524)
108. Jenkins DJ, Nguyen TH, Kendall CW, Faulkner DA, Bashyam B, Kim IJ, Ireland C, Patel D, Vidgen E, Josse AR, Sesso HD, Burton-Freeman B, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Singer W. The effect of strawberries in a cholesterol-lowering dietary portfolio. Metabolism 2008; 57: 1636-44.
109. Jiménez JP, Serrano J, Tabernero M, Arranz S, Díaz-Rubio ME, García-Diz L, Goñi I, Saura-Calixto F. Effects of grape antioxidant dietary fiber in cardiovascular disease risk factors. Nutrition 2008; 24: 646-53.
110. Pittaway JK, Robertson IK, Ball MJ. Chickpeas may influence fatty acid and fiber intake in an ad libitum diet, leading to small improvements in serum lipid profile and glycemic control. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 1009-13.
111. Chen J, He J, Wildman RP, Reynolds K, Streiffer RH, Whelton PK. A randomized controlled trial of dietary fiber intake on serum lipids. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 62-8. (Pubitemid 43731076)
112. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 472-9. (Pubitemid 30061225)
113. Anderson JW. Dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate and coronary artery disease. Can J Cardiol 1995; 11: 55-62.
114. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143-421.
115. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Axelsen M, Livia SA, Vuskan A, Vuskan V. Viscous and nonviscous fibres, nonabsorbable and low glycaemic index carbohydrates, blood lipids and coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000; 11: 49-56. (Pubitemid 30148198)
116. Solà R, Godàs G, Ribalta J, Vallvé JC, Girona J, Anguera A, Ostos M, Recalde D, Salazar J, Caslake M, Martín-Luján F, Salas-Salvadó J, Masana L. Effects of soluble fiber (Plantago ovata husk) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in men with ischemic heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1157-63. (Pubitemid 46557935)
117. Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Pérez-Heras A, Ros E. Dietary fibre, nuts and cardiovascular diseases. Br J Nutr 2006; 96: S46-51.
118. Van Horn L. Fiber, lipids, and coronary heart disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation 1997; 95: 2701-4. (Pubitemid 27191015)
119. Slavin JL. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 1716-31.
120. Hu FB. Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 544S-51S.
121. Jenkins DJ, Josse AR, Wong JM, Nguyen TH, Kendall CW. The portfolio diet for cardiovascular risk reduction. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2007; 9: 501-7.
122. Retelny VS, Neuendorf A, Roth JL. Nutrition protocols for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2008; 23: 468-76.
123. Hardin-Fanning F. The effects of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease risk. Nurs Clin North Am 2008; 43: 105-15.
124. Fung TT, Rexrode KM, Mantzoros CS, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Mediterranean diet and incidence of and mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Circulation 2009; 119: 1093-100.