Changes in DNA repair during aging

Nucleic Acids Research

Volumn 35, Issue 22, 2007, Pages 7466-7474

  Gorbunova, Vera ^a   Seluanov, Andrei ^a   Mao, Zhiyong ^a   Hine, Christpher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA GALACTOSIDASE; DNA; DOUBLE STRANDED DNA; GENOMIC DNA; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGING; CELL FUNCTION; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; DNA STRAND BREAKAGE; EXCISION REPAIR; GENE LOCUS; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; HUMAN; MISMATCH REPAIR; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHENOTYPE; PREMATURE AGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SOMATIC MUTATION;

AGING; ANIMALS; DNA BREAKS, DOUBLE-STRANDED; DNA REPAIR; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HUMANS; MICE; MUTATION;

EID: 38049023620     PISSN: 03051048     EISSN: 13624962     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm756     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Bahar,R., Hartmann,C.H., Rodriguez,K.A., Denny,A.D., Busuttil,R.A., Dolle,M.E, Calder,R.B., Chisholm,G.B., Pollock,B.H. et al. (2006) Increased cell-to-cell variation in gene expression in ageing mouse heart. Nature, 441, 1011-1014.
2. Finette,B.A., Sullivan,L.M., O'Neill,J.P., Nicklas,J.A., Vacek,P.M. and Albertini,R.J. (1994) Determination of hprt mutant frequencies in T-lymphocytes from a healthy pediatric population: Statistical comparison between newborn, children and adult mutant frequencies, cloning efficiency and age. Mutat. Res., 308, 223-231.
3. Jones,I.M., Thomas,C.B., Tucker,B., Thompson,C.L., Pleshanov,P., Vorobtsova,I. and Moore,D.H. II (1995) Impact of age and environment on somatic mutation at the hprt gene of T lymphocytes in humans. Mutat. Res., 338, 129-139.
4. Dempsey,J.L., Pfeiffer,M. and Morley,A.A. (1993) Effect of dietary restriction on in vivo somatic mutation in mice. Mutat. Res., 291, 141-145.
5. Morley,A.A., Cox,S. and Holliday,R. (1982) Human lymphocytes resistant to 6-thioguanine increase with age. Mech. Ageing Dev., 19, 21-26.
6. Morley,A. (1998) Somatic mutation and aging. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 854, 20-22.
7. Vijg,J., Dolle,M.E.T., Martus,H.-J. and Boerrigter,M.E.T.I. (1997) Transgenic mouse models for studying mutations in vivo: Applications in aging research. Mech. Ageing Dev., 98, 189-202.
8. Kohler,S.W., Provost,G.S., Fieck,A., Kretz,P.L., Bullock,W.O., Sorge,J.A., Putman,D.L. and Short,J.M. (1991) Spectra of spontaneous and mutagen-iriduced mutations in the LacI gene in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 7958-7962.
9. Stuart,G.R., Oda,Y., de Boer,J.G. and Glickman,B.W. (2000) Mutation frequency and specificity with age in liver, bladder and brain of lacI transgenic mice. Genetics, 154, 1291-1300.
10. Stuart,G.R. and Glickman,B.W. (2000) Through a glass, darkly: reflections of mutation from lacI transgenic mice. Genetics, 155, 1359-1367.
11. Dolle,M.E.T., Giese,H., Hopkins,C.L., Martus,H.-J., Hausdorf,J.M. and Vijg,J. (1997) Rapid accumulation of genome rearrangements in liver but not in brain of old mice. Nat. Genet., 17, 431-434.
12. Dolle,M.E.T., Snyder,W.K., Gossen,J.A., Lohman,P.H.M. and Vijg,J. (2000) Distinct spectra of somatic mutations accumulated with age in mouse heart and small intestine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 8403-8408.
13. Vijg,J. (2000) Somatic mutations and aging: A re-evaluation. Mutat. Res., 447, 117-135.
14. Vijg,J. and Dolle,M.E.T. (2002) Large genome rearrangements as a primary cause of aging. Mech.,Ageing Dev., 123, 907-915.
15. Curtis,H. and Crowley,C. (1963) Chromosome aberrations in the liver cells in relation to the somatic mutation theory of aging. Radiat. Res., 19, 337-344.
16. Ramsey,M.J., Moore,D.H., Briner,J.F., Lee,D.A., Olsen,L.A., Senft,J.R. and Tucker,J.D. (1995) The effects of age and lifestyle factors on the accumulation of cytogenetic damage as measured by chromosome painting. Murat. Res., 338, 95-1O6.
17. Tucker,J.D., Spruill,M.D., Ramsey,M.J., Director,A.D. and Nath,J. (1999) Frequency of spontaneous chromosome aberrations in mice: Effects of age. Mutat. Res., 425, 135-141.
18. Martin,G.M., Smith,A.C., Ketterer,D.J., Ogburn,C.E. and Disteche,C.M. (1985) Increased chromosomal aberrations in first metaphases of cells isolated from the kidneys of aged mice. Isr. J. Med. Sci., 21 296-301.
19. Chevanne,M., Caldini,R., Tombaccini,D., Mocali,A., Gori,G. and Paoletti,F. (2003) Comparative levels of DNA breaks and sensitivity to oxidative stress in aged and senescent human fibroblasts: A distinctive pattern for centenarians. Biogerontology, 4, 97-104.
20. Singh,N.P., Ogburn,C.E., Wolf,N.S., van Belle,G. and Martin,G.M. (2001) DNA double-strand breaks in mouse kidney cells with age. Biogerontology, 2, 261-270.
21. Sedelnikova,O.A., Horikawa,I., Zimonjic,D.B., Popescu,N.C., Bonner,W.M. and Barrett,J.C. (2004) Senescing human cells and ageing mice accumulate DNA lesions with unrepairable doublestrand breaks. Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 168-170.
22. d'Adda di Fagagna,F., Reaper,P.M., Clay-Farrace,L., Fiegler,H., Carr,P., Von Zglinicki,T., Saretzki,G., Carter,N.P. and Jackson,S.P. (2003) A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence. Nature 426, 194-198.
23. Hamilton,M.L., Van Remmen,H., Drakej.A., Yang,H., Guo,Z.M., Kewitt,K., Walter,C.A. and Richardson,A. (2001) Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 10469-10474.
24. Skinner,A.M. and Turker,M.S. (2005) Oxidative mutagenesis, mismatch repair, and aging. Sci. Aging Knowledge Environ., 2005, re3.
25. Karran,P. (1996) Microsatellite instability and DNA mismatch repair in human cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol., 7, 15-24.
26. Ben Yehuda,A., Globerson,A., Krichevsky,S., Bar On,H., Kidron,M., Friedlander,Y., Friedman,G. and Ben Yehuda,D. (2000) Ageing and the mismatch repair system. Mech. Ageing Dev., 121, 173-179.
27. Neri,S., Gardini,A., Facchini,A., Olivieri,F., Franceschi,C., Ravaglia,G. and Mariani,E. (2005) Mismatch repair system and aging: microsatellite instability in peripheral blood cells from differently aged participants. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 60, 285-292.
28. Krichevsky,S., Pawelec,G., Gural,A., Effros,R.B., Globerson,A., Yehuda,D.B. and Yehuda,A.B. (2004) Age related microsatellite instability in T cells from healthy individuals. Exp. Gerontol., 39, 507-515.
29. Annett,K., Duggan,O., Freeburn,R., Hyland,P., Pawelec,G. and Barnett,Y. (2005) An investigation of DNA mismatch repair capacity under normal culture conditions and under conditions of supra-physiological challenge in human CD4+T cell clones from donors of different ages. Exp. Gerontol., 40, 976-981.
30. Wilson,D.M., III and Bohr,V.A. (2006) The mechanics of base excision repair, and its relationship to aging and disease. DNA Repair (Amst).
31. Almeida,K.H. and Sobol,R.W. (2007) A unified view of base excision repair: Lesion-dependent protein complexes regulated by post-translational modification. DNA Repair (Amst), 6, 695-711.
32. Atamna,H., Cheung,I. and Ames,B.N. (2000) A method for detecting abasic sites in living cells: Age-dependent changes in base excision repair. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 686-691.
33. Imam,S.Z., Karahalil,B., Hogue,B.A., Souza-Pinto,N.C. and Bohr,V.A. (2006) Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA-repair capacity of various brain regions in mouse is altered in an age-dependent manner. Neurobiol. Aging, 27, 1129-1136.
34. Chen,D., Cao,G., Hastings,T., Feng,Y., Pei,W., O'Horo,C. and Chen,J. (2002) Age-dependent decline of DNA repair activity for oxidative lesions in rat brain mitochondria. J. Neurochem., 81, 1273-1284.
35. Shen,G.P., Galick,H., Inoue,M. and Wallace,S.S. (2003) Decline of nuclear and mitochondrial oxidative base excision repair activity in late passage human diploid fibroblasts. DNA Repair (Amst), 2 673-693.
36. Intano,G.W., Cho,E.J., McMahan,C.A. and Walter,C.A. (2003) Age-related base excision repair activity in mouse brain and liver nuclear extracts. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 58, 205-211.
37. Intano,G.W., McMahan,C.A., McCarrey,J.R., Walter,R.B., McKenna,A.E., Matsumoto,Y., MacInnes,M.A., Chen,D.J. and Walter,C.A. (2002) Base excision repair is limited by different proteins in male germ cell nuclear extracts prepared from young and old mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 2410-2418.
38. Krishna,T.H., Mahipal,S., Sudhakar,A., Sugimoto,H., Kalluri,R. and Rao,K.S. (2005) Reduced DNA gap repair in aging rat neuronal extracts and its restoration by DNA polymerase beta and DNA-ligase. J. Neurochem., 92, 818-823.
39. Cabelof,D.C., Raffoul,J.J., Yanamadala,S., Ganir,C., Guo,Z. and Heydari,A.R. (2002) Attenuation of DNA polymerase beta-dependent base excision repair and increased DMS-induced mutagenicity in aged mice. Mutat. Res., 500, 135-145.
40. Cabelof,D.C., Raffoul,J.J., Ge,Y., Van Remmen,H., Matherly,L.H. and Heydari,A.R. (2006) Age-related loss of the DNA repair response following exposure to oxidative stress. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 61, 427-434.
41. Szczesny,B., Bhakat,K.K., Mitra,S. and Boldogh,I. (2004) Age-dependent modulation of DNA repair enzymes by covalent modification and subcellular distribution. Mech. Ageing Dev., 125, 755-765.
42. Szczesny,B., Hazra,T.K., Papaconstantinou,J., Mitra,S. and Boldogh,I. (2003) Age-dependent deficiency in import of mitochondrial DNA glycosylases required for repair of oxidatively damaged bases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 10670-10675.
43. Lu,T., Pan,Y., Kao,S.Y., Li,C., Kohane,I., Chan,J. and Yankner,B.A. (2004) Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature, 429, 883-891.
44. Hanawalt,P.C. (2002) Subpathways of nucleotide excision repair and their regulation. Oncogene, 21, 8949-8956.
45. Hart,R.W. and Setlow,R.B. (1976) DNA repair in late-passage human cells. Mech. Ageing Dev., 5, 67-77.
46. Painter,R.B., Clarkson,J.M. and Young,B.R. (1973) Letter: ultraviolet-induced repair replication in aging diploid human cells (WI-38). Radiat. Res., 56, 560-564.
47. Christiansen,M., Stevnsner,T., Bohr,V.A., Clark,B.F. and Rattan,S.I. (2000) Gene-specific DNA repair of pyrimidine dimers does not decline during cellular aging in vitro. Exp. Cell Res., 256, 308-314.
48. Bohr,V.A., Smith,C.A., Okumoto,D.S. and Hanawalt,P.C. (1985) DNA repair in an active gene: Removal of pyrimidine dimers from the DHFR gene of CHO cells is much more efficient than in the genome overall. Cell, 40, 359-369.
49. Boyle,J., Kill,I.R. and Parris,C.N. (2005) Heterogeneity of dimer excision in young and senescent human dermal fibroblasts. Aging Cell 4, 247-255.
50. Al-Baker,E.A., Oshin,M., Hutchison,C.J. and Kill,I.R. (2005) Analysis of UV-induced damage and repair in young and senescent human dermal fibroblasts using the comet assay. Mech. Ageing Dev., 126, 664-672.
51. Annett,K., Hyland,P., Duggan,O., Barnett,C. and Barnett,Y. (2004) An investigation of DNA excision repair capacity in human CD4+ T cell clones as a function of age in vitro. Exp. Gerontol., 39, 491-498.
52. Vijg,J., Mullaart,E., Lohman,P.H. and Knook,D.L. (1985) UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in fibroblasts of aging inbred rats. Mulat. Res., 146, 197-204.
53. Moriwaki,S.-I., Ray,S., Tarone,R.E., Kraemer,K.H. and Grossman,L. (1996) The effect of donor age on the processing of UV-damaged DNA by cultured human cells: Reduced DNA repair capacity and increased mutability. Mutat. Res., 364, 117-123.
54. Grossman,L. and Wei,Q. (1995) DNA repair and epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma. Clin. Chem., 41, 1854-1863.
55. Wei,Q., Matanoski,G.M., Farmer,E.R., Hedayati,M.A. and Grossman,L. (1993) DNA repair and aging in basal cell carcinoma: A molecular epidemiology study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 1614-1618.
56. Guo,Z., Heydari,A. and Richardson,A. (1998) Nucleotide excision repair of actively transcribed versus nontranscribed DNA in rat hepatocytes: effect of age and dietary restriction. Exp. Cell Res., 245, 229-238.
57. Kruk,P.A., Rampino,N.J. and Bohr,V.A. (1995) DNA damage and repair in telomeres: Relation to aging. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 258-262.
58. Mori,T., Nakane,M., Hattori,T., MatsunagaT., Ihara,M. and Nikaido,O. (199 1) Simultaneous establishment of monoclonal antibodies specific for either cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer or (6-4) photoproduct from the same mouse immunized with ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. Photochem. Photobiol., 54, 225-232.
59. Goukassian,D., Gad,F., Yaar,M., Eller,M.S., Nehal,U.S. and Gilchrest,B.A. (2000) Mechanisms and implications of the age-associated decrease in DNA repair capacity. FASEB J., 14, 1325-1334.
60. Xu,G., Spivak,G., Mitchell,D.L., Mori,T., McCarrey,JR., McMahan,C.A., Walter,R.B., Hanawalt,P.C. and Walter,C.A. (2005) Nucleotide excision repair activity varies among marine spermatogenic cell types. Biol. Reprod., 73, 123-130.
61. Yamada,M., Udono,M.U., Hori,M., Hirose,R., Sato,S., Mori,T. and Nikaido,O. (2006) Aged human skin removes UVB-induced pyrimidine dimers from the epidermis more slowly than younger adult skin in vivo. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 297, 294-302.
62. Xu,G., Snellman,E., Bykov,V.J., Jansen,C.T. and Hemminki,K. (2000) Effect of age on the formation and repair of UV photoproducts in human skin in situ. Mutat. Res., 459, 195-202.
63. Hemminki,K. and Snellman,E. (2002) How fast are UV-dimers repaired in human skin DNA in situ? J. Invest. Dermatol., 119, 699; discussion 700-692.
64. Goukassian,D.A., Bagheri,S., el-Keeb,L., Eller,M.S. and Gilchrest,B.A. (2002) DNA oligonucleotide treatment corrects the age-associated decline in DNA repair capacity. FASEB J., 16, 754-756.
65. Niedernhofer,L.J., Garinis,G.A., Raams,A., Lalai,A.S., Robinson,A.R., Appeldoorn,E., Odijk,H., Oostendorp,R., Ahmad,A. et al. (2006) A new progeroid syndrome reveals that genotoxic stress suppresses the somatotroph axis. Nature, 444, 1038-1043.
66. van der Pluijm,I., Garinis,G.A., Brandt,R.M., Gorgels,T.G., Wijnhoven,S.W., Diderich,K.E., de Wit,J., Mitchell,J.R., van Oostrom,C. et al. (2007) Impaired genome maintenance suppresses the growth hormone - insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in mice with Cockayne syndrome. PLoS Biol., 5, e2.
67. van de Ven,M., Andressoo,J.O., Holcomb,V.B., von Lindern,M., Jong,W.M., De Zeeuw,C.I., Suh,Y., Hasty,P., Hoeijmakers,J.H. et al. (2006) Adaptive stress response in segmental progeria resembles long-lived dwarfism and calorie, restriction in mice. PLoS Genet., 2, e192.
68. Jackson,S.P. (2002) Sensing and repairing DNA double-strand breaks. Carcinogenesis, 23, 687-696.
69. Helleday,T. (2003) Pathways for mitotic homologous recombination in mammalian cells. Mutat. Res., 532, 103-115.
70. Lieber,M.R. (1999) The biochemistry and biological significance of nonhomologous DNA end joining: An essential repair process in multicellular eukaryotes. Genes Cells, 4, 77-85.
71. Lieber,M.R., Ma,Y., Pannicke,U. and Schwarz,K. (2003) Mechanism and regulation of human non-homologous DNA endjoining. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 4, 712-720.
72. Gorbunova,V. and Levy,A.A. (1997) Nonhomologous DNA end joining in plant cells is associated with deletions and filler DNA insertions. Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 4650-4657.
73. Seluanov,A., Mittelman,D., Pereira-Smith,O.M., Wilson,J.H. and Gorbunova,V. (2004) DNA end joining becomes less efficient and more error-prone during cellular senescence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 7624-7629.
74. Sargent,R.G., Branneman,M.A. and Wilson,J.H. (1997) Repair of site-specific double-strand breaks in mammalian chromosome by homologous and illegitimate recombination. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 267-277.
75. DePinho,R.A. (2000) The age of cancer. Nature, 408, 248-254.
76. Fuscoe,J.C., Zimmerman,L.J., Harrington-Brock,K. and Moore,M.M. (1994) Deletion mutations in the hprt gene of T-lymphocytes as a biomarker for genomic rearrangements important in human cancers. Carcinogenesis, 15, 1463-1466.
77. Mayer,P.J., Lange,C.S., Bradley,M.O. and Nichols,W.W. (1989) Age-dependent decline in rejoining of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in normal human lymphocytes. Mutat. Res., 219, 95-100.
78. Singh,N.P., Danner,D.B., Tice,R.R., Brant,L. and Schneider,E.L. (1990) DNA damage and repair with age in individual human lymphocytes. Mutat. Res., 237, 123-130.
79. Ren,K. and de Ortiz,S.P. (2002) Non-nomologous DNA end joining in the mature rat brain. J. Neurochem., 80, 949-959.
80. Vyjayanti,V.N. and Rao,K.S. (2006) DNA double strand break repair in brain: Reduced NHEJ activity in aging rat neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 393, 18-22.
81. Shackelford,D.A. (2006) DNA end joining activity is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 27, 596-605.
82. Um,J.H., Kim,S.J., Kim,D.W., Ha,M.Y., Jang,J.H., Chung,B.S., Kang,C.D. and Kim,S.H. (2003) Tissue-specific changes of DNA repair protein Ku ahd mtHSP70 in aging rats and their retardation by caloric restriction. Mech. Ageing Dev., 124, 967-975.
83. Ju,Y.J., Lee,K.H., Park,J.E., Yi,Y.S., Yun,M.Y., Ham,Y.H., Kim,T.J., Choi,H.M., Han,G.J. et al. (2006) Decreased expression of DNA repair proteins Ku70 and Mre11 is associated with aging and may contribute to the cellular senescence. Exp. Mol. Med., 38, 686-693.
84. Seluanov,A., Danek,J., Hause,N. and Gorbunova,V. (2007) Changes in the level and distribution of Ku proteins during cellular senescence. DNA Repair. In press.
85. Walker,J.R., Corpina,R.A. and Goldberg,J. (2001) Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair. Nature, 412, 607-614.
86. Doria,G., Barattini,P., Scarpaci,S., Puel,A., Guidi,L. and Frasca,D. (2004) Role of immune responsiveness and DNA repair capacity genes in ageing. Ageing Res. Rev., 3, 143-151.
87. Frasca,D., Barattini,P., Tirindelli,D., Guidi,L., Bartoloni,C., Errani,A., Costanzo,M., Tricerri,A., Pierelli,L. et al. (1999) Effect of age on DNA binding of the ku protein in irradiated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Exp. Gerontol., 34 645-658.
88. Gorbunova,V. and Seluanov,A. (2005) Making ends meet in old age: DSB repair and aging. Mech. Ageing Dev., 126, 621-628.
89. Preston,C.R., Flores,C. and Engels,W.R. (2006) Age-dependent usage of double-strand-break repair pathways. Curr. Biol., 16, 2009-2015.
90. Rothkamm,K., Kruger,I., Thompson,L.H. and Lobrich,M. (2003) Pathways of DNA double-strand break repair during the mammalian cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 5706-5715.
91. Saleh-Gohari,N. and Helleday,T. (2004) Conservative homologous recombination preferentially repairs DNA double-strand breaks in the S phase of the cell cycle in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res., 32 3683-3688.
92. Johnson,R.D. and Jasin,M. (2001) Double-strand-break-induced homologous recombination in mammalian cells. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 29, 196-201.
93. Stark,J.M. and Jasin,M. (2003) Extensive loss of heterozygosity is suppressed during homologous repair of chromosomal breaks. Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 733-743.
94. Yamamoto,A., Taki,T., Yagi,H., Habu,T., Yoshida,K., Yoshimura,Y., Yamamoto,K., Matsushiro,A., Nishimune,Y. et al. (1996) Cell cycle-dependent expression of the mouse Rad51 gene in proliferating cells. Mol. Gen. Genet., 251, 1-12.
95. Chen,F., Nastasi,A., Shen,Z., Brenneman,M., Crissman,H. and Chen,D.J. (1997) Cell cycle-dependent protein expression of mammalian homologs of yeast DNA double-strand break repair genes Rad5l and Rad52. Mutat. Res., 384, 205-211.
96. Sonoda,E., Hochegger,H., Saberi,A., Taniguchi,Y. and Takeda,S. (2006) Differential usage of non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination in double strand break repair. DNA Repair (Amst), 5, 1021-1029.
97. Arbones,M.L., Austin,H.A., Capon,D.J. and Greenburg,G. (1994) Gene targeting in normal somatic cells: Inactivation of the interferon-gamma receptor in myoblasts. Nat. Genet., 6, 90-97.
98. Orn,K.E., Lee,Y., Kondo,N. and McKinnon,P.J. (2006) Selective utilization of nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination DNA repair pathways during nervous system development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 10017-10022.
99. Luo,G., Santoro,I.M., McDaniel,L.D., Nishijima,I., Mills,M., Youssoufian,H., Vogel,H., Schultz,R.A. and Bradley,A. (2000) Cancer predisposition caused by elevated mitotic recombination in Bloom mice. Nat. Genet., 26, 424-429.
100. de Wind,N., Dekker,M., Berus,A., Radman,M. and te Riele,H. (1995) Inactivation of the mouse Msh2 gene results in mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperrecombination, and predisposition to cancer. Cell, 82, 321-330.
101. Shao,C., Stambrook,P.J. and Tischfield,J.A. (2001) Mitotic recombination is suppressed by chromosomal divergence in hybrids of distantly related mouse strains. Nat. Genet., 28, 169-172.
102. Lasko,D., Cavenee,W. and Nordenskjold,M. (1991) Loss of constitutional heterozygosity in human cancer. Annu. Rev. Genet., 25, 281-314.
103. Grist,S.A., McCarron,M., KuLlaca,A., Turner,D.R. and Morley,A.A: (1992) In vivo human somatic mutation: Frequency and spectrum with age. Mutat. Res., 266, 189-196.
104. Suh,Y., Lee,K.A., Kim,W.R., Han,B.G., Vijg,J. and Park,S.C. (2002) Aging alters the apoptotic response to genotoxic stress. Nat. Med., 8 3-4.
105. Seluanov,A., Gorbunova,V., Falcovitz,A., Sigal,A., Milyavsky,M., Zurer,I., Shohat,G., Goldfinger,N. and Rotter,V. (2001) Change of the death pathway in senescent human fibroblasts in response to DNA damage is caused by an inability to stabilize p53. Mol. Cell. Biol., 21, 1552-1564.
106. van der Pluijm,I., Garinis,G.A., Brandt,R.M., Gorgels,T.G., Wijnhoven,S.W., Diderich,K.E., de Wit,J., Mitchell,J.R., van Oostrom,C. et al. (2006) Impaired genome maintenance suppresses the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in mice with Cockayne syndrome. PLoS Biol., 5, e2.
107. Hasty,P., Campisi,J., Hoeijmakers,J., Van Steeg,H. and, Vijg,J. (2003) Aging and genome maintenance: Lessons from the mouse? Science, 299, 1355-1359.
108. Andressoo,J.O., Hoeijmakers,J.H. and Mitchell,J.R. (2006) Nucleotide excision repair disorders and the balance between cancer and aging. Cell Cycle, 5, 2886-2888.
109. Gatza,C., Moore,L., Dumble,M. and Donehower,L.A. (2007) Tumor suppressor dosage regulates stem cell dynamics during aging. Cell Cycle, 6 52-55.
110. Dolle,M.E., Busuttil,R.A., Garcia,A.M., Wijnhoven,S.: Van Drunen,E., Niedernhofer,L.J., van der Horst,G., Hoeijmakers,J.H., van Steeg,H. et al. (2006) Increased genomic instability is not a prerequisite for shortened lifespan in DNA repair deficient mice. Mutat. Res., 596, 22-35.
111. Frosina,G. (2000) Overexpression of enzymes that repair endogenous damage to DNA. Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 2135-2149.