Materials and transducers toward selective wireless gas sensing

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 111, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 7315-7354

  Potyrailo, Radislav A ^a   Surman, Cheryl ^a   Nagraj, Nandini ^a   Burns, Andrew ^a  

^a GE GLOBAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FUNCTIONALIZATIONS; GAS SENSING; HUMIDITY EFFECTS; INNOVATIVE APPROACHES; MATERIALS DESIGN; MATERIALS FABRICATION; REALISTIC CONDITIONS; SENSING MATERIAL; SENSOR SELECTIVITY; SENSOR SYSTEMS; WIRELESS SENSING;

CARBON NANOTUBES; CHEMICAL DETECTION; GAS DETECTORS; GRAPHENE; PORPHYRINS; SENSORS; TRANSDUCERS;

MATERIALS;

CHEMISTRY; GAS; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; REVIEW;

GASES; RADIO WAVES;

EID: 80755126098     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: 15206890     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr2000477     Document Type: Review

References (491)

1. Farrar, J. T.; Zworykin, V. K.; Baum, J. Science 1957, 126, 975
2. Mackay, R. S.; Jaconson, B. Nature 1957, 179, 1239
3. Messer, H.; Zinevich, A.; Alpert, P. Science 2006, 312, 713
4. Receveur, R. A. M.; Lindemans, F. W.; De Rooij, N. F. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, R50
5. Fleming, W. J. IEEE Sensors J. 2008, 8, 1900
6. Kwong, K. H., Sasloglou, K., Goh, H. G., Wu, T. T., Stephen, B., Gilroy, M., Tachtatzis, C., Glover, I. A., Michie, C., and Andonovic, I. INSS2009-6th International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems 2009, 66
7. Sahandi, R.; Noroozi, S.; Roushan, G.; Heaslip, V.; Liu, Y. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 2010, 34, 51
8. Daniel, T.; Gaura, E.; Brusey, J. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2009, 5741 (LNCS), 177.
9. Mitrokotsa, A.; Douligeris, C. Integrated RFID and Sensor Networks: Architectures and Applications. In RFID and Sensor Networks: Architectures, Protocols, Security and Integrations; Zhang, Y.,; T., Y. L.,; J., C., Eds.; Auerbach Publications, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2009; p 511.
10. Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): NIOSH Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values, 1995, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html.
11. USACHPPM Technical Guide 230: Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed Military Personnel, 2006, http://chppm.
12. Annual Reports of the Committees on on TLVs and BEIs, 2008, https://www.acgih.org/Products/tlv-bei-intro.htm.
13. OSHA Regulations Standards 29CFR1910.1000-Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 2006, http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show-document?p-table= STANDARDS&p-id=9991.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL), 2009, http://www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/.
15. Pleil, J. D. J. Breath Res. 2010, 4, 029001
16. Lee, W. S.; Alchanatis, V.; Yang, C.; Hirafuji, M.; Moshou, D.; Li, C. Comput. Electron. Agr. 2010, 74, 2
17. Casalinuovo, I. A.; Di Pierro, D.; Coletta, M.; Di Francesco, P. Sensors 2006, 6, 1428
18. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th ed.; Lide, D. R., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1993.
19. Röck, F.; Barsan, N.; Weimar, U. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 705
20. Longworth, T. L.; Ong, K. Y.; Baranoski, J. M. Domestic Preparedness Program Testing of the VaporTracer Against Chemical Warfare Agents, Summary Report, U.S. Army Homeland Defense Publications, 2002, http://hld.sbccom.army. mil/.
21. Hopkins, A. R.; Lewis, N. S. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 884
22. Novak, J. P.; Snow, E. S.; Houser, E. J.; Park, D.; Stepnowski, J. L.; McGill, R. A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 4026
23. Meier, D. C.; Evju, J. K.; Boger, Z.; Raman, B.; Benkstein, K. D.; Martinez, C. J.; Montgomery, C. B.; Semancik, S. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 121, 282
24. Byrne, R.; Diamond, D. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 421
25. Diamond, D.; Coyle, S.; Scarmagnani, S.; Hayes, J. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 652
26. Wireless Sensor Networks: A Networking Perspective; Zheng, J.; Jamalipour, A., Ed.; Wiley-IEEE Press: Hoboken, NJ, 2009.
27. Guide to Wireless Sensor Networks; Misra, S.; Woungang, I.; Misra, S. C., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, 2009.
28. Tumanski, S. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007, 18, R31
29. Romero, E.; Warrington, R. O.; Neuman, M. R. Physiol. Meas. 2009, 30, R35
30. Federici, J. F.; Schulkin, B.; Huang, F.; Gary, D.; Barat, R.; Oliveira, F.; Zimdars, D. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2005, 20, S266
31. Wolfbeis, O. S. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 4269
32. Wallin, S.; Pettersson, A.; Östmark, H.; Hobro, A. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 395, 259
33. Potyrailo, R. A.; Morris, W. G. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 45
34. Lange, U.; Roznyatovskaya, N. V.; Mirsky, V. M. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 614, 1
35. Oprea, A.; Bârsan, N.; Weimar, U.; Bauersfeld, M.-L.; Ebling, D.; Wöllenstein, J. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 132, 404
36. Sin, M. L. Y.; Chow, G. C. T.; Wong, G. M. K.; Li, W. J.; Leong, P. H. W.; Wong, K. W. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2007, 6, 571
37. Thaker, D. D.; Chen, A.; Amirtharajah, R.; Chong, F. T. Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Design and Test of Defect-Tolerant Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH05) 2005, 4, 9
38. Löfgren, L.; Löfving, B.; Pettersson, T.; Ottosson, B.; Rusu, C.; Haasl, S.; Persson, K.; Vermesan, O.; Pesonen, N.; Enoksson, P. Low-power humidity sensor for RFID applications. In Multi-Material Micro Manufacture; Dimov, S.,; Menz, W., Eds.; Cardiff University: Cardiff, U.K., 2008.
39. Courbat, J.; Briand, D.; Yue, L.; Raible, S.; De Rooij, N. F. Transducers 09 2009, 584
40. Sayhan, I.; Helwig, A.; Becker, T.; Müller, G.; Elmi, I.; Zampolli, S.; Padilla, M.; Marco, S. IEEE Sensors J. 2008, 8, 176
41. Prades, J. D.; Jimenez-Diaz, R.; Hernandez-Ramirez, F.; Barth, S.; Cirera, A.; Romano-Rodriguez, A.; Mathur, S.; Morante, J. R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, art. no. 123110
42. Cho, T. S.; Lee, K.-J.; Kong, J.; Chandrakasan, A. P. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2009, 44, 659
43. Yokosawa, K.; Saitoh, K.; Nakano, S.; Goto, Y.; Tsukada, K. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 130, 94
44. Adams, J. D.; Parrott, G.; Bauer, C.; Sant, T.; Manning, L.; Jones, M.; Rogers, B.; McCorkle, D.; Ferrell, T. L. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 3428
45. Cai, Q. Y.; Cammers-Goodwin, A.; Grimes, C. A. J. Environ. Monit. 2000, 2, 556
46. Morris, W. G.; Potyrailo, R. A. Wireless Sensor Array System for Combinatorial Screening of Sensor Materials. In Combinatorial Methods and Informatics in Materials Science. MRS Symposium Proceedings; Fasolka, M.; Wang, Q.; Potyrailo, R. A.; Chikyow, T.; Schubert, U. S.,; Korkin, A., Ed.; Materials Research Society: Warrendale, PA, 2006; Vol. 894, p 219.
47. Wagner, J.; Von Schickfus, M. Sens. Actuators, B 2001, 76, 58
48. Ong, K. G.; Grimes, C. A. Smart Mater. Struct. 2000, 9, 421
49. Ballantine, D. S., Jr.; White, R. M.; Martin, S. J.; Ricco, A. J.; Frye, G. C.; Zellers, E. T.; Wohltjen, H. Acoustic Wave Sensors: Theory, Design, and Physico-Chemical Applications; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1997.
50. Baselt, D. R.; Fruhberger, B.; Klaassen, E.; Cemalovic, S.; Britton, C. L., Jr.; Patel, S. V.; Mlsna, T. E.; McCorkle, D.; Warmack, B. Sens. Actuators, B 2003, 88, 120
51. DeHennis, A. D.; Wise, K. D. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2005, 14, 12
52. Tsow, F.; Forzani, E.; Rai, A.; Wang, R.; Tsui, R.; Mastroianni, S.; Knobbe, C.; Gandolfi, A. J.; Tao, N. J. IEEE Sensors J. 2009, 9, 1734
53. Zeng, K.; Grimes, C. A. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2007, 43, 2358
54. Reindl, L.; Scholl, G.; Ostertag, T.; Scherr, H.; Wolff, U.; Schmidt, F. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 1998, 45, 1281
55. Dowling, J.; Tentzeris, M. M.; Beckett, N. Proc. IMWS 2009, art. no. 5307884
56. Patil, A.; Patil, V.; Shin, D. W.; Choi, J.-W.; Paik, D.-S.; Yoon, S.-J. Mater. Res. Bull. 2008, 43, 1913
57. Simon, P.; Gogotsi, Y. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 845
58. Vullers, R. J. M.; van Schaijk, R.; Doms, I.; Van Hoof, C.; Mertens, R. Solid-State Electron. 2009, 53, 684
59. Hayes, J.; Beirne, S.; Lau, K.-T.; Diamond, D. Proc. IEEE Sensors 2008, 530
60. Steinberg, I. M.; Steinberg, M. D. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 138, 120
61. Finkenzeller, K. RFID Handbook. Fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and identification, 2nd ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2003.
62. Barandiaran, J. M.; Gutierrez, J.; Gómez-Polo, C. Sens. Actuators, A 2000, 81, 154
63. Rabe, J.; Seidemann, V.; Buettgenbach, S. Sens. Mater. 2003, 15, 381
64. Wang, W.; Lee, K.; Kim, T.; Park, I.; Yang, S. Smart Mater. Struct. 2007, 16, 1382
65. Harpster, T. J.; Stark, B.; Najafi, K. Sens. Actuators, A 2002, 95, 100
66. Birdsell, E.; Allen, M. G. Solid-State Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, June 4-8, 2006; p 212.
67. Tan, E. L.; Ng, W. N.; Shao, R.; Pereles, B. D.; Ong, K. G. Sensors 2007, 7, 1747
68. Sridhar, V.; Takahata, K. Sens. Actuators, A 2009, 155, 58
69. Lei, M.; Baldi, A.; Nuxoll, E.; Siegel, R. A.; Ziaie, B. Biomed. Microdevices 2009, 11, 529
70. Engheta, N. Science 2007, 317, 1698
71. Potyrailo, R. A.; Surman, C.; Morris, W. G.; Go, S.; Lee, Y.; Cella, J. A.; Chichak, K. S. IEEE International Conference on RFID, IEEE RFID 2010, 22
72. Lehpamer, H. RFID Design Principles; Artech House: Norwood, MA, 2008.
73. Potyrailo, R. A.; Mouquin, H.; Morris, W. G. Talanta 2008, 75, 624
74. Potyrailo, R. A.; Morris, W. G.; Sivavec, T.; Tomlinson, H. W.; Klensmeden, S.; Lindh, K. Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput. 2009, 9, 1318
75. Potyrailo, R. A.; Surman, C.; Go, S.; Lee, Y.; Sivavec, T.; Morris, W. G. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 124902
76. Fletcher, R. R. Low-Cost Electromagnetic Tagging: Design and Implementation; Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA, 2002.
77. Shrestha, S.; Balachandran, M.; Agarwal, M.; Phoha, V. V.; Varahramyan, K. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 2009, 57, 1303
78. Sample, A. P.; Yeager, D. J.; Powledge, P. S.; Mamishev, A. V.; Smith, J. R. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2008, 57, 2608
79. Hierlemann, A.; Gutierrez-Osuna, R. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 563
80. Potyrailo, R. A.; May, R. J. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2002, 73, 1277
81. Potyrailo, R. A.; Sivavec, T. M. Sens. Actuators, B 2005, 106, 249
82. Peris, M.; Escuder-Gilabert, L. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 638, 1
83. Hierlemann, A.; Weimar, U.; Kraus, G.; Schweizer-Berberich, M.; Göpel, W. Sens. Actuators, B 1995, 26, 126
84. Severin, E. J.; Doleman, B. J.; Lewis, N. S. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 658
85. Hsieh, M.-D.; Zellers, E. T. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 1885
86. Kummer, A. M.; Hierlemann, A. IEEE Sensors J. 2006, 6, 3
87. Jin, C.; Zellers, E. T. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 7283
88. Snow, E. S.; Perkins, F. K.; Houser, E. J.; Badescu, S. C.; Reinecke, T. L. Science 2005, 307, 1942
89. Qi, X.; Osterloh, F. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 7666
90. Haupt, K., Molecularly imprinted polymers as recognition elements in sensors. In Ultrathin Electrochemical Chemo- and Biosensors; Mirsky, V. M., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2004; p 23.
91. Valdés, M. G.; Pérez-Cordoves, A. I.; Díaz- García, M. E. Trends Anal. Chem. 2006, 25, 24
92. Sahner, K.; Hagen, G.; Schönauer, D.; Reiss, S.; Moos, R. Solid State Ionics 2008, 179, 2416
93. Di Natale, C.; Paolesse, R.; DAmico, A. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 121, 238
94. Öztürk, Z. Z.; Klnç, N.; Atilla, D.; Gürek, A. G.; Ahsen, V. J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 2009, 13, 1179
95. Melegari, M.; Suman, M.; Pirondini, L.; Moiani, D.; Massera, C.; Ugozzoli, F.; Kalenius, E.; Vainiotalo, P.; Mulatier, J.-C.; Dutasta, J.-P.; Dalcanale, E. Chem.-Eur. J. 2008, 14, 5772
96. Pirondini, L.; Dalcanale, E. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36, 695
97. Meek, S. T.; Greathouse, J. A.; Allendorf, M. D. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 249
98. Shekhah, O.; Liu, J.; Fischer, R. A.; Wöll, C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 1081
99. Potyrailo, R. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 702
100. Hatchett, D. W.; Josowicz, M. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 746
101. Potyrailo, R. A.; Mirsky, V. M. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 770
102. Persaud, K.; Dodd, G. Nature 1982, 299, 352
103. Peng, G.; Trock, E.; Haick, H. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3631
104. Hirschfeld, T. Science 1985, 230, 286
105. Joo, S.; Brown, R. B. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 638
106. Jurs, P. C.; Bakken, G. A.; McClelland, H. E. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 2649
107. Snopok, B. A.; Kruglenko, I. V. Thin Solid Films 2002, 418, 21
108. Scott, S. M.; James, D.; Ali, Z. Microchim. Acta 2007, 156, 183
109. Potyrailo, R. A.; May, R. J.; Sivavec, T. M. Sensor Lett. 2004, 2, 31
110. Potyrailo, R. A.; Wroczynski, R. J.; Lemmon, J. P.; Flanagan, W. P.; Siclovan, O. P. J. Comb. Chem. 2003, 5, 8
111. Potyrailo, R. A. Trends Anal. Chem. 2003, 22, 374
112. Potyrailo, R. A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 5103
113. Potyrailo, R. A.; Ghiradella, H.; Vertiatchikh, A.; Dovidenko, K.; Cournoyer, J. R.; Olson, E. Nat. Photonics 2007, 1, 123
114. Zhong, G.; Bernhardt, G.; Lad, R.; Collins, S.; Smith, R. Proc. IEEE Sensors 2007, 1225
115. Hagleitner, C.; Hierlemann, A.; Lange, D.; Kummer, A.; Kerness, N.; Brand, O.; Baltes, H. Nature 2001, 414, 293
116. Furuki, M.; Pu, L. S. Thin Solid Films 1992, 210/211, 471
117. Snow, A. W.; Barger, W. R.; Klusty, M.; Wohltjen, H.; Jarvis, N. L. Langmuir 1986, 2, 513
118. Di Natale, C.; Buchholt, K.; Martinelli, E.; Paolesse, R.; Pomarico, G.; DAmico, A.; Lundstrom, I.; Lloyd Spetz, A. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 135, 560
119. Snow, E. S.; Perkins, F. K. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2414
120. Brahim, S., Colbern, S., Gump, R., and Grigorian, L. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, art. no. 024502
121. Hellmich, W.; Müller, G.; Braunmühl, C. B.-v.; Doll, T.; Eisele, I. Sens. Actuators, B 1997, 43, 132
122. Torsi, L.; Dodabalapur, A.; Sabbatini, L.; Zambonin, P. G. Sens. Actuators, B 2000, 67, 312
123. Meier, D. C.; Raman, B.; Semancik, S. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2009, 2, 463
124. Holloway, A. F.; Nabok, A.; Thompson, M.; Ray, A. K.; Wilkop, T. Sens. Actuators, B 2004, 99, 355
125. Josse, F.; Lukas, R.; Zhou, R.; Schneider, S.; Everhart, D. Sens. Actuators, B 1996, 35-36, 363
126. Martin, S. J.; Frye, G. C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1990, 57, 1867
127. Wessendorf, K. O. The Lever Oscillator for Use in High Resistance Resonator Applications. In Proc. 1993 Frequency Control Symp. IEEE: New York, NY, 1993; p 711.
128. Hwang, B. J.; Yang, J. Y.; Lin, C. W. Sens. Actuators, B 2001, 75, 67
129. Fort, A.; Rocchi, S.; Serrano-Santos, M. B.; Ulivieri, N.; Vignoli, V.; Pioggia, G.; Di Francesco, F. Sens. Actuators, B 2005, 111-112, 193
130. Tanaka, H.; Kanno, Y. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 2007, 46, 7509
131. Woodard, S. E.; Taylor, B. D. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007, 18, 1603
132. Amrani, M. E. H.; Persaud, K. C.; Payne, P. A. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1995, 6, 1500
133. Yang, R. D.; Fruhberger, B.; Park, J.; Kummel, A. C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 074104
134. King, W. H., Jr. Anal. Chem. 1964, 36, 1735
135. Sugiyasu, K.; Swager, T. M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2007, 80, 2074
136. McQuade, D. T.; Pullen, A. E.; Swager, T. M. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 2537
137. Grate, J. W. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 726
138. Grate, J. W.; Abraham, M. H. Sens. Actuators, B 1991, 3, 85
139. Patel, S. V.; Mlsna, T. E.; Fruhberger, B.; Klaassen, E.; Cemalovic, S.; Baselt, D. R. Sens. Actuators, B 2003, 96, 541
140. Pinnaduwage, L. A.; Thundat, T.; Hawk, J. E.; Hedden, D. L.; Britt, P. F.; Houser, E. J.; Stepnowski, S.; McGill, R. A.; Bubb, D. Sens. Actuators, B 2004, 99, 223
141. Stegmeier, S.; Fleischer, M.; Tawil, A.; Hauptmann, P. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 148, 450
142. Grate, J. W.; Abraham, H.; McGill, R. A., Sorbent polymer materials for chemical sensors and arrays. In Handbook of Biosensors and Electronic Noses. Medicine, Food, and the Environment; Kress-Rogers, E., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1997; p 593.
143. Harpster, T. J.; Hauvespre, S.; Dokmeci, M. R.; Najafi, K. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2002, 11, 61
144. Chang, K.; Kim, Y. H.; Kim, Y. J.; Yoon, Y. J. Electron. Lett. 2007, 43, 7
145. Kebabian, P. L.; Freedman, A. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2006, 17, 703
146. Cai, Q. Y.; Jain, M. K.; Grimes, C. A. Sens. Actuators, B 2001, 77, 614
147. Alentiev, A. Y.; Shantarovich, V. P.; Merkel, T. C.; Bondar, V. I.; Freeman, B. D.; Yampolskii, Y. P. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 9513
148. Potyrailo, R. A.; Leach, A. M.; Morris, W. G.; Gamage, S. K. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 5633
149. Bondar, V. I.; Freeman, B. D.; Yampolskii, Y. P. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6163
150. Kurzawski, P.; Hagleitner, C.; Hierlemann, A. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 6910
151. Mlsna, T. E.; Cemalovic, S.; Warburton, M.; Hobson, S. T.; Mlsna, D.; Patel, S. V. Sens. Actuators, B 2006, 116, 192
152. Collins, G. E.; Buckley, L. J. Synth. Met. 1996, 78, 93
153. Grate, J. W.; Patrash, S. J.; Kaganove, S. N.; Wise, B. M. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 1033
154. Potyrailo, R. A.; Morris, W. G. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2007, 78, 072214
155. Potyrailo, R. A.; Surman, C.; Morris, W. G. J. Comb. Chem. 2009, 11, 598
156. Travers, J. P.; Nechtschein, M. Synth. Met. 1986, 21, 135
157. Chao, S.; Wrighton, M. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 6627
158. Li, B.; Santhanam, S.; Schultz, L.; Jeffries-EL, M.; Iovu, M. C.; Sauvé, G.; Cooper, J.; Zhang, R.; Revelli, J. C.; Kusne, A. G.; Snyder, J. L.; Kowalewski, T.; Weiss, L. E.; McCullough, R. D.; Fedder, G. K.; Lambeth, D. N. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 123, 651
159. Jang, J.; Chang, M.; Yoon, H. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1616
160. Xue, M.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Cao, T. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2145
161. Musio, F.; Ferrara, M. C. Sens. Actuators, B 1997, 41, 97
162. Li, B.; Lambeth, D. N. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3563
163. Zeng, X.; Jin, X.; Huang, Y.; Mason, A. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 595
164. Al-Mashat, L.; Tran, H. D.; Wlodarski, W.; Kaner, R. B.; Kalantar-zadeh, K. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 134, 826
165. Virji, S.; Huang, J.; Kaner, R. B.; Weiller, B. H. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 491
166. Hao, Q.; Wang, X.; Lu, L.; Yang, X.; Mirsky, V. M. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005, 26, 1099
167. Arsat, R.; Yu, X. F.; Li, Y. X.; Wlodarski, W.; Kalantar-zadeh, K. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 137, 529
168. Gannot, Y.; Hertzog-Ronen, C.; Tessler, N.; Eichen, Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 105
169. Lee, J. I.; Cho, S. H.; Park, S.-M.; Kim, J. K.; Kim, J. K.; Yu, J.-W.; Kim, Y. C.; Russell, T. P. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2315
170. Krondak, M.; Broncova, G.; Anikin, S.; Merz, A.; Mirsky, V. M. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2006, 10, 185
171. Ouyang, J.; Xu, Q.; Chu, C.-W.; Yang, Y.; Li, G.; Shinar, J. Polymer 2004, 45, 8443
172. Dan, Y.; Cao, Y.; Mallouk, T. E.; Johnson, A. T.; Evoy, S. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 125, 55
173. Liu, J.; Agarwal, M.; Varahramyan, K.; Berney, E. S., IV; Hodo, W. D. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 129, 599
174. Nicolas-Debarnot, D.; Poncin-Epaillard, F. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 475, 1
175. Liu, H.; Kameoka, J.; Czaplewski, D. A.; Craighead, H. G. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 671
176. Sasaki, I.; Janata, J.; Josowicz, M. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2007, 92, 1408
177. Virji, S.; Fowler, J. D.; Baker, C. O.; Huang, J.; Kaner, R. B.; Weiller, B. H. Small 2005, 1, 624
178. Virji, S.; Kojima, R.; Fowler, J. D.; Villanueva, J. G.; Kaner, R. B.; Weiller, B. H. Nano Res. 2009, 2, 135
179. Zhang, R.; Li, B.; Iovu, M. C.; Jeffries-El, M.; Sauvé, G.; Cooper, J.; Jia, S.; Tristram-Nagle, S.; Smilgies, D. M.; Lambeth, D. N.; McCullough, R. D.; Kowalewski, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 3480
180. Jung, Y. S.; Jung, W.; Tuller, H. L.; Ross, C. A. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3776
181. Li, Z.-F.; Blum, F. D.; Bertino, M. F.; Kim, C.-S.; Pillalamarri, S. K. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 134, 31
182. Xie, Z.; Duan, L.; Jiang, Y.; Xue, M.; Zhang, M.; Cao, T. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2009, 30, 1589
183. Hamedi, M.; Tvingstedt, K.; Karlsson, R. H.; Asberg, P.; Inganäs, O. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 631
184. Bearzotti, A.; MacAgnano, A.; Pantalei, S.; Zampetti, E.; Venditti, I.; Fratoddi, I.; Vittoria Russo, M. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2008, 20, art. no. 474207
185. Potyrailo, R. A.; Ding, Z.; Butts, M. D.; Genovese, S. E.; Deng, T. IEEE Sensors J. 2008, 8, 815
186. Woodson, M.; Liu, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 3760
187. Schäffer, E.; Thurn-Albrecht, T.; Russell, T. P.; Steiner, U. Nature 2000, 403, 874
188. Guan, J.; Yu, B.; Lee, L. J. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1212
189. Zhou, Y.; Freitag, M.; Hone, J.; Staii, C.; Johnson, A. T.; Pinto, N. J.; MacDiarmid, A. G. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 3800
190. Hua, F.; Sun, Y.; Gaur, A.; Meitl, M. A.; Bilhaut, L.; Rotkina, L.; Wang, J.; Geil, P.; Shim, M.; Rogers, J. A. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 2467
191. Lipomi, D. J.; Chiechi, R. C.; Dickey, M. D.; Whitesides, G. M. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2100
192. del Campo, A.; Arzt, E. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 911
193. Ding, B.; Wang, M.; Yu, J.; Sun, G. Sensors 2009, 9, 1609
194. Jiang, H.; Wang, Y.; Ye, Q.; Zou, G.; Su, W.; Zhang, Q. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 143, 789
195. Loui, A.; Ratto, T. V.; Wilson, T. S.; McCall, S. K.; Mukerjee, E. V.; Love, A. H.; Hart, B. R. Analyst 2008, 133, 608
196. Grate, J. W.; McGill, R. A. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 4015
197. Barnes, K. A.; Karim, A.; Douglas, J. F.; Nakatani, A. I.; Gruell, H.; Amis, E. J. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 4177
198. Mabrook, M. F.; Pearson, C.; Petty, M. C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 013507
199. Sisk, B. C.; Lewis, N. S. Langmuir 2006, 22, 7928
200. Severin, E. J.; Sanner, R. D.; Doleman, B. J.; Lewis, N. S. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 1440
201. Li, J. Sensors 2000, 17, 56
202. Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Eklund, P. C. Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1996.
203. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183
204. Lundberg, B.; Sundqvist, B. J. Appl. Phys. 1986, 60, 1074
205. Ruschau, G. R.; Newnham, R. E.; Runt, J.; Smith, B. E. Sens. Actuators 1989, 20, 269
206. Lonergan, M. C.; Severin, E. J.; Doleman, B. J.; Beaber, S. A.; Grubbs, R. H.; Lewis, N. S. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 2298
207. Matthews, B.; Li, J.; Sunshine, S.; Lerner, L.; Judy, J. W. IEEE Sensors J. 2002, 2, 160
208. Kang, N. K.; Jun, T. S.; La, D.-D.; Oh, J. H.; Cho, Y. W.; Kim, Y. S. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 147, 55
209. Patel, S. V.; Jenkins, M. W.; Hughes, R. C.; Yelton, W. G.; Ricco, A. J. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 1532
210. Mascaro, D. J.; Baxter, J. C.; Halvorsen, A.; White, K.; Scholz, B.; Schulz, D. L. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 120, 353
211. Marinov, V. R.; Atanasov, Y. A.; Khan, A.; Vaselaar, D.; Halvorsen, A.; Schulz, D. L.; Chrisey, D. B. IEEE Sensors J. 2007, 7, 937
212. De Girolamo Del Mauro, A.; Burrasca, G.; De Vito, S.; Massera, E.; Loffredo, F.; Quercia, L.; Di Francia, G.; Della Sala, D. Transducers 07 2007, 1011
213. Lewis, N. S. Acc. Chem. Res. 2004, 37, 663
214. Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; OBrien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. Nature 1985, 318, 162
215. Kratschmer, W.; Lamb, L.; Fostiropoulos, K.; Huffman, D. R. Nature 1990, 347, 354
216. Martin, N. Chem. Commun. 2006, 2093
217. Darwish, A. D. Annu. Rep. Progr. Chem., A 2009, 105, 363
218. Serrano, A.; Gallego, M. J. Sep. Sci. 2006, 29, 33
219. Sberveglieri, G.; Faglia, G.; Perego, C.; Nelli, P.; Marks, R. N.; Virgili, T.; Taliani, C.; Zamboni, R. Synth. Met. 1996, 77, 273
220. Barsan, N.; Weimar, U. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2003, 15, R813
221. Franke, M. E.; Koplin, T. J.; Simon, U. Small 2006, 2, 36
222. Korotcenkov, G. Sens. Actuators, B 2005, 107, 209
223. Chao, Y.-C.; Shih, J.-S. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 374, 39
224. Abraham, M. H.; Du, C. M.; Grate, J. W.; McGill, R. A.; Shuely, W. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1993, 1863
225. Li, D.; Swanson, B. I. Langmuir 1993, 9, 3341
226. Grate, J. W.; Abraham, M. H.; Du, C. M.; McGill, R. A.; Shuely, W. J. Langmuir 1995, 11, 2125
227. Grynko, D.; Burlachenko, J.; Kukla, O.; Kruglenko, I.; Belyaev, O. Semicond. Phys., Quantum Electron. Optoelectron. 2009, 12, 287
228. Shih, J.-S.; Mao, Y.-C.; Sung, M.-F.; Gau, G.-J.; Chiou, C.-S. Sens. Actuators, B 2001, 76, 347
229. Lin, H.-B.; Shih, J.-S. Sens. Actuators, B 2003, 92, 243
230. Dickert, F. L.; Zenkel, M. E.; Bulst, W.-E.; Fischerauer, G.; Knauer, U. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1997, 357, 27
231. Iijima, S. Nature 1991, 354, 56
232. Iijima, S.; Ichihashi, T. Nature 1993, 363, 603
233. Dai, H. Surf. Sci. 2002, 500, 218
234. Zhao, Y.-L.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1161
235. Collins, P. G.; Bradley, K.; Ishigami, M.; Zettl, A. Science 2000, 287, 1801
236. Qi, P.; Vermesh, O.; Grecu, M.; Javey, A.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H.; Peng, S.; Cho, K. J. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 347
237. Kong, J.; Franklin, N. R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M. G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K.; Dai, H. Science 2000, 287, 622
238. Snow, E. S.; Perkins, F. K.; Robinson, J. A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35, 790
239. Kauffman, D. R.; Star, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6550
240. Cao, Q.; Rogers, J. A. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 29
241. Varghese, O. K.; Kichambre, P. D.; Gong, D.; Ong, K. G.; Dickey, E. C.; Grimes, C. A. Sens. Actuators, B 2001, 81, 32
242. McGrath, M.; Pham, A. Int. J. High Speed Electron. Syst. 2006, 16, 913
243. Peng, N.; Zhang, Q.; Chow, C. L.; Tan, O. K.; Marzari, N. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1626
244. Salehi-Khojin, A.; Khalili-Araghi, F.; Kuroda, M. A.; Lin, K. Y.; Leburton, J.-P.; Masel, R. I. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 153
245. Yoon, H.; Xie, J.; Abraham, J. K.; Varadan, V. K.; Ruffin, P. B. Smart Mater. Struct. 2006, 15, S14
246. Wang, F.; Gu, H.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 5392
247. Castro, M.; Lu, J.; Bruzaud, S.; Kumar, B.; Feller, J.-F. Carbon 2009, 47, 1930
248. Abraham, J. K.; Philip, B.; Witchurch, A.; Varadan, V. K.; Channa Reddy, C. Smart Mater. Struct. 2004, 13, 1045
249. Rajaputra, S.; Mangu, R.; Clore, P.; Qian, D.; Andrews, R.; Singh, V. P. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, art. no. 345502
250. Faizah, M. Y. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 2009, 35, 142
251. Robinson, J. A.; Snow, E. S.; Perkins, F. K. Sens. Actuators, A 2007, 135, 309
252. Chen, Y.; Meng, F.; Li, M.; Liu, J. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 140, 396
253. Esen, G.; Fuhrer, M. S.; Ishigami, M.; Williams, E. D. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, art. no. 123510
254. Brahim, S., Colbern, S., Gump, R., Moser, A., and Grigorian, L. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, art. no. 235502
255. Penza, M.; Rossi, R.; Alvisi, M.; Aversa, P.; Cassano, G.; Suriano, D.; Benetti, M.; Cannatà, D.; Di Pietrantonio, F.; Verona, E. Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp. 2008, 1850
256. Penza, M.; Antolini, F.; Vittori-Antisari, M. Thin Solid Films 2005, 472, 246
257. Su, P.-G.; Tsai, J.-F. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 135, 506
258. Ong, K. G.; Zeng, K.; Grimes, C. A. IEEE Sensors J. 2002, 2, 82
259. Chopra, S.; McGuire, K.; Gothard, N.; Rao, A. M.; Pham, A. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 2280
260. Picaud, F.; Langlet, R.; Arab, M.; Devel, M.; Girardet, C.; Natarajan, S.; Chopra, S.; Rao, A. M. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 1
261. McGrath, M.; Pham, A.-V. H. Sensor Lett. 2008, 6, 719
262. Tooski, S. B. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107, art. no. 014702
263. Yoon, H.; Philip, B.; Xie, J.; Ji, T.; Varadan, V. K. Proc. SPIE 2004, 5389, 101
264. Yang, L.; Staiculescu, D.; Zhang, R.; Wong, C. P.; Tentzeris, M. M. IEEE Anten. Propag. Soc., AP-S Int. Symp. 2009, art. no. 5171787
265. Ong, K. G.; Grimes, C. A. Sensors 2001, 1, 193
266. Nguyen, L. H.; Phi, T. V.; Phan, P. Q.; Vu, H. N.; Nguyen-Duc, C.; Fossard, F. Physica E 2007, 37, 54
267. Penza, M.; Rossi, R.; Alvisi, M.; Cassano, G.; Signore, M. A.; Serra, E.; Giorgi, R. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 135, 289
268. Bhuiyan, M. M. H.; Mitsugi, F.; Ueda, T.; Ikegami, T. Int. J. Nanomanuf. 2009, 4, 186
269. Ebbesen, T. W.; Ajayan, P. M. Nature 1992, 358, 220
270. Zhu, H. W.; Xu, C. L.; Wu, D. H.; Wei, B. Q.; Vajtai, R.; Ajayan, P. M. Science 2002, 296, 884
271. Xu, M.; Sun, Z.; Chen, Q.; Tay, B. K. Int. J. Nanotechnol. 2009, 6, 735
272. Peng, S.; Cho, K. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 513
273. Star, A.; Han, T.-R.; Joshi, V.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Grüner, G. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 2049
274. Lee, C. Y.; Strano, M. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1766
275. Hashishin, T.; Tamaki, J. Sens. Materials 2009, 21, 265
276. Tseng, W.-S.; Tseng, C.-Y.; Kuo, C.-T. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2009, 9, 6889
277. Yoo, K.-P.; Kwon, K.-H.; Min, N.-K.; Lee, M. J.; Lee, C. J. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 143, 333
278. Watts, P. C. P.; Mureau, N.; Tang, Z.; Miyajima, Y.; David Carey, J.; Silva, S. R. P. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, art. no. 175701
279. Wong, S. S.; Joselevich, E.; Woolley, A. T.; Cheung, C. L.; Lieber, C. M. Nature 1998, 394, 52
280. Williams, K. A.; Veenhuizen, P. T. M.; De la Torre, B. G.; Eritja, R.; Dekker, C. Nature 2002, 420, 761
281. Asuri, P.; Bale, S. S.; Pangule, R. C.; Shah, D. A.; Kane, R. S.; Dordick, J. S. Langmuir 2007, 23, 12318
282. Kong, L.; Wang, J.; Fu, X.; Zhong, Y.; Meng, F.; Luo, T.; Liu, J. Carbon 2010, 48, 1262
283. Sun, Y.-P.; Fu, K.; Lin, Y.; Huang, W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 1096
284. Hussain, C. M.; Saridara, C.; Mitra, S. Analyst 2009, 134, 1928
285. Kauffman, D. R.; Shade, C. M.; Uh, H.; Petoud, S.; Star, A. Nature Chem. 2009, 1, 500
286. Staii, C.; Johnson, A. T., Jr.; Chen, M.; Gelperin, A. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1774
287. Kuang, Z.; Kim, S. N.; Crookes-Goodson, W. J.; Farmer, B. L.; Naik, R. R. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 452
288. Wu, R.-J.; Huang, Y.-C.; Yu, M.-R.; Lin, T. H.; Hung, S.-L. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 134, 213
289. Kauffman, D. R.; Sorescu, D. C.; Schofield, D. P.; Allen, B. L.; Jordan, K. D.; Star, A. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 958
290. Leghrib, R.; Pavelko, R.; Felten, A.; Vasiliev, A.; Cané, C.; Gràcia, I.; Pireaux, J.-J.; Llobet, E. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 145, 411
291. Kim, W.; Javey, A.; Vermesh, O.; Wang, Q.; Li, Y.; Dai, H. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 193
292. Kuzmych, O.; Allen, B. L.; Star, A. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, art. no. 375502
293. Mendoza, D.; Santiago, P. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2008, 8, 6523
294. Peng, N.; Zhang, Q.; Lee, Y. C.; Huang, H.; Tan, O. K.; Tian, J.; Chan, L. Sensor Lett. 2008, 6, 796
295. Zhang, T.; Mubeen, S.; Yoo, B.; Myung, N. V.; Deshusses, M. A. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, art. no. 255501
296. Santucci, S.; Picozzi, S.; Di Gregorio, F.; Lozzi, L.; Cantalini, C.; Valentini, L.; Kenny, J. M.; Delley, B. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 10904
297. Lampe, U.; Fleischer, M.; Reitmeier, N.; Meixner, H.; McMonagle, J. B.; Marsh, A. New Materials for Metal Oxide Sensors. In Sensors Update, Vol. 2; Baltes, H.; W., Göpel; Hesse, J., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1996; p 1.
298. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. Science 2004, 306, 666
299. Schedin, F.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Hill, E. W.; Blake, P.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Novoselov, K. S. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 652
300. Geim, A. K. Science 2009, 324, 1530
301. Rao, C. N. R.; Sood, A. K.; Subrahmanyam, K. S.; Govindaraj, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7752
302. Ratinac, K. R.; Yang, W.; Ringer, S. P.; Braet, F. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 1167
303. Yang, W.; Ratinac, K. R.; Ringer, S. P.; Thordarson, P.; Gooding, J. J.; Braet, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2114
304. Fowler, J. D.; Allen, M. J.; Tung, V. C.; Yang, Y.; Kaner, R. B.; Weiller, B. H. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 301
305. Dan, Y.; Lu, Y.; Kybert, N. J.; Luo, Z.; Johnson, A. T. C. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1472
306. Arsat, R.; Breedon, M.; Shafiei, M.; Spizziri, P. G.; Gilje, S.; Kaner, R. B.; Kalantar-zadeh, K.; Wlodarski, W. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2009, 467, 344
307. Park, S.; Ruoff, R. S. Nature Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 217
308. Robinson, J. T.; Perkins, F. K.; Snow, E. S.; Wei, Z.; Sheehan, P. E. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3137
309. Huang, B.; Li, Z.; Liu, Z.; Zhou, G.; Hao, S.; Wu, J.; Gu, B.-L.; Duan, W. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 13442
310. Zhang, Y.-H.; Chen, Y.-B.; Zhou, K.-G.; Liu, C.-H.; Zeng, J.; Zhang, H.-L.; Peng, Y. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, art. no. 185504
311. Dai, J.; Yuan, J.; Giannozzi, P. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, art. no. 232105
312. Zhang, Y.-H.; Zhou, K.-G.; Xie, K.-F.; Zeng, J.; Zhang, H.-L.; Peng, Y. Nanotechnology 2010, 21, art. no. 065201
313. Mizuno, M.; Kim, E. H. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, art. no. 082108
314. Dua, V.; Surwade, S. P.; Ammu, S.; Agnihotra, S. R.; Jain, S.; Roberts, K. E.; Park, S.; Ruoff, R. S.; Manohar, S. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2154
315. Jung, I.; Dikin, D.; Park, S.; Cai, W.; Mielke, S. L.; Ruoff, R. S. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 20264
316. Wohltjen, H.; Snow, A. W. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 2856
317. Cai, Q.-Y.; Zellers, E. T. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 3533
318. Steinecker, W. H.; Rowe, M. P.; Zellers, E. T. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 4977
319. Evans, S. D.; Johnson, S. R.; Cheng, Y. L.; Shen, T. J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 183
320. Drake, C.; Deshpande, S.; Bera, D.; Seal, S. Int. Mater. Rev. 2007, 52, 289
321. Zabet-Khosousi, A.; Dhirani, A.-A. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 4072
322. Wang, L.; Shi, X.; Kariuki, N. N.; Schadt, M.; Wang, G. R.; Rendeng, Q.; Choi, J.; Luo, J.; Susan, Lu, S.; Zhong, C.-J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 2161
323. Joseph, Y.; Guse, B.; Yasuda, A.; Vossmeyer, T. Sens. Actuators, B 2004, 98, 188
324. Wang, L.; Luo, J.; Yin, J.; Zhang, H.; Wu, J.; Shi, X.; Crew, E.; Xu, Z.; Rendeng, Q.; Lu, S.; Poliks, M.; Sammakia, B.; Zhong, C.-J. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 907
325. Yang, C.-Y.; Li, C.-L.; Lu, C.-J. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 565, 17
326. Ibañez, F. J.; Zamborini, F. P. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 1543
327. Joseph, Y.; Guse, B.; Nelles, G. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 1670
328. Krasteva, N.; Guse, B.; Besnard, I.; Yasuda, A.; Vossmeyer, T. Sens. Actuators, B 2003, 92, 137
329. Krasteva, N.; Fogel, Y.; Bauer, R. E.; Müllen, K.; Joseph, Y.; Matsuzawa, N.; Yasuda, A.; Vossmeyer, T. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 881
330. Joseph, Y.; Peie, A.; Chen, X.; Michl, J.; Vossmeyer, T.; Yasuda, A. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 12855
331. Love, J. C.; Estroff, L. A.; Kriebel, J. K.; Nuzzo, R. G.; Whitesides, G. M. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1103
332. Zotti, G.; Vercelli, B.; Berlin, A. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 397
333. Vörös, N. M.; Patakfalvi, R.; Dékány, I. Colloids Surf., A 2008, 329, 205
334. Im, J.; Chandekar, A.; Whitten, J. E. Langmuir 2009, 25, 4288
335. Grate, J. W.; Nelson, D. A.; Skaggs, R. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1868
336. Smardzewski, R. R.; Jarvis, N. L.; Snow, A. W.; Wohltjen, H. Proc. Sci. Conf. Chem. Bio. Def. Res. 2004, not supplied.
337. McGill, R. A.; Abraham, M. H.; Grate, J. W. ChemTech 1994, 9, 27
338. Crooks, R. M.; Ricco, A. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 219
339. Peng, G.; Tisch, U.; Adams, O.; Hakim, M.; Shehada, N.; Broza, Y. Y.; Billan, S.; Abdah-Bortnyak, R.; Kuten, A.; Haick, H. Nature Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 669
340. Peng, G.; Hakim, M.; Broza, Y. Y.; Billan, S.; Abdah-Bortnyak, R.; Kuten, A.; Tisch, U.; Haick, H. Br. J. Cancer 2010, 103, 542
341. Krasteva, N.; Möhwald, H.; Krastev, R. C. R. Chim. 2009, 12, 129
342. Pang, P.; Guo, Z.; Cai, Q. Talanta 2005, 65, 1343
343. Pang, P.; Guo, J.; Wu, S.; Cai, Q. Sens. Actuators, B 2006, 114, 799
344. Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 801
345. Cortés, E.; Rubert, A. A.; Benitez, G.; Carro, P.; Vela, M. E.; Salvarezza, R. C. Langmuir 2009, 25, 5661
346. Ancona, M. G.; Snow, A. W.; Foos, E. E.; Kruppa, W.; Bass, R. IEEE Sensors J. 2006, 6, 1403
347. Covington, E. L.; Turner, R. W.; Kurdak, C.; Rowe, M. P.; Xu, C.; Zellers, E. T. Proc. IEEE Sensors 2008
348. Bohrer, F. I.; Covington, E.; Kurdak, Ç.; Zellers, E. T. Proc. Transducers 09 2009, 148
349. Kolmakov, A.; Moskovits, M. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2004, 151
350. Fergus, J. W. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 123, 1169
351. Barsan, N.; Koziej, D.; Weimar, U. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 121, 18
352. Comini, E.; Baratto, C.; Faglia, G.; Ferroni, M.; Vomiero, A.; Sberveglieri, G. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2009, 54, 1
353. Lee, J.-H. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 140, 319
354. Korotcenkov, G.; Cho, B. K. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2010, 35, 1
355. Choi, K. J.; Jang, H. W. Sensors 2010, 10, 4083
356. Cram, D. J. Science 1983, 219, 1177
357. Xu, X.; Li, C.; Pei, K.; Zhao, K.; Zhao, Z. K.; Li, H. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 134, 258
358. Tseng, M.-C.; Chu, Y.-H. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 2983
359. Dickert, F. L.; Zwissler, G. K.; Obermeier, E. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1993, 97, 184
360. Patrash, S. J.; Zellers, E. T. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 288, 167
361. Feresenbet, E. B.; Taylor, F.; Chinowsky, T. M.; Yee, S. S.; Shenoy, D. K. Sensor Lett. 2004, 2, 145
362. Lu, C.-J.; Shih, J.-S. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 306, 129
363. Xing, W.-L.; He, X.-W. Analyst 1997, 122, 587
364. Kuchmenko, T. A.; Lisitskaya, R. P.; Bobrova, O. S. J. Anal. Chem. 2010, 65, 195
365. Mitsubayashi, K.; Matsunaga, H.; Nishio, G.; Toda, S.; Nakanishi, Y. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 20, 1573
366. Perinotto, A. C.; Caseli, L.; Hayasaka, C. O.; Riul, A., Jr.; Oliveira, O. N., Jr.; Zucolotto, V. Thin Solid Films 2008, 516, 9002
367. Castaldo, A.; Massera, E.; Quercia, L.; Di Francia, G. Macromol. Symp. 2007, 247, 350
368. Patel, S. V.; Hobson, S. T.; Cemalovic, S.; Mlsna, T. E. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2010, 53, 673
369. Heiland, G. Z. Phys. 1954, 138, 459
370. Bielanski, A.; Deren, J.; Haber, J. Nature 1957, 179, 668
371. Korotcenkov, G. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 2007, 139, 1
372. Ishihara, T.; Kometani, K.; Mizuhara, Y.; Takita, Y. Sens. Actuators, B 1991, 5, 97
373. Ishihara, T.; Sato, S.; Takita, Y. Sens. Actuators, B 1996, 30, 43
374. Herran, J.; Mandayo, G. G.; Castano, E. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 129, 705
375. Tricoli, A.; Righettoni, M.; Pratsinis, S. E. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, art. no. 315502
376. Scott, R. W. J.; Yang, S. M.; Coombs, N.; Ozin, G. A.; Williams, D. E. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2003, 13, 225
377. Kim, I.-D.; Rothschild, A.; Hyodo, T.; Tuller, H. L. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 193
378. Zuruzi, A. S.; MacDonald, N. C.; Moskovits, M.; Kolmakov, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4298
379. Jia, L.; Cai, W.; Wang, H.; Sun, F.; Li, Y. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 2697
380. Strelcov, E.; Dmitriev, S.; Button, B.; Cothren, J.; Sysoev, V.; Kolmakov, A. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, art. no. 355502
381. Zhao, J.; Wu, S.; Liu, J.; Liu, H.; Gong, S.; Zhou, D. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 145, 788
382. Xu, L.; Dong, B.; Wang, Y.; Bai, X.; Chen, J.; Liu, Q.; Song, H. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 9089
383. Helwig, A.; Müller, G.; Sberveglieri, G.; Eickhoff, M. J. Sensors 2009, art. no. 620720
384. Bein, T.; Brown, K.; Frye, G. C.; Brinker, C. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 7640
385. Yan, Y.; Bein, T. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 975
386. Fischerauer, A.; Gollwitzer, A.; Thalmayr, F.; Hagen, G.; Moos, R.; Fischerauer, G. Sensor Lett. 2008, 6, 1019
387. Gora, L.; Kuhn, J.; Baimpos, T.; Nikolakis, V.; Kapteijn, F.; Serwicka, E. M. Analyst 2009, 134, 2118
388. Yasuda, K. E.; Visser, J. H.; Bein, T. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2009, 119, 356
389. Urbiztondo, M. A.; Pellejero, I.; Villarroya, M.; Sesé, J.; Pina, M. P.; Dufour, I.; Santamaría, J. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 137, 608
390. Rodríguez-Gonzlez, L.; Simon, U. Meas. Sci. Tech. 2010, 21, art. no. 027003
391. Tavolaro, A.; Drioli, E. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 975
392. Vilaseca, M.; Coronas, J.; Cirera, A.; Cornet, A.; Morante, J. R.; Santamaría, J. Catal. Today 2003, 82, 179
393. Fong, Y. Y.; Abdullah, A. Z.; Ahmad, A. L.; Bhatia, S. Sensor Lett. 2007, 5, 485
394. Snyder, M. A.; Tsapatsis, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7560
395. Coronas, J. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 156, 236
396. Smit, B. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 4125
397. Akporiaye, D. E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2456
398. Yan, Y.; Bein, T. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 9387
399. Li, X.; Dutta, P. K. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 7986
400. Neumeier, S.; Echterhof, T.; Bölling, R.; Pfeifer, H.; Simon, U. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 134, 171
401. Zhang, J.; Tang, X.; Dong, J.; Wei, T.; Xiao, H. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 135, 420
402. Rebek, J., Jr. Science 1987, 235, 1478
403. Schierbaum, K. D.; Weiss, T.; Thoden Van Velzen, E. U.; Engbersen, J. F. J.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Göpel, W. Science 1994, 265, 1413
404. Grate, J. W.; Patrash, S. J.; Abraham, M. H.; Du, C. M. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 913
405. Dickert, F. L.; Schuster, O. Mikrochim. Acta 1995, 119, 55
406. Grate, J. W. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 2627
407. Schneider, H.-J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 3924
408. Pinalli, R.; Suman, M.; Dalcanale, E. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 451
409. Tonezzer, M.; Melegari, M.; Maggioni, G.; Milan, R.; Della Mea, G.; Dalcanale, E. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 6535
410. Condorelli, G. G.; Motta, A.; Favazza, M.; Gurrieri, E.; Betti, P.; Dalcanale, E. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 288
411. Ehlen, A.; Wimmer, C.; Weber, E.; Bargon, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1993, 32, 110
412. Finklea, H. O.; Phillippi, M. A.; Lompert, E.; Grate, J. W. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 1268
413. Yakimova, L. S.; Ziganshin, M. A.; Sidorov, V. A.; Kovalev, V. V.; Shokova, E. A.; Tafeenko, V. A.; Gorbatchuk, V. V. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 15569
414. Cha, J.-H.; Lee, W.; Lee, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8687
415. Kosal, M. E.; Chou, J.-H.; Wilson, S. R.; Suslick, K. S. Nat. Mater. 2002, 1, 118
416. Medforth, C. J.; Wang, Z.; Martin, K. E.; Song, Y.; Jacobsen, J. L.; Shelnutt, J. A. Chem. Commun. 2009, 7261
417. Di Natale, C.; Monti, D.; Paolesse, R. Mater. Today 2010, 13 (7-8) 46
418. Di Natale, C.; Macagnano, A.; Repole, G.; Saggio, G.; DAmico, A.; Paolesse, R.; Boschi, T. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 1998, 5, 209
419. Rowsell, J. L. C.; Yaghi, O. M. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2004, 73, 3
420. Fang, Q.-R.; Makal, T. A.; Young, M. D.; Zhou, H.-C. Commun. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 31, 165
421. Metal-Organic Frameworks: Design and Application; MacGillivray, L. R., Ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2010.
422. Zacher, D.; Schmid, R.; Wöll, C.; Fischer, R. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 176
423. Chen, B.; Xiang, S.; Qian, G. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 1115
424. Ferey, C.; Mellot-Draznieks, C.; Serre, C.; Millange, F.; Dutour, J.; Surble, S.; Margiolaki, I. Science 2005, 309, 2040
425. Furukawa, H.; Ko, N.; Go, Y. B.; Aratani, N.; Choi, S. B.; Choi, E.; Yazaydin, A. O.; Snurr, R. Q.; OKeeffe, M.; Kim, J.; Yaghi, O. M. Science 2010, 329, 424
426. Achmann, S.; Hagen, G.; Kita, J.; Malkowsky, I. M.; Kiener, C.; Moos, R. Sensors 2009, 9, 1574
427. Biemmi, E.; Darga, A.; Stock, N.; Bein, T. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2008, 114, 380
428. Zybaylo, O.; Shekhah, O.; Wang, H.; Tafipolsky, M.; Schmid, R.; Johannsmann, D.; Wöll, C. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 8092
429. Lu, G.; Hupp, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7832
430. Kreno, L. E.; Hupp, J. T.; Van Duyne, R. P. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 8042
431. Allendorf, M. D.; Houk, R. J. T.; Andruszkiewicz, L.; Talin, A. A.; Pikarsky, J.; Choudhury, A.; Gall, K. A.; Hesketh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 14404
432. Akyildiz, I. F.; Su, W.; Sankarasubramaniam, Y.; Cayirci, E. Comput. Networks 2002, 38, 393
433. De Vito, S.; Di Palma, P.; Ambrosino, C.; Massera, E.; Burrasca, G.; Miglietta, M. L.; Di Francia, G. IEEE Sensors J. 2011, 11, 947
434. Tsujita, W.; Yoshino, A.; Ishida, H.; Moriizumi, T. Sens. Actuators, B 2005, 110, 304
435. Al-Ali, A. R.; Zualkernan, I.; Aloul, F. IEEE Sensors J. 2010, 10, 1666
436. Becher, C.; Kaul, P.; Mitrovics, J.; Warmer, J. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 146, 513
437. Lane, G.; Brueton, C.; Diall, D.; Airantzis, D.; Jeremijenko, N.; Papamarkos, G.; Roussos, G.; Martin, K. IET Conf. Publ. 2006, 518, 23
438. Chen, L.; Yang, S.; Xi, Y. International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering 2010, 4, 425
439. Salehi-Khojin, A.; Lin, K. Y.; Field, C. R.; Masel, R. I. Science 2010, 329, 1327
440. Potyrailo, R. A.; Morris, W. G.; Wroczynski, R. J. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75, 2177
441. Steinecker, W. H.; Kim, S. K.; Bohrer, F. I.; Farina, L.; Kurdak, Ç.; Zellers, E. T. IEEE Sensors J. 2011, 11, 469
442. Hartmann-Thompson, C.; Hu, J.; Kaganove, S. N.; Keinath, S. E.; Keeley, D. L.; Dvornic, P. R. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 5357
443. Potyrailo, R. A.; Sivavec, T. M. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 7023
444. Pestov, D.; Guney-Altay, O.; Levit, N.; Tepper, G. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 126, 557
445. Garg, N.; Mohanty, A.; Lazarus, N.; Schultz, L.; Rozzi, T. R.; Santhanam, S.; Weiss, L.; Snyder, J. L.; Fedder, G. K.; Jin, R. Nanotechnology 2010, 21, art. no. 40550
446. Martinelli, E.; Santonico, M.; Pennazza, G.; Paolesse, R.; DAmico, A.; Di Natale, C. Sens. Actuators, B 2011, not supplied.
447. Liu, S.; Tu, D.; Zhang, Y. Proc. IEEE Int Conf. Intelligent Comput. Intelligent Syst. 2009, 3, art. no. 5358197
448. Diamond, D. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 278A
449. Bicelli, S.; Depari, A.; Faglia, G.; Flammini, A.; Fort, A.; Mugnaini, M.; Ponzoni, A.; Vignoli, V.; Rocchi, S. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2009, 58, 1324
450. The Times (London) 2004, March 28th.
451. Ramachandra Rao, G. V.; Murali, M.; Satya Prasad, K.; Rama Rao, C. B. Pollution Res. 2009, 28, 561
452. Grimes, C. A.; Ong, K. G.; Varghese, O. K.; Yang, X.; Mor, G.; Paulose, M.; Dickey, E. C.; Ruan, C.; Pishko, M. V.; Kendig, J. W.; Mason, A. J. Sensors 2003, 3, 69
453. Shepherd, R.; Beirne, S.; Lau, K. T.; Corcoran, B.; Diamond, D. Sens. Actuators, B 2007, 121, 142
454. Yingjun, Z.; Shengwei, X.; Peng, X.; Xinquan, W. Proc. Int. Conf. Networked Comput. 2010, art. no. 5484814
455. Gutierrez, A.; González-Mas, M. C.; Bernet, G. P.; López, S. Acta Hortic. 2010, 877, 1357
456. Mason, A.; Al-Shammaa, A. I.; Shaw, A. Proc. Int. Conf. Dev. eSyst. Eng. 2009, art. no. 5395161
457. Panoptic Analysis of Chemical Traces (PACT), DARPA-BAA-08-62, 2008.
458. Janasek, D.; Franzke, J.; Manz, A. Nature 2006, 442, 374
459. Ramsey, J. M.; Whitten, W.; Pau, S.; Denton, M. B. Highly Miniaturized Mass Spectrometer. Presented at Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Orlando, FL, February 28-March 4, 2010.
460. Zimmermann, S.; Barth, S.; Baether, W. K. M.; Ringer, J. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 6671
461. Babis, J. S.; Sperline, R. P.; Knight, A. K.; Jones, D. A.; Gresham, C. A.; Denton, M. B. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 395, 411
462. Zampolli, S.; Elmi, I.; Mancarella, F.; Betti, P.; Dalcanale, E.; Cardinali, G. C.; Severi, M. Sens. Actuators, B 2009, 141, 322
463. Serrano, G.; Chang, H.; Zellers, E. T. Transducers 09 2009, 1654
464. Chen, R.; Codella, P. J.; Guida, R.; Zribi, A.; Vert, A.; Potyrailo, R.; Baller, M. Photonic bandgap fiber enabled Raman detection of nitrogen gas. Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (7322 (Photonic Microdevices/Microstructures for Sensing) 73220N1) 2009.
465. Modi, A.; Koratkar, N.; Lass, E.; Wei, B.; Ajayan, P. M. Nature 2003, 424, 171
466. Department of Defence, Prepared by the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology (DUSD(S&T)), 2005, https://acc.dau.mil/ CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=18545.
467. Butler, D. Nature 2008, 453, 840
468. Korotcenkov, G.; Cho, B. K. Sens. Actuators, B 2011, in press.
469. Arnold, C.; Harms, M.; Goschnick, J. IEEE Sensors J. 2002, 2, 179
470. Wohltjen, H. A Journey: From Sensor Ideas to Sensor Products. Plenary talk at 11th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, University of Brescia, Italy, July 16-19, 2006; Elsevier Science: 2006.
471. Lim, S. H.; Feng, L.; Kemling, J. W.; Musto, C. J.; Suslick, K. S. Nature Chem. 2009, 562
472. Ohira, S. I.; Dasgupta, P. K.; Schug, K. A. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 4183
473. Lambertsen, C. J. The atmosphere and gas exchanges with the lungs and blood. In Medical Physiology; Mountcastle, V. B., Ed.; The C. V. Mosby Company: Saint Louis, MO, 1968; p 629.
474. Dubowski, K. M. Clin. Chem. 1974, 20, 966
475. Bradley, K.; Cumings, J.; Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Gruner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 639
476. Kleine-Ostmann, T.; Jördens, C.; Baaske, K.; Weimann, T.; De Angelis, M. H.; Koch, M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, art. no. 102102
477. Righettoni, M.; Tricoli, A.; Pratsinis, S. E. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 3581
478. Janiak, C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 1431
479. Wang, Z.; Cohen, S. M. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 1315
480. Tanaka, D.; Henke, A.; Albrecht, K.; Moeller, M.; Nakagawa, K.; Kitagawa, S.; Groll, J. Nature Chem. 2010, 2, 410
481. Zampolli, S.; Betti, P.; Elmi, I.; Dalcanale, E. Chem. Commun. 2007, 2790
482. McConney, M. E.; Anderson, K. D.; Brott, L. L.; Naik, R. R.; Tsukruk, V. V. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2527
483. Song, F.; Su, H.; Han, J.; Zhang, D.; Chen, Z. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, art. no. 495502
484. Biró, L. P.; Vigneron, J. P. Laser Photonics Rev. 2010, 1
485. Nanomaterials: Toxicity, health and environmental issues; Kumar, C. S. S. R., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2006.
486. Donaldson, K.; Murphy, F. A.; Duffin, R.; Poland, C. A. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2010, 7, 5
487. Houlton, S., 2010, http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2010/June/ 14061001.asp.
488. Surman, C.; Morris, W. G.; Potyrailo, R. A. Quantitation of toxic vapors in variable humidity atmosphere using individual passive radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors. In Proceedings of 12th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, Columbus, OH, 2008; Elsevier Science: 2008; Talk SADA 12.
489. Hackner, A.; Habauzit, A.; Müller, G.; Comini, E.; Faglia, G.; Sberveglieri, G. IEEE Sensors J. 2009, 9, 1727
490. Kawano, T.; Chiamori, H. C.; Suter, M.; Zhou, Q.; Sosnowchik, B. D.; Lin, L. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3686
491. Beccherelli, R.; Zampetti, E.; Pantalei, S.; Bernabei, M.; Persaud, K. C. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 146, 446