Vitamin B3, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides and aging

Mechanisms of Ageing and Development

Volumn 131, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 287-298

  Xu, Ping ^a   Sauve, Anthony A ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Metabolism; NAD; NADPH; Vitamin B3

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM ION; CHS 8282; DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE 2; DNA; ENZYME INHIBITOR; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPID; NICOTINAMIDE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; NICOTINATE NUCLEOTIDE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE (CARBOXYLATING); NICOTINIC ACID; NICOTINIC ACID ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; ROSUVASTATIN; SIRTUIN 1; SIRTUIN 2; SIRTUIN 3; SIRTUIN 4; SIRTUIN 6; SIRTUIN 7; TANNIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AGING; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CANCER INHIBITION; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CELL DIVISION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL PROTECTION; CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; LIPID METABOLISM; LONGEVITY; METABOLIC REGULATION; MITOTIC RECOMBINATION; MONOTHERAPY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN METABOLISM; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; SENESCENCE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY;

ADP RIBOSE TRANSFERASES; AGING; ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; DNA DAMAGE; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; NAD; NIACINAMIDE; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SIRTUINS;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 77952541985     PISSN: 00476374     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.03.006     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Ahuja N., Schwer B., Carobbio S., Waltregny D., North B.J., Castronovo V., Maechler P., Verdin E. Regulation of insulin secretion by SIRT4, a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:33583-33592.
2. Altschul R., Hoffer A., Stephen J.D. Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man. Arch. Biochem. 1955, 54:558-559.
3. Arai Y., Kojima T., Takayama M., Hirose N. The metabolic syndrome, IGF-1, and insulin action. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2009, 299:124-128.
4. Araki T., Sasaki Y., Milbrandt J. Increased nuclear NAD biosynthesis and SIRT1 activation prevent axonal degeneration. Science 2004, 305:1010-1013.
5. Avery M.A., Sheehan A.E., Kerr K.S., Wang J., Freeman M.R. Wld S requires Nmnat1 enzymatic activity and N16-VCP interactions to suppress Wallerian degeneration. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 184:501-513.
6. Baur J.A., Sinclair D.A. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 2006, 5:493-506.
7. Beal M.F., Kowall N.W., Swartz K.J., Ferrante R.J., Martin J.B. Systemic approaches to modifying quinolinic acid striatal lesions in rats. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:3901-3908.
8. Bedard K., Krause K.H. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 2007, 87:245-313.
9. Benavente C.A., Jacobson M.K., Jacobson E.L. NAD in skin: therapeutic approaches for niacin. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2009, 15:29-38.
10. Berger F., Lau C., Dahlmann M., Ziegler M. Subcellular compartmentation and differential catalytic properties of the three human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:36334-36341.
11. Block K., Gorin Y., Abboud H.E. Subcellular localization of Nox4 and regulation in diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:14385-14390.
12. Bordone L., Motta M.C., Picard F., Robinson A., Jhala U.S., Apfeld J., McDonagh T., Lemieux M., McBurney M., Szilvasi A., Easlon E.J., Lin S.J., Guarente L. Sirt1 regulates insulin secretion by repressing UCP2 in pancreatic beta cells. PLoS Biol. 2006, 4:e31.
13. Boyonoski A.C., Spronck J.C., Gallacher L.M., Jacobs R.M., Shah G.M., Poirier G.G., Kirkland J.B. Niacin deficiency decreases bone marrow poly(ADP-ribose) and the latency of ethylnitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis in rats. J. Nutr. 2002, 132:108-114.
14. Boyonoski A.C., Spronck J.C., Jacobs R.M., Shah G.M., Poirier G.G., Kirkland J.B. Pharmacological intakes of niacin increase bone marrow poly(ADP-ribose) and the latency of ethylnitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis in rats. J. Nutr. 2002, 132:115-120.
15. Brailoiu E., Churamani D., Pandey V., Brailoiu G.C., Tuluc F., Patel S., Dun N.J. Messenger-specific role for nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate in neuronal differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:15923-15928.
16. Busso N., Karababa M., Nobile M., Rolaz A., Van Gool F., Galli M., Leo O., So A., De Smedt T. Pharmacological inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase/visfatin enzymatic activity identifies a new inflammatory pathway linked to NAD. PLoS One 2008, 3:e2267.
17. Bustamante D., Morales P., Pereyra J.T., Goiny M., Herrera-Marschitz M. Nicotinamide prevents the effect of perinatal asphyxia on dopamine release evaluated with in vivo microdialysis 3 months after birth. Exp. Brain Res. 2007, 177:358-369.
18. Cave A. Selective targeting of NADPH oxidase for cardiovascular protection. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2009, 9:208-213.
19. Chang M.L., Yang J., Kem S., Klaidman L., Sugawara T., Chan P.H., Adams J.D. Nicotinamide and ketamine reduce infarct volume and DNA fragmentation in rats after brain ischemia and reperfusion. Neurosci. Lett. 2002, 322:137-140.
20. Cherednichenko G., Zima A.V., Feng W., Schaefer S., Blatter L.A., Pessah I.N. NADH oxidase activity of rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium-induced calcium release. Circ. Res. 2004, 94:478-486.
21. Chong Z.Z., Lin S.H., Maiese K. The NAD+ precursor nicotinamide governs neuronal survival during oxidative stress through protein kinase B coupled to FOXO3a and mitochondrial membrane potential. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2004, 24:728-743.
22. Conforti L., Fang G., Beirowski B., Wang M.S., Sorci L., Asress S., Adalbert R., Silva A., Bridge K., Huang X.P., Magni G., Glass J.D., Coleman M.P. NAD(+) and axon degeneration revisited: Nmnat1 cannot substitute for Wld(S) to delay Wallerian degeneration. Cell Death Differ. 2007, 14:116-127.
23. Conforti L., Wilbrey A., Morreale G., Janeckova L., Beirowski B., Adalbert R., Mazzola F., Di Stefano M., Hartley R., Babetto E., Smith T., Gilley J., Billington R.A., Genazzani A.A., Ribchester R.R., Magni G., Coleman M. Wld S protein requires Nmnat activity and a short N-terminal sequence to protect axons in mice. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 184:491-500.
24. Corda D., Di Girolamo M. Functional aspects of protein mono-ADP-ribosylation. EMBO J. 2003, 22:1953-1958.
25. El Hassani R.A., Benfares N., Caillou B., Talbot M., Sabourin J.C., Belotte V., Morand S., Gnidehou S., Agnandji D., Ohayon R., Kaniewski J., Noel-Hudson M.S., Bidart J.M., Schlumberger M., Virion A., Dupuy C. Dual oxidase2 is expressed all along the digestive tract. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2005, 288:G933-G942.
26. Finley L.W., Haigis M.C. The coordination of nuclear and mitochondrial communication during aging and calorie restriction. Age. Res. Rev. 2009, 8:173-188.
27. Fjeld C.C., Birdsong W.T., Goodman R.H. Differential binding of NAD(+) and NADH allows the transcriptional corepressor carboxyl-terminal binding protein to serve as a metabolic sensor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100:9202-9207.
28. Ford E., Voit R., Liszt G., Magin C., Grummt I., Guarente L. Mammalian Sir2 homolog SIRT7 is an activator of RNA polymerase I transcription. Genes Dev. 2006, 20:1075-1080.
29. Fulco M., Cen Y., Zhao P., Hoffman E.P., McBurney M.W., Sauve A.A., Sartorelli V. Glucose restriction inhibits skeletal myoblast differentiation by activating SIRT1 through AMPK-mediated regulation of Nampt. Dev. Cell 2008, 14:661-673.
30. Galione A. NAADP, a new intracellular messenger that mobilizes Ca2+ from acidic stores. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2006, 34:922-926.
31. Ganji S.H., Tavintharan S., Zhu D., Xing Y., Kamanna V.S., Kashyap M.L. Niacin noncompetitively inhibits DGAT2 but not DGAT1 activity in HepG2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 2004, 45:1835-1845.
32. Goldsmith G.A., Sarett H.P., Register U.D., Gibbens J. Studies of niacin requirement in man. I. Experimental pellagra in subjects on corn diets low in niacin and tryptophan. J. Clin. Invest. 1952, 31:533-542.
33. Goldstein B.J., Mahadev K., Wu X. Redox paradox: insulin action is facilitated by insulin-stimulated reactive oxygen species with multiple potential signaling targets. Diabetes 2005, 54:311-321.
34. Gorbunova V., Seluanov A., Mao Z., Hine C. Changes in DNA repair during aging. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, 35:7466-7474.
35. Grob A., Roussel P., Wright J.E., McStay B., Hernandez-Verdun D., Sirri V. Involvement of SIRT7 in resumption of rDNA transcription at the exit from mitosis. J. Cell. Sci. 2009, 122:489-498.
36. Gupte S.A., Kaminski P.M., Floyd B., Agarwal R., Ali N., Ahmad M., Edwards J., Wolin M.S. Cytosolic NADPH may regulate differences in basal Nox oxidase-derived superoxide generation in bovine coronary and pulmonary arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2005, 288:H13-21.
37. Haddad P., Dussault S., Groleau J., Turgeon J., Michaud S.E., Menard C., Perez G., Maingrette F., Rivard A. Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase deficiency confers protection from hindlimb ischemia in conditions of increased oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009, 29:1522-1528.
38. Haigis M.C., Mostoslavsky R., Haigis K.M., Fahie K., Christodoulou D.C., Murphy A.J., Valenzuela D.M., Yancopoulos G.D., Karow M., Blander G., Wolberger C., Prolla T.A., Weindruch R., Alt F.W., Guarente L. SIRT4 inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase and opposes the effects of calorie restriction in pancreatic beta cells. Cell 2006, 126:941-954.
39. Hasmann M., Schemainda I. FK866, a highly specific noncompetitive inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, represents a novel mechanism for induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2003, 63:7436-7442.
40. Hassa P.O., Haenni S.S., Elser M., Hottiger M.O. Nuclear ADP-ribosylation reactions in mammalian cells: where are we today and where are we going?. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2006, 70:789-829.
41. Ho C., van der Veer E., Akawi O., Pickering J.G. SIRT1 markedly extends replicative lifespan if the NAD+ salvage pathway is enhanced. FEBS Lett. 2009, 583:3081-3085.
42. Hoane M.R., Gilbert D.R., Holland M.A., Pierce J.L. Nicotinamide reduces acute cortical neuronal death and edema in the traumatically injured brain. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 408:35-39.
43. Hoane M.R., Kaplan S.A., Ellis A.L. The effects of nicotinamide on apoptosis and blood-brain barrier breakdown following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 2006, 1125:185-193.
44. Hoane M.R., Pierce J.L., Holland M.A., Anderson G.D. Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4h following cortical contusion injury in the rat. Neuroscience 2008, 154:861-868.
45. Hoane M.R., Tan A.A., Pierce J.L., Anderson G.D., Smith D.C. Nicotinamide treatment reduces behavioral impairments and provides cortical protection after fluid percussion injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma 2006, 23:1535-1548.
46. Holland M.A., Tan A.A., Smith D.C., Hoane M.R. Nicotinamide treatment provides acute neuroprotection and GFAP regulation following fluid percussion injury. J. Neurotrauma 2008, 25:140-152.
47. Howitz K.T., Bitterman K.J., Cohen H.Y., Lamming D.W., Lavu S., Wood J.G., Zipkin R.E., Chung P., Kisielewski A., Zhang L.L., Scherer B., Sinclair D.A. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 2003, 425:191-196.
48. Ieraci A., Herrera D.G. Nicotinamide protects against ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing mouse brain. PLoS Med. 2006, 3:e101.
49. Imai S. The NAD World: a new systemic regulatory network for metabolism and aging-Sirt1, systemic NAD biosynthesis, and their importance. Cell. Biochem. Biophys. 2009, 53:65-74.
50. Jackson T.M., Rawling J.M., Roebuck B.D., Kirkland J.B. Large supplements of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide increase tissue NAD+ and poly(ADP-ribose) levels but do not affect diethylnitrosamine-induced altered hepatic foci in Fischer-344 rats. J. Nutr. 1995, 125:1455-1461.
51. Jeong J., Juhn K., Lee H., Kim S.H., Min B.H., Lee K.M., Cho M.H., Park G.H., Lee K.H. SIRT1 promotes DNA repair activity and deacetylation of Ku70. Exp. Mol. Med. 2007, 39:8-13.
52. Ji D., Li G.Y., Osborne N.N. Nicotinamide attenuates retinal ischemia and light insults to neurones. Neurochem. Int. 2008, 52:786-798.
53. Jia H., Yan T., Feng Y., Zeng C., Shi X., Zhai Q. Identification of a critical site in Wld(s): essential for Nmnat enzyme activity and axon-protective function. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 413:46-51.
54. Jimenez M.F., Watson R.W., Parodo J., Evans D., Foster D., Steinberg M., Rotstein O.D., Marshall J.C. Dysregulated expression of neutrophil apoptosis in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Arch. Surg. 1997, 132:1263-1269. (discussion 1269-70).
55. Jing E., Gesta S., Kahn C.R. SIRT2 regulates adipocyte differentiation through FoxO1 acetylation/deacetylation. Cell Metab. 2007, 6:105-114.
56. Kaeberlein M., McVey M., Guarente L. The SIR2/3/4 complex and SIR2 alone promote longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two different mechanisms. Genes Dev. 1999, 13:2570-2580.
57. Kahyo T., Mostoslavsky R., Goto M., Setou M. Sirtuin-mediated deacetylation pathway stabilizes Werner syndrome protein. FEBS Lett. 2008, 582:2479-2483.
58. Kalinina E.V., Chernov N.N., Saprin A.N. Involvement of thio-, peroxi-, and glutaredoxins in cellular redox-dependent processes. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2008, 73:1493-1510.
59. Kamanna V.S., Kashyap M.L. Mechanism of action of niacin. Am. J. Cardiol. 2008, 101:20B-26B.
60. Kamata T. Roles of Nox1 and other Nox isoforms in cancer development. Cancer Sci. 2009, 100:1382-1388.
61. Kang H.T., Lee H.I., Hwang E.S. Nicotinamide extends replicative lifespan of human cells. Aging Cell 2006, 5:423-436.
62. Keener A., Sanossian N. Niacin for stroke prevention: evidence and rationale. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2008, 14:287-294.
63. Kim J.E., Chen J., Lou Z. DBC1 is a negative regulator of SIRT1. Nature 2008, 451:583-586.
64. Kim M.K., Lee J.H., Kim H., Park S.J., Kim S.H., Kang G.B., Lee Y.S., Kim J.B., Kim K.K., Suh S.W., Eom S.H. Crystal structure of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor 1/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, free and in complex with the anti-cancer agent FK-866. J. Mol. Biol. 2006, 362:66-77.
65. Klawitter V., Morales P., Bustamante D., Gomez-Urquijo S., Hokfelt T., Herrera-Marschitz M. Plasticity of basal ganglia neurocircuitries following perinatal asphyxia: effect of nicotinamide. Exp. Brain Res. 2007, 180:139-152.
66. Knight J.A. The biochemistry of aging. Adv. Clin. Chem. 2001, 35(35):1-62.
67. Law I.K., Liu L., Xu A., Lam K.S., Vanhoutte P.M., Che C.M., Leung P.T., Wang Y. Identification and characterization of proteins interacting with SIRT1 and SIRT3: implications in the anti-aging and metabolic effects of sirtuins. Proteomics 2009, 9:2444-2456.
68. Lee S., Tong L., Denu J.M. Quantification of endogenous sirtuin metabolite O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Anal. Biochem. 2008, 383:174-179.
69. Leto T.L., Geiszt M. Role of Nox family NADPH oxidases in host defense. Antioxid. Redox Signal 2006, 8:1549-1561.
70. Li X., Zhang S., Blander G., Tse J.G., Krieger M., Guarente L. SIRT1 deacetylates and positively regulates the nuclear receptor LXR. Mol. Cell 2007, 28:91-106.
71. Lin S.H., Chong Z.Z., Maiese K. Nicotinamide: a nutritional supplement that provides protection against neuronal and vascular injury. J. Med. Food 2001, 4:27-38.
72. Lin S.H., Vincent A., Shaw T., Maynard K.I., Maiese K. Prevention of nitric oxide-induced neuronal injury through the modulation of independent pathways of programmed cell death. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2000, 20:1380-1391.
73. Lin S.J., Guarente L. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of transcription, longevity and disease. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2003, 15:241-246.
74. Liou G.G., Tanny J.C., Kruger R.G., Walz T., Moazed D. Assembly of the SIR complex and its regulation by O-acetyl-ADP-ribose, a product of NAD-dependent histone deacetylation. Cell 2005, 121:515-527.
75. Liu D., Gharavi R., Pitta M., Gleichmann M., Mattson M.P. Nicotinamide prevents NAD+ depletion and protects neurons against excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia: NAD+ consumption by SIRT1 may endanger energetically compromised neurons. Neuromol. Med. 2009, 11:28-42.
76. Lombard D.B., Alt F.W., Cheng H.L., Bunkenborg J., Streeper R.S., Mostoslavsky R., Kim J., Yancopoulos G., Valenzuela D., Murphy A., Yang Y., Chen Y., Hirschey M.D., Bronson R.T., Haigis M., Guarente L.P., Farese R.V., Weissman S., Verdin E., Schwer B. Mammalian Sir2 homolog SIRT3 regulates global mitochondrial lysine acetylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2007, 27:8807-8814.
77. Lopez J.J., Redondo P.C., Salido G.M., Pariente J.A., Rosado J.A. Two distinct Ca2+ compartments show differential sensitivity to thrombin, ADP and vasopressin in human platelets. Cell Signal 2006, 18:373-381.
78. Luk T., Malam Z., Marshall J.C. Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF)/visfatin: a novel mediator of innate immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2008, 83:804-816.
79. Lunn E.R., Perry V.H., Brown M.C., Rosen H., Gordon S. Absence of wallerian degeneration does not hinder regeneration in peripheral nerve. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1989, 1:27-33.
80. Mahadev K., Motoshima H., Wu X., Ruddy J.M., Arnold R.S., Cheng G., Lambeth J.D., Goldstein B.J. The NAD(P)H oxidase homolog Nox4 modulates insulin-stimulated generation of H2O2 and plays an integral role in insulin signal transduction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:1844-1854.
81. Malavasi F., Deaglio S., Funaro A., Ferrero E., Horenstein A.L., Ortolan E., Vaisitti T., Aydin S. Evolution and function of the ADP ribosyl cyclase/CD38 gene family in physiology and pathology. Physiol. Rev. 2008, 88:841-886.
82. Martino F., Kueng S., Robinson P., Tsai-Pflugfelder M., van Leeuwen F., Ziegler M., Cubizolles F., Cockell M.M., Rhodes D., Gasser S.M. Reconstitution of yeast silent chromatin: multiple contact sites and O-AADPR binding load sir complexes onto nucleosomes in vitro. Mol. Cell 2009, 33:323-334.
83. McKenney J.M., Jones P.H., Bays H.E., Knopp R.H., Kashyap M.L., Ruoff G.E., McGovern M.E. Comparative effects on lipid levels of combination therapy with a statin and extended-release niacin or ezetimibe versus a statin alone (the COMPELL study). Atherosclerosis 2007, 192:432-437.
84. Mehdi M.Z., Pandey N.R., Pandey S.K., Srivastava A.K. H2O2-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKB requires tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptor and c-Src. Antioxid. Redox Signal 2005, 7:1014-1020.
85. Michan S., Sinclair D. Sirtuins in mammals: insights into their biological function. Biochem. J. 2007, 404:1-13.
86. Michishita E., McCord R.A., Berber E., Kioi M., Padilla-Nash H., Damian M., Cheung P., Kusumoto R., Kawahara T.L., Barrett J.C., Chang H.Y., Bohr V.A., Ried T., Gozani O., Chua K.F. SIRT6 is a histone H3 lysine 9 deacetylase that modulates telomeric chromatin. Nature 2008, 452:492-496.
87. Milne J.C., Lambert P.D., Schenk S., Carney D.P., Smith J.J., Gagne D.J., Jin L., Boss O., Perni R.B., Vu C.B., Bemis J.E., Xie R., Disch J.S., Ng P.Y., Nunes J.J., Lynch A.V., Yang H., Galonek H., Israelian K., Choy W., Iffland A., Lavu S., Medvedik O., Sinclair D.A., Olefsky J.M., Jirousek M.R., Elliott P.J., Westphal C.H. Small molecule activators of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nature 2007, 450:712-716.
88. Minich T., Yokota S., Dringen R. Cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases are expressed in cultured rat neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells. J. Neurochem. 2003, 86:605-614.
89. Miura M., Kameda Y. Nicotinamide promotes long-term survival and extensive neurite outgrowth in ultimobranchial C cells cultured from chick embryos. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 492:334-348.
90. Mostoslavsky R., Chua K.F., Lombard D.B., Pang W.W., Fischer M.R., Gellon L., Liu P., Mostoslavsky G., Franco S., Murphy M.M., Mills K.D., Patel P., Hsu J.T., Hong A.L., Ford E., Cheng H.L., Kennedy C., Nunez N., Bronson R., Frendewey D., Auerbach W., Valenzuela D., Karow M., Hottiger M.O., Hursting S., Barrett J.C., Guarente L., Mulligan R., Demple B., Yancopoulos G.D., Alt F.W. Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6. Cell 2006, 124:315-329.
91. Naidoo N. The endoplasmic reticulum stress response and aging. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 20:23-37.
92. Nakagawa T., Lomb D.J., Haigis M.C., Guarente L. SIRT5 deacetylates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 and regulates the urea cycle. Cell 2009, 137:560-570.
93. Nakahata Y., Sahar S., Astarita G., Kaluzova M., Sassone-Corsi P. Circadian control of the NAD+ salvage pathway by CLOCK-SIRT1. Science 2009, 324:654-657.
94. Nee G., Zaffagnini M., Trost P., Issakidis-Bourguet E. Redox regulation of chloroplastic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: a new role for f-type thioredoxin. FEBS Lett. 2009, 583:2827-2832.
95. North B.J., Marshall B.L., Borra M.T., Denu J.M., Verdin E. The human Sir2 ortholog, SIRT2, is an NAD+-dependent tubulin deacetylase. Mol. Cell 2003, 11:437-444.
96. Olesen U.H., Christensen M.K., Bjorkling F., Jaattela M., Jensen P.B., Sehested M., Nielsen S.J. Anticancer agent CHS-828 inhibits cellular synthesis of NAD. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 367:799-804.
97. Pacholec M., Chrunyk B.A., Cunningham D., Flynn D., Griffith D.A., Griffor M., Loulakis P., Pabst B., Qiu X., Stockman B., Thanabal V., Varghese A., Ward J., Withka J., Ahn K. SRT1720, SRT2183, SRT1460, and resveratrol are not direct activators of SIRT1. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:8340-8351.
98. Penberthy W.T. Nicotinic acid-mediated activation of both membrane and nuclear receptors towards therapeutic glucocorticoid mimetics for treating multiple sclerosis. PPAR Res. 2009, 2009:853707.
99. Peralta-Leal A., Rodriguez-Vargas J.M., Aguilar-Quesada R., Rodriguez M.I., Linares J.L., de Almodovar M.R., Oliver F.J. PARP inhibitors: new partners in the therapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2009, 47:13-26.
100. Picard F., Kurtev M., Chung N., Topark-Ngarm A., Senawong T., Machado De Oliveira R., Leid M., McBurney M.W., Guarente L. Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-gamma. Nature 2004, 429:771-776.
101. Pollak N., Dolle C., Ziegler M. The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotides-small molecules with a multitude of functions. Biochem. J. 2007, 402:205-218.
102. Prakash R., Gandotra S., Singh L.K., Das B., Lakra A. Rapid resolution of delusional parasitosis in pellagra with niacin augmentation therapy. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2008, 30:581-584.
103. Preiss J., Schlaeger R., Hilz H. Specific inhibition of poly adpribose polymerase by thymidine and nicotinamide in HeLa cells. FEBS Lett. 1971, 19:244-246.
104. Press C., Milbrandt J. Nmnat delays axonal degeneration caused by mitochondrial and oxidative stress. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:4861-4871.
105. Qin W., Yang T., Ho L., Zhao Z., Wang J., Chen L., Zhao W., Thiyagarajan M., MacGrogan D., Rodgers J.T., Puigserver P., Sadoshima J., Deng H., Pedrini S., Gandy S., Sauve A.A., Pasinetti G.M. Neuronal SIRT1 activation as a novel mechanism underlying the prevention of Alzheimer disease amyloid neuropathology by calorie restriction. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:21745-21754.
106. Ramsey K.M., Yoshino J., Brace C.S., Abrassart D., Kobayashi Y., Marcheva B., Hong H.K., Chong J.L., Buhr E.D., Lee C., Takahashi J.S., Imai S., Bass J. Circadian clock feedback cycle through NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis. Science 2009, 324:651-654.
107. Revollo J.R., Grimm A.A., Imai S. The NAD biosynthesis pathway mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase regulates Sir2 activity in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:50754-50763.
108. Revollo J.R., Korner A., Mills K.F., Satoh A., Wang T., Garten A., Dasgupta B., Sasaki Y., Wolberger C., Townsend R.R., Milbrandt J., Kiess W., Imai S. Nampt/PBEF/Visfatin regulates insulin secretion in beta cells as a systemic NAD biosynthetic enzyme. Cell Metab. 2007, 6:363-375.
109. Rodgers J.T., Lerin C., Gerhart-Hines Z., Puigserver P. Metabolic adaptations through the PGC-1 alpha and SIRT1 pathways. FEBS Lett. 2008, 582:46-53.
110. Rogina B., Helfand S.L. Sir2 mediates longevity in the fly through a pathway related to calorie restriction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:15998-16003.
111. Rossi D.J., Bryder D., Seita J., Nussenzweig A., Hoeijmakers J., Weissman I.L. Deficiencies in DNA damage repair limit the function of haematopoietic stem cells with age. Nature 2007, 447:725-729.
112. Rothfork J.M., Timmins G.S., Harris M.N., Chen X., Lusis A.J., Otto M., Cheung A.L., Gresham H.D. Inactivation of a bacterial virulence pheromone by phagocyte-derived oxidants: new role for the NADPH oxidase in host defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:13867-13872.
113. Rutter J., Reick M., Wu L.C., McKnight S.L. Regulation of clock and NPAS2 DNA binding by the redox state of NAD cofactors. Science 2001, 293:510-514.
114. Sakuraba H., Kawakami R., Ohshima T. First archaeal inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-dependent NAD kinase, from hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii: cloning, expression, and characterization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71:4352-4358.
115. Sasaki Y., Araki T., Milbrandt J. Stimulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic pathways delays axonal degeneration after axotomy. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:8484-8491.
116. Sasaki Y., Vohra B.P., Baloh R.H., Milbrandt J. Transgenic mice expressing the Nmnat1 protein manifest robust delay in axonal degeneration in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:6526-6534.
117. Sauve A.A. NAD+ and vitamin B3: from metabolism to therapies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008, 324:883-893.
118. Sauve A.A., Munshi C., Lee H.C., Schramm V.L. The reaction mechanism for CD38. A single intermediate is responsible for cyclization, hydrolysis, and base-exchange chemistries. Biochemistry 1998, 37:13239-13249.
119. Sauve A.A., Wolberger C., Schramm V.L., Boeke J.D. The biochemistry of sirtuins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2006, 75:435-465.
120. Scanu A.M., Bamba R. Niacin and lipoprotein(a): facts, uncertainties, and clinical considerations. Am. J. Cardiol. 2008, 101:44B-47B.
121. Schlicker C., Gertz M., Papatheodorou P., Kachholz B., Becker C.F., Steegborn C. Substrates and regulation mechanisms for the human mitochondrial sirtuins Sirt3 and Sirt5. J. Mol. Biol. 2008, 382:790-801.
122. Schwarcz R., Speciale C., Okuno E., French E.D., Kohler C. Quinolinic acid: a pathogen in seizure disorders?. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1986, 203:697-707.
123. Schwarcz R., Whetsell W.O., Mangano R.M. Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science 1983, 219:316-318.
124. Schweiger M., Hennig K., Lerner F., Niere M., Hirsch-Kauffmann M., Specht T., Weise C., Oei S.L., Ziegler M. Characterization of recombinant human nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase (NMNAT), a nuclear enzyme essential for NAD synthesis. FEBS Lett. 2001, 492:95-100.
125. Schwer B., Bunkenborg J., Verdin R.O., Andersen J.S., Verdin E. Reversible lysine acetylation controls the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:10224-10229.
126. Shen C.C., Huang H.M., Ou H.C., Chen H.L., Chen W.C., Jeng K.C. Protective effect of nicotinamide on neuronal cells under oxygen and glucose deprivation and hypoxia/reoxygenation. J. Biomed. Sci. 2004, 11:472-481.
127. Sinclair D.A., Guarente L. Unlocking the secrets of longevity genes. Sci. Am. 2006, 294. 48-51, 54-57.
128. Slominska E.M., Yuen A., Osman L., Gebicki J., Yacoub M.H., Smolenski R.T. Cytoprotective effects of nicotinamide derivatives in endothelial cells. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008, 27:863-866.
129. Sorci L., Cimadamore F., Scotti S., Petrelli R., Cappellacci L., Franchetti P., Orsomando G., Magni G. Initial-rate kinetics of human NMN-adenylyltransferases: substrate and metal ion specificity, inhibition by products and multisubstrate analogues, and isozyme contributions to NAD+ biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2007, 46:4912-4922.
130. Spronck J.C., Bartleman A.P., Boyonoski A.C., Kirkland J.B. Chronic DNA damage and niacin deficiency enhance cell injury and cause unusual interactions in NAD and poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism in rat bone marrow. Nutr. Cancer 2003, 45:124-131.
131. Spronck J.C., Kirkland J.B. Niacin deficiency increases spontaneous and etoposide-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow cells in vivo. Mutat. Res. 2002, 508:83-97.
132. Stubbs M., Veech R.L., Krebs H.A. Control of redox state of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide couple in rat-liver cytoplasm. Biochem. J. 1972, 126. 59-&.
133. Su C.F., Liu D.D., Kao S.J., Chen H.I. Nicotinamide abrogates acute lung injury caused by ischaemia/reperfusion. Eur. Respir. J. 2007, 30:199-204.
134. Sundaresan N.R., Samant S.A., Pillai V.B., Rajamohan S.B., Gupta M.P. SIRT3 is a stress-responsive deacetylase in cardiomyocytes that protects cells from stress-mediated cell death by deacetylation of Ku70. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2008, 28:6384-6401.
135. Taneja R., Parodo J., Jia S.H., Kapus A., Rotstein O.D., Marshall J.C. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9 activity. Crit. Care Med. 2004, 32:1460-1469.
136. Tissenbaum H.A., Guarente L. Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 2001, 410:227-230.
137. Tong L., Lee S., Denu J.M. Hydrolase regulates NAD(+) metabolites and modulates cellular redox. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:11256-11266.
138. Tunaru S., Kero J., Schaub A., Wufka C., Blaukat A., Pfeffer K., Offermanns S. PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect. Nat. Med. 2003, 9:352-355.
139. Vakhrusheva O., Braeuer D., Liu Z., Braun T., Bober E. Sirt7-dependent inhibition of cell growth and proliferation might be instrumental to mediate tissue integrity during aging. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2008, 59(Suppl. 9):201-212.
140. Van Gool F., Galli M., Gueydan C., Kruys V., Prevot P.P., Bedalov A., Mostoslavsky R., Alt F.W., De Smedt T., Leo O. Intracellular NAD levels regulate tumor necrosis factor protein synthesis in a sirtuin-dependent manner. Nat. Med. 2009, 15:206-210.
141. Vaquero A., Scher M., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Serrano L., Reinberg D. SIRT1 regulates the histone methyl-transferase SUV39H1 during heterochromatin formation. Nature 2007, 450:440-444.
142. Vaquero A., Scher M., Lee D., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Reinberg D. Human SirT1 interacts with histone H1 and promotes formation of facultative heterochromatin. Mol. Cell 2004, 16:93-105.
143. Vaziri H., Dessain S.K., Ng Eaton E., Imai S.I., Frye R.A., Pandita T.K., Guarente L., Weinberg R.A. hSIR2(SIRT1) functions as an NAD-dependent p53 deacetylase. Cell 2001, 107:149-159.
144. von Figura G., Hartmann D., Song Z., Rudolph K.L. Role of telomere dysfunction in aging and its detection by biomarkers. J. Mol. Med. 2009, 87:1165-1171.
145. Walder C.E., Green S.P., Darbonne W.C., Mathias J., Rae J., Dinauer M.C., Curnutte J.T., Thomas G.R. Ischemic stroke injury is reduced in mice lacking a functional NADPH oxidase. Stroke 1997, 28:2252-2258.
146. Wang F., Nguyen M., Qin F.X., Tong Q. SIRT2 deacetylates FOXO3a in response to oxidative stress and caloric restriction. Aging Cell 2007, 6:505-514.
147. Wang J., He Z. NAD and axon degeneration: from the Wlds gene to neurochemistry. Cell Adh Migr 2009, 3(1). [Epub ahead of print].
148. Wang T., Zhang X., Bheda P., Revollo J.R., Imai S., Wolberger C. Structure of Nampt/PBEF/visfatin, a mammalian NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2006, 13:661-662.
149. Watanabe M., Tsukiyama T., Hatakeyama S. Protection of vincristine-induced neuropathy by WldS expression and the independence of the activity of Nmnat1. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 411:228-232.
150. Weisleder N., Ma J. Altered Ca2+ sparks in aging skeletal and cardiac muscle. Ageing Res. Rev. 2008, 7:177-188.
151. Williamson D.H., Lund P., Krebs H.A. The redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver. Biochem. J. 1967, 103:514-527.
152. Wise A., Foord S.M., Fraser N.J., Barnes A.A., Elshourbagy N., Eilert M., Ignar D.M., Murdock P.R., Steplewski K., Green A., Brown A.J., Dowell S.J., Szekeres P.G., Hassall D.G., Marshall F.H., Wilson S., Pike N.B. Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:9869-9874.
153. Wolf G., Hannken T., Schroeder R., Zahner G., Ziyadeh F.N., Stahl R.A. Antioxidant treatment induces transcription and expression of transforming growth factor beta in cultured renal proximal tubular cells. FEBS Lett. 2001, 488:154-159.
154. Wu G., Fang Y.Z., Yang S., Lupton J.R., Turner N.D. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J. Nutr. 2004, 134:489-492.
155. Yahata N., Yuasa S., Araki T. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase expression in mitochondrial matrix delays Wallerian degeneration. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:6276-6284.
156. Yang H., Yang T., Baur J.A., Perez E., Matsui T., Carmona J.J., Lamming D.W., Souza-Pinto N.C., Bohr V.A., Rosenzweig A., de Cabo R., Sauve A.A., Sinclair D.A. Nutrient-sensitive mitochondrial NAD+ levels dictate cell survival. Cell 2007, 130:1095-1107.
157. Yang J., Klaidman L.K., Nalbandian A., Oliver J., Chang M.L., Chan P.H., Adams J.D. The effects of nicotinamide on energy metabolism following transient focal cerebral ischemia in Wistar rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2002, 333:91-94.
158. Yeung F., Hoberg J.E., Ramsey C.S., Keller M.D., Jones D.R., Frye R.A., Mayo M.W. Modulation of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription and cell survival by the SIRT1 deacetylase. EMBO J. 2004, 23:2369-2380.
159. Zhai R.G., Cao Y., Hiesinger P.R., Zhou Y., Mehta S.Q., Schulze K.L., Verstreken P., Bellen H.J. Drosophila NMNAT maintains neural integrity independent of its NAD synthesis activity. PLoS Biol. 2006, 4:e416.
160. Zhai R.G., Zhang F., Hiesinger P.R., Cao Y., Haueter C.M., Bellen H.J. NAD synthase NMNAT acts as a chaperone to protect against neurodegeneration. Nature 2008, 452:887-891.
161. Zhang Q.H., Piston D.W., Goodman R.H. Regulation of corepressor function by nuclear NADH. Science 2002, 295:1895-1897.
162. Zhao W., Kruse J.P., Tang Y., Jung S.Y., Qin J., Gu W. Negative regulation of the deacetylase SIRT1 by DBC1. Nature 2008, 451:587-590.