MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in neurodegenerative diseases

Brain Pathology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 130-138

  Nelson, Peter T ^a,b   Wang, Wang Xia ^a,b   Rajeev, Bernard W ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disase; Microarray; microRNAs; miRNAs; Parkinson's disease; Review

Indexed keywords

DNA DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE III; MICRORNA; NUCLEOTIDE; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BIOACCUMULATION; CELL STRESS; CEREBELLUM; CHRONIC STRESS; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEVELOPMENT; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MICROARRAY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MAMMAL; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA ANALYSIS; SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION; UPREGULATION;

AGING; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CELL AGING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; RNA, MESSENGER; STRESS;

EID: 38349186896     PISSN: 10156305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00120.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (129)

1. Allawi HT, Dahlberg JE, Olson S, Lund E, Olson M, Ma WP et al (2004) Quantitation of microRNAs using a modified Invader assay. RNA 10 : 1153 1161.
2. Ambros V (2003) MicroRNA pathways in flies and worms: growth, death, fat, stress, and timing. Cell 113 : 673 676.
3. Arendt T (2005) Alzheimer's disease as a disorder of dynamic brain self-organization. Prog Brain Res 147 : 355 78.
4. Babak T, Zhang W, Morris Q, Blencowe BJ, Hughes TR (2004) Probing microRNAs with microarrays: tissue specificity and functional inference. RNA 10 : 1813 1819.
5. Bari R, Datt Pant B, Stitt M, Scheible WR (2006) PHO2, microRNA399, and PHR1 define a phosphate-signaling pathway in plants. Plant Physiol 141 : 988 999.
6. Baskerville S, Bartel DP (2005) Microarray profiling of microRNAs reveals frequent coexpression with neighboring miRNAs and host genes. RNA 11 : 241 247.
7. Bentwich I (2005) Prediction and validation of microRNAs and their targets. FEBS Lett 579 : 5904 5910.
8. Berezikov E, Thuemmler F, van Laake LW, Kondova I, Bontrop R, Cuppen E, Plasterk RH (2006) Diversity of microRNAs in human and chimpanzee brain. Nat Genet 38 : 1375 1377.
9. Beuvink I, Kolb FA, Budach W, Garnier A, Lange J, Natt F et al (2007) A novel microarray approach reveals new tissue-specific signatures of known and predicted mammalian microRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 35 : e52.
10. Bhattacharyya SN, Habermacher R, Martine U, Closs EI, Filipowicz W (2006) Relief of microRNA-mediated translational repression in human cells subjected to stress. Cell 125 : 1111 1124.
11. Bhattacharyya SN, Habermacher R, Martine U, Closs EI, Filipowicz W (2006) Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 71 : 513 521.
12. Bilen J, Liu N, Bonini NM (2006) A new role for microRNA pathways: modulation of degeneration induced by pathogenic human disease proteins. Cell Cycle 5 : 2835 2838.
13. Bilen J, Liu N, Burnett BG, Pittman RN, Bonini NM (2006) MicroRNA pathways modulate polyglutamine-induced neurodegeneration. Mol Cell 24 : 157 163.
14. Bland CS, Cooper TA (2007) Micromanaging alternative splicing during muscle differentiation. Dev Cell 12 : 171 172.
15. Blow MJ, Grocock RJ, van Dongen S, Enright AJ, Dicks E, Futreal PA et al (2006) RNA editing of human microRNAs. Genome Biol 7 : R27.
16. Borchert GM, Lanier W, Davidson BL (2006) RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13 : 1097 1101.
17. Bothwell M, Giniger E (2000) Alzheimer's disease: neurodevelopment converges with neurodegeneration. Cell 102 : 271 273.
18. Boutz PL, Chawla G, Stoilov P, Black DL (2007) MicroRNAs regulate the expression of the alternative splicing factor nPTB during muscle development. Genes Dev 21 : 71 84.
19. Cai X, Hagedorn CH, Cullen BR (2004) Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs. Rna 10 : 1957 1966.
20. Carmell MA, Xuan Z, Zhang MQ, Hannon GJ (2002) The Argonaute family: tentacles that reach into RNAi, developmental control, stem cell maintenance, and tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 16 : 2733 2742.
21. Carter MG, Sharov AA, VanBuren V, Dudekula DB, Carmack CE, Nelson C, Ko MS (2005) Transcript copy number estimation using a mouse whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray. Genome Biol 6 : R61.
22. Caudy AA, Myers M, Hannon GJ, Hammond SM (2002) Fragile X-related protein and VIG associate with the RNA interference machinery. Genes Dev 16 : 2491 2496.
23. Chen J, Li WX, Xie D, Peng JR, Ding SW (2004) Viral virulence protein suppresses RNA silencing-mediated defense but upregulates the role of microrna in host gene expression. Plant Cell 16 : 1302 1313.
24. Cheng HY, Papp JW, Varlamova O, Dziema H, Russell B, Curfman JP et al (2007) Obrietan, microRNA modulation of circadian-clock period and entrainment. Neuron 54 : 813 829.
25. Chiou TJ (2007) The role of microRNAs in sensing nutrient stress. Plant Cell Environ 30 : 323 332.
26. Chowdhury D, Novina CD (2005) RNAi and RNA-based regulation of immune system function. Adv Immunol 88 : 267 292.
27. Cobb BS, Hertweck A, Smith J, O'Connor E, Graf D, Cook T et al (2006) A role for dicer in immune regulation. J Exp Med 203 : 2519 2527.
28. Coppede F, Mancuso M, Siciliano G, Migliore L, Murri L (2006) Genes and the environment in neurodegeneration. Biosci Rep 26 : 341 367.
29. Cuellar TL, McManus MT (2005) MicroRNAs and endocrine biology. J Endocrinol 187 : 327 332.
30. Cullen BR (2006) Viruses and microRNAs. Nat Genet 38 (Suppl S25 S30.
31. Donker RB, Mouillet JF, Nelson DM, Sadovsky Y (2007) The expression of Argonaute2 and related microRNA biogenesis proteins in normal and hypoxic trophoblasts. Mol Hum Reprod 13 : 273 279.
32. Dresios J, Aschrafi A, Owens GC, Vanderklish PW, Edelman GM, Mauro VP (2005) Cold stress-induced protein Rbm3 binds 60S ribosomal subunits, alters microRNA levels, and enhances global protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 : 1865 1870.
33. Duan R, Jin P (2006) Identification of messenger RNAs and microRNAs associated with fragile X mental retardation protein. Methods Mol Biol 342 : 267 276.
34. Fabbri M, Garzon R, Cimmino A, Liu Z, Zanesi N, Callegari E et al (2007) MicroRNA-29 family reverts aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 : 15805 15810.
35. Fields RD, Nelson PG (1992) Activity-dependent development of the vertebrate nervous system. Int Rev Neurobiol 34 : 133 214.
36. Fu YH, Kuhl DP, Pizzuti A, Pieretti M, Sutcliffe JS, Richards S et al (1991) Variation of the CGG repeat at the fragile X site results in genetic instability: resolution of the Sherman paradox. Cell 67 : 1047 1058.
37. Gaur A, Jewell DA, Liang Y, Ridzon D, Moore JH, Chen C et al (2007) Characterization of microRNA expression levels and their biological correlates in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 67 : 2456 2468.
38. Ghosh Z, Chakrabarti J, Mallick B (2007) miRNomics - the bioinformatics of microRNA genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 363 : 6 11.
39. Goedert M (2004) Tau protein and neurodegeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 15 : 45 49.
40. Greco CM, Berman RF, Martin RM, Tassone F, Schwartz PH, Chang A et al (2006) Neuropathology of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Brain 129 (Pt 1 243 255.
41. Grimson A, Farh KK, Johnston WK, Garrett-Engele P, Lim LP, Bartel DP (2007) MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: determinants beyond seed pairing. Mol Cell 27 : 91 105.
42. Hammond SM (2005) Dicing and slicing: the core machinery of the RNA interference pathway. FEBS Lett 579 : 5822 5829.
43. Hardy J (2006) Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis: an update and reappraisal. J Alzheimers Dis 9 (3 Suppl 151 153.
44. Hardy JA, Higgins GA (1992) Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science 256 : 184 185.
45. Harfe BD, McManus MT, Mansfield JH, Hornstein E, Tabin CJ (2005) The RNaseIII enzyme Dicer is required for morphogenesis but not patterning of the vertebrate limb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 : 10898 10903.
46. He X, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Pan X (2007) Cloning and identification of novel MicroRNAs from rat hippocampus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 39 : 708 714.
47. Huang J, Liang Z, Yang B, Tian H, Ma J, Zhang H (2007) Derepression of micro-RNA-mediated protein translation inhibition by apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) and its family members. J Biol Chem 282 : 33632 33640.
48. Huttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005) Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype? Trends Genet 21 : 289 297.
49. Hwang HW, Wentzel EA, Mendell JT (2007) A hexanucleotide element directs microRNA nuclear import. Science 315 : 97 100.
50. Ibanez P, Bonnet AM, Debarges B, Lohmann E, Tison F, Pollak P et al (2004) Causal relation between alpha-synuclein gene duplication and familial Parkinson's disease. Lancet 364 : 1169 1171.
51. Ishii H, Saito T (2006) Radiation-induced response of micro RNA expression in murine embryonic stem cells. Med Chem 2 : 555 563.
52. Ishizuka A, Siomi MC, Siomi H (2002) Drosophila fragile X protein interacts with components of RNAi and ribosomal proteins. Genes Dev 16 : 2497 2508.
53. Jackson RJ, Standart N (2007) How do microRNAs regulate gene expression? Sci STKE 2007 : Jan 2;2007(367):re1. Review.
54. Jin P, Alisch RS, Warren ST (2004) RNA and microRNAs in fragile X mental retardation. Nat Cell Biol 6 : 1048 1053.
55. Jin P, Zarnescu DC, Ceman S, Nakamoto M, Mowrey J, Jongens TA et al (2004) Biochemical and genetic interaction between the fragile X mental retardation protein and the microRNA pathway. Nat Neurosci 7 : 113 117.
56. John B, Enright AJ, Aravin A, Tuschl T, Sander C, Marks DS (2004) Human MicroRNA targets. PLoS Biol2 2 : e363.
57. Kar A, Kuo D, He R, Zhou J, Wu JY (2005) Tau alternative splicing and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 19 (Suppl. 1 S29 S36.
58. Kim J, Inoue K, Ishii J, Vanti WB, Voronov SV, Murchison E et al (2007) RNA feedback circuit in midbrain dopamine neurons. Science 317 : 1220 1224.
59. Kiriakidou M, Nelson PT, Kouranov A, Fitziev P, Bouyioukos C, Mourelatos Z, Hatzigeorgiou A (2004) A combined computational-experimental approach predicts human microRNA targets. Genes Dev 18 : 1165 1178.
60. Kiriakidou M, Tan GS, Lamprinaki S, De Planell-Saguer M, Nelson PT, Mourelatos Z (2007) An mRNA m7G cap binding-like motif within human Ago2 represses translation. Cell 129 : 1141 1151.
61. Kosik KS (2006) The neuronal microRNA system. Nat Rev Neurosci 7 : 911 920.
62. Kosik KS, Krichevsky AM (2005) The elegance of the MicroRNAs: a neuronal perspective. Neuron 47 : 779 782.
63. Kuehbacher A, Urbich C, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S (2007) Role of Dicer and Drosha for endothelial microRNA expression and angiogenesis. Circ Res 101 : 59 68.
64. Kye MJ, Liu T, Levy SF, Xu NL, Groves BB, Bonneau R, Lao K, Kosik KS (2007) Somatodendritic microRNAs identified by laser capture and multiplex RT-PCR. Rna 13 : 1224 1234.
65. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (1993) The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75 : 843 854.
66. Lee Y, Kim M, Han J, Yeom KH, Lee S, Baek SH, Kim VN (2004) MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. EMBO J 23 : 4051 4060.
67. Leung AK, Sharp PA (2006) Function and localization of microRNAs in mammalian cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 71 : 29 38.
68. Leung AK, Sharp PA (2007) microRNAs: a safeguard against turmoil? Cell 130 : 581 585.
69. Lewis BP, Shih IH, Jones-Rhoades MW, Bartel DP, Burge CB (2003) Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell 115 : 787 798.
70. Lewis BP, Burge CB, Bartel DP (2005) Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell 120 : 15 20.
71. Li X, Carthew RW (2005) A microRNA mediates EGF receptor signaling and promotes photoreceptor differentiation in the Drosophila eye. Cell 123 : 1267 1277.
72. Lim LP, Lau NC, Weinstein EG, Abdelhakim A, Yekta S, Rhoades MW et al (2003) The microRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev 17 : 991 1008.
73. Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J et al (2005) Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs. Nature 433 : 769 773.
74. Lin SL, Chang SJ, Ying SY (2006) First in vivo evidence of microRNA-induced fragile X mental retardation syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 11 : 616 617.
75. Linsley PS, Schelter J, Burchard J, Kibukawa M, Martin MM, Bartz SR et al (2007) Transcripts targeted by the microRNA-16 family cooperatively regulate cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 27 : 2240 2252.
76. Luciano DJ, Mirsky H, Vendetti NJ, Maas S (2004) RNA editing of a miRNA precursor. Rna 10 : 1174 1177.
77. Lukiw WJ (2004) Gene expression profiling in fetal, aged, and Alzheimer hippocampus: a continuum of stress-related signaling. Neurochem Res 29 : 1287 1297.
78. Lukiw WJ, Micro (2007) RNA speciation in fetal, adult and Alzheimer's disease hippocampus. Neuroreport 18 : 297 300.
79. Lukiw WJ, Pogue AI (2007) Induction of specific micro RNA (miRNA) species by ROS-generating metal sulfates in primary human brain cells. J Inorg Biochem 101 : 1265 1269.
80. Makeyev EV, Zhang J, Carrasco MA, Maniatis T (2007) The MicroRNA miR-124 promotes neuronal differentiation by triggering brain-specific alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Cell 27 : 435 448.
81. Markesbery WR, Lovell MA (2007) Damage to lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 64 : 954 956.
82. Marsit CJ, Eddy K, Kelsey KT (2006) MicroRNA responses to cellular stress. Cancer Res 66 : 10843 10848.
83. Maziere P, Enright AJ (2007) Prediction of microRNA targets. Drug Discov Today 12 : 452 458.
84. Miranda KC, Huynh T, Tay Y, Ang YS, Tam WL, Thomson AM et al (2006) A pattern-based method for the identification of MicroRNA binding sites and their corresponding heteroduplexes. Cell 126 : 1203 1217.
85. Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Townsend M, Yoshii A, Sestan N, Rakic P et al (2004) Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in the developing mammalian brain. Genome Biol 5 : R68.
86. Moss EG, Lee RC, Ambros V (1997) The cold shock domain protein LIN-28 controls developmental timing in C. elegans and is regulated by the lin-4 RNA. Cell 88 : 637 646.
87. Mrak RE, Griffin WS (2004) Trisomy 21 and the brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63 : 679 685.
88. Nelson PT, Keller JN (2007) RNA in brain disease: no longer just "the messenger in the middle". J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66 : 461 468.
89. Nelson P, Kiriakidou M, Sharma A, Maniataki E, Mourelatos Z (2003) The microRNA world: small is mighty. Trends Biochem Sci 28 : 534 540.
90. Nelson PT, Baldwin DA, Kloosterman WP, Kauppinen S, Plasterk RH, Mourelatos Z (2006) RAKE and LNA-ISH reveal microRNA expression and localization in archival human brain. Rna 12 : 187 191.
91. Nguyen MD, Mushynski WE, Julien JP (2002) Cycling at the interface between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Cell Death Differ 9 : 1294 1306.
92. O'Neill JS, Hastings MH (2007) Circadian clocks: timely interference by MicroRNAs. Curr Biol 17 : R760 R762.
93. Ohman M (2007) A-to-I editing challenger or ally to the microRNA process. Biochimie 89 : 1171 1176. Epub 2007 Jun 8.
94. Palmieri A, Brunelli G, Guerzoni L, Lo Muzio L, Scarano A, Rubini C et al (2007) Comparison between titanium and anatase miRNAs regulation. Nanomedicine 3 : 138 143.
95. Parker R, Sheth U (2007) P bodies and the control of mRNA translation and degradation. Mol Cell 25 : 635 646.
96. Pearson H (2006) Genetics: what is a gene? Nature 441 : 398 401.
97. Pillai RS (2005) MicroRNA function: multiple mechanisms for a tiny RNA? Rna 11 : 1753 1761.
98. Plante I, Davidovic L, Ouellet DL, Gobeil LA, Tremblay S, Khandjian EW, Provost P (2006) Dicer-Derived MicroRNAs are utilized by the fragile X mental retardation protein for assembly on target RNAs. J Biomed Biotechnol 2006 : 64347.
99. Pogribny IP, Tryndyak VP, Boyko A, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Beland FA, Kovalchuk O (2007) Induction of microRNAome deregulation in rat liver by long-term tamoxifen exposure. Mutat Res 619 : 30 37.
100. Poliseno L, Tuccoli A, Mariani L, Evangelista M, Citti L, Woods K et al (2006) MicroRNAs modulate the angiogenic properties of HUVECs. Blood 108 : 3068 3071.
101. Poy MN, Eliasson L, Krutzfeldt J, Kuwajima S, Ma X, Macdonald PE et al (2004) A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion. Nature 432 : 226 230.
102. Price DL, Sisodia SS, Borchelt DR (1998) Genetic neurodegenerative diseases: the human illness and transgenic models. Science 282 : 1079 1083.
103. Reiman EM, Chen K, Alexander GE, Caselli RJ, Bandy D, Osborne D et al (2004) Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer's dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 : 284 289.
104. Reinhart BJ, Slack FJ, Basson M, Pasquinelli AE, Bettinger JC, Rougvie AE et al (2000) The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 403 : 901 906.
105. Reynolds A, Laurie C, Lee Mosley R, Gendelman HE (2007) Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Int Rev Neurobiol 82 : 297 325.
106. Riess O, Rub U, Pastore A, Bauer P, Schols L (2007) SCA3: neurological features, pathogenesis and animal models. Cerebellum 30 : 1 13.
107. Rocha S (2007) Gene regulation under low oxygen: holding your breath for transcription. Trends Biochem Sci 32 : 389 397.
108. Rodriguez A, Vigorito E, Clare S, Warren MV, Couttet P, Soond DR et al (2007) Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function. Science 316 : 608 611.
109. Roldo C, Missiaglia E, Hagan JP, Falconi M, Capelli P, Bersani S et al (2006) MicroRNA expression abnormalities in pancreatic endocrine and acinar tumors are associated with distinctive pathologic features and clinical behavior. J Clin Oncol 24 : 4677 4684.
110. van Rooij E, Sutherland LB, Liu N, Williams AH, McAnally J, Gerard RD, Richardson JA, Olson EN (2006) A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 : 18255 18260.
111. Scaria V, Hariharan M, Maiti S, Pillai B, Brahmachari SK (2006) Host-virus interaction: a new role for microRNAs. Retrovirology 68 : 3.
112. Scarmeas N, Habeck CG, Hilton J, Anderson KE, Flynn J, Park A, Stern Y (2005) APOE related alterations in cerebral activation even at college age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 : 1440 1444.
113. Schaefer A, O'Carroll D, Tan CL, Hillman D, Sugimori M, Llinas R, Greengard P (2007) Cerebellar neurodegeneration in the absence of microRNAs. J Exp Med 204 : 1553 1558.
114. Sempere LF, Freemantle S, Pitha-Rowe I, Moss E, Dmitrovsky E, Ambros V (2004) Expression profiling of mammalian microRNAs uncovers a subset of brain-expressed microRNAs with possible roles in murine and human neuronal differentiation. Genome Biol 5 : R13.
115. Sheng HZ, Lin PX, Nelson PG (1994) Analysis of multiple heterogeneous mRNAs in single cells. Anal Biochem 222 : 123 30.
116. Singh SK (2007) miRNAs: from neurogeneration to neurodegeneration. Pharmacogenomics 8 : 971 978.
117. Smirnova L, Grafe A, Seiler A, Schumacher S, Nitsch R, Wulczyn FG (2005) Regulation of miRNA expression during neural cell specification. Eur J Neurosci 21 : 1469 1477.
118. Smith MA, Nunomura A, Zhu X, Takeda A, Perry G (2000) Metabolic, metallic, and mitotic sources of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2 : 413 420.
119. Stoothoff WH, Johnson GV (2005) Tau phosphorylation: physiological and pathological consequences. Biochim Biophys Acta 1739 : 280 297.
120. Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Pober JS, Sessa WC (2007) Dicer dependent microRNAs regulate gene expression and functions in human endothelial cells. Circ Res 100 : 1164 1173.
121. Sunkar R, Chinnusamy V, Zhu J, Zhu JK (2007) Small RNAs as big players in plant abiotic stress responses and nutrient deprivation. Trends Plant Sci 12 : 301 309.
122. Tang X, Gal J, Zhuang X, Wang W, Zhu H, Tang G (2007) A simple array platform for microRNA analysis and its application in mouse tissues. Rna 13 : 1803 1822.
123. Verkerk AJ, Pieretti M, Sutcliffe JS, Fu YH, Kuhl DP, Pizzuti A et al (1991) Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome. Cell 65 : 905 914.
124. Wang X, Wang X (2006) Systematic identification of microRNA functions by combining target prediction and expression profiling. Nucleic Acids Res 34 : 1646 1652.
125. Wilfred BR, Wang WX, Nelson PT (2007) Energizing miRNA research: a review of the role of miRNAs in lipid metabolism, with a prediction that miR-103/107 regulates human metabolic pathways. Mol Genet Metab 91 : 209 217.
126. Williams MM, Xiong C, Morris JC, Galvin JE (2006) Survival and mortality differences between dementia with Lewy bodies vs Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67 : 1935 1941.
127. Xu P, Vernooy SY, Guo M, Hay BA (2003) The Drosophila microRNA Mir-14 suppresses cell death and is required for normal fat metabolism. Curr Biol 13 : 790 795.
128. Yang WJ, Yang DD, Na S, Sandusky GE, Zhang Q, Zhao G (2005) Dicer is required for embryonic angiogenesis during mouse development. J Biol Chem 280 : 9330 9335.
129. Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Liu HL, Davis DG et al. Clinicopathological Correlations in a Large Alzheimer's Disease Center Autopsy Cohort: Neuritic Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles "Do Count" When Staging Disease Severity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, in press.