Pharmacological potential of RNAi - Focus on miRNA

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 126, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 217-227

  Pfeifer, Alexander ^a   Lehmann, Holger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Gene therapy; MicroRNAs; RNAi; Small interfering RNAs; Therapy

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; PARVOVIRUS VECTOR; SHORT HAIRPIN RNA; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; VIRUS VECTOR;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG TARGETING; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE LIBRARY; GENE SILENCING; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; GENOME ANALYSIS; HEART HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; INFECTION; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA INTERFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLID TUMOR; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

ANIMALS; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; RNA INTERFERENCE;

EID: 77952959170     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.03.006     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Ambros V. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature 2004, 431:350-355.
2. Aravin A., Gaidatzis D., Pfeffer S., Lagos-Quintana M., Landgraf P., Iovino N., et al. A novel class of small RNAs bind to MILI protein in mouse testes. Nature 2006, 442:203-207.
3. Babak T., Zhang W., Morris Q., Blencowe B.J., Hughes T.R. Probing microRNAs with microarrays: Tissue specificity and functional inference. RNA 2004, 10:1813-1819.
4. Bandres E., Cubedo E., Agirre X., Malumbres R., Zarate R., Ramirez N., et al. Identification by real-time PCR of 13 mature microRNAs differentially expressed in colorectal cancer and non-tumoral tissues. Mol Cancer 2006, 5:29.
5. Barad O., Meiri E., Avniel A., Aharonov R., Barzilai A., Bentwich I., et al. MicroRNA expression detected by oligonucleotide microarrays: System establishment and expression profiling in human tissues. Genome Res 2004, 14:2486-2494.
6. Barringhaus K.G., Zamore P.D. MicroRNAs: Regulating a change of heart. Circulation 2009, 119:2217-2224.
7. Baskerville S., Bartel D.P. Microarray profiling of microRNAs reveals frequent coexpression with neighboring miRNAs and host genes. RNA 2005, 11:241-247.
8. Behm-Ansmant I., Rehwinkel J., Doerks T., Stark A., Bork P., Izaurralde E. mRNA degradation by miRNAs and GW182 requires both CCR4:NOT deadenylase and DCP1:DCP2 decapping complexes. Genes Dev 2006, 20:1885-1898.
9. Beitzinger M., Peters L., Zhu J.Y., Kremmer E., Meister G. Identification of human microRNA targets from isolated argonaute protein complexes. RNA Biol 2007, 4:76-84.
10. Berezikov E., Guryev V., van de Belt J., Wienholds E., Plasterk R.H., Cuppen E. Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell 2005, 120:21-24.
11. Bilen J., Liu N., Burnett B.G., Pittman R.N., Bonini N.M. MicroRNA pathways modulate polyglutamine-induced neurodegeneration. Mol Cell 2006, 24:157-163.
12. Bloomston M., Frankel W.L., Petrocca F., Volinia S., Alder H., Hagan J.P., et al. MicroRNA expression patterns to differentiate pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. JAMA 2007, 297:1901-1908.
13. Boden D., Pusch O., Silbermann R., Lee F., Tucker L., Ramratnam B. Enhanced gene silencing of HIV-1 specific siRNA using microRNA designed hairpins. Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32:1154-1158.
14. Bohnsack M.T., Czaplinski K., Gorlich D. Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs. RNA 2004, 10:185-191.
15. Bonci D., Coppola V., Musumeci M., Addario A., Giuffrida R., Memeo L., et al. The miR-15a-miR-16-1 cluster controls prostate cancer by targeting multiple oncogenic activities. Nat Med 2008, 14:1271-1277.
16. Bracht J., Hunter S., Eachus R., Weeks P., Pasquinelli A.E. Trans-splicing and polyadenylation of let-7 microRNA primary transcripts. RNA 2004, 10:1586-1594.
17. Brown J.H., Del Re D.P., Sussman M.A. The Rac and Rho hall of fame: A decade of hypertrophic signaling hits. Circ Res 2006, 98:730-742.
18. Bullrich F., Fujii H., Calin G., Mabuchi H., Negrini M., Pekarsky Y., et al. Characterization of the 13q14 tumor suppressor locus in CLL: Identification of ALT1, an alternative splice variant of the LEU2 gene. Cancer Res 2001, 61:6640-6648.
19. Bushati N., Cohen S.M. MicroRNAs in neurodegeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008, 18:292-296.
20. Cai X., Hagedorn C.H., Cullen B.R. Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs. RNA 2004, 10:1957-1966.
21. Cai X., Lu S., Zhang Z., Gonzalez C.M., Damania B., Cullen B.R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus expresses an array of viral microRNAs in latently infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:5570-5575.
22. Calin G.A., Dumitru C.D., Shimizu M., Bichi R., Zupo S., Noch E., et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:15524-15529.
23. Calin G.A., Ferracin M., Cimmino A., Di Leva G., Shimizu M., Wojcik S.E., et al. A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:1793-1801.
24. Calin G.A., Sevignani C., Dumitru C.D., Hyslop T., Noch E., Yendamuri S., et al. Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:2999-3004.
25. Care A., Catalucci D., Felicetti F., Bonci D., Addario A., Gallo P., et al. MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med 2007, 13:613-618.
26. Carleton M., Cleary M.A., Linsley P.S. MicroRNAs and cell cycle regulation. Cell Cycle 2007, 6:2127-2132.
27. Carthew R.W., Sontheimer E.J. Origins and mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs. Cell 2009, 136:642-655.
28. Chan J.A., Krichevsky A.M., Kosik K.S. MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2005, 65:6029-6033.
29. Chen C., Frierson H.F., Haggerty P.F., Theodorescu D., Gregory C.W., Dong J.T. An 800-kb region of deletion at 13q14 in human prostate and other carcinomas. Genomics 2001, 77:135-144.
30. Chen X., Guo X., Zhang H., Xiang Y., Chen J., Yin Y., et al. Role of miR-143 targeting KRAS in colorectal tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2009, 28:1385-1392.
31. Chen C.Z., Li L., Lodish H.F., Bartel D.P. MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science 2004, 303:83-86.
32. Cimmino A., Calin G.A., Fabbri M., Iorio M.V., Ferracin M., Shimizu M., et al. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:13944-13949.
33. Cogswell J.P., Ward J., Taylor I.A., Waters M., Shi Y., Cannon B., et al. Identification of miRNA changes in Alzheimer's disease brain and CSF yields putative biomarkers and insights into disease pathways. J Alzheimers Dis 2008, 14:27-41.
34. Costinean S., Zanesi N., Pekarsky Y., Tili E., Volinia S., Heerema N., et al. Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in E(mu)-miR155 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:7024-7029.
35. Cox D.N., Chao A., Lin H. Piwi encodes a nucleoplasmic factor whose activity modulates the number and division rate of germline stem cells. Development 2000, 127:503-514.
36. Crooke S.T. Progress in antisense technology: the end of the beginning. Methods Enzymol 2000, 313:3-45.
37. Davis S., Lollo B., Freier S., Esau C. Improved targeting of miRNA with antisense oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:2294-2304.
38. Doench J.G., Sharp P.A. Specificity of microRNA target selection in translational repression. Genes Dev 2004, 18:504-511.
39. Easow G., Teleman A.A., Cohen S.M. Isolation of microRNA targets by miRNP immunopurification. RNA 2007, 13:1198-1204.
40. Ebert M.S., Neilson J.R., Sharp P.A. MicroRNA sponges: Competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells. Nat Methods 2007, 4:721-726.
41. Eis P.S., Tam W., Sun L., Chadburn A., Li Z., Gomez M.F., et al. Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B cell lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:3627-3632.
42. Ender C., Krek A., Friedlander M.R., Beitzinger M., Weinmann L., Chen W., et al. A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions. Mol Cell 2008, 32:519-528.
43. Eulalio A., Rehwinkel J., Stricker M., Huntzinger E., Yang S.F., Doerks T., et al. Target-specific requirements for enhancers of decapping in miRNA-mediated gene silencing. Genes Dev 2007, 21:2558-2570.
44. Garzon R., Calin G.A., Croce C.M. MicroRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev Med 2009, 60:167-179.
45. Gentner B., Schira G., Giustacchini A., Amendola M., Brown B.D., Ponzoni M., et al. Stable knockdown of microRNA in vivo by lentiviral vectors. Nat Methods 2009, 6:63-66.
46. Gilad S., Meiri E., Yogev Y., Benjamin S., Lebanony D., Yerushalmi N., et al. Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One 2008, 3:e3148.
47. Girard A., Sachidanandam R., Hannon G.J., Carmell M.A. A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins. Nature 2006, 442:199-202.
48. Gironella M., Seux M., Xie M.J., Cano C., Tomasini R., Gommeaux J., et al. Tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1 expression is repressed by miR-155, and its restoration inhibits pancreatic tumor development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:16170-16175.
49. Golden D.E., Gerbasi V.R., Sontheimer E.J. An inside job for siRNAs. Mol Cell 2008, 31:309-312.
50. Gossen M., Bujard H. Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracycline-responsive promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89:5547-5551.
51. Gossen M., Freundlieb S., Bender G., Muller G., Hillen W., Bujard H. Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells. Science 1995, 268:1766-1769.
52. Gottwein E., Mukherjee N., Sachse C., Frenzel C., Majoros W.H., Chi J.T., et al. A viral microRNA functions as an orthologue of cellular miR-155. Nature 2007, 450:1096-1099.
53. Grishok A., Pasquinelli A.E., Conte D., Li N., Parrish S., Ha I., et al. Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C. elegans developmental timing. Cell 2001, 106:23-34.
54. Grivna S.T., Beyret E., Wang Z., Lin H. A novel class of small RNAs in mouse spermatogenic cells. Genes Dev 2006, 20:1709-1714.
55. Grundhoff A., Sullivan C.S., Ganem D. A combined computational and microarray-based approach identifies novel microRNAs encoded by human gamma-herpesviruses. RNA 2006, 12:733-750.
56. Han J., Lee Y., Yeom K.H., Nam J.W., Heo I., Rhee J.K., et al. Molecular basis for the recognition of primary microRNAs by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex. Cell 2006, 125:887-901.
57. Haraguchi T., Ozaki Y., Iba H. Vectors expressing efficient RNA decoys achieve the long-term suppression of specific microRNA activity in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37:e43.
58. Hebert S.S., De Strooper B. Alterations of the microRNA network cause neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci 2009, 32:199-206.
59. Hebert S.S., Horre K., Nicolai L., Papadopoulou A.S., Mandemakers W., Silahtaroglu A.N., et al. Loss of microRNA cluster miR-29a/b-1 in sporadic Alzheimer's disease correlates with increased BACE1/beta-secretase expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:6415-6420.
60. Hossain A., Kuo M.T., Saunders G.F. Mir-17-5p regulates breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting translation of AIB1 mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 2006, 26:8191-8201.
61. Hutvagner G., Zamore P.D. A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex. Science 2002, 297:2056-2060.
62. Hutvagner G., McLachlan J., Pasquinelli A.E., Balint E., Tuschl T., Zamore P.D. A cellular function for the RNA-interference enzyme Dicer in the maturation of the let-7 small temporal RNA. Science 2001, 293:834-838.
63. Hutvagner G., Simard M.J., Mello C.C., Zamore P.D. Sequence-specific inhibition of small RNA function. PLoS Biol 2004, 2:E98.
64. Iorio M.V., Ferracin M., Liu C.G., Veronese A., Spizzo R., Sabbioni S., et al. MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005, 65:7065-7070.
65. Jackson A.L., Bartz S.R., Schelter J., Kobayashi S.V., Burchard J., Mao M., et al. Expression profiling reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi. Nat Biotechnol 2003, 21:635-637.
66. John B., Enright A.J., Aravin A., Tuschl T., Sander C., Marks D.S. Human microRNA targets. PLoS Biol 2004, 2:e363.
67. Johnson C.D., Esquela-Kerscher A., Stefani G., Byrom M., Kelnar K., Ovcharenko D., et al. The let-7 microRNA represses cell proliferation pathways in human cells. Cancer Res 2007, 67:7713-7722.
68. Johnson S.M., Grosshans H., Shingara J., Byrom M., Jarvis R., Cheng A., et al. RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell 2005, 120:635-647.
69. Jopling C.L., Yi M., Lancaster A.M., Lemon S.M., Sarnow P. Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific microRNA. Science 2005, 309:1577-1581.
70. Karginov F.V., Conaco C., Xuan Z., Schmidt B.H., Parker J.S., Mandel G., et al. A biochemical approach to identifying microRNA targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:19291-19296.
71. Khvorova A., Reynolds A., Jayasena S.D. Functional siRNAs and miRNAs exhibit strand bias. Cell 2003, 115:209-216.
72. Kim V.N. MicroRNA precursors in motion: Exportin-5 mediates their nuclear export. Trends Cell Biol 2004, 14:156-159.
73. Kim J., Inoue K., Ishii J., Vanti W.B., Voronov S.V., Murchison E., et al. A MicroRNA feedback circuit in midbrain dopamine neurons. Science 2007, 317:1220-1224.
74. Kim V.N. MicroRNA biogenesis: Coordinated cropping and dicing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005, 6:376-385.
75. Kiriakidou M., Nelson P.T., Kouranov A., Fitziev P., Bouyioukos C., Mourelatos Z., et al. A combined computational-experimental approach predicts human microRNA targets. Genes Dev 2004, 18:1165-1178.
76. Kluiver J., Poppema S., de Jong D., Blokzijl T., Harms G., Jacobs S., et al. BIC and miR-155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. J Pathol 2005, 207:243-249.
77. Kong W., Yang H., He L., Zhao J.J., Coppola D., Dalton W.S., et al. MicroRNA-155 is regulated by the transforming growth factor beta/Smad pathway and contributes to epithelial cell plasticity by targeting RhoA. Mol Cell Biol 2008, 28:6773-6784.
78. Krek A., Grun D., Poy M.N., Wolf R., Rosenberg L., Epstein E.J., et al. Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat Genet 2005, 37:495-500.
79. Kuhn D.E., Nuovo G.J., Martin M.M., Malana G.E., Pleister A.P., Jiang J., et al. Human chromosome 21-derived miRNAs are overexpressed in down syndrome brains and hearts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 370:473-477.
80. Lagos-Quintana M., Rauhut R., Lendeckel W., Tuschl T. Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science 2001, 294:853-858.
81. Lau N.C., Lim L.P., Weinstein E.G., Bartel D.P. An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 2001, 294:858-862.
82. Lawrie C.H., Soneji S., Marafioti T., Cooper C.D., Palazzo S., Paterson J.C., et al. MicroRNA expression distinguishes between germinal center B cell-like and activated B cell-like subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2007, 121:1156-1161.
83. Lecellier C.H., Dunoyer P., Arar K., Lehmann-Che J., Eyquem S., Himber C., et al. A cellular microRNA mediates antiviral defense in human cells. Science 2005, 308:557-560.
84. Lee R.C., Ambros V. An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 2001, 294:862-864.
85. Lee Y.S., Dutta A. The tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 represses the HMGA2 oncogene. Genes Dev 2007, 21:1025-1030.
86. Leung R.K., Whittaker P.A. RNA interference: From gene silencing to gene-specific therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2005, 107:222-239.
87. Lewis B.P., Burge C.B., Bartel D.P. Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell 2005, 120:15-20.
88. Lewis B.P., Shih I.H., Jones-Rhoades M.W., Bartel D.P., Burge C.B. Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell 2003, 115:787-798.
89. Li Q.J., Chau J., Ebert P.J., Sylvester G., Min H., Liu G., et al. miR-181a is an intrinsic modulator of T cell sensitivity and selection. Cell 2007, 129:147-161.
90. Lim L.P., Lau N.C., Garrett-Engele P., Grimson A., Schelter J.M., Castle J., et al. Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs. Nature 2005, 433:769-773.
91. Lo A.K., To K.F., Lo K.W., Lung R.W., Hui J.W., Liao G., et al. Modulation of LMP1 protein expression by EBV-encoded microRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:16164-16169.
92. Lu L.F., Liston A. MicroRNA in the immune system, microRNA as an immune system. Immunology 2009, 127:291-298.
93. Lu J., Getz G., Miska E.A., Alvarez-Saavedra E., Lamb J., Peck D., et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 2005, 435:834-838.
94. Lu Y., Thomson J.M., Wong H.Y., Hammond S.M., Hogan B.L. Transgenic over-expression of the microRNA miR-17-92 cluster promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of lung epithelial progenitor cells. Dev Biol 2007, 310:442-453.
95. Lukiw W.J. Micro-RNA speciation in fetal, adult and Alzheimer's disease hippocampus. Neuroreport 2007, 18:297-300.
96. Lund E., Guttinger S., Calado A., Dahlberg J.E., Kutay U. Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science 2004, 303:95-98.
97. Makeyev E.V., Zhang J., Carrasco M.A., Maniatis T. The MicroRNA miR-124 promotes neuronal differentiation by triggering brain-specific alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Cell 2007, 27:435-448.
98. Malone C.D., Hannon G.J. Small RNAs as guardians of the genome. Cell 2009, 136:656-668.
99. Margulies M., Egholm M., Altman W.E., Attiya S., Bader J.S., Bemben L.A., et al. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 2005, 437:376-380.
100. Mattie M.D., Benz C.C., Bowers J., Sensinger K., Wong L., Scott G.K., et al. Optimized high-throughput microRNA expression profiling provides novel biomarker assessment of clinical prostate and breast cancer biopsies. Mol Cancer 2006, 5:24.
101. Mayr C., Hemann M.T., Bartel D.P. Disrupting the pairing between let-7 and Hmga2 enhances oncogenic transformation. Science 2007, 315:1576-1579.
102. McBride J.L., Boudreau R.L., Harper S.Q., Staber P.D., Monteys A.M., Martins I., et al. Artificial miRNAs mitigate shRNA-mediated toxicity in the brain: implications for the therapeutic development of RNAi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:5868-5873.
103. Meister G., Landthaler M., Dorsett Y., Tuschl T. Sequence-specific inhibition of microRNA- and siRNA-induced RNA silencing. RNA 2004, 10:544-550.
104. Meister G., Landthaler M., Patkaniowska A., Dorsett Y., Teng G., Tuschl T. Human Argonaute2 mediates RNA cleavage targeted by miRNAs and siRNAs. Mol Cell 2004, 15:185-197.
105. Meister G., Tuschl T. Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nature 2004, 431:343-349.
106. Mello C.C., Conte D. Revealing the world of RNA interference. Nature 2004, 431:338-342.
107. Metzler M., Wilda M., Busch K., Viehmann S., Borkhardt A. High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004, 39:167-169.
108. Miska E.A., Alvarez-Saavedra E., Townsend M., Yoshii A., Sestan N., Rakic P., et al. Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in the developing mammalian brain. Genome Biol 2004, 5:R68.
109. Mourelatos Z., Dostie J., Paushkin S., Sharma A., Charroux B., Abel L., et al. miRNPs: A novel class of ribonucleoproteins containing numerous microRNAs. Genes Dev 2002, 16:720-728.
110. Nakamura T., Canaani E., Croce C.M. Oncogenic All1 fusion proteins target Drosha-mediated microRNA processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:10980-10985.
111. Nelson P.T., Wang W.X., Rajeev B.W. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Pathol 2008, 18:130-138.
112. No D., Yao T.P., Evans R.M. Ecdysone-inducible gene expression in mammalian cells and transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:3346-3351.
113. Omoto S., Fujii Y.R. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus 1 transcription by nef microRNA. J Gen Virol 2005, 86:751-755.
114. Omoto S., Ito M., Tsutsumi Y., Ichikawa Y., Okuyama H., Brisibe E.A., et al. HIV-1 nef suppression by virally encoded microRNA. Retrovirology 2004, 1:44.
115. Orban T.I., Izaurralde E. Decay of mRNAs targeted by RISC requires XRN1, the Ski complex, and the exosome. RNA 2005, 11:459-469.
116. Orom U.A., Nielsen F.C., Lund A.H. MicroRNA-10a binds the 5'UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs and enhances their translation. Mol Cell 2008, 30:460-471.
117. Ota A., Tagawa H., Karnan S., Tsuzuki S., Karpas A., Kira S., et al. Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. Cancer Res 2004, 64:3087-3095.
118. Paddison P.J., Hannon G.J. RNA interference: The new somatic cell genetics?. Cancer Cell 2002, 2:17-23.
119. Pedersen I.M., Cheng G., Wieland S., Volinia S., Croce C.M., Chisari F.V., et al. Interferon modulation of cellular microRNAs as an antiviral mechanism. Nature 2007, 449:919-922.
120. Pena J.T., Sohn-Lee C., Rouhanifard S.H., Ludwig J., Hafner M., Mihailovic A., et al. miRNA in situ hybridization in formaldehyde and EDC-fixed tissues. Nat Methods 2009, 6:139-141.
121. Perkins D.O., Jeffries C.D., Jarskog L.F., Thomson J.M., Woods K., Newman M.A., et al. microRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Genome Biol 2007, 8:R27.
122. Pfeffer S., Sewer A., Lagos-Quintana M., Sheridan R., Sander C., Grasser F.A., et al. Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family. Nat Methods 2005, 2:269-276.
123. Pfeffer S., Zavolan M., Grasser F.A., Chien M., Russo J.J., Ju J., et al. Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs. Science 2004, 304:734-736.
124. Pfeifer A. Lentiviral transgenesis. Transgenic Res 2004, 13:513-522.
125. Pfeifer A. Lentiviral transgenesis-A versatile tool for basic research and gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2006, 6:535-542.
126. Pfeifer A., Verma I.M. Gene therapy: Promises and problems. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2001, 2:177-211.
127. Rajewsky N. microRNA target predictions in animals. Nat Genet 2006, 38:S8-S13. Suppl.
128. Raveche E.S., Salerno E., Scaglione B.J., Manohar V., Abbasi F., Lin Y.C., et al. Abnormal microRNA-16 locus with synteny to human 13q14 linked to CLL in NZB mice. Blood 2007, 109:5079-5086.
129. Rosenfeld N., Aharonov R., Meiri E., Rosenwald S., Spector Y., Zepeniuk M., et al. MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue origin. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:462-469.
130. Saez E., Nelson M.C., Eshelman B., Banayo E., Koder A., Cho G.J., et al. Identification of ligands and coligands for the ecdysone-regulated gene switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:14512-14517.
131. Saito Y., Liang G., Egger G., Friedman J.M., Chuang J.C., Coetzee G.A., et al. Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2006, 9:435-443.
132. Sampson V.B., Rong N.H., Han J., Yang Q., Aris V., Soteropoulos P., et al. MicroRNA let-7a down-regulates MYC and reverts MYC-induced growth in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 2007, 67:9762-9770.
133. Sayed D., Hong C., Chen I.Y., Lypowy J., Abdellatif M. MicroRNAs play an essential role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 2007, 100:416-424.
134. Schaefer A., O'Carroll D., Tan C.L., Hillman D., Sugimori M., Llinas R., et al. Cerebellar neurodegeneration in the absence of microRNAs. J Exp Med 2007, 204:1553-1558.
135. Schambach A., Bohne J., Chandra S., Will E., Margison G.P., Williams D.A., et al. Equal potency of gammaretroviral and lentiviral SIN vectors for expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in hematopoietic cells. Mol Ther 2006, 13:391-400.
136. Scherr M., Venturini L., Battmer K., Schaller-Schoenitz M., Schaefer D., Dallmann I., et al. Lentivirus-mediated antagomir expression for specific inhibition of miRNA function. Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35:e149.
137. Schetter A.J., Leung S.Y., Sohn J.J., Zanetti K.A., Bowman E.D., Yanaihara N., et al. MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2008, 299:425-436.
138. Schratt G.M., Tuebing F., Nigh E.A., Kane C.G., Sabatini M.E., Kiebler M., et al. A brain-specific microRNA regulates dendritic spine development. Nature 2006, 439:283-289.
139. Schwarz D.S., Hutvagner G., Du T., Xu Z., Aronin N., Zamore P.D. Asymmetry in the assembly of the RNAi enzyme complex. Cell 2003, 115:199-208.
140. Scott G.K., Mattie M.D., Berger C.E., Benz S.C., Benz C.C. Rapid alteration of microRNA levels by histone deacetylase inhibition. Cancer Res 2006, 66:1277-1281.
141. Selbach M., Schwanhausser B., Thierfelder N., Fang Z., Khanin R., Rajewsky N. Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature 2008, 455:58-63.
142. Sethi P., Lukiw W.J. Micro-RNA abundance and stability in human brain: Specific alterations in Alzheimer's disease temporal lobe neocortex. Neurosci Lett 2009, 459:100-104.
143. Si M.L., Zhu S., Wu H., Lu Z., Wu F., Mo Y.Y. miR-21-mediated tumor growth. Oncogene 2007, 26:2799-2803.
144. Skalsky R.L., Samols M.A., Plaisance K.B., Boss I.W., Riva A., Lopez M.C., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes an ortholog of miR-155. J Virol 2007, 81:12836-12845.
145. Stern-Ginossar N., Gur C., Biton M., Horwitz E., Elboim M., Stanietsky N., et al. Human microRNAs regulate stress-induced immune responses mediated by the receptor NKG2D. Nat Immunol 2008, 9:1065-1073.
146. Sullivan C.S., Grundhoff A.T., Tevethia S., Pipas J.M., Ganem D. SV40-encoded microRNAs regulate viral gene expression and reduce susceptibility to cytotoxic T cells. Nature 2005, 435:682-686.
147. Taganov K.D., Boldin M.P., Chang K.J., Baltimore D. NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:12481-12486.
148. Takamizawa J., Konishi H., Yanagisawa K., Tomida S., Osada H., Endoh H., et al. Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res 2004, 64:3753-3756.
149. Tang F., Hajkova P., Barton S.C., Lao K., Surani M.A. MicroRNA expression profiling of single whole embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:e9.
150. Thum T., Gross C., Fiedler J., Fischer T., Kissler S., Bussen M., et al. MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts. Nature 2008, 456:980-984.
151. van Rooij E., Sutherland L.B., Liu N., Williams A.H., McAnally J., Gerard R.D., et al. A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:18255-18260.
152. Vasudevan S., Tong Y., Steitz J.A. Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can up-regulate translation. Science 2007, 318:1931-1934.
153. + cells. Blood 2007, 109:4399-4405.
154. Verma I.M., Weitzman M.D. Gene therapy: Twenty-first century medicine. Annu Rev Biochem 2005, 74:711-738.
155. Vester B., Wengel J. LNA (locked nucleic acid): High-affinity targeting of complementary RNA and DNA. Biochemistry 2004, 43:13233-13241.
156. Visvanathan J., Lee S., Lee B., Lee J.W., Lee S.K. The microRNA miR-124 antagonizes the anti-neural REST/SCP1 pathway during embryonic CNS development. Genes Dev 2007, 21:744-749.
157. Volinia S., Calin G.A., Liu C.G., Ambs S., Cimmino A., Petrocca F., et al. A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:2257-2261.
158. Voorhoeve P.M., le Sage C., Schrier M., Gillis A.J., Stoop H., Nagel R., et al. A genetic screen implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 as oncogenes in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell 2006, 124:1169-1181.
159. Wang W.X., Rajeev B.W., Stromberg A.J., Ren N., Tang G., Huang Q., et al. The expression of microRNA miR-107 decreases early in Alzheimer's disease and may accelerate disease progression through regulation of beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1. J Neurosci 2008, 28:1213-1223.
160. Watanabe T., Takeda A., Tsukiyama T., Mise K., Okuno T., Sasaki H., et al. Identification and characterization of two novel classes of small RNAs in the mouse germline: Retrotransposon-derived siRNAs in oocytes and germline small RNAs in testes. Genes Dev 2006, 20:1732-1743.
161. Wightman B., Ha I., Ruvkun G. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell 1993, 75:855-862.
162. Wu H., Lima W.F., Zhang H., Fan A., Sun H., Crooke S.T. Determination of the role of the human RNase H1 in the pharmacology of DNA-like antisense drugs. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:17181-17189.
163. Wu L., Fan J., Belasco J.G. MicroRNAs direct rapid deadenylation of mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:4034-4039.
164. Xi Y., Nakajima G., Gavin E., Morris C.G., Kudo K., Hayashi K., et al. Systematic analysis of microRNA expression of RNA extracted from fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. RNA 2007, 13:1668-1674.
165. Xiao C., Srinivasan L., Calado D.P., Patterson H.C., Zhang B., Wang J., et al. Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in mice with increased miR-17-92 expression in lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 2008, 9:405-414.
166. + channel expression contributing to QT prolongation in diabetic hearts. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:12363-12367.
167. Xu T., Zhu Y., Xiong Y., Ge Y.Y., Yun J.P., Zhuang S.M. MicroRNA-195 suppresses tumorigenicity and regulates G1/S transition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatology 2009, 50:113-121.
168. Yanaihara N., Caplen N., Bowman E., Seike M., Kumamoto K., Yi M., et al. Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Cell 2006, 9:189-198.
169. Yang B., Lin H., Xiao J., Lu Y., Luo X., Li B., et al. The muscle-specific microRNA miR-1 regulates cardiac arrhythmogenic potential by targeting GJA1 and KCNJ2. Nat Med 2007, 13:486-491.
170. Yekta S., Shih I.H., Bartel D.P. MicroRNA-directed cleavage of HOXB8 mRNA. Science 2004, 304:594-596.
171. Yi R., Qin Y., Macara I.G., Cullen B.R. Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev 2003, 17:3011-3016.
172. Zamore P.D., Tuschl T., Sharp P.A., Bartel D.P. RNAi: Double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals. Cell 2000, 101:25-33.
173. Zeng Y., Cullen B.R. Sequence requirements for micro RNA processing and function in human cells. RNA 2003, 9:112-123.
174. Zeng Y., Cullen B.R. Efficient processing of primary microRNA hairpins by Drosha requires flanking nonstructured RNA sequences. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:27595-27603.
175. Zhang H.H., Wang X.J., Li G.X., Yang E., Yang N.M. Detection of let-7a microRNA by real-time PCR in gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2007, 13:2883-2888.
176. Zhang L., Huang J., Yang N., Greshock J., Megraw M.S., Giannakakis A., et al. microRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:9136-9141.