Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 100, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 2537-2574

  Tyler McQuade, D ^a   Pullen, Anthony E ^a   Swager, Timothy M ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC POLYMERS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; ELECTROSTATICS; ENERGY GAP; LIGHT POLARIZATION; LUMINESCENCE; MOLECULES; OLIGOMERS; SEMICONDUCTOR DOPING; STABILITY; TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

CHEMOSENSORS; CONJUGATED POLYMER BASED CHEMICAL SENSORS;

CHEMICAL SENSORS;

EID: 0000053544     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr9801014     Document Type: Article

References (367)

1. The amplifying properties of CPs have recently been reviewed, see: Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207.
2. Samuel, I. D. W.; Rumbles, G.; Collison, C. J.; Friend, R. H.; Moratti, S. C.; Holmes, A. B. Synth. Met. 1997, 84, 497-500.
3. Smilowitz, L.; Hays, A.; Heeger, A. J.; Wang, G.; Bowers, J. E. J. Chem. Phys 1993, 95, 6504-6509.
4. Turro, N. J. Modern Molecular Photochemistry; University Science Books: Sausalito, CA, 1991.
5. Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 2nd ed.; Skotheim, T. A., Elsenbaumer, R. L., Reynolds, J. R., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1998.
6. Electronic Materials: The Oligomer Approach; Müllen, K., Wegner, G., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 1998.
7. Brédas, J. L.; Street, G. B. Ace. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 309-315.
8. Paul, E. W.; Ricco. A. J.; Wrighton, M. S. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 1441.
9. Thackeray, J. W.; White, H. S.; Wrighton, M. S. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 5133.
10. Kittlesen, G. P.; White, H. S.; Wrighton, M. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 7389.
11. André, J. J.; Bernard, M.; François, B.; Mathis, C. J. Phys. 1983, 44, C3-199.
12. Janata, J.; Josowicz, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 241-248.
13. Yang, J.-S.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5321-5322.
14. Yang, J.-S.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11864-11873.
15. See other articles in this special issue of Chemical Reviews.
16. Goldenberg, L. M.; Bryce, M. R.; Petty, M. C. J. Mater. Chem. 1999, 9, 1957-1974.
17. Roncali, J. J. Mater. Chem. 1999, 9, 1875-1893.
18. Leclerc, M. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 1491-1498.
19. See: Fabre, B.; Simonet, J. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 178-180, 1211-1250 and references therein.
20. Roncali, J.; Garreau, R.; Delabouglise, D.; Garnier, F.; Lemaire, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1989, 679-681.
21. Shi, L.H.; Garnier, F.; Roncali, J. Synth. Met. 1991, 41-43, 541-550.
22. Lemaire, M.; Garreau, R.; Roncali, J.; Delabouglise, D.; Youssoufi, H. K.; Garnier, F. New J. Chem. 1989, 13, 863-871.
23. Roncali, J.; Shi, L. H.; Garnier, F. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8983-8989.
24. Shi, L. H.; Garnier, F.; Roncali, J. Solid State Commun. 1991, 77, 811-815.
25. Bartlett, P. N.; Benniston, A. C.; Chung, L.-Y.; Dawson, D. H.; Moore, P. Electrochim. Acta 1991, 36, 1377-1379.
26. Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1991.
27. Bäuerle, P.; Scheib, S. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 848-853.
28. Bäuerle, P.; Götz, G.; Hiller, M.; Scheib, S.; Fischer, T.; Segelbacher, U.; Bennati, M.; Grupp, A.; Mehring, M.; Stoldt, M.; Seidel, C.; Geiger, F.; Schweizer, H.; Umbach, E.; Schmelzer, M.; Roth, S.; Egelhaaf, H. J.; Oelkrug, D.; Emele, P.; Port, H. Synth. Met. 1993, 61, 71-79.
29. Bradshaw, J. S.; Izatt, R. M.; Bordunov, A. V.; Zhu, C. Y.; Hathaway, J. K. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, Chapter 2.
30. Youssoufi, H. K.; Hmyene, M.; Garnier, F.; Delabouglise, D. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1993, 1550-1552.
31. Garnier, F.; Korri, H.; Hmyene, M.; Yassar, A. Polym. Prepr. 1994, 35 (1), 205.
32. Youssoufi, H. K.; Yassar, A.; Baïteche, S.; Hmyene, M.; Garnier, F. Synth. Met. 1994, 67, 251-254.
33. Marsella, M. J.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12214-12215.
34. Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597.
35. Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J.; Bicknell, L. K.; Zhou, Q. Polym. Prepr. 1994, 35 (1), 206-207.
36. Marsella, M. J.; Swager, T. M. Polym. Prepr. 1994, 35 (1), 271-272.
37. Marsella, M. J.; Newland, R. J.; Swager, T. M. Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36 (1), 594-595.
38. Roncali, J.; Garreau, R.; Lemaire, M. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1990, 278, 373-378.
39. Bäuerle, P.; Scheib, S. Acta Polym. 1995, 46, 124-129.
40. Rimmel, G.; Bäuerle, P. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1323-1324.
41. Scheib, S.; Bäuerle, P. J. Mater. Chem. 1999, 9, 2139-2150.
42. McCullough, R. D.; Williams, S. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11608-11609.
43. McCullough, R. D.; Williams, S. P.; Jayaraman, M. Polym. Prepr. 1994, 35 (1), 190-191.
44. McCullough, R. D.; Williams, S. P. Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 2001-2003.
45. Inoue, M.; Sotelo, M.; Machi, L.; Inoue, M. B.; Nebesny, K. W.; Fernando, Q. Synth. Met. 1989, 32, 91-102.
46. Brockmann, T. W.; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4437-4447.
47. Faïd, K.; Fréchette, M.; Ranger, M.; Mazerolle, L.; Lévesque, I.; Leclerc, M.; Chen, T.-A.; Rieke, R. D. Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 1390-1396.
48. Lévesque, I.; Leclerc, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 2293-2294.
49. Lévesque, I.; Leclerc, M. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 2843-2849.
50. Lévesque, I.; Leclerc, M. Synth. Met. 1997, 84, 203-204.
51. Boldea, A.; Lévesque, I.; Leclerc, M. J. Mater. Chem. 1999, 9. 2133-2138.
52. Ion, A.; Ion, I.; Popescu, A.; Ungureanu, M.; Moutet, J.-C.; Saint-Aman, E. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 711-713.
53. Reddinger, J. L.; Reynolds, J. R. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 3-5.
54. Kingsborough, R. P.; Swager, T. M. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 1100-1104.
55. Holzer, L.; Winkler, B.; Wenzl, F. P.; Tasch, S.; Dai, L.; Mau, A. W. H.; Leising, G. Synth. Met. 1999, 100, 71-77.
56. Balzani, V.; Juris, A.; Venturi, M.; Campagna, S.; Serroni, S. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 759.
57. Cosnier, S.; Deronzier, A.; Moutet, J.-C. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1985, 193, 193-204.
58. Cosnier, S.; Deronzier, A.; Roland, J.-F. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1990, 255, 133-147.
59. Cosnier, S.; Deronzier, A.; Moutet, J.-C. New J. Chem. 1990, 14, 831-839.
60. Deronzier, A.; Moutet, J.-C.; Zsoldos, D. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 3086-3089.
61. Lopez, C.; Moutet, J.-C.; Saint-Aman, E. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1996, 92, 1527-1532.
62. Wang, B.; Wasielewski, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12-21.
63. Zhang, Q. T.; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9624-9631.
64. Fu, D.-K.; Xu, B.; Swager, T. M. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 15487-15494.
65. Kimura, M.; Horai, T.; Hanabusa, K.; Shirai, H. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 459-462.
66. Zotti, G.; Zecchin, S.; Schiavon, G.; Berlin, A.; Penso, M. Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 3342-3351.
67. Drake, A. F.; Udvarhelyi, P.; Ando, D. J.; Bloor, D.; Obhi, J. S.; Mann, S. Polymer 1989, 30, 1063-1067.
68. Bross, P. A.; Schöberl, U.; Daub, J. Adv. Mater. 1991, 3, 198-200.
69. Andersson, M.; Ekeblad, P. O.; Hjertberg, T.; Wennerström, O. Polymer 1991, 32, 546-548.
70. Majidi, M. R.; Kane-Maguire, L. A. P.; Wallace, G. G. Polymer 1994, 35, 3113-3115.
71. Yashima, E.; Huang, S.; Okamoto, Y. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 1811-1812.
72. Majidi, M. R.; Kane-Maguire, L. A. P.; Wallace, G. G. Polymer 1995, 36, 3597-3599.
73. Langeveld-Voss, B. M. W.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Christiaans, M. P. T.; Meskers, S. C. J.; Dekkers, H. P. J. M.; Meijer, E. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4908-4909.
74. Pu, L. Acta Polym. 1997, 48, 116-141.
75. Pu, L. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1457-1477.
76. Langeveld-Voss, B. M. W.; Christiaans, M. P. T.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Meijer, E. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6702-6704.
77. Fiesel, R.; Scherf, U. Acta Polym. 1998, 49, 445-449.
78. Fiesel, R.; Scherf, U. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 4998, 19, 427-431.
79. Andreani, F.; Angiolini, L.; Caretta, D.; Salatelli, E. J. Mater. Chem. 1998, 8, 1109-1111.
80. Fiesel, R.; Neher, D.; Scherf, U. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1457-1458.
81. Lemaire, M.; Delabouglise, D.; Garreau, R.; Guy, A.; Roncali, J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988, 658-661.
82. Roncali, J.; Garreau, R.; Delabouglise, D.; Garnier, F.; Lemaire, M. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 1988, 20/21, 601-614.
83. Lemaire, M.; Delabouglise, D.; Garreau, R.; Roncali, J. J. Chim. Phys. 1989, 86, 193-198.
84. Moutet, J.-C.; Saint-Aman, E.; Tran-Van, F.; Angibeaud, P.; Utille, J.-P. Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 511-513.
85. Aoki, T.; Kokai, M.; Shinohara, K.; Oikawa, E. Chem. Lett. 1993, 2009-2012.
86. Wang, D.; Liu, T. J.; Zhang, W. C.; Slaven, W. T., IV; Li, C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1998, 1747-1748.
87. Li, C.; Slaven, W. T., IV; John, V. T.; Banerjee, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1997, 1569-1570.
88. Yashima, E.; Goto, H.; Okamoto, Y. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 7942-7945.
89. Bidan, G.; Divisia-Blohorn, B.; Kern, J.-M.; Sauvage, J.-P. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988, 723-724.
90. Bidan, G.; Divisia-Blohorn, B.; Lapkowski, M.; Kern, J.-M.; Sauvage, J.-P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5986-5994.
91. Wright, J. D. Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers with Special Properties; Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands, 1992; p 359-373.
92. Malinski, T.; Ciszewski, A.; Fish, J. R.; Czuchajowski, L. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 909-914.
93. Wright, J. D. Prog. Surf. Sci. 1989, 31, 1-60.
94. Sadaoka, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Yamazoe, N.; Seiyama, T. Denki Kagaku 1982, 50, 457-462.
95. Lepretre, J.-C.; Saint-Aman, E.; Utille, J. P. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1993, 347, 465-470.
96. Marsella, M. J.; Carroll, P. J.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9347-9348.
97. Marsella, M. J.; Carroll, P. J.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9832-9841.
98. Marsella, M. J.; Newland, R. J.; Carroll, P. J.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9842-9848.
99. Marsella, M. J.; Newland, R. J.; Swager, T. M. Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36 (1), 594-595.
100. Crawford, K. B.; Goldfinger, M. B.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 720, 5187-5192.
101. Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 319-327.
102. Zhu, S. S.; Carroll, P. J.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8713-8714.
103. Vidal, P. L.; Billon, M.; Divisia-Blohorn, B.; Bidan, J. M. K.; Sauvage, J. P. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1998, 629-630.
104. Zhu, S. S.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12568-12577.
105. McCullough, R. D.; Ewbank, P. C.; Loewe, R. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 633-634.
106. McCullough, R. D.; Ewbank, P. C. Synth. Met. 1997, 84, 311-312.
107. Zhou, Q.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7017-7018.
108. Zhou, Q.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12593-12602.
109. Levitsky, I. A.; Kim, J.; Swager, T. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1466-1472.
110. Rouhi, A. M. Chem. Eng. News 1997, March 10, 14-22.
111. Pringsheim, E.; Terpetschnig, E.; Piletsky, S. A.; Wolfbeis, O. S. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 865-868.
112. James, T. D.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S.; Shinkai, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1911-1922.
113. Hall, E. A. H.ACS Symp. Ser. 1992, 487, 1-14.
114. Charych, D. H.; Nagy, J. O.; Spevak, W.; Bednarski, M. D. Science 1993, 261, 585-588.
115. Li, Z. Ma. J.; Jiang L. Langmuir 1999, 15, 489-493.
116. Jelinek, R.; Okada, S.; Norvez, S.; Charych, D. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 619-629.
117. Wilson, T. E.; Spevak, W.; Charych, D. H.; Bednarski, M. D. Langmuir 1994, 10, 1512-1516.
118. Li, Z. Ma. J.; Liu, M.; Cao, J.; Zou, Z.; Tu., J.; Jiang, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12678-12679.
119. Pan, J. J.; Charych, D. Langmuir 1997, 13, 1365-1367.
120. Yamanaka, S. A.; Charych, D. H.; Charych, D. A.; Loy, D. A.; Sasaki, D. Y. Langmuir 1997, 13, 5049-5053.
121. Pan, J. J.; Charych, D. Proc. SPIE 1997, 3040, 211-217.
122. Charych, D.; Cheng, Q.; Reichert, A.; Kuziemko, G.; Stroh, M.; Nagy, J. O.; Spevak, W.; Stevens, R. C. Chem. Biol. 1996, 3, 113-120.
123. Spevak, W.; Foxall, C.; Charych, D.; Dasgupta, H. F.; Nagy, J. O. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 1018-1020.
124. Reichert, A.; Nagy, J. O.; Spevak, W.; Charych, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 829-830.
125. Spevak, W.; Nagy, J. O.; Charych, D. H.; Schaefer, M. E.; Gilbert, J. H.; Bednarski, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 1146-1147.
126. Spevak, W.; Nagy, J. O.; Charych, D. H. Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 85-89.
127. Charych, D.; Nagy, J. O. CHEMTECH 1996, 24-28.
128. Lasic, D. D. TIBTECH 1998, 16, 307-321.
129. Huo, Q.; Russell, K. C.; Leblanc, R M. Langmuir 15, 3972-3980.
130. Eckhardt, H.; Boudreaux, D. S.; Chance, R. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1986, 85, 4116-4119.
131. Tomioka, Y.; Tanaka, N.; Imazeki, S. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 91, 5694-5700.
132. Faïd, K.; Leclerc, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1996, 2761-2762.
133. Faïd, K.; Leclerc, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 5274-5278.
134. Ayyagari, M. S.; Pande, R.; Kamtekar, S.; Gao, H.; Marx, K. A.; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. K.; Akkara, J. A.; Kaplan, D. L. Biotech. Bioeng. 1995, 45, 116-121.
135. Torres-Rodreguez, L. M.; Roget, A.; Billon, M.; Livache, T.; Bidan, G. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1998, 1993-1994.
136. Torres-Rodriguez, L. M.; Billon, M.; Roget, A.; Bidan, G. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1328-1329.
137. Garnier, F.; Youssoufi, H. K.; Srivastava, P.; Yassar, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8813-8814.
138. Emge, A.; Bauerle, P. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1370-1373.
139. Baurele, P.; Emge, A. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 324-325.
140. Kemeny, D. M. A Practical Guide to ELISA; Pergamon Press: New York, 1991.
141. Minehan, D. S.; Marx, R. A.; Tripathy, S. K. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 777-783.
142. Livache, T.; Roget, A.; Dejean, E.; Barthet, C.; Bidan, G.; Teoule, R. Nucleic Acid Res. 1994, 22, 2915-2921.
143. Livache, T.; Fouque, B.; Roget A.; Marchand, J.; Bidan, G.; Teoule, R.; Mathis, G. Anal. Biochem. 1998, 255, 188-194.
144. Bidan, G.; Billon, M.; Livache, T.; Mathis, G.; Roget, A.; Torres-Rodriguez, L. M. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1363-1365.
145. Korri-Youssoufi, H.; Garnier, F.; Srivastava, P.; Godillot, P.; Yassar, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7388-7389.
146. Garnier, F.; Korri-Youssoufi, H.; Srivastava, P.; Mandrand, B.; Delair, T. Synth. Met. 1999, 100, 89-94.
147. Wang, J.; Jiang, M.; Fortes, A.; Mukherjee, B. Anal. Chem. 1999, 402, 7-12.
148. Wang, J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 1681-1685.
149. Aizawa, M.; Yabuki, S. Proc. 51st Ann. Meet. Jpn. Chem. Soc. 1985, 6.
150. Umana, M.; Waller, J. Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 2979.
151. Foulds, N. C.; Lowe, C. R. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1986, 82, 1259.
152. Bartlett, P. N.; Whitaker, R. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 224, 37.
153. Belanger, D.; Nadreau, J.; Fortier, G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1989, 274, 143.
154. Cooper, J. M.; Bloor, D. Electroanalysis 1993, 5, 883.
155. Wang, J. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 328R-332R.
156. Lewis, T. W.; Wallace, G. G.; Smyth, M. R. Analyst 1999, 124, 213-219.
157. Wallace, G. G.; Smyth, M.; Zhao, H. Trends Anal. Chem. 1999, 18, 245-251.
158. Weetall, H. H. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1999, 14, 237-242.
159. Neto, G. D.; Rover, L.; Kubota, L. T. Electroanalysis 1999, 11, 527-533.
160. Nikolelis, D. P.; Hianik, T.; Krull, U. J. Electroanalysis 1999, 11, 7-15.
161. Wallace, G. G.; Smyth, M.; Zhao, H. TRACS 1999, 18, 245-251.
162. Englebienne, P. J. Mater. Chem. 1999, 9, 1043-1054.
163. Cosnier, S. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1998, 76, 1000-1007.
164. Cosnier, S. G.; Gondran, C.; Senillou, A. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1366-1369.
165. Barisci, J. N.; Lewis, T. W.; Spinks, G. M.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. SPIE Proc. 1997, 3242, 10-19.
166. Rover, L.; Neto, G. D.; Kubota, L. T. Quim. Nova 1997, 20, 519-527.
167. Trojanowicz, M.; vel Krawczyk, T. K.; Alexander, P. W. Chem. Anal. 1997, 42, 199-213.
168. Skladal, P.; Macholan, L. Chem. Listy 1997, 91, 105-113.
169. Gopel, W. Sensors Actuators A 1996, 56, 83-102.
170. Lai, R.; Sukeerthi, S.; Dabke, R. B.; Contractor, A. Q. Indian J. Pure Appl. 1996, 34, 589-594.
171. Gopel, W. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 1995, 353, 333-354.
172. Schuhmann, W. Mikrochim. Acta 1995, 121, 1-29.
173. Kryszewski, M. Acta Phys. Pol., A 1995, 87, 683-698.
174. Trojanowicz, M.; Krawczynski vel Krawczyk, T. Mikrochim. Acta 1995, 121, 167-181.
175. Emr, S. A.; Yacynych, A. M. Electroanalysis 1995, 7, 913-923.
176. Higson, S. P. J.; Vadgama, P. M. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1994, 32, 601-609.
177. Alva, S.; Phadke, R. S. Indian J. Chem. 1994, 33A, 561-564.
178. Sukeerthi, S.; Contractor, A. Q. Indian J. Chem. 1994, 33A, 565-571.
179. Aizawa, M.; Khan, G. F.; Kobatake, E.; Haruyama, T.; Ikariyama, Y. Interfacial Des. Chem. Sens. 1994, 561, 305-313.
180. Schuhmann, W. Diagn. Biosens. Polym. 1994, 556, 110-123.
181. Martin, C. R.; Ballarin, B.; Brumlik, C.; Lawson, D. R. Diagn. Biosens. Polym. 1994, 556, 158-168.
182. Bartlett, P. N.; Birkin, P. R. Synth. Met. 1993, 61, 15-21.
183. Deshpande, M. V.; Amalnerkar, D. P. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1993, 18, 623-649.
184. Barbara, A.; Colapicchioni, C.; Davini, E.; Mazzamurro, G.; Piotto, A. P.; Porcelli, F. Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 402-408.
185. Zotti, G. Synth. Met. 1992, 51, 373-382.
186. Aizawa, M. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 250, 249-256.
187. Schalkhammer, T.; Mann-Buxbaum, E.; Urban, G.; Pittner, F. J. Chromatogr. 1990, 510, 355-366.
188. Mizutani, F.; Asai, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 4458-4460.
189. Foulds, N. C.; Lowe, C. R. Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 2473.
190. Schuhmann, W.; Kranz, C.; Huber, J.; Wohlschlager, H. Synth. Met. 1993, 61, 31-35.
191. Pandey, P. C. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1988, 84, 2259-2265.
192. Couves, L. D.; Porter, S. J. Synth. Met. 1989, 28, C261-C268.
193. Li, J. R.; Cai, M.; Chen, T. F.; Jiang, L. Thin Solid Films 1989, 180, 205-210.
194. Slater, J. M.; Watt, E. J. Anal. Proc. 1989, 26, 397-399.
195. Yon-Hin, B. F. Y.; Sethi, R. S.; Lowe, C. R. Sens. Actuators B 1990, 1, 550-554.
196. Shoalin, M.; Huaiguo, Z.; Bidong, Q. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1991, 304, 7-16.
197. Koopal, C. G. J.; de Ruiter, B.; Nolte, R. J. M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 1691-1692.
198. Schalkhammer, T.; Mann-Buxbaum, E.; Pittner, F.; Urban, G. Sens. Actuators B 1991, 4, 273-281.
199. Rishpon, J.; Gottsfeld, S. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1991, 6, 143-149.
200. Bartlett, P. N.; Ali, Z.; Eastwick-Field, V. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1992, 88, 2677-2683.
201. Centonze, D.; Guerrieri, A.; Malitesta, C.; Palmisano, F.; Zambonin, P. G. Fresenius, J. Anal. Chem. 1992, 342, 729-733.
202. Hoa, D. T.; Suresh, T. N.; Punekar, N. S.; Srinivasa, R. S.; Lai, R.; Contractor, A. Q. Anal. Chem 1992, 64, 2645-2646.
203. Parente, A. H.; Marques, E. T. A., Jr.; Azevedo, W. M.; Diniz, F. B.; Melo, E. H. M.; Lima Filho, J. L. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 1992, 37, 267-273.
204. Koopal, C. G. J.; Feiters, M. C.; Nolte, R. J. M.; de Ruiter, B.; Schasfoort, R. B. M. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1992, 7, 461-467.
205. Koopal, C. G. J.; Feiters, M. C.; Nolte, R. J. M.; de Ruiter, B.; Schasfoort, R. B. M.; Czajka, R.; Van Kempen, H. Synth. Met. 1992, 57, 397-405.
206. Wolowacz, S. E.; Yon-Hin, B. F. Y.; Lowe, C. R. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1541-1545.
207. Bartlett, P. N.; Tebbutt, P.; Tyrrell, C. H. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 138-142.
208. Sun, Z.; Tachkikawa, H. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1112-1117.
209. Palmisano, F.; Centonze, D.; Guerrieri, A.; Zambonin, P. G. Synth. Met. 1993, 8, 393-399.
210. Koopal, C. G. J.; Eijsma, B.; Nolte, R. J. M. Synth. Met. 1993, 55-57, 3689-3695.
211. Schuhmann, W.; Kranz, C.; Huber, J.; Wohlschlager, H. Synth. Met. 1993, 61, 31-35.
212. Begum, A.; Tsushima, H.; Suzawa, T.; Shinohara, H.; Ikariyama, Y.; Aizawa, M. Sens. Actuators B 1993, 13-14, 576-577.
213. Genies, E. M.; Marchesiello, M. Synth. Met. 1993, 55-57, 3677-3682.
214. Yon-Hin, B. F. Y.; Smolander, M.; Crompton, T.; Lowe, C. R. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 2067-2071.
215. Geise, R. J.; Rao, S. Y.; Yacynych, A. M. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 281, 467-473.
216. Schuhmann, W.; Huber, J.; Mirlach, A.; Daub, J. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 124-126.
217. Karyakina, E. E.; Neftyakova, L. V.; Karyakin, A. A. Anal. Lett. 1994, 27, 2871-2882.
218. Karyakin, A. A.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E.; Orlov, A. V.; Karpachova, G. P. Anal Commun. 1999, 36, 153-156.
219. Koopal, C. G. J.; Bos, A. A. C. M.; Nolte, R. J. M. Sens. Actuators B 1994, 18-19, 166-170.
220. Miwa, Y.; Nishizawa, M.; Matsue, T.; Uchida, I. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1994, 67, 2864-2866.
221. Kuwabata, S.; Martin, C. R. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 2757-2762.
222. Miao, Y. Q.; Qi, M.; Zhan, S. Z.; He, N. Y.; Wang, J.; Yuan, C. W. Anal. Lett. 1999, 32, 1287-1299.
223. Coche-Guerente, L.; Deronzier, A.; Mailley, P.; Moutet, J.-C. Anal Chim. Acta 1994, 289, 143-153.
224. Leite, V.; da Silva, V. L.; Azevedo, W. M.; Melo, E. H. M.; Lima Filho, J. L. Biotechnol. Tech. 1994, 8, 133-136.
225. Arai, G.; Masuda, M.; Yasumori, I. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1994, 67, 2962-2966.
226. Rockel, H.; Huber, J.; Gleiter, R.; Schuhmann, W. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 568-571.
227. Kojima, K.; Nasa, J.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. Synth. Met. 1995, 71, 2245-2246.
228. Sangodkar, X. X.; Sukeerthi, S.; Srinivasa, R. S.; Lai, R.; Contractor, A. Q. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 779-783.
229. Khan, G. F.; Wernet, W. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 3336-3342.
230. Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Christie, I.; Ashworth, D.; Vadgama, P. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1996, 11, 615-623.
231. Zhang, Z.; Lei, C.; Deng, J. Analyst 1996, 121, 971-976.
232. Hiller, M.; Kranz. C.; Huber, J.; Bauerle, P.; Schuhmann, W. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 219-222.
233. Rikukawa, M.; Nakagawa, M.; Nishizawa, N.; Sanui, K.; Ogata, N. Synth. Met. 1997, 85, 1377-1378.
234. Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Ashworth, D.; Christie, I.; Vadgama, P. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1997, 5, 81-90.
235. Kojima, K.; Unuma, T.; Yamauchi, T.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. Synth. Met. 1997, 85, 1417-1418.
236. Yamato, H.; Koshiba, T.; Ohwa, M.; Wernet, W.; Matsumura, M. Synth. Met. 1997, 87, 231-236.
237. Lu, W.; Zhou, D.; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Comm. 1998, 35, 245-248.
238. Daly, D. J.; O'Sullivan, C. K.; Guilbault, G. G. Talanta 1999, 49, 667-678.
239. Miyasaka, T.; Yoshimi, Y.; Sakai, K. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1998, 37, 29-34.
240. Guerreiri, A.; De Benedetto, G. E.; Palmisano, F.; Zambonin, P. G. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13, 103-112.
241. Vidai, J.-C.; Mendez, S.; Castillo, J. R. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 203-211.
242. Vidai, J.-C.; Garcia, E.; Mendez, S.; Yarnoz, P.; Castillo, J.-R. Analyst 1998, 124, 319-324.
243. Li, Q.-S.; Ye, B.-C.; Liu, B.-X.; Zhong, J.-J. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1999, 14, 327-334.
244. Karyakin, A. A.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E.; Orlov, A. V.; Karpachova, G. P. Anal. Commun. 1999, 36, 153-156.
245. Yamauchi, T.; Kojima, K.; Oshima, K.; Shimomura, M.; Miyauchi, S. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 1320.
246. Garjonyte, R.; Malinauskas, A. Sens.Actuators B 1999, 56, 85-92.
247. Yang, R.; Ruan, C. M.; Dai, W. L.; Deng, J. Q.; Kong, J. L. Electrochim. Acta 1999, 44, 1585-1596.
248. Hu, S. S.; Luo, J.; Cui, D. Anal. Sci. 1999, 15, 585-588.
249. Jinqing, K.; Huaiguo, X.; Shaolin, M.; Hong, C. Synth. Met. 1997, 87, 205-209.
250. Yon Hin, B. F. Y.; Sethi, R. S.; Lowe, C. R. Sens. Actuators B 1990, 1, 550-554.
251. Ghosh (Hazra), S.; Sarker, D.; Misra, T. N. Sens. Actuators B 1998, 53, 58-62,
252. Aral, G.; Takahashi, S.; Yasumori, I. Denki Kagaku 1993, 61, 893-894.
253. Vidal, J. C.; Garcia, E.; Castillo, J. R. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 213-222.
254. Wang, H. Y.; Mu, S. L. Sens. Actuators B 1999, 56, 22-30.
255. Pandey, P. C.; Mishra, A. P. Analyst 1988, 113, 329-331.
256. Miland, E.; Miranda Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon Blanco, P.; Smyth, M. R.; Fagain, C. O. Talanta 1996, 43, 785-796.
257. Komaba, S.; Seyama, M.; Tanabe, K.; Osaka, T. Denki Kagaku 1996, 64, 1228-1233.
258. Adeloju, S. B.; Shaw, S. J.; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 341, 155-160.
259. Hianik, T.; Cervenanska, Z.; Krawczynski vel Krawczyk, T.; Snejdarkova, M. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1998, 5, 301-305.
260. Cho, W.-J.; Huang, H.-J. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 3946-3951.
261. Dobay, R. D.; Harsanyi, G.; Visy, C. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 187-194.
262. Cooper, J. M.; Pritchard, D. J. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater Electron. 1994, 5, 111-116.
263. Cooper, J. M.; Foreman, P. L.; Glidle, A.; Ling, T W.; Pritechard, D. J. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 388, 143-149.
264. Lobo Castanon, M. J.; Miranda Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon Blanco, P. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 511-520.
265. Pal, P.; Nandi, D.; Mirsa, T. N. Thin Solid Films 1994, 239, 138-143.
266. Begum, A.; Kobatake, E.; Suzawa, T.; Ikariyama, Y.; Aizawa, M. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 280, 31-36.
267. Alvarez-Crespo, S. L.; Lobo-Castanon, M. J.; Miranda-Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon-Blanco, P. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 739-747.
268. Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Vadgama, P. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1997, 5, 91-99. For reviews of NADH oxidation on CPs, see: Atta, N. F.; Gala, A.; Karagozler, A. E.; Zimmer, H.; Rubinson, J. F.; Mark, H. B., Jr. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1347-1349 and Katakis, I.; Dominguez, E. Mikrochim. Acta 1997, 126, 11-32.
269. Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Vadgama, P. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1997, 5, 91-99. For reviews of NADH oxidation on CPs, see: Atta, N. F.; Gala, A.; Karagozler, A. E.; Zimmer, H.; Rubinson, J. F.; Mark, H. B., Jr. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1347-1349 and Katakis, I.; Dominguez, E. Mikrochim. Acta 1997, 126, 11-32.
270. Warriner, K.; Higson, S.; Vadgama, P. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1997, 5, 91-99. For reviews of NADH oxidation on CPs, see: Atta, N. F.; Gala, A.; Karagozler, A. E.; Zimmer, H.; Rubinson, J. F.; Mark, H. B., Jr. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1347-1349 and Katakis, I.; Dominguez, E. Mikrochim. Acta 1997, 126, 11-32.
271. Welzel, H.-P.; Kossmehl, G.; Engelmann, G.; Neumann, B.; Wollenberger, U.; Scheller, F.; Schroder, W. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996, 197, 3355-3363.
272. Lobo-Castanon, M. J.; Miranda-Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon-Blanco, P. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 346, 165-174. More recently, see: Gerard, M.; Ramanathan, K.; Chaubey, A.; Malhotra, B. D. Electroanalysis 1999, 11, 450-452.
273. Lobo-Castanon, M. J.; Miranda-Ordieres, A. J.; Tunon-Blanco, P. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 346, 165-174. More recently, see: Gerard, M.; Ramanathan, K.; Chaubey, A.; Malhotra, B. D. Electroanalysis 1999, 11, 450-452.
274. Karyakin, A. A.; Bobrova, O. A.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E. Sens. Actuators B 1996, 33, 34-38.
275. Tatsuma, T.; Gondaira, M.; Watanabe, T. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1183-1187.
276. Tatsuma, T.; Ariyama, K.; Oyama, N. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 283-287.
277. Tatsuma, T.; Ariyama, K.; Oyama, N. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 318, 297-301.
278. Iwuoha, E. I.; de Villaverde, D. S.; Garcia, N. P.; Smyth, M. R.; Pingarron, J. M. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 749-761.
279. Matsue, T.; Nishizawa, M.; Sawaguchi, T.; Uchida, I. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 1029-1031.
280. Khan, G. F.; Wernet, W. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 351, 151-158.
281. Shih, Y. T.; Huang, H. J. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 392, 143-150.
282. Nishizawa, M.; Matsue, T.; Uchida, I. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 2642-2644.
283. Cosnier, S.; Fombon, J.-J.; Labbe, P.; Limosin, D. Sens. Actuators B 1999, 59, 134-139.
284. Cosnier, S.; Fontecave, M.; Limosin, D.; Niviere, V. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 3095-3099.
285. For a general review, see: Trojanowicz, M.; Krawczynski vel Krawczyk, T. Mikrochim. Acta 1995, 121, 167-181.
286. Situmorang, M.; Hibbert, D. B.; Gooding, J. J.; Barnett, D. Analyst 1999, 124, 1775-1779.
287. Situmorang, M.; Gooding, J. J.; Hibbert, D. B. Anal. Chem. 1999, 394, 211-223.
288. Trojanowicz, M.; Geschke, O.; Krawczynsk vel Krawczyk, T.; Cammann, K. Sens. Actuators B 1995, 28, 191-199.
289. Dumont, J.; Fortier, G. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1996, 49, 544-552.
290. Handbook of Chemical and Biological Sensors; Taylor, R. F., Schultz, J. S., Eds.; Institute of Physics Publishers: Philadelphia, 1996.
291. Centonze, D.; Guerrieri, A.; Malitesta, C.; Palmisano, F.; Zambonin, P. G. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1992, 342, 729-733.
292. Palmisano, F.; Centonze, D.; Guerrieri, A.; Zambonin, P. G. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1993, 8, 393-399.
293. De Benedetto, G. E.; Malitesta, C.; Palmisano, F.; Zambonin, P. G. Anal. Chem. Acta 1999, 389, 197-204.
294. Guerrieri, A.; De Benedetto, G. E.; Palmisano, F.; Zambonin, P. G. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13, 103-112.
295. Cosnier, S.; Innocent, C. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 328, 361-366.
296. Coche-Guerente, L.; Deronzier, A.; Mailley, P.; Moutet, J.-C. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 289, 143-153.
297. Senillou, A.; Jaffrezic, N.; Martlet, C.; Cosnier, S. Anal. Chim. Acta. 1999, 401, 117-124.
298. Bescombes, J.-L.; Cosnier, S.; Labbe, P. Talanta 1997, 44, 2209.
299. Cosnier, S.; Fontecave, M.; Innocent, P.; Nivere, V. Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 685.
300. Cosnier, S.; Stoytcheva, M.; Senillou, A.; Perrot, H.; Furriel, R, P. M.; Leone, F. A. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 362-3697.
301. Wang, C.-L.; Mulchandani, A. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 1109-1114 and Mulchandani, A.; Wang, C.-L.; Weetall, H. H. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 94-100.
302. Wang, C.-L.; Mulchandani, A. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 1109-1114 and Mulchandani, A.; Wang, C.-L.; Weetall, H. H. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 94-100.
303. Rockel, H.; Huber, J.; Gleiter, R.; Schuhmann, W. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 568-571.
304. Tatsuma, T.; Watanabe, T. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1183-1187. Note: the investigation was probing Wollenberger's Anal. Lett 1990, 23, 1795-1808 work in which Wollenberger assumed that HRP was directly interacting with polypyrrole, but Tatsuma's careful investigation showed that Wollenberger's system required monomeric or oligomeric pyrrole to mediate.
305. Tatsuma, T.; Watanabe, T. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1183-1187. Note: the investigation was probing Wollenberger's Anal. Lett 1990, 23, 1795-1808 work in which Wollenberger assumed that HRP was directly interacting with polypyrrole, but Tatsuma's careful investigation showed that Wollenberger's system required monomeric or oligomeric pyrrole to mediate.
306. Palmqvist, E.; Berggren Kriz, C. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1994, 9, 551-556.
307. Karyakin, A. A.; Vuki, M.; Lukachova, L. V.; Karyakina, E. E.; Orlov, A. V.; Karpachova, G. P.; Wang, J. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 2534-2540.
308. Cheng, Q.; Stevens, R. C. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 481-483.
309. Sadik, O. A.; Van Emon, J. M. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1896, 11, i-xi. Sadik, O. A. Environ. Immunochem. Methods 1996, 646, 37-45 and 127-147.
310. Sadik, O. A.; Van Emon, J. M. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1896, 11, i-xi. Sadik, O. A. Environ. Immunochem. Methods 1996, 646, 37-45 and 127-147.
311. Crammann, K.; Lemke, U.; Rohen, A.; Sandier, J.; Wilken, H.; Winter, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Engl. Ed. 1991, 30, 516-539.
312. Electrochemical Sensors in Immunological Analysis; Ngo, T. T., Ed.; New York, Plenum Press: 1987.
313. Rachov, A. E.; Rozhko, M. I.; Sergeyeva, T. A.; Piletsky, S. A. Sens. Actuators B 1994, 18-19, 610-613.
314. Sergeyeva, T. A.; Lavrik, N. V.; Piletsky, S. A.; Rachkov, A. E.; El'skaya, A. V. Sens. Actuators B 1996, 34, 283-288.
315. Englebienne, P.; Weiland, M. J. Immunol. Methods 1996, 191, 159-170. Recently, McCullough used a method similar to detect amines, see refs 84 and 85.
316. Englebienne, P.; Weiland, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1996, 1651-1652.
317. Fare, T. L.; Cabelli, M. D.; Dallas, S. M.; Herzog, D. P. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13, 459-459.
318. Sadik, O. A.; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 279, 209-212
319. John, R.; Spencer, M.; Wallace, G. G.; Smyth, M. R. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 249, 381-385.
320. Barisci, J. N.; Hughes, D.; Minett, A.; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 371, 39-48.
321. Sadik, O. A.; John, M. J.; Wallace, G. G.; Barnett, D.; Clarke, C.; Liang, D. G. Analyst 1994, 119, 1997-2000.
322. Campbell, T. E.; Hodgson, A. J.; Wallace, G. G. Electroanalysis 1999, 11, 215-222.
323. Masila, M.; Sargent, A.; Sadik, O. A. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 312-320.
324. Bender, S.; Sadik, O. A. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 788-797.
325. Barnett, D.; Laing, D. G.; Skopec, S.; Sadik, O.; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Lett. 1994, 27, 2417-2429.
326. Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 201-209.
327. Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O.; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 211-223.
328. Akhtar, P.; Too, C. O,; Wallace, G. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 341, 141-153.
329. Carabias Marinez, R.; Becerro Dominguez, F.; Martin Gonzales, F.; Hernandez Mendez, J.; Corodova Orellana, R. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 279, 299.
330. Sung, J. Y.; Huang, H. J. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 286, 275.
331. Carabias Matinez, R.; Becerro Dominguez, F.; Sierra Garcia, I. M.; Hernandez Mendez, J.; Cordova Orellana, R.; Schrebler Guzman, R. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 336, 47-56.
332. Lyons, M. E. G.; Breen, W.; Cassidy, J. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1991, 87, 115-123.
333. Lyons, M. E. G.; Lyons, C. H.; McCormack, D. E.; McCabe, T. J.; Breen, W.; Cassidy, J. F. Anal. Proc. 1991, 28, 104-106.
334. Gao, Z. Q.; Chen, B.; Zi, M. X. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 365, 197-205.
335. Casella, I. G.; Cataldi, T. R. I.; Guerrieri, A.; Desimoni, E. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 335, 217-225.
336. Casella, I. G.; Guascito, M. R. Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 1381-1386.
337. Faguy, P. W.; Ma, W.; Lowe, J. A.; Pan, W.-P.; Brown, T. J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 771-772.
338. Kaneto, K.; Bidan, G. Thin Solid Films 1998, 331, 272-278.
339. Bidan, G.; Niel, M.-A. Synth. Met. 1997, 84, 255-256.
340. Pandey, P. C.; Prakash, R. Sens. Actuators B 1998, 46, 61-65.
341. Walton, D. J.; Hall, C. E.; Chyla, A. Synth. Met. 1991, 43, 363-371.
342. Momma, T.; Komaba, S.; Yamamoto, M.; Osaka, T.; Yamauchi, S. Sens. Actuators B 1995, 24-25, 724-728.
343. Pandey, P. C.; Prakash, R. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145, 999-1003.
344. Migdalski, J.; Blaz, T.; Lewenstam, A. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 322, 141-149.
345. Bobacka, J.; Ivaska, A.; Lewenstam, A. Anal. Chem. Acta 1999, 385, 195-202.
346. Dabke, R. B.; Singh, G. D.; Dhanabalan, A.; Lai, R.; Contractor A. Q. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 724-727.
347. Sun, X. X.; Aboul-Enien, H. Y. Anal. Lett. 1999, 32, 1143-1156.
348. De Wit, M.; Vanneste, E.; Geise, H. J.; Nagels, L. J. Sens. Actuators B 1998, 50, 164-172.
349. Kawai, T.; Kojima, S.-I.; Tanaka, F.; Yoshino, K. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 37, 6237-6241.
350. Serra, G.; Stella, R.; De Rossi, D. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1998, 5, 259-263.
351. Svetlicic, V.; Schmidt, A. J.; Miller, L. L. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 3305-3307.
352. Yano, J.; Terayama, K.; Yamasaki, S. Synth. Met. 1997, 85, 1381-1382.
353. Nguyen, V. C.; Potje-Kamloth, F. Thin Solid Films 1999, 338, 142-148.
354. Torsi, L.; Pezzuto, M.; Siciliano, P.; Relia, R.; Sabbatini, L.; Valli, L.; Zambonin, P. G. Sens. Actuators B 1999, 338, 362-367.
355. Ellis, D. L.; Zakin, M. R.; Bernstein, L. S.; Rubner, M. F. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 817-822.
356. Koncki, R.; Wolbeis, O. S. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 2544-2550.
357. Campos, M.; Casalbore-Miceli, G.; Camaioni, N.; Chiodelli, G. Synth. Met. 1995, 73, 131-134.
358. Hagen, G.; Thoresen, A. H.; Sunde, S.; Hesjevik, S. M.; Odegard, R. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1990, 189, 213-219.
359. Lu, W.; Wallace, G. G.; Karayakin, A. A. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 472-476. Cytochrome c's interaction with a CP has been previously reported by Cooper, J. M.; Morris, D. G.; Ryder, K. S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 697-698. and Ryder, K. S.; Morris, D. G.; Cooper, J. M. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 721-727.
360. Lu, W.; Wallace, G. G.; Karayakin, A. A. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 472-476. Cytochrome c's interaction with a CP has been previously reported by Cooper, J. M.; Morris, D. G.; Ryder, K. S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 697-698. and Ryder, K. S.; Morris, D. G.; Cooper, J. M. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 721-727.
361. Lu, W.; Wallace, G. G.; Karayakin, A. A. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 472-476. Cytochrome c's interaction with a CP has been previously reported by Cooper, J. M.; Morris, D. G.; Ryder, K. S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 697-698. and Ryder, K. S.; Morris, D. G.; Cooper, J. M. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 721-727.
362. Lu, W.; Nguyen, T. A.; Wallace, G. G. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 1101-1107
363. Schaller, E.; Bosset, J. O.; Escher, F. Food Sci. Technol. 1998, 31, 305-316.
364. Gardner, J. W.; Bartlett, P. N. Electronic Noses Principles and Applications; Oxford University Press: New York, 1999.
365. Chen, L.; McBranch, D. W.; Wang, H.-L.; Helgeson, R.; Wudl, F.; Whitten, D. G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96, 12287-12292.
366. Kunugi, Y.; Mann, K. R.; Miller, L. L.; Exstrom, C. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 589-590.
367. Kunugi, Y.; Miller, L. L.; Mann, K. R.; Pomije, M. K. Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 1487-1489.