Cardiovascular risk and cardiometabolic protection: Role of glitazones

Journal of Nephrology

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 826-835

  Petrazzi, Luisa ^a   Grassi, Davide ^a   Polidoro, Lorella ^a   D'Aurelio, Azzurra ^a   Croce, Giuseppe ^a   Properzi, Giuliana ^a   Tiberti, Sergio ^a   Desideri, Giovambattista ^a   Ferri, Claudio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF L'AQUILA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk; Diabetes mellitus; Hypertension; Insulin; Thiazolidinediones

Indexed keywords

GLIMEPIRIDE; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PIOGLITAZONE; ROSIGLITAZONE; TROGLITAZONE; 2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; INSULIN;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EDEMA; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART DEATH; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE METABOLISM; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER TOXICITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WEIGHT GAIN; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HEALTH; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; PPAR GAMMA; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL RATE; THIAZOLIDINEDIONES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 62749110828     PISSN: 11218428     EISSN: 17246059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Burke JP, Williams K, Gaskill SP, et al. Rapid rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes from 1987 to 1996. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1450-1456.
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414-1431.
3. Diamant M, Heine RJ. Thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2003;63:1373-1405.
4. American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on the diagnosis of coronary heart disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1551-1559.
5. DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a balanced overview. Diabetologia. 1992;35:389-397.
6. Yki-Jarvinen H. Pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1994;343:91-95.
7. Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: problems and prospects. Endocr Rev. 1998;19:477-490.
8. Zanolin ME, Tosi F, Zoppini G, et al. Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:372-378.
9. Martens FM, Visseren FL, Lemay J, de Koning EJ, Rabelink TJ. Metabolic and additional vascular effects of thiazolidinediones. Drugs. 2002;62:1463-1480.
10. Kelley DE. Effects of weight loss on glucose homeostasis in NIDDM. Diabetes Rev. 1995;3:366-377.
11. Schneider SH, Morgado A. Effects of fitness and physical training on carbohydrate metabolism and associated cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Rev. 1995;3:378-407.
12. Fonseca VA. Insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, and renin-angiotensin system inhibition: reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Hypertens. 2006;8:713-720.
13. Natali A, Ferrannini E. Effects of metformin and thiazolidinediones on suppression of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetologia. 2006;49:434-441.
14. Paolisso G, Barbagallo M, Petrella G, et al. Effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin administration on insulin resistance and respiratory quotient in aged dyslipidemic non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis. 2000;150:121-127.
15. Olefsky JM. Treatment of insulin resistance with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:467-472.
16. Schoonjans K, Auwerx J. Thiazolidinediones: an update. Lancet. 2000;355:1008-1010.
17. Auwerx J. PPAR, the ultimate thrifty gene. Diabetologia. 1999;42:1033-1049.
18. Debril MB, Renaud JP, Fajas L, Auwerx J. The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J Mol Med. 2001; 79:30-47.
19. Kohlroser J, Mathai J, Reichheld J, Banner BF, Bonkovsky HL. Hepatotoxicity due to troglitazone: report of two cases and review of adverse events reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:272-276.
20. Scheen AJ. Thiazolidinediones and liver toxicity. Diabetes Metab. 2001;27:305-313.
21. Barman Balfour JA, Plosker GL. Rosiglitazone. Drugs. 1999;57:921-930.
22. Gillies PS, Dunn CJ. Pioglitazone. Drugs. 2000;60:333-343.
23. Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1106-1118.
24. Chawla A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science. 2001;294:1866-1870.
25. Berger J, Moller DE. The mechanisms of action of PPARs. Annu Rev Med. 2002;53:409-435.
26. Barbier O, Torra IP, Duguay Y, et al. Pleiotropic actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:717-726.
27. Duez H, Chao YS, Hernandez M, et al. Reduction of atherosclerosis by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist fenofibrate in mice. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:48051-48057.
28. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410-418.
29. Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study Investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet. 2001;357:905-910.
30. Michalik L, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors beta/delta: emerging roles for a previously neglected third family member. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003;14:129-135.
31. Willson TM, Lambert MH, Kliewer SA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and metabolic disease. Annu Rev Biochem. 2001;70:341-367.
32. Dubois M, Pattou F, Kerr-Conte J, et al. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)in normal human pancreatic islet cells. Diabetologia. 2000;43:1165-1169.
33. Unger RH. Lipid overload and overflow: metabolic trauma and the metabolic syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14:398-403.
34. Walter H, Lubben G. Potential role of oral thiazolidinedione therapy in preserving β-cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2005;65:1-13.
35. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic β-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes. 2002;51:2796-2803.
36. Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on pancreatic β-cell function and diabetes risk in Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55:517-522.
37. The DREAM (Diabetes Reduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1096-1105.
38. Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW). ClinicalTrials.gov, US National Institutes of Health. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/ show/NCT00220961. Accessed October 28, 2008.
39. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989;79:8-15.
40. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-1389.
41. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia: West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301-1307.
42. Ginsberg HN. Hypertriglyceridemia: new insights and new approaches to pharmacologic therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:1174-1180.
43. Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Mauriege P, et al. Fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size as risk factors for ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1998;279:1955-1961.
44. van Wijk JP, de Koning EJ, Martens EP, Rabelink TJ. Thiazolidinediones and blood lipids in type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1744-1749.
45. Aronoff S, Rosenblatt S, Braithwaite S, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL. Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy improves glycemic control in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1605-1611.
46. Rosenblatt S, Miskin B, Glazer NB, Prince MJ, Robertson KE. The impact of pioglitazone on glycemic control and atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, mellitus. Coron Artery Dis. 2001;12:413-423.
47. Herz M, Johns D, Reviriego J, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of the effects of pioglitazone on glycemic control and dyslipidemia in oral antihyperglycemic medication-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2003;25:1074-1095.
48. Chappuis B, Braun M, Stettler C, et al. Differential effect of pioglitazone (PGZ) and rosiglitazone (RGZ) on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective, randomized crossover study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23:392-399.
49. Al Majali K, Cooper MB, Staels B, Luc G, Taskinen MR, Betteridge DJ. The effect of sensitisation to insulin with pioglitazone on fasting and postprandial lipid metabolism, lipoprotein modification by lipases, and lipid transfer activities in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2006;49:527-537.
50. Berneis K, Rizzo M, Stettler C, et al. Comparative effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on fasting and postprandial low-density lipoprotein size and subclasses in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:343-349.
51. de Rivas B, Luque M, Martell N, Fernández C, Fernández-Cruz A. Pioglitazone decreases ambulatory blood pressure in type 2 diabetics with difficult-to-control hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9:530-537.
52. Sarafidis PA, Lasaridis AN, Nilsson PM, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure reduction after rosiglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension correlates with insulin sensitivity increase. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1769-1777.
53. Nilsson PM, Hedblad B, Donaldson J, Berglund G. Rosiglitazone reduces office and diastolic ambulatory blood pressure following 1-year treatment in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. Blood Press. 2007;16:95-100.
54. Bennett SM, Agrawal A, Elasha H, et al. Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet Med. 2004;21:415-422.
55. Aubert J, Safonova I, Negrel R, Ailhaud G. Insulin down-regulates angiotensinogen gene expression and angiotensinogen secretion in cultured adipose cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;250:77-82.
56. Greenberg AS. The expanding scope of the metabolic syndrome and implications for the management of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes with particular focus on the emerging role of the thiazolidinediones. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;17:218-228.
57. Groop LC. Insulin resistance: the fundamental trigger of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 1999;1(Suppl 1):S1-S7.
58. Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2784-2791.
59. Lebovitz HE, Dole JF, Patwardhan R, Rappaport EB, Freed MI; the Rosiglitazone Clinical Trials Study Group. Rosiglitazone monotherapy is effective in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:280-288.
60. Patel J, Anderson RJ, Rappaport EB. Rosiglitazone monotherapy improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a twelve-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 1999;1:165-172.
61. Miyazaki Y, Glass L, Triplitt C, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on glucose and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2001;44:2210-2219.
62. Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, et al. Improved glycemic control and enhanced insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle in type 2 diabetic subjects treated with pioglitazone. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:710-719.
63. Chilcott J, Tappenden P, Jones ML, Wight JP. A systematic review of the effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2001;23:1792-1823.
64. Bakris G, Viberti G, Weston W, Heise M, Porter LE, Freed MI. Rosiglitazone reduces urinary albumin excretion in type 2 diabetes. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:7-12.
65. Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Shimada N, Hayashi K, Ebihara I, Koide H. Comparative effects of pioglitazone, glibenclamide, and voglibose on urinary endothelin-1 and albumin excretion in diabetes patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2000;14:250-254.
66. Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Suzuki S, et al. Effect of troglitazone on urinary albumin excretion and serum type IV collagen concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria. Diabet Med. 2001;18:308-313.
67. Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y. Albuminuria and chronic kidney disease in association with the metabolic syndrome. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2007;2:104-107.
68. Thomas MC, Atkins RC. Blood pressure lowering for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Drugs. 2006;66:2213-2234.
69. Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S, et al. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005;366:2026-2033.
70. Mohanty P, Aljada A, Ghanim H, et al. Evidence for a potent antiinflammatory effect of rosiglitazone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2728-2735.
71. Prior JO, Quiñones MJ, Hernandez-Pampaloni M, et al. Coronary circulatory dysfunction in insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2005;111:2291-2298.
72. Watanabe Y, Sunayama S, Shimada K, et al. Troglitazone improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with insulin resistance. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2000;7:159-163.
73. Garg R, Kumbkami Y, Aljada A, et al. Troglitazone reduces reactive oxygen species generation by leukocytes and lipid peroxidation and improves flow-mediated vasodilatation in obese subjects. Hypertension. 2000;36:430-435.
74. Inoue I, Katayama S, Takahashi K, et al. Troglitazone has a scavenging effect on the reactive oxygen species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;235:113-116.
75. Ghanim H, Garg R, Aljada A, et al. Suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB and stimulation of inhibitor kappaB by troglitazone: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect and a potential antiatherosclerotic effect in the obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1306-1312.
76. Haffner S, Greenberg AS, Weston WM, Chen H, Williams K, Freed MI. Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2002;106:679-684.
77. Collins AR, Meehan WP, Kintscher U, et al. Troglitazone inhibits formation of early atherosclerotic lesions in diabetic and non-diabetic low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:365-371.
78. Dubey RK, Zhang HY, Reddy SR, Boegehold MA, Kotchen TA. Pioglitazone attenuates hypertension and inhibits growth of renal arteriolar smooth muscle in rats. Am J Physiol. 1993;265:R726-R732.
79. Law RE, Goetze S, Xi XP, et al. Expression and function of PPARγ in rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation. 2000; 101:1311-1318.
80. Goetze S, Xi XP, Kawano H, et al. PPAR gamma-ligands inhibit migration mediated by multiple chemoattractants in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;33:798-806.
81. Gan X, Wong B, Wright SD, Cai TQ. Production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in CaCO-2 cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001;21:93-98.
82. Marx N, Sukhova G, Murphy C, Libby P, Plutzky J. Macrophages in human atheroma contain PPARγ: differentiation-dependent peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) expression and reduction of MMP-9 activity through PPARγ activation in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro. Am J Pathol. 1998;153:17-23.
83. Ricote M, Li AC, Willson TM, Kelly CJ, Glass CK. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature. 1998;391:79-82.
84. Fahmi H, Di Battista JA, Pelletier JP, Mineau F, Ranger P, Martel-Pelletier J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit interleukin-1 beta-induced nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase 13 production in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:595-607.
85. Mao D, Lee JK, VanVickle SJ, Thompson RW. Expression of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) in human abdominal aortic aneurysms and vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;261:904-910.
86. Kato K, Satoh H, Endo Y, et al. Thiazolidinediones down-regulate plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells: a possible role for PPARgamma in endothelial function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;258:431-435.
87. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJA; on behalf of the PROactive investigators. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279-1289.
88. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes (RECORD): study design and protocol. Diabetologia. 2005;48:1726-1735.
89. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2457-2471.
90. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al; RECORD Study Group. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes: an interim analysis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:28-38.
91. Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298:1189-1195.
92. Lipscombe LL, Gomes T, Lévesque LE, Hux JE, Juurlink DN, Alter DA. Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2007;298:2634-2643.
93. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2007;298:1180-1188.
94. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, et al; PERISCOPE Investigators. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:1561-1573.
95. Questions and answers on the benefits and risks of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. 18 october 2007. London: European Medicines Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Available at: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/press/pr/48446407en.pdf. Accessed October 27, 2008.
96. Barnett AH. Insulin-sensitizing agents: thiazolidinediones (glitazones). Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18(Suppl 1):S31-S39.
97. Lebovitz HE, Kreider M, Freed MI. Evaluation of liver function in type 2 diabetic patients during clinical trials: evidence that rosiglitazone does not cause hepatic dysfunction. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:815-821.
98. King AB. A comparison in a clinical setting of the efficacy and side effects of three thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:557.
99. Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Circulation. 2003;108:2941-2948.
100. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al; ADOPT Study Group. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2007;355:2427-2443. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1387-1388.