Advances in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

American Journal of Therapeutics

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 117-152

  Israili, Zafar H ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

antidiabetic plants; DPP 4 inhibitors sitagliptin; experimental antidiabetic compounds; glitazones; incretin mimetics exenatide; liraglutide; meglitinides repaglinide; nateglinide; pramlintide alphaglucosidase inhibitors miglitol; treatment; type 2 diabetes mellitus; vildagliptin; voglibose

Indexed keywords

1 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 5 (4 IODOPHENYL) 4 METHYL N (1 PIPERIDYL) 1H PYRAZOLE 3 CARBOXAMIDE; 1 [4 METHYL 1 (2 PYRIMIDINYL) 4 PIPERIDYLAMINOACETYL] 2 PYRROLIDINECARBONITRILE; 2 [1 CARBOXY 2 [4 [2 (5 METHYL 2 PHENYL 4 OXAZOLYL)ETHOXY]PHENYL]ETHYLAMINO]BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER; 2 CYCLOHEXYL 1 (4 METHANESULFONYLPHENYL)CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLIC ACID 2 THIAZOLYLAMIDE; 2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; 3 (5 BENZOFURANYL) 1 [2 HYDROXY 6 [6 O (METHOXYCARBONYL) BETA DEXTRO GLUCOPYRANOSYL] 4 METHYLPHENYL] 1 PROPANONE; 5 (2,4 DIOXO 5 THIAZOLIDINYLMETHYL) 2 METHOXY N [4 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL]BENZAMIDE; A 908292; ACTOPLUS; AGEE 623; ALBIGLUTIDE; ALEGLITAZAR; ALOGLIPTIN; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; ALS 20426; AMG 131; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; AVE 0847; AVE 0897; AVE 2268; AVE 8134; AZD 1175; AZD 2207; AZD 3988; AZD 4017; AZD 6610; BALAGLITAZONE; BVT 116429; BVT 142; CJC 1131; CJC 1134 PC; COLESEVELAM; CP 640186; CS 017; CS 872; CVX 73; DAPAGLIFLOZIN; DB 01252; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; DUTOGLIPTIN; E 3024; E 3030; EMD 674992; ER 235516 15; EXENDIN 4; FARGLITAZAR; FK 614; FK6 14; GKA 50; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE PLUS ROSIGLITAZONE; GOSOGLIPTIN; IMIGLITAZAR; INCRETIN; INDEGLITAZAR; INSULIN; INT 131; ISIS 388626; LINAGLIPTIN; LIRAGLUTIDE; LIXISENATIDE; LSN 862; LY 315902; LY 465608; LY 929; MANAGLINAT DIALANETIL; MEGLITINIDE; MELOGLIPTIN; METFORMIN; METFORMIN PLUS PIOGLITAZONE; METFORMIN PLUS REPAGLINIDE; METFORMIN PLUS ROSIGLITAZONE; METFORMIN PLUS VILDAGLIPTIN; METGLUNA; MIGLITOL; MITIGLINIDE; MKC 253; MOLECULE TRANSPORT AGENT; N (2 BENZOYLPHENYL) O [2 (METHYL 2 PYRIDINYLAMINO)ETHYL]TYROSINE; NATEGLINIDE; NAVEGLITAZAR; NETOGLITAZONE; NN 623; ONO 5129; PF 00915275; PF 877423; PHOSPHORUS 32; PIOGLITAZONE; PIRAGLIATIN; PRAMLINTIDE; PSN 010; PSN 9301; R 1438; R 1499; R 483; RAGAGLITAZAR; REDONA; REGLITAZAR; REPAGLINIDE; RIVOGLITAZONE; RO 28 1675; ROSIGLITAZONE; SAXAGLIPTIN; SITAGLIPTIN; SODELGLITAZAR; SSR 162369; SULFONYLUREA; SYR 619; TA 6666; TASPOGLUTIDE; TEIB 00422; TESAGLITAZAR; TRIBOSE; TROGLITAZONE; TS 021; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VILDAGLIPTIN; VOGLIBOSE; VOLIBO; VOLIX;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANKLE EDEMA; ANOREXIA; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; BACKACHE; BLOATING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY WEIGHT; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DIETARY INTAKE; DIZZINESS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPEPSIA; FATIGUE; FLATULENCE; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; FLUID RETENTION; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GASTROENTERITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL INTOLERANCE; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; HEADACHE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA PROVOKED ISCHEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN HYPOGLYCEMIA; ISCHEMIA; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIVER TOXICITY; MONOTHERAPY; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PANCREAS ISLET CELL FUNCTION; PANCREATITIS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PLEIOTROPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHINOPHARYNGITIS; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SODIUM RETENTION; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; LIPIDS;

EID: 79952994834     PISSN: 10752765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181afbf51     Document Type: Article

References (432)

1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047-1053. (Pubitemid 38579764)
2. Horton ES. Can newer therapies delay the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Endocrine Pract. 2008;14: 625-638.
3. DeFronzo RA, Bonadonna RC, Ferrannini E. Pathogen-esis of NIDDM. A balanced overview. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15:318-368.
4. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas. Brus-sels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2006.
5. Del Prato S, Marchetti P. Beta-and alpha-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Hormone Metab Res. 2004;36:775-781. (Pubitemid 40115899)
6. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. UK prospective diabetes study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. Diabetes. 1995;44:1249-1258.
7. Butler AE, Janson J, Bonner-Weir S, et al. Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003;52:102-110. (Pubitemid 36042113)
8. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2006. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(suppl 1):S4-S42.
9. Singh N, Hass LB. Comparing glycemic control guide-lines in diabetes. Insulin. 2006;1:13-21. (Pubitemid 43960651)
10. Qaseem A, Vijan S, Snow V, et al. Glycemic control and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the optimal hemoglobin A1c targets. A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:417-422. (Pubitemid 351664542)
11. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(suppl 1): S12-S54.
12. CPG 2003: Clinical Practice Guidelines. Available at: http://diabetes.ca/cpg2003/chapter.aspx. Accessed May 2009.
13. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998; 352:837-853.
14. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of in-tensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.
15. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and micro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetes: (UKPDS 38). Br Med J. 1998;317:703-713.
16. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559
17. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560-2572.
18. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in Veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129-139.
19. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (DCCT). The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the per-spective of the Diabetres Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes. 1996;45:1289-1298.
20. Montori VM, Fernández-Balsells M. Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: time for an evidence-based about-face? Ann Intern Med. April 20, 2009:150 [Epub ahead of print].
21. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, et al. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA. 1999;281:2005-2012. (Pubitemid 29254858)
22. Saydah SH, Fradkin J, Cowie CC. Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with pre-viously diagnosed diabetes. JAMA. 2004; 291:335-342. (Pubitemid 38101606)
23. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2427-2443. (Pubitemid 44903747)
24. Hermansen K, Mortensen LS. Bodyweight changes associated with antihyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus [Review]. Drug Saf. 2007;30:1127-1142. (Pubitemid 350172854)
25. Cobble M. Initiating and Intensifying Insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes: why, when, and how. Am J Ther. 2009;16: 56-64.
26. Weber AE. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes. J Med Chem. 2004;47:4135-4141. (Pubitemid 39045417)
27. Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiozolinediones [Review]. N Engl J Med. 2004: 351; 1106-1118.
28. Gallwitz B. Glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treat Endocrinol. 2005;4:361-370. (Pubitemid 41751172)
29. Green BD, Flatt PR, Bailey CJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors: a newly emerging drug class for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res. 2006;3: 159-165. (Pubitemid 44902481)
30. Nathan DM. Thiazolidinediones for initial treatment of type 2 diabetes? N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2477-2480. (Pubitemid 44903753)
31. Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298:194-206. (Pubitemid 47057766)
32. Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147: 386-399. (Pubitemid 351664540)
33. Drucker DJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Preclinical biology and mechanisms of action [Review]. Diabetes Care. 2007;30: 1335-1343. (Pubitemid 46871135)
34. Elrishi MA, Khunti K, Jarvis J, et al. The dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: a new class of oral therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Practical Diabet Int. 2007;24:474-482.
35. Green BD, Flatt PR. Incretin hormone mimetics and analogues in diabetic therapeutics. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;21:497-516. (Pubitemid 350177567)
36. Hellwig B. The incretin system: target for new antidia-betic drugs. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung. 2007;147:48-53. (Pubitemid 47110796)
37. Nathan DM. Finding new treatments for diabetes: how many, how fast, how good? N Engl J Med. 2007;356: 437-440. (Pubitemid 46193068)
38. Pratley RE, Salsali A. Inhibition of DPP-4: a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes [Review]. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:919-931. (Pubitemid 46631495)
39. Waring WS. Antidiabetic drugs. Medicine. 2007;35: 590-591. (Pubitemid 47610360)
40. Bloomgarden Z, Drexler A. What role will 'gliptins' play in glycemic control? Cleve Clin J Med. 2008;75:305-310.
41. Bosi E, Lucotti P, Setola E, et al. Incretin-based therapies in type 2 diabetes: A review of clinical results. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;82(suppl 2):S102-S107.
42. Chia CW, Egan JM. Incretin-based therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3703-3716.
43. Flatt PR, Bailey CJ, Green BD. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and related molecules in type 2 diabetes [Review]. Front Biosci. 2008;13:3648-3660. (Pubitemid 351594649)
44. Inzucchi SE, McGuire DK. New drugs for the treatment of diabetes. Part II. Incretin-based therapy and beyond. Circulation. 2008;117:574-584.
45. Kim W, Egan JM. The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment [Review]. Pharmacol Rev. 2008;60:470-512.
46. Krentz AJ, Patel MB, Bailey CJ. New drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus: what is their place in therapy? [Review]. Drugs. 2008;68:2131-2162.
47. Mikhail N. Incretin mimetics and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17:845-853. (Pubitemid 351864322)
48. Moore KB, Saudek CD. Therapeutic potential of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Ther. 2008;15:484-491.
49. Srinivasan BT, Jarvis J, Khunti K, et al. Recent advances in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Postgrad Med J. 2008;84:524-531.
50. van Gaal LF, Gutkin SW, Nauck MA. Exploiting the antidiabetic properties of incretins to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus: glucagons-like peptide 1 receptor agonists or insulin for patients with inadequate glycemic control? [Review]. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008:158:773-784. (Pubitemid 351837365)
51. Wani JH, John-Kalarickal J, Fonseca VA. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 as a new target of action for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Cardiol Clin. 2008;26: 639-648.
52. White JR. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors: pharma-cological profile and clinical use. Clin Diabetes. 2008;26: 53-57.
53. Yu B-S, Wang A-R. Glucagon-like peptide 1 based ther-apy for type 2 diabetes [Review]. World J Pediatr. 2008;4: 8-13. (Pubitemid 351234083)
54. Bohannon N. Overview of the gliptin class (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) in clinical practice [Review]. Postgrad Med. 2009;12140-145.
55. Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Deacon CF. The incretin system and its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus [Review]. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;297:127-136.
56. Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypep-tides/gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18:587-606.
57. Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2131-2157. (Pubitemid 46711096)
58. Drucker DJ. The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metab. 2006;3:153-156.
59. Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. GLP-1R agonist (incretin mim-etics) and DPP-4 inhibitors (incretin enhancers) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2006;368:1696-1705.
60. Doyle ME, Egan JM. Mechanisms of action of glucagons-like peptide 1 in the pancreas. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;113: 546-593. (Pubitemid 46365961)
61. Mafong DD, Henry RR. The role of incretins in cardio-vascular control. Curr Hypertens Rept. 2009;11:18-22.
62. Nauck MA, Heimesaat MM, Orskov C, et al. Preserved incretin activity of glucagons-like peptide 1[7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory poly-peptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:301-307. (Pubitemid 23037285)
63. Elahi D, MvAloon-Dyke M, Fukagawa NK, et al. The insulinotropic actions of glucose-dependent insulino-tropic polypeptide and glucagons-like peptide-1 (7-37) in normal and diabetic subjects. Regul Pept. 1994;51:63-74. (Pubitemid 24119981)
64. Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S, et al. Determinants of the impaired secretion of glucagons-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3717-3723. (Pubitemid 32755966)
65. VilsbØll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, et al. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagons-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2001;50:609-613. (Pubitemid 32195226)
66. Aronoff S, Rosenblatt S, Braithwaite S, et al. Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy improves glycemic control in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled dose-response study. The Pioglitazone 001 Study Group. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1605-1611.
67. Phillips LS, Grunberger G, Miller E, et al. Once-and twice-daily dosing with rosiglitazone improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Rosiglitazone Clinical Trial Study Group. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:308-315. (Pubitemid 32119130)
68. Fonseca VA, Rosenstock J, Patwardhan R, et al. Effect of metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283:1695-1702. (Pubitemid 30196209)
69. Kipnes MS, Krosnick A, Rendell MS, et al. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med. 2001;111:10-17. (Pubitemid 32635256)
70. Raskin P, Randell M, Riddle MC, et al. A randomized trial of rosiglitazone therapy in patients with inade-quately controlled insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1226-1232. (Pubitemid 33716403)
71. Weissman P, Goldstein BJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone added to submaximal doses of metformin compared with dose-escalation of metformin in type 2 diabetes: the EMPIRE study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21: 2029-2035. (Pubitemid 41803114)
72. Stafford JM, Elasy T. Treatment update: thiazolinediones in combination with metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3:503-510. (Pubitemid 47542611)
73. Campbell IW, Mariz S. β-cell preservation with thiazo-lidinediones. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76:163-176.
74. Kersten S. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and lipoprotein metabolism. Review article. PPAR Rev. 2008;doi:10.1155/2008/132960. (Pubitemid 350243189)
75. Sharma AM, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma and adipose tissue: understanding obesity-related changes in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism [Review]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92: 386-395.
76. Sarafidis PA, Lasaridis AN, Nilsson PM, et al. Ambula-tory blood pressure reduction after rosiglitazone treat-ment in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension correlates with insulin sensitivity increase. J Hyperten. 2004;22:1769-1777. (Pubitemid 39141970)
77. Yosefy C, Magen E, Kiselevich A, et al. Rosiglitazone improves, while glibenclamide worsens blood pressure control in treated hypertensive diabetic and dyslipidemic subjects via modulation of insulin resistance and sympathetic activity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;44: 215-222. (Pubitemid 38982165)
78. Bakris GL, Ruilope LM, McMorn SO, et al. Rosiglitazone reduces microalbuminuria and blood pressure indepen-dently of glycemia in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. J Hypertens. 2006;24:2047-2055. (Pubitemid 44371272)
79. Campbell IW. The clinical significance of PPAR gamma agonism [Review]. Curr Mol Med. 2005;5:349-363. (Pubitemid 40663140)
80. Erdmann E. Microalbuminuria as a marker of cardio-vascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes [Review]. Int J Cardiol. 2006;107:147-153.
81. Sarafidis PA, Lasaridis AN, Nilsson PM, et al. The effect of rosiglitazone on urine albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:227-234. (Pubitemid 40332553)
82. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49:S12-S54.
83. Duan SZ, Ivashchenko CY, Usher MG, et al. PPAR-y in the cardiovascular system. Review article. PPAR Rev. 2008;doi:10.1155/2008/745804.
84. Sarafidis PA, Pantelis A. Thiazolidinedione derivatives in diabetes and cardiovascular disease: an update [Review]. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2008;22:247-264. (Pubitemid 351712888)
85. Buckingham RE. Hanna A. Thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizers and the heart: a tale of two organs? [Review]. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:312-328. (Pubitemid 351386028)
86. Karagiannis E, Pfutzner A, Forst T, et al. The IRIS V study: pioglitazone improves systemic chronic inflamma-tion in patients with type 2 diabetes under daily routine conditions. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008;10:206-212. (Pubitemid 351677596)
87. Buse JB, Tan MH, Prince MJ, et al. The effects of oral anti-hyperglycaemic medications on serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes [Review]. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2004;6:133-156. (Pubitemid 38220106)
88. Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA, et al. GLAI Study Investigators. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:1547-1554. (Pubitemid 40923063)
89. Choi D, Kim SK, Choi SH, et al. Preventative effects of rosiglitazone on restenosis after coronary stent implan-tation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2654-2660. (Pubitemid 39441466)
90. Rosmarakis ES, Falagas ME. Effect of thiazolidinedione therapy on restenosis after coronary stent implantation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J. 2007;154:144-150. (Pubitemid 46920490)
91. Varani J, Bhagavathula N, Ellis CN, et al. Thiazolidine-diones: potential as therapeutics for psoriasis and perhaps other hyperproliferative skin diseases [Review]. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;15:1453-1468.
92. Boyd AS. Thiazolidinediones in dermatology [Review]. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46:557-563.
93. Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Curtin F, et al. Association between use of thiazolidinediones or other oral antidiabetics and psoriasis: a population based case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:421-429.
94. Lewis JD, Lichtenstein GR, Deren JJ, et al. Rosiglitazone for Ulcerative Colitis Study Group. Rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:688-695. (Pubitemid 351312727)
95. Mittal R, Malhotra S, Pandhi P, et al. Efficacy and safety of combination acitretin and pioglitazone therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145: 387-393.
96. Ondrey F. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma pathway targeting in carcinogenesis: implica-tions for chemoprevention. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:2-8.
97. Hatton JL, Yee LD. Clinical use of PPAR-y ligands in cancer. Review article. PPAR Res. 2008;doi:10.1155/2008/159415.
98. Sainis I, Vareli K, Karavasilis V, et al. PPAR-y: the portrait of a target ally to cancer chemopreventive agents. Review article. PPAR Res. 2008:doi:10.1155/2008/436489.
99. Hanefeld M. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of pioglitazone [Review]. Int J Clin Pract. 2001;(suppl 121): 19-25. (Pubitemid 32916692)
100. Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetic interactions with thiazoli-dinediones. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46:1-12.
101. Kajosaari LI, Jaakkola T, Neuvonen PJ, et al. Pioglitazone, an in vitro inhibitor of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, does not increase the plasma concentrations of the CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 substrate repaglinide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:217-223. (Pubitemid 43357580)
102. Cox PJ, Ryan DA, Hollis FJ, et al. Absorption, disposition, and metabolism of rosiglitazone, a potent thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000;28:772-780. (Pubitemid 30470827)
103. Mistry GC, Bergman AJ, Luo WL, et al. Multiple-dose administration of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, does not alter the single-dose pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47:159-164. (Pubitemid 46146481)
104. Chu KM, Hu OY, Pao LH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oral rosiglitazone in Taiwanese and post hoc comparisons with Caucasian, Japanese, Korean, and mainland Chi-nese subjects. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2007;10:411-419.
105. Chapelsky MC, Thompson-Culkin K, Miller AK, et al. Pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43:252-259. (Pubitemid 36232653)
106. Park JY, Kim KA, Kang MH, et al. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75:157-162.
107. Waksman JC. Cardiovascular risk of rosiglitazone: another perspective [Review]. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008; 60:1573-1582.
108. Guan Y, Hao C, Cha DR, et al. Thiazolidinediones expand body fluid volume through PPAR gamma-stimulation of EnaC-mediated renal salt absorption. Nat Med. 2005;11:861-866. (Pubitemid 41161118)
109. Marcy TR, Britton ML, Blevins SM. Second-generation thiazolinediones and hepatotoxicity. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:1419-1423.
110. Diamond GA, Bax L, Kaul S. Uncertain effects of rosiglitazone on the risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:578-581. (Pubitemid 351664507)
111. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2457-2471. (Pubitemid 46919772)
112. Psaty BM, Furberg CD. Rosiglitazone and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2522-2524. (Pubitemid 46919780)
113. Eurich DT, McAlister FA, Blackburn DF, et al. Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review. Brit Med J. 2007;335:497-501. (Pubitemid 47401611)
114. Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardio-vascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298:1189-1195. (Pubitemid 47403105)
115. Selvin E, Bolen S, Yeh H-C, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in trials of oral diabetes medications: a sys-tematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2070-2080.
116. Singh S, Loke YK. The safety of rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes [Review]. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008;7:579-585.
117. Grey A, Bolland M, Gamble G, et al. The peroxisome proliferators- activated receptor-^y agonist rosiglitazone decreases bone formation and bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92: 1305-1310. (Pubitemid 46556402)
118. Lazarenko OP, Rzonca SO, Hogue WR, et al. Rosiglita-zone induces decreases in bone mass and strength that are reminiscent of aged bone. Endocrinology. 2007;148: 2669-2680. (Pubitemid 46984815)
119. Yaturu S, Bryant B, Jain SK. Thiazolidinediones treat-ment decreases bone mineral density in type 2 diabetic men. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1574-1576. (Pubitemid 46876524)
120. Grey A. Skeletal consequences of thiazolidinedione therapy [Review] Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:129-137.
121. Meier C, Kraenzlin ME, Bodmer M, et al. Use of thiazolidinediones and fracture risk. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:820-825. (Pubitemid 351620084)
122. Schwartz AV. TZDs and bone: a review of the recent clinical evidence. PPAR Res. 2008:doi:10.1155/2008/297893.
123. Kendall C, Wooltorton E. Rosiglitazone (Avandia) and macular edema. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;174:623. (Pubitemid 43341870)
124. Ryan EH Jr, Han DP, Ramsay RC, et al. Diabetic macular edema associated with glitazone. Retina. 2006;26: 562-570. (Pubitemid 44620399)
125. Liazos E, Broadbent DM, Beare N, et al. Spontaneous resolution of diabetic macular oedema after dis-continuation of thiazolidenediones. Diabet Med. 2008; 25:860-862.
126. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes\an interim analysis. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:28-38. (Pubitemid 47026732)
127. Petrazzi L, Grassi D, Polidoro L, et al. Cardiovascular risk and cardiometabolic protection: role of glitazones [Review]. J Nephrol. 2008;21:826-835.
128. Gerrits CM, Bhattacharya M, Manthena S, et al. A comparison of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone for hospi-talization for acute myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16:1065-1071. (Pubitemid 350020057)
129. Khanderia U, Pop-Busui R, Eagle KA. Thiazolidine-diones in type 2 diabetes: a cardiology perspective [Review]. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42:1466-1474.
130. Nagajothi N, Adigopula S, Balamuthusamy S, et al. Pioglitazone and the risk of myocardial infarction and other major adverse cardiac events: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Ther. 2008;15: 506-511.
131. Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Winners and losers at the rosiglitazone gamble: a meta-analytical approach at the definition of the cardiovascular risk profile of rosiglitazone. Diabet Res Clin Pract. 2008;82: 48-57.
132. FDA-1 2007. Federal Drug Administration Information. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01636.html. Accessed May 2009.
133. Holst JJ, Orskov C. The incretin approach for diabetes treatment: modulation of islet hormone release by GLP-1 agonism. Diabetes. 2004;53(suppl 3):S197-S204. (Pubitemid 39564544)
134. Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagons-like peptide 1 [Review]. Physiol Rev. 2007;87:1409-1439.
135. Estall JL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon and glucagons-like peptide receptors as drug targets [Review]. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:1731-1750.
136. McClean PL, Irwin N, Cassidy RS, et al. GIP receptor antagonism reverses obesity, insulin resistance, and associated metabolic disturbances induced in mice by prolonged consumption of high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293:E1746-E1755. (Pubitemid 350255128)
137. Green BD, Hand KV, Dougan JE, et al. GLP-1 and related peptides cause concentration-dependent relaxation of rat aorta through a pathway involving KATP and cAMP. Arch Biochem Biophy. 2008;478:136-142.
138. Sonoda N, Imamura T, Yoshizaki T, et al. Beta-arrestin-1 mediates glucagons-like peptide-1 signaling to insulin secretion in cultured pancreatic beta cells. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:6614-6619. (Pubitemid 351754555)
139. Brunetti L, Orlando G, Recinella L, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) and exendin-4 stimulate serotonin release in rat hypothalamus. Peptides. 2008;29: 1377-1381.
140. Ionut V, Zheng D, Stefanovski D, et al. Exenatide can reduce glucose independent of islet hormones or gastric emptying. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;295: E269-E277.
141. Ayala JE, Bracy DP, James FD, et al. The glucagons-like peptide-1 receptor regulates endogenous glucose pro-duction and muscle glucose uptake independent of its incretin action. Endocrinology. 2009;150:1155-1164.
142. Mentlein R, Gallwitz B, Schmidt WE. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV hydrolyses gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagons-like peptide-1(7-36) amide, peptide histidine methionine and is responsible for their degradation in human serum. Eur J Biochem. 1993;214:829-835. (Pubitemid 23188160)
143. Irwin N, Green BD, Mooney MH, et al. A novel, long-acting agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic poly-peptide suitable for once-daily administration in type 2 diabetes. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 2005;314:1187-1194. (Pubitemid 41205983)
144. Mentlein R. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26): role in the inactivation of regulatory peptides. Regul Pept. 1999;85:9-24. (Pubitemid 29505281)
145. Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Glucagons-like peptide-1 and glucagons-like peptide-2. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 18:531-554.
146. Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Inhibition of the activity of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1998;47:1663-1670. (Pubitemid 28476238)
147. Avogaro A. Glucagon-like peptide-1: pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system [Review] [Italian]. G Ital Cardiol. 2008;9:753-758.
148. Bose AK, Mocanu MM, Carr RD, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 can directly protect the heart against ische-mia/reperfusion injury. Diabetes. 2005;54:146-151. (Pubitemid 40105106)
149. Sonne DP, Engstrom T, Treiman M. Protective effects of GLP-1 analogues exendin-4 and GLP-1(9-36) amide against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart. Regul Pept. 2008;146:243-249.
150. Timmers L, Henriques JP, de Kleijn DP, et al. Exenatide reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:501-510.
151. Cabou C, Campistron G, Marsollier N, et al. Brain glucagons-like peptide-1 regulates arterial blood flow, heart rate, and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes. 2008;57:2577-2587.
152. Ban K, Noyan-Ashraf MH, Hoefer J, et al. Cardiopro-tective and vasodilatory actions of glucagons-like peptide 1 receptor are mediated through both gluca-gons-like peptide 1 receptor-dependent and-indepen-dent pathways. Circulation. 2008;117:2340-2350. (Pubitemid 351653542)
153. Shin YK, Martin B, Golden E, et al. Modulation of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 signaling. J Neurochem. 2008;106: 455-463. (Pubitemid 351840219)
154. Bertilsson G, Patrone C, Zachrisson O, et al. Peptide hormone exendin-4 stimulates subventricular zone neurogenesis in the adult rodent brain and induces recovery in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86:326-338. (Pubitemid 351196738)
155. Harkavyi A, Abuirmeileh A, Lever R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation reverses key deficits in distinct rodent models of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflamm. 2008;5:19.
156. Perez-Tilve D, Gonzalez-Matias L, Alvarez-Crespo M, et al. Exendin-4 potently decreases ghrelin levels in fasting rats. Diabetes. 2007;56:143-151.
157. Brubaker PL. The glucagons-like peptides: pleiotropic regulators of nutrient homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1070:10-26. (Pubitemid 44126623)
158. Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ. Minireview: glucagons-like peptides regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in the pancreas, gut, and central nervous system. Endocrinology. 2004;145:2653-2659. (Pubitemid 38686211)
159. Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptides: regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [Review]. Mol Endocrinol. 2003;17:161-171. (Pubitemid 36183142)
160. Jeppesen PB, Sanguinetti EL, Buchman A, et al. Teduglu-tide (ALX-0600), a dipeptidyl peptidase IV resistant glucagons-like peptide 2 analogue, improves intestinal function in short bowel syndrome patients. Gut. 2005;54: 1224-1231. (Pubitemid 41192479)
161. Masur, K, Schwartz F, Entschladen F, et al. DPPIV inhibitors extend GLP-2 mediated tumour promoting effects on intestinal cancer cells. Regul Pept. 2006;137: 147-155. (Pubitemid 44841989)
162. Eng J, Kleinman WA, Singh L, et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4, an exendin-3 analogue, from Heloderma suspectum venom. Further evidence for an exendin receptor on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:7402-7405.
163. Fineman MS, Bicsak TA, Shen LZ, et al. Effect on glycemic control of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) additive to existing metformin and/or sulfonylurea treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2370-2377. (Pubitemid 36993328)
164. Dungan K, Buse JB. Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes: a focus on exenatide. Clin Diabetes. 2005;23:56-62. (Pubitemid 40965046)
165. Bray GM. Exenatide. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63.
166. Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, et al. GWAA Study Group. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:559-569.
167. Poon T, Nelson P, Shen L, et al. Exenatide improves glycemic control and reduces body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a dose-ranging study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7:467-477. (Pubitemid 40847809)
168. Barnett AH, Burger J, Johns D, et al. Tolerability and efficacy of exenatide and titrated insulin glargine in adult patients with type 2 diabetes previously uncontrolled with metformin or a sulfonylurea: a multinational, randomized, open-label, two-period, crossover non-inferiority trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;143:559-569.
169. Klonoff DC, Buse JB, Nielsen LL, et al. Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24: 275-286. (Pubitemid 351160260)
170. Moretto TJ, Milton DR, Ridge TD, et al. Efficacy and tolerability and efficacy of exenatide monotherapy over 24 weeks in antidiabetic drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1448-1460.
171. Ratner RE, Maggs D, Nielsen LL, et al. Long-term effects of exenatide therapy over 82 weeks on glycaemic control and weight in over-weight metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8: 419-428. (Pubitemid 44349234)
172. Madsbad S, Krarup T, Deacon CF, et al. Glucogon-like peptide receptor agonists and dipeptidyly peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of diabetes: a review of clinical trials. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11:491-499.
173. Green BD, Irwin N, Duffy NA, et al. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity by metformin enhances the antidiabetic effects of glucagons-like peptide-1. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;547:192-199. (Pubitemid 44373906)
174. Linnebjerg H, Kothare PA, Skrivanek Z, et al. Exenatide: effect of injection time on postprandial glucose in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2006;23:240-245.
175. Linnebjerg H, Park S, Kothare PA, et al. Effect of exenatide on gastric emptying and relationship to postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept. 2008;151:123-129.
176. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2628-2635. (Pubitemid 39441462)
177. DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1092-1100. (Pubitemid 40616618)
178. Kothare PA, Linnebjerg H, Isaka Y, et al. Pharmacoki-netics, pharmacodynamics, tolerability, and safety of exenatide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48:1389-1399.
179. Couto FM, Minn AH, Pise-Masison CA, et al. Exenatide blocks JAK1-STAT1 in pancreatic beta cells. Metabolism. 2007;56:915-918. (Pubitemid 46890974)
180. Ding X, Saxena NK, Lin S, et al. Exendin-4, a glucagons-like protein-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, reverses hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. Hepatology. 2006;43:173-181. (Pubitemid 43733604)
181. Tushuizen ME, Bunck MC, Pouwels PJ, et al. Incretin mimetics as a novel therapeutic option for hepatic steatosis. Liver Int. 2006;26:1015-1017. (Pubitemid 44323421)
182. Viswanathan P, Chaudhuri A, Bhatia R, et al. Exenatide therapy in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. Endocr Pract. 2007;13:444-450.
183. Yamamoto H, Lee CE, Marcus JN, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor stimulation increases blood pressure and heart rate and activates autonomic regulatory neurons. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:43-52. (Pubitemid 34743464)
184. Blonde L, Klein EJ, Han J, et al. Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 over-weight patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8:436-447. (Pubitemid 44349236)
185. VilsbØll T, Zdravkovic M, Le-Thi T, et al. Liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagons-like peptide 1 analog, given as monotherapy significantly improves glycemic control and lowers body weight without risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type-2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1608-1610. (Pubitemid 46871185)
186. Zinman B, Hoogwerf BJ, Durán Garćia S, et al. The effect of adding exenatide to a thiazolidinedione in subopti-mally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:477-485. (Pubitemid 351650556)
187. FDA-2, 2008: Federal Drug Administration Information for Healthcare Professionals, Exenatide (marketed as Byetta). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/InfoSheets/HCP/exenatide 2008HCPhtm. Accessed May 2009.
188. Weise WJ, Sivanandy MS, Block CA, et al. Exenatide-associated ischemic renal failure [Letter]. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:e22-e23.
189. Kolterman OG, Kim DD, Shen L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62:173-181. (Pubitemid 40674548)
190. Zhao X, Cui YM, Zhou Y, et al. Exenatide pharmacoki-netics in healthy Chinese subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;46:459-465.
191. Linnebjerg H, Kothare PA, Park S, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of exenatide. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;64:317-327. (Pubitemid 47283860)
192. Kothare PA, Soon DK, Linnebjerg H, et al. Effect of exenatide on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of di-goxin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45:1032-1037. (Pubitemid 41192362)
193. Linnebjerg H, Kothare P, Park S, et al. Effects of exenatide on lisinopril pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients treated for hypertension. Basic Clin Pharm Tox. 2005;97(suppl 1):87.
194. Kothare PA, Linnebjerg H, Skrivanek Z, et al. Exenatide effects on statin pharmacokinetics and lipid response. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;45:114-120. (Pubitemid 46344143)
195. Soon DK, Kothare PA, Linnebjerg H, et al. Effect of exenatide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacody-namics of warfarin in healthy Asian men. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46:1179-1187. (Pubitemid 44387418)
196. Scheen AJ. Exenatide once weekly in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2008;372:1197-1198.
197. Kim D, MacConell L, Zhuang D, et al. Effects of once-weekly dosing of a long-acting release formulation of exenatide on glucose control and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1487-1493. (Pubitemid 46871159)
198. Drucker DJ, Buse JB, Taylor K, et al. DURATION-1 Study Group. Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2008;372:1240-1250.
199. Gallwitz B. Liraglutide. GLP-1 receptor agonist treat-ment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Drugs Future. 2008; 33:13-20. (Pubitemid 351412737)
200. Russell-Jones D. Molecular, pharmacological and clinical aspects of liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 ana-logue [Review]. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;297:137-140.
201. Seino Y, Rasmussen MF, Zdravkovic M, et al. Dose-dependent improvement in glycemia with once-daily liraglutide without hypoglycemia or weight gain: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:161-168.
202. Nauck MA, Hompesch M, Filipczak R, et al, NN2211-1499 Study group. Five weeks of treatment with the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide improves glycaemic control and lowers body weight in subjects with type-2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;114:417-423. (Pubitemid 44620484)
203. Nauck MA, Frid A, Hermansen K, et al. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimperide, and pla-cebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:84-90.
204. Seino Y Relevance of incretins in the treatment of Asian patients with Type 2 diabetes [Abstract]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;79(suppl 1):S4.
205. Matthews JE, Stewart MW, De Boever EH, et al. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tol-erability of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagons-like peptide-1 mimetic, in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4810-4817.
206. Liu M-J, Shin S, Li N, et al. Prolonged remission of diabetes by regeneration of beta cells in diabetic mice treated with recombinant adenoviral vector expressing glucagons-like peptide-1. Mol Ther. 2007;15:86-93. (Pubitemid 46043653)
207. Lee Y, Kwon M-K, Kang ES, et al. Adenoviral vector-mediated glucagon-like peptide 1 gene therapy im-proves glucose homeostasis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Gen Med. 2008;10:260-268. (Pubitemid 351359638)
208. Qian F, Mathias N, Moench P, et al. Pulmonary delivery of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, BMS-686117. Int J Pharm. 2009;366:218-220.
209. Youn YS, Jeon JE, Chae SY, et al. PEGylation improves the hypoglycaemic efficacy of intranasally administered glucagons-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:343-346. (Pubitemid 351386031)
210. Gutniak MK, Larsson H, Sanders SW, et al. GLP-1 tablet in type 2 diabetes in fasting and postprandial conditions. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1874-1879. (Pubitemid 27522899)
211. Beglinger C, Poller B, Arbit E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral GLP-1 and PYY3-36: a proof-of-concept study in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;84:468-474.
212. Gedulin BR, Smith PA, Jodka CM, et al. Pharmacoki-netics and pharmacodynamics of exenatide following alternate routes of administration. Int J Pharm. 2008;356: 231-238.
213. Gault VA, O'Harte FPM, Harriott P, et al. Characteriza-tion of the cellular and metabolic effects of a novel enzyme-resistant antagonist of glucose-dependent in-sulinotropic polypeptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;290:1420-1426. (Pubitemid 34687416)
214. Irwin N, Green BD, Gault VA, et al. Stable agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) restores pancreatic beta cell glucose responsiveness but not glucose intolerance in aging mice. Exp Gerontol. 2006; 41:151-156. (Pubitemid 43165688)
215. Klemann C, Schade J, Pabst R, et al. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4-deficiency alters thymic emigration patterns and leukcocyte subsets in F344-rats age-dependently Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;155:357-365.
216. Mannucci E, Pala L, Ciani S, et al. Hyperglycaemia increases dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2005;48:1168-1172. (Pubitemid 40909653)
217. Herman GA, Bergman A, Stevens C, et al. Effect of single oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, on incretin and plasma glucose levels after an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4612-4619. (Pubitemid 44833446)
218. Herman GA, Stein PP, Thornberry NA, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: focus on sitagliptin [Review]. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:761-767. (Pubitemid 46625120)
219. Balas B, Baig MR, Watson C, et al. The dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor vildagliptin suppresses endo-genous glucose production and enhances islet function after single dose administration in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92: 1249-1255. (Pubitemid 46556394)
220. D'Alessio DA, Denney AM, Hermiller LM, et al. Treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin improves fasting islet-cell function in sub-jects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94:81-88.
221. Man CD, Bock G, Giesler PD, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by vildagliptin and the effect on insulin secretion and action in response to meal ingestion in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32;14-18.
222. Kim D, Wang L, Beconi M, et al. (2R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6- dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan- 2-amine: a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem. 2005;48: 141-151. (Pubitemid 40105255)
223. Thomas L. Tadayyon M. Mark M. Chronic treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor BI 1356 [(R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3- methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2, 6-dione] increases basal glucagons-like peptide-1 and improves glycemic control in diabetic rodent models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;328:556-563.
224. Taldone T, Zito SW, Talele TT. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) by atorvastatin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008;18:479-484.
225. Mentlein R. Cell surface peptidases. Int Rev Cytol. 2004; 235:165-213.
226. Lankas GR, Leiting B, Roy RS, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: potential importance of selectivity over dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9. Diabetes. 2005;54:2988-2994. (Pubitemid 41401097)
227. Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, et al. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as mono-therapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2632-2637. (Pubitemid 44912190)
228. Gallwitz B. Sitagliptin: profile of a novel DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (update) [Review]. Drugs Today. 2007;43:801-814.
229. Gallwitz B. Sitagliptin with metformin: profile of a combination for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Drugs Today. 2007;43:681-689. (Pubitemid 350220792)
230. Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, et al. Sitagliptin Study 024 Group. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a random-ized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:194-205. (Pubitemid 46206563)
231. Miller S, St. Onge EL. Sitagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:1336-1343. (Pubitemid 44204964)
232. Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Jiu J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2638-2643. (Pubitemid 44912191)
233. Mohan V, Yang W, Son HY, et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes in China, India, and Korea. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83:106-116.
234. Karasik A, Aschner P, Katzeff H, et al. Sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: a review of recent clinical trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:489-496. (Pubitemid 351294398)
235. Williams-Herman D, Round E, Swern N, et al. Safety and tolerability of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2008;8:14.
236. Ahren B. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: clinical data and clinical implications. Diabetes Care. 2007;30: 1344-1350. (Pubitemid 46871136)
237. Ahren B. DPP-4 inhibitors. Insulin. 2009;4:15-31.
238. Drucker D, Easley C, Kirkpatrick P. Sitagliptin. Nat Rev Drug Disc. 2007;6:109-110. (Pubitemid 46745338)
239. Scott R, Wu M, Sanchez M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61:171-180.
240. Bergman AJ, Cote J, Yi B, et al. Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30:1862-1864. (Pubitemid 47036366)
241. Herman GA, Bergman A, Liu F, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the oral DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in middle-aged obese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006b-;46:876-886. (Pubitemid 44050824)
242. Herman GA, Stevens C, Van Dyck K, et al. Pharmaco-kinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an in-hibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Clin Pharm Ther. 2005;78:675-688. (Pubitemid 41773643)
243. Bergman A, Mistry GC, Luo W-L, et al. Dose-proportionality of a final market image sitagliptin formulation, an oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Biopharmaceutics Drug Dispos. 2007;28:307-313. (Pubitemid 47439636)
244. Vincent SH, Reed JR, Bergman AJ, et al. Metabolism and excretion of the DPP-4 inhibitor [14C]sitagliptin in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007;67:587-597.
245. Mistry GC, Bergman AJ, Zheng W, et al. Sitagliptin, an dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, does not alter the pharmacokinetics of the sulphonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66:36-42. (Pubitemid 351822149)
246. Herman GA, Bergman A, Yi B, et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006; 22:1939-1947. (Pubitemid 44663399)
247. Pham DQ, Nogid A, Plakogiannis R. Sitagliptin: a novel agent for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65:521-531. (Pubitemid 351429713)
248. Croxtall JD, Keam SJ. Vildagliptin: a review of its use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2008; 68:2387-2409.
249. He YL, Wang Y, Bullock JM, et al. Pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes during OGTT. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47:633-641. (Pubitemid 46632151)
250. Ahren B, Pacini G, Foley JE, et al. Improved meal-related β-cell function and insulin sensitivity by the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes over 1 year. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1936-1940. (Pubitemid 41060966)
251. Ahren B. Vildagliptin: an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 with antidiabetic properties. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;15:431-442.
252. Bosi E, Camisasca RP, Collober C, et al. Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control over 24 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:890-895. (Pubitemid 46556583)
253. Pi-Sunyer FX, Schweizer A, Mills D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin monotherapy in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76:132-138. (Pubitemid 46240373)
254. Garber AJ, Schweizer A, Baron MA, et al. Vildagliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes failing thiazo-lidinedione monotherapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled study, Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:166-174. (Pubitemid 46206560)
255. Mari A, Scherbaum WA, Nilsson PM, et al. Character-ization of the influence of vildagliptin on model-assessed beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93: 103-109.
256. He YL, Sabo R, Campestrini J, et al. The effect of age, gender, and body mass index on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65:338-346. (Pubitemid 351316915)
257. Hu P, Yin Q, Deckert F, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49:39-49.
258. Feng J, Zhang Z, Wallace MB, et al. Discovery of alogliptin: a potent, selective, bioavailable, and effica-cious inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J Med Chem. 2007;50:2297-2300. (Pubitemid 46799241)
259. DeFronzo RA, Fleck RR, Wilson CA, et al, on behalf of the Alogliptin Study 010 Group. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl oeptidase-4 inhibitor Alogliptin in pa-tients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2315-2317.
260. Wang Y, Serradell N, Rosa E, et al. Alogliptin benzoate. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor treatment of type 2 diabetes. Drugs Future. 2008;33:7-12. (Pubitemid 351412736)
261. Moritoh Y, Takeuchi K, Asakawa T, et al. The dipetidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycemic control, lipid profiles, and increases pancreatic insulin content in ob/ob mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;602:448-454.
262. Gallwitz B. Saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes [Review]. Drugs. 2008;11:906-917.
263. Fuhlendorff J, Rorsman P, Kofod H, et al. Stimulation of insulin release by repaglinide and glibenclamide involves both common and distinct processes. Diabetes. 1998;47:345-351. (Pubitemid 28104194)
264. Blicklé JF. Meglitinide analogues: a review of clinical data focused on recent. Diabet Metab. 2006;32:113-120.
265. Perfetti R, Ahmad A. Novel sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea drugs to promote the secretion of insulin [Review]. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000;11:218-223. (Pubitemid 30603167)
266. Quast U, Stephan D, Bieger S, et al. The impact of ATP-sensitive K+ channel subtype selectivity of insulin secretagogues for the coronary vasculature and the myocardium [Review]. Diabetes. 2004;53(suppl 3): S156-S164. (Pubitemid 39564538)
267. Simpson SH, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, et al. Dose-response relation between sulfonylurea drugs and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;174:169-174. (Pubitemid 43166269)
268. Hueb W, Uchida AH, Gersh BJ, et al. Effect of a hypoglycemic agent on ischemic preconditioning in patients with type 2 diabetes and stable angina pectoris. Coronary Arter Dis. 2007;18:55-59. (Pubitemid 44973757)
269. Ogawa K, Ikewaki K, Taniguchi I, et al. Mitiglinide, a novel oral hypoglycemic agent, preserves the cardio-protective effect of ischemic preconditioning in isolated perfused rat hearts. Int Heart J. 2007;48:337-345. (Pubitemid 47181006)
270. Scarsi M, Podvinec M, Roth A, et al. Sulfonylureas and glinides exhibit peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma activity: A combined virtual screening and biological assay approach. Mol Pharmacol. 2007;71: 398-406. (Pubitemid 46147906)
271. Scheen AJ. Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repagli-nide and nateglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46: 93-108. (Pubitemid 46193056)
272. Civera M, Merchante A, Salvador M, et al. Safety and efficacy of repaglinide in combination with metfor-min and bedtime NPH insulin as an insulin treatment regimen in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008; 79:42-47.
273. Moses RG. Achieving glycosylated hemoglobin targets using the combination of repaglinide and metformin in type 2 diabetes: a reanalysis of earlier data in terms of current targets. Clin Ther. 2008;30:552-554. (Pubitemid 351492531)
274. Hoelscher D, Chu PL, Lyness W. Fixed-dose combination tablet of repaglinide and metformin is bioequivalent to concomitantly administered individual tablets of repa-glinide and metformin: randomized, single-blind, three-period crossover study in healthy subjects. Clin Drug Invest. 2008;28:573-582.
275. Kikuchi M. Modulation of insulin secretion in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus by two novel oral hypoglycemic agents, NN623 and A4166. Diabet Med. 1996;13:S151-S155. (Pubitemid 26316218)
276. Thomsen MS, Chassard D, Evène E, et al. Pharmacoki-netics of repaglinide in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43;23-28. (Pubitemid 36015439)
277. Hatorp V. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41: 471-483.
278. Scheen AJ. Drug interactions of clinical importance with antihyperglycaemic agents: an update. Drug Saf. 2005;28: 601-631. (Pubitemid 41003048)
279. Kirchheiner J, Roots I, Goldammer M, et al. Effect of genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2C9 and CYP2C8 on the pharmacokinetics of oral antidiabetic drugs: clinical relevance [Review]. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44:1209-1225. (Pubitemid 41832564)
280. Duffy NA, Green BD, Irwin N, et al. Effects of antidiabetic drugs on dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity: Nateglinide is an inhibitor of DPP IV and augments the antidiabetic activity of glucagons-like peptide-1. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;568:278-286. (Pubitemid 46976921)
281. McLeod JF. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nateglinide: a rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent [Review]. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43:97-120. (Pubitemid 38283133)
282. Blickle JF. Meglitinide analogues: a review of clinical data focused on recent trials [Review]. Diabetes Metab. 2006;32: 113-120.
283. Malaisse WJ. Mitiglinide: a rapid-and short-acting non-sulfonylurea insulinotropic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:2691-2698.
284. Pittner RA, Albrandt K, Beaumont K, et al. Molecular physiology of amylin. J Cell Biochem. 1994;55(suppl): 19-28. (Pubitemid 24199282)
285. Lutz TA. Pancreatic amylin as a centrally acting satiating hormone. Curr Drug Targets. 2005;6:181-189. (Pubitemid 40394313)
286. Edelman SV, Henry RR (eds). Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes. 7th ed. Greenwich, CT: Professional Communications, Inc.; 2006:237-252.
287. Lorenzo A, Razzaboni B, Weir GC, et al. Pancreatic islet cell toxicity of amylin associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nature. 1994;368:756-760. (Pubitemid 24153418)
288. Edelman S, Maier H, Wilhelm K. Pramlintide in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Bio Drugs. 2008;22: 375-386.
289. Edgerton DS, Johnson KM, Cherrington AD. Current strategies for the inhibition of hepatic glucose production in type 2 diabetes [Review]. Front Biosci. 2009;14: 1169-1181.
290. Ratner RE, Want LL, Fineman MS, et al. Adjunctive therapy with amylin analogue pramlintide leads to a combined improvement in glycemic and weight control in insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2002;4:51-61. (Pubitemid 34441520)
291. Schmitz O, Brock B, Rungby J. Amylin agonists: a novel approach in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes. 2004; 53(suppl 3):S233-S238. (Pubitemid 39564549)
292. Singh-Franco D, Robles G, Gazze D. Pramlintide acetate injection for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2007;29:535-562. (Pubitemid 47016638)
293. Hollander P, Maggs DG, Ruggles JA, et al. Effect of pramlintide on weight in overweight and obese insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients. Obes Res. 2004;12: 661-668. (Pubitemid 41132509)
294. Edelman SV. Does addition of pramlintide to basal insulin improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus? Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4: 194-195. (Pubitemid 351430909)
295. Ceriello A, Lush CW, Darsow T, et al. Pramlintide reduced markers of oxidative stress in the postprandial period in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008;24:103-108. (Pubitemid 351284753)
296. McQueen J. Pramlintide acetate [Review]. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62:2363-2372.
297. Kellmeyer TA, Kesty NC, Wang Y, et al. Pharmacoki-netics of an oral drug (acetaminophen) administered at various times relative to subcutaneous injection of pramlintide in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47:798-805.
298. Colburn WA, Gottlieb AB, Koda J, et al. Pharmacoki-netics and pharmacodynamics of AC137 (25,28,29 tripro-amylin, human) after intravenous bolus and infusion doses in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;36:13-24.
299. Cole P, Vicente M, Castaner R. Dapagliflozin: SGLT2 inhibitor antidiabetic agent. Drugs Future. 2008;33: 745-751.
300. Jabbour SA, Goldstein BJ. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: blocking renal tubular reabsorption of glucose to improve glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:1279-1284. (Pubitemid 351977622)
301. Idris I, Donnelly R. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: an emerging new class of oral antidiabetic drug. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11:79-88.
302. List JF, Woo VC, Villegas EM, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in a dose-ranging monotherapy in treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes [Abstract 329-OR]. Presented at the 68th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, June 6-10, 2008, San Francisco, CA.
303. List JF, Woo VC, Villegas EM, et al. Dapagliflozin-induced glucosuria is accompanied by weight loss in type 2 diabetes patients [Abstract 461-P]. Presented at the 68th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, June 6-10, 2008, San Francisco, CA.
304. Harrington WW, Milliken NO, Binz JG, et al. Remogli-flozin etabonate, a potent and selective sodium-de-pendent glucose transporter 2 antagonist, produced sustained metabolic effects in Zucker diabetic fatty rats [Abstract 334-OR]. Presented at the 68th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, June 6-10, 2008, San Francisco, CA.
305. Wancewicz EV, Siwkowski A, Meibohm B, et al. Long term safety and efficacy of ISIS 388626, an optimized SGLT2 antisense inhibitor, in multiple diabetic and euglycemic species [Abstract 529-P]. Presented at the 68th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, June 6-10, 2008, San Francisco, CA.
306. van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, et al. α-Glucosidase inhibitors for patients With type 2 diabetes. Results from a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:154-163. (Pubitemid 40095800)
307. Mitrakou A, Tountas N, Raptis AE, et al. Long-term effectiveness of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (BAY m1099, miglitol) in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1998;15:657-660. (Pubitemid 28355849)
308. Chiasson JL, Naditch L, Miglitol Canadian University Investigator Group. The synergistic effect of miglitol plus metformin combination therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:989-994. (Pubitemid 33716364)
309. Campbell LK, Baker DE, Campbell RK. Miglitol: assessment of its role in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus [Review]. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34: 1291-1301.
310. Arakawa M, Ebato C, Mita T, et al. Miglitol suppresses the postprandial increase in interleukin 6 and enhances active glucagons-like peptide 1 secretion in viscerally obese subjects. Metab Clin Exp. 2008;57:1299-1306.
311. Yokoyama H, Kannno S, Ishimura I, et al. Miglitol increases the adiponectin level and decreases urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2007;56:1458-1463. (Pubitemid 47562494)
312. Nirogi RV, Kandikere VN, Shukla M, et al. Liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of miglitol in human plasma. Arznei-mittelforschung. 2006;56:328-336. (Pubitemid 43875441)
313. Li X, Wang Y, Wang J, et al. Determination of miglitol in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2007;21: 247-251. (Pubitemid 46095483)
314. Scott LJ, Spencer CM. Miglitol: a review of its therapeutic potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus [Review]. Drugs. 2000;59:521-549. (Pubitemid 30213863)
315. Schall R, Muller FO, Hundt HK, et al. Study of the effect of miglitol on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacody-namics of warfarin in healthy males. Arzneimittelfor-schung. 1996;46:41-46. (Pubitemid 26041643)
316. Satoh N, Shimatsu A, Yamada K, et al. An alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, voglibose, reduces oxidative stress markers and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism. 2006;55: 786-793.
317. Moritoh Y, Takeuchi K, Hazama M. Chronic adminis-tration of voglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, increases active glucagons-like peptide-1 levels by increasing its secretion and decreasing dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in ob/ob mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329:669-676.
318. Fuder H, Kleist P, Birkel M, et al. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor voglibose (AO-128) does not change pharma-codynamics or pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;53:153-157. (Pubitemid 27491670)
319. Kleist P, Ehrlich A, Suzuki Y, et al. Concomitant administration of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor vogli-bose (AO-128) does not alter the pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;53:149-152. (Pubitemid 27491669)
320. Kleist P, Suzuki Y, Thomsen T, et al. Voglibose has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;54:273-274. (Pubitemid 28288302)
321. Bays HE, Goldberg RB, Truitt KE, et al. Colesevelam hydrochloride therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin: glucose and lipid effects. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1975-1983.
322. Goldfine AB. Modulating LDL cholesterol and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: targeting the bile acid pathway [Review]. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2008;23: 502-511.
323. Fonseca VA, Rosenstock J, Wang AC, et al. Colesevelam HCl improves glycemic control and reduces LDL cholesterol in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on sulfonylurea-based therapy Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1479-1484.
324. Goldberg RB, Fonseca VA, Truitt KE, et al. Efficacy and safety of colesevelam in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control receiving insulin-based therapy Arch Intern Med. 2008;168: 1531-1540.
325. Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP Colesevelam improves glycemic control and lipid management in inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;5:16-17.
326. Abu-Elheiga L, Brinkley WR, Zhong L, et al. The subcellular localization of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:1444-1449. (Pubitemid 30118460)
327. Sugimoto Y, Naniwa Y, Nakamura T, et al. A novel acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor reduces de novo fatty acid synthesis in HepG2 cells and rat primary hepato-cytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007;468:44-48. (Pubitemid 350087850)
328. Winder WW, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:1-10.
329. Fujii N, Aschenbach WG, Musi N, et al. Regulation of glucose transport by the AMP-activated protein kinase. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004;63:205-210. (Pubitemid 38787466)
330. Lemieux K, Konrad D, Klip A, et al. The AMP-activated protein kinase activator AICAR does not induce GLUT4 translocation to transverse tubules but stimulates glucose uptake and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases αand β in skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 2003;17: 1658-1665. (Pubitemid 37100067)
331. Irwin N, Hunter K, Flatt PR. Comparison of independent and combined chronic metabolic effects of GIP and CB1 receptor blockade in high-fat fed mice. Peptides. 2008;29: 1036-1041.
332. Irwin N, Hunter K, Frizzell N, et al. Antidiabetic effects of sub-chronic administration of the cannabinoid re-ceptor (CB1) antagonist, AM251, in obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;581:226-233.
333. Pan CQ, Buxton JM, Yung SL, et al. Design of a long acting peptide functioning as both a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and a glucagon receptor antagonist. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:12506-12515. (Pubitemid 43855337)
334. Claus TH, Pan CQ, Buxton JM, et al. Dual-acting peptide with prolonged glucagons-like peptide-1 receptor ago-nist and glucagon receptor antagonist activity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol. 2007;192: 371-380. (Pubitemid 46444438)
335. Goldstein BJ, Rosenstock J, Anzalone D, et al. Effect of tesaglitazar, a dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonist, on glucose and lipid abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week dose-ranging trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:2575-2590. (Pubitemid 46048373)
336. Wilding JP, Gause-Nilsson I, Persson A. Tesaglitazar, as add-on therapy to sulphonylurea, dose-dependently improves glucose and lipid abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2007;4:194-203. (Pubitemid 47529209)
337. Kendall DM, Rubin CJ, Mohideen P, et al. Improvement of glycemic control, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels with muraglitazar, a dual (alpha/gamma) perox-isome proliferators-activated receptor activator, in pa-tients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy: a double-blind, randomized, pioglitazone-comparative study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29: 1016-1023. (Pubitemid 44115238)
338. Buse JB, Rubin CJ, Frederich R, et al. Muraglitazar, a dual (alpha/gamma) PPAR activator: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week monotherapy trial in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther. 2005;27: 1181-1195. (Pubitemid 41393913)
339. Balakumar P, Rose M, Ganti SS, et al. PPAR dual agonists: are they opening Pandora's Box? [Review]. Pharmacol Res. 2007;56:91-98. (Pubitemid 47304493)
340. Gonzalez IC, Lamar J, Iradier F, et al. Design and synthesis of a novel class of dual PPAR^y/δ agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007;17:1052-1055. (Pubitemid 46177609)
341. Pourcet B, Fruchart JC, Staels B, et al. Selective PPAR modulators, dual and pan PPAR agonists: multimodal drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and athero-sclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006;11:379-401. (Pubitemid 44386365)
342. van Poelje PD, Dang Q, Erion MD. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Drug Discov Today. 2007;4:103-109. (Pubitemid 351509491)
343. Erion MD, van Poelje PD, Dang Q. MB06322 (CS-917): a potent and selective inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphos-phatase for controlling gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:7970-7975. (Pubitemid 40781047)
344. Ahima RS. Antagonism of ghrelin for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus? Endocrinology. 2007;148: 5173-5174. (Pubitemid 350012616)
345. Esler WP, Rudolph J, Claus TH, et al. Small-molecule ghrelin receptor antagonists improve glucose tolerance, suppress appetite, and promote weight loss. Endocrinol-ogy. 2007;148:5175-5185. (Pubitemid 350012622)
346. Petersen KF. Sullivan JT. Effects of a novel glucagon receptor antagonist (Bay 27-9955) on glucagons-stimulated glucose production in humans. Diabetologia. 2001;44: 2018-2024. (Pubitemid 33124047)
347. Lau J, Behrens C, Sidelmann UG, et al. Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained tri-substituted ureas as potent antagonists of the human glucagon. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007;17:587-592.
348. Kodra JT, Jorgensen AS, Andersen B, et al. Novel glucagon receptor antagonists with improved selectivity over the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor. J Med Chem. 2008;51:5387-5396.
349. Leighton B, Atkinson A, Coghlan MP. Small molecule glucokinase activators as novel anti-diabetic agents. Biochem Soc Transact. 2005;33:371-374. (Pubitemid 40604375)
350. Kaal MJH, Collet JT. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis. An option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Pharmaceut Week. 1993;128:507-511. (Pubitemid 23147159)
351. Somsák L, Czifrák K, Tóth M, et al. New inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase as potential antidiabetic agents. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15:2933-2938.
352. Martin WH, Hoover DJ, Armento SJ, et al. Discovery of a human liver glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor that lowers blood glucose in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:1776-1781. (Pubitemid 28103470)
353. Baker DJ, Greenhaff PL, MacInnes A, et al. The experimental type 2 diabetes therapy: glycogen phos-phorylase inhibition can impair aerobic muscle func-tion during prolonged contraction. Diabetes. 2006;55: 1855-1861. (Pubitemid 44324143)
354. Alberti L, Girola A, Gilardini L, et al. Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome are associated with increased expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in obese subjects. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1826-1831. (Pubitemid 350174630)
355. Schuster D, Maurer EM, Laggner C, et al. The discovery of new 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors by common feature pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening. J Med Chem. 2006;49:3454-3466. (Pubitemid 43904337)
356. Vicker N, Su X, Ganeshapillai D. Novel non-steroidal inhibitors of human 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;104:123-129. (Pubitemid 46901030)
357. Su X, Vicker N, Trusselle M, et al. Discovery of novel inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;301:169-173.
358. Hale C. Wang M. Development of 11beta-HSD1 inhib-itors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes [Review]. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008;8:702-710.
359. Larsen CM, Faulenbach M, Vaag A, et al. Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1517-1526. (Pubitemid 46588416)
360. Donath MY, Mandrup-Poulsen T The use of interleukin-1-receptor antagonists in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2008;4:240-241. (Pubitemid 351571135)
361. Cani PD, Joly E, Horsmans Y, et al. Oligofructose promotes satiety in healthy humans: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:567-572. (Pubitemid 43922875)
362. Delzenne NM, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM. Modulation of glucagons-like peptide 1 and energy metabolism by inulin and oligofructose: experimental data. J Nutr. 2007; 137:2547S-2551S. (Pubitemid 350058733)
363. Cani PD, Knauf C, Iglesias MA, et al. Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Diabetes. 2006;55:1484-1490. (Pubitemid 44195391)
364. Dagdelen S. From dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonists to selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor modulators. Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2008;2:24-28. (Pubitemid 351541185)
365. Johnson TO, Ermolieff J, Jirousek MR. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;1:696-709. (Pubitemid 37368828)
366. Pei Z, Liu G, Lubben TH, et al. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B as a potential treatment of diabetes and obesity. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10:3481-3504. (Pubitemid 39378329)
367. 1c levels in patients with diabetes. Geriatrics. 2008;63:34-35.
368. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Chaitman BR, et al. MERLIN-TIMI 36 Investigators. Evaluation of the glycometabolic effects of ranolazine in patients with and without diabetes mellitus in the MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2009;119:2032-2039.
369. Milne JC, Lambert PD, Schenk S, et al. Small molecule activators of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2007;450:712-716. (Pubitemid 350207685)
370. Perni RB, Vu CB, Bemis JE, et al. Small molecule activa-tors of SIRT1 as a therapeutic approach to type 2 diabetes: the identification of SRT100 as a clinical candidate [Abstract 540-P]. Presented at the 68th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, June 6-10, 2008, San Francisco, CA.
371. Rahman AU, Zaman K. Medicinal plants with hypo-glycemicactivity [Review]. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;26:1-55.
372. Marles RJ, Farnsworth NR. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine. 1995;2:137-189.
373. Roman-Ramos R, Florez-Saenz JL, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ. Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;48:25-32.
374. Ziyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, et al. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;58:45-54. (Pubitemid 27406186)
375. Alarcon-Aguilara FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Perez-Gutierrez S, et al. Study of the antihyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61:101-110. (Pubitemid 28297899)
376. Jouad H, Haloui M, Rhiouani H, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes, cardiac and renal diseases in the North Center Region of Morocco (fez-Boulemane). J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77:175-182. (Pubitemid 32780513)
377. Bnouham M, Mekhfi H, Legssyer A, et al. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Morocco. Int J Diabetes Metab. 2002;10:33-50. (Pubitemid 36437490)
378. Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, et al. Ethno-pharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases in the south-east region of Morocco (Tafilalet). J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;82:97-103. (Pubitemid 35292037)
379. Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with antidiabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81; 81-100. (Pubitemid 34518472)
380. El-Hilaly J, Hmamouchi M, Lyoussi B. Ethnobotanical studies and economic evaluation of medicinal plants in Taounate province (Northern Morocco). J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86:149-158. (Pubitemid 36542869)
381. Jia W, Gao W, Lida Tang L. Antidiabetic herbal drugs officially approved in China. Phytother Res. 2003;17: 1127-1134. (Pubitemid 38057166)
382. Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, et al. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1277-1294. (Pubitemid 36929285)
383. Bnouham M, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, et al. Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity: a review of ten years of herbal medicine research (1990-2000). Int J Diabetes Metab. 2006;14:1-25. (Pubitemid 46785231)
384. Dham S, Shah V, Hirsch S, et al. The role of comple-mentary and alternative medicine in diabetes [Review]. Curr Diab Rep. 2006;6:251-258.
385. Otoom SA, Al-Safi SA, Kerem ZK, et al. The use of medicinal herbs by diabetic Jordanian patients. J Herbal Pharmacother. 2006;6:31-41. (Pubitemid 44964091)
386. Kultur S. Medicinal plants used in Kirklareli Province (Turkey). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111:341-364. (Pubitemid 46541628)
387. Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, et al. Ethnopharma-cological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 110:105-117. (Pubitemid 46217839)
388. Abo KA, Fred-Jaiyesimi AA, Jaiyesimi AE. Ethnobotan-ical studies of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in South Western Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115:67-71. (Pubitemid 350166804)
389. Gbolade AA. Inventory of antidiabetic plants in selected districts of Lagos State, Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 121:135-139.
390. Fröde TS, Medeiros YS. Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115:173-183. (Pubitemid 50011561)
391. El-Hilaly J, Tahraoui A, Israili ZH, et al. Acute hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceri-demic effects of continuous intravenous infusion of a lyophilised aqueous extract of Ajuga iva L. Schreber whole plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2007;20:261-268.
392. Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. Hydrox-ychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20: 327-226.
393. Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, Martineau LC, Spoor D, et al. Antidiabetic activity of Nigella sativa seed extract in cultured pancreatic beta-cells, skeletal muscle cells, and adipocytes. Pharm Biol. 2008;46:96-104. (Pubitemid 351196226)
394. Hattori K, Sukenobu N, Sasaki T, et al. Activation of insulin receptors by lagerstroemin. J Pharmacol Sci. 2003; 93:69-73. (Pubitemid 37254269)
395. Prasad RC, Herzog B, Boone B, et al. An extract of Syzygium aromaticum represses genes encoding hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;96: 295-301. (Pubitemid 39575063)
396. Martineau LC, Couture A, Spoor D, et al. Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait Phytomedicine. 2006;13:612-623. (Pubitemid 44773715)
397. Wibudi A, Kiranadi B, Manalu W, et al. The traditional plant, Andrographis paniculata (Sambiloto), exhibits in-sulin-releasing actions in vitro. Acta Med Indones. 2008;40: 63-68.
398. Andrade-Cetto A, Becerra-Jimenez J, Cardenas-Vazquez R. Alfa-glucosidase-inhibiting activity of some Mexican plants used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:27-32.
399. Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Alstrup KK, et al. Stevioside induces antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and gluca-gonostatic effects in vivo: studies in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Phytomedicine. 2002;9:9-14. (Pubitemid 34184204)
400. Chen TH, Chen SC, Chan P, et al. Mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect of stevioside, a glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana. Planta Med. 2005;71:108-113. (Pubitemid 40363551)
401. Zhao R, Li Q, Xiao B. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of insulin resistance in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2005;125:981-988. (Pubitemid 41746155)
402. Fernandes NP, Lagishetty CV, Panda VS, et al. An experi-mental evaluation of the antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties of a standardized Momordica charantia fruit extract. BMC Complement Alternat Med. 2007;7:29.
403. Jung SH, Seol HJ, Jeon SJ, et al. Insulin-sensitizing activities of tanshinones, diterpene compounds of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Phytomedicine. 2009;16: 327-335.
404. Chen C-C, Liu I-M, Cheng J-T. Improvement of insulin resistance by miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) in fructose-rich chow-fed rats. Phytother Res. 2006;20:987-992. (Pubitemid 44763785)
405. Hayashi T, Maruyama H, Kasai R, et al. Ellagitannins from Lagerstroemia speciosa as activators of glucose transport in fat cells. Planta Med. 2002;68:173-175. (Pubitemid 34169416)
406. Subramanian R, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A. In vitro alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzyme inhibitory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide. Acta Biochim Pol. 2008;55:391-398. (Pubitemid 351947554)
407. Abesundara KJ, Matsui T, Matsumoto K. Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of some Sri Lanka plant extracts, one of which, Cassia auriculata, exerts a strong antihyperglycemic effect in rats comparable to the thera-peutic drug acarbose.JAgri Food Chem. 2004;52:2541-2545.
408. Aparna P, Tiwari AK, Pullela V, et al. Dolichandroside A, a new α-glucosidase inhibitor and DPPH free-radical scavenger from Dolichandrone falcata seem. Phytother Res. 2009;23:591-596.
409. Hou W, Li Y, Zhang Q, et al. Triterpene acids isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Phytother Res. 2009;23:614-618.
410. Yoshikawa M, Shimada H, Nishida N, et al. Antidiabetic principles of natural medicines. II. Aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from Brazilian natural medicine, the leaves of Myrcia multiflora DC (Myrtaceae): structures of myrciacitrins I and II and myrciaphenones A and B. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1998; 46:113-119. (Pubitemid 28099435)
411. Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yashiro K, et al. Antidiabetic principles of natural medicines. IV. Aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from the roots of Salacia oblonga Wall. (Celastraceae): structure of a new friede-lane-type triterpene, kotalagenin 16-acetate. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1999;47:1725-1729. (Pubitemid 30020553)
412. Fatmawati S, Kenji Kurashiki K, Sayaka Takeno S, et al. The inhibitory effect on aldose reductase by an extract of Ganoderma lucidum. Phytother Res. 2009;23:28-32.
413. Xu Z, Yang H, Zhou M, et al. Inhibitory effect of total lignan from Fructus Arctii on aldose reductase. Phytother Res. 2010;24:472-473.
414. Li Y, Huang TH-W, Yamahara J. Salacia root, a unique Ayurvedic medicine, meets multiple targets in diabetes and obesity [Review]. Life Sci. 2008;82:1045-1049.
415. Ferreira EB, de Assis Rocha Neves F, da Costa MA, et al. Comparative effects of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and stevioside on glycaemia and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Planta Med. 2006;72:691-696. (Pubitemid 44073451)
416. Fang XK, Gao J, Zhu DN. Kaempferol and quercetin isolated from Euonymus alatus improve glucose uptake of 3T3-L1 cells without adipogenesis activity. Life Sci. 2008; 82:615-622.
417. Christensen KB, Minet A, Svenstrup H, et al. Identifica-tion of plant extracts with potential antidiabetic proper-ties: effect on human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), adipocyte differentiation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Phytother Res. 2009;23: 1316-1325.
418. Rau O, Wurglics M, Paulke A, et al. Carnosic acid and carnosol, phenolic diterpene compounds of the Labiate herbs rosemary and sage, are activators of the human peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma. Planta Med. 2006;72:881-887. (Pubitemid 44378949)
419. Huang TH, Peng G, Kota BP, et al. Anti-diabetic action of Punica granatum flower extract: activation of PPAR-gamma and identification of an active component. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;207:160-169. (Pubitemid 41133502)
420. Huang TH, Peng G, Kota BP, et al. Pomegranate flower improves cardiac lipid metabolism in a diabetic rat model: role of lowering circulating lipids. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;145:767-774. (Pubitemid 41076283)
421. Ribnicky DM, Poulev A, Watford M, et al. Antihyper-glycemic activity of tarralin, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. Phytomedicine. 2006;13:550-557. (Pubitemid 44224045)
422. Meddah B, Ducroc R, Faouzi MA, et al. Nigella sativa inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves oral glucose tolerance. Presented at the Satellite Conference on Medicine and Pharmacology, 5th Congress of Scientific Research Outlook in the Arab World, Scientific Innovation and Sustained Development, October 25-27, 2008, Fez, Morocco.
423. Na MK, Oh WK, Kim YH, et al. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B by diterpenoids isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006;16: 3061-3064.
424. Li YF, Li J, Shen Q, et al. Benzoquinones from Ardisia japonica with inhibitory activity towards human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Chem Biodivers. 2007;4: 961-965. (Pubitemid 46930015)
425. Long C, Minkyun N, Hyuncheol O, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors from Morus root bark. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006;16:1426-1429.
426. Yang S, Kyun NM, Jang JP, et al. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B by lignans from Myristica fragrans. Phytother Res. 2006;20:680-682.
427. Na M, Kim KA, Oh H, et al. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity of amentoflavone and its cellular effect on tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30:379-381.
428. Kwon J-H, Chang M-J, Seo H-W, et al. Triterpenoids and a sterol from the stem-bark of Styrax japonica and their protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activities. Phytother Res. 2008;22:1303-1306.
429. Hashimura H, Ueda C, Kawabata J, et al. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors from avocado (Persea amer-icana Mill) fruits. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001;65: 1565-1658.
430. Tan MJ, Ye JM, Turner N, et al. Antidiabetic activities of triterpenoids isolated from bitter melon associated with activation of the AMPK pathway Chem Biol. 2008;15: 263-273. (Pubitemid 351381992)
431. Cheng HL, Huang HK, Chang CI, et al. A cell-based screening identifies compounds from the stem of Momordica charantia that overcome insulin resistance and activate AMP-activated protein kinase. J Agri Food Chem. 2008;56:6835-6843.
432. Im R, Mano H, Matsuura T, et al. Mechanisms of blood glucose-lowering effect of aqueous extract from stems of Kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;121:234-240.