Review on sample preparation strategies and methods used for the analysis of aflatoxins in food and feed

Molecular Nutrition and Food Research

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 508-524

  Reiter, Elisabeth ^a,b   Zentek, Jürgen ^a,b   Razzazi, Ebrahim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Austria)

^b FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aflatoxins; Extraction; HPLC; Methods; Sample preparation

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN;

ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FOOD CONTROL; GENETIC PROCEDURES; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY;

AFLATOXINS; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; CHROMATOGRAPHY, THIN LAYER; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION-IONIZATION;

EID: 65749108489     PISSN: 16134125     EISSN: 16134133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800145     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Murphy, P. A., Hendrich, S., Landgren, C., Bryant, C. M., Food mycotoxins: An update, J. Food Sci. 2006, 71, R51-R65.
2. Bennett, J. W., Klich, M., Mycotoxins, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16, 497-516.
3. Mücke, W., Lemmen, C., Schimmelpilze, ecomed MEDIZIN, Landsberg am Lech 2004.
4. Bhatnagar, D., Payne, G. A., Cleveland, T. E., Robens, J. F., in: Barug, D., Van Egmond, H., López-Garzía, R., van Osenbruggen, T., Visconti, A. (Eds.), Meeting the mycotoxin menace, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen 2004, pp. 17-47.
5. Frisvad, J. C., Thrane, U., Samson, R. A., in: Dijksterhuis, J., Samson, R. A. (Eds.), Food Mycology - A Multifaceted Approach to Fungi and Food, CRC Press, Boca Raton 2007, pp. 135-159.
6. 1 in raw milk in the Punjab province of Pakistan, Food Control 2008, 19, 393-395.
7. 1 levels in butter and cream cheese consumed in Turkey, Food Control 2008, 19, 27-30.
8. 1 in tank bulk goat milk and ripened goat cheese, Food Control 2008, 19, 44-49.
9. 1 in raw milk and cheese in Slovenia, Food Control 2008, 19, 570 -577.
10. O'Riordan, M. J., Wilkinson, M. G., A survey of the incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in a range of imported spice preparations on the Irish retail market, Food Chem. 2008, 107, 1429-1435.
11. Cho, S.-H., Lee, C.-H., Jang, M.-R., Son, Y.-W., et al., Aflatoxins contamination in spices and processed spice products commercialized in Korea, Food Chem. 2008, 107, 1283-1288.
12. Bacaloni, A., Cavaliere, C., Cucci, F., Foglia, P., et al., Determination of aflatoxins in hazelnuts by various sample preparation methods and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1179, 182-189.
13. Moricz, A. M., Fater, Z., Otta, K. H., Tyihak, E., Mincsovics, E., Overpressured layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in red paprika, Microchem. J. 2007, 85, 140-144.
14. Chun, H. S., Kim, H. J., Ok, H. E., Hwang, J.-B., Chung, D.-H., Determination of aflatoxin levels in nuts and their products consumed in South Korea, Food Chem. 2007, 102, 385-391.
15. 1 in milk and infant milk products in Tehran, Iran, Food Control 2007, 18, 1216-1218.
16. Decastelli, L., Lai, J., Gramaglia, M., Monaco, A., et al., Aflatoxins occurrence in milk and feed in Northern Italy during 2004-2005, Food Control 2007, 18, 1263-1266.
17. Iamanaka, B. T., de, Menezes, H. C., Vicente, E., Leite, R. S.F., Taniwaki, M. H., Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil, Food Control 2007, 18, 454-457.
18. Ayar, A., Sert, D., Con, A. H., A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin in raw milk due to feeds, J. Food Saf. 2007, 27,199-207.
19. 1 in raw milk during the summer and winter seasons in Hamedan, Iran, J. Food Saf. 2007, 27, 188-198.
20. 1 levels in powdered red pepper, Food Control 2007, 18, 1015-1018.
21. Romagnoli, B., Menna, V., Gruppioni, N., Bergamini, C., Aflatoxins in spices, aromatic herbs, herb-teas and medicinal plants marketed in Italy, Food Control 2007, 18, 697-701.
22. Cheraghali, A. M., Yazdanpanah, H., Doraki, N., Abouhossain, G. et al., Incidence of aflatoxins in Iran pistachio nuts, Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45, 812-816.
23. Molyneux, R. J., Mahoney, N., Kim, J. H., Campbell, B. C., Mycotoxins in edible tree nuts, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 119, 72-78.
24. 1 contamination in milk in five regions in Iran, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 116, 346-349.
25. Bandyopadhyay, R., Kumar, M., Leslie, J. F., Relative severity of aflatoxin contamination of cereal crops in West Africa, Food Addit. Contam. 2007, 24, 1109-1114.
26. Senyuva, H. Z., Gilbert, J., Arasiler, Z., Ayabakan, A., et al., Immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography using post-column bromination for determination of aflatoxins in hazelnut paste: Interlaboratory study, J. AOAC Int. 2005, 88, 526-535.
27. Yentuer, G., Er, B., Guer Oezkan, M., Bayhan Oektem, A., Determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter and sesame samples using high-performance liquid chromatography method, Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2006, 224, 167-170.
28. Möller, T. E., Nyberg, M., Efficiency of different extraction solvent mixtures used in analyses of aflatoxins from a certified peanut meal reference material, Food Addit. Contam. 2004, 21, 781-785.
29. FAO, Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003, Rome 2004.
30. Huber L. (Ed.), Validation and Qualification in Analytical Laboratories. Informa Healthcare USA, New York 2007.
31. 1 as undesirable substance in animal feed (Request N° EFSA-Q-2003-035), EFSA J. 2004, 39, 1-27.
32. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food, Geneva 2002.
33. IARC, Some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins, IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Lyon 1993.
34. European Commission, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff, Official J. Eur. Union 2006, L364, 5-24.
35. Codex Alimentarius Commission. JOINT FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme - CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION 30th Session, Report of the 1st Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, Beijing, China, 16-20 April 2007.
36. Fraga, M. E., Curvello, F., Gatti, M. J., Cavaglieri, L. R., et al., Potential aflatoxin and ochratoxin a production by Aspergillus species in poultry feed processing, Vet. Res. Commun. 2007, 31, 343-353.
37. Thieu, N. Q., Ogle, B., Pettersson, H., Screening of Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in feedstuffs and complete feeds for pigs in Southern Vietnam, Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008, 40, 77-83.
38. Binder, E. M., Tan, L. M., Chin, L., Handl, J., Richard, J., Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 137, 265-282.
39. Zinedine, A., Juan, C., Soriano, J. M., Molto, J.C., et al., Limited survey for the occurrence of aflatoxins in cereals and poultry feeds from Rabat, Morocco, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 115, 124 - 127.
40. Leung, M. C. K., Diaz-Liano, G., Smith, T. K., Mycotoxins in pet food: A review on worldwide prevalence and preventative strategies, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 9623 - 9635.
41. Johansson, A. S., Whitaker, T. B., Giesbrecht, F. G., Winston, M. H., Jr., Young, J. H., Testing shelled corn for aflatoxin, part II: Modeling the observed distribution of aflatoxin test results, J. AOAC Int. 2000, 83, 1270-1278.
42. Whitaker, T. B., Sampling foods for mycotoxins, Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 50-61.
43. Ozay, G., Seyhan, F., Yilmaz, A., Whitaker, T. B., et al., Sampling hazelnuts for aflatoxin: Uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis, J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89, 1004 - 1011.
44. Whitaker, T. B., Slate, A. B., Hurley, J. M., Giesbrecht, F. G., Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part II: Estimating risks associated with various sampling plan designs, J. AOAC Int. 2007, 90, 778-785.
45. Whitaker, T. B., Slate, A. B., Jacobs, M., Michael Hurley, J., et al., Sampling almonds for aflatoxin, part I: Estimation of uncertainty associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis, J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89, 1027 - 1034.
46. Bourais, I., Amine, A., Venanzi, M., Micheli, L., et al., Development and application of a two-phase clean-up system in food samples prior to fluorescence analysis of aflatoxins, Microchim. Acta 2006, 153, 101 - 108.
47. 1 and ochratoxin A, Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22, 163-172.
48. Kokkonen, M., Jestoi, M., Rizzo, A., Determination of selected mycotoxins in mould cheeses with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem with mass spectrometry, Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22, 449-456.
49. 1 in different food and feed matrices, Food Addit. Contam. 1999, 16, 331-338.
50. Spanjer, M. C., Scholten, J. M., Kastrup, S., Jorissen, U., et al., Sample comminution for mycotoxin analysis: Dry milling or slurry mixing? Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 73 - 83.
51. Schatzki, T. F., Toyofuku, N., Sample Preparation and Presampling of Pistachios, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 6068-6072.
52. Blesa, J., Soriano, J. M., Molto, J. C., Marin, R., Manes, J., Determination of aflatoxins in peanuts by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1011, 49 - 54.
53. Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Nazzari, M., et al., Determination of aflatoxins in olive oil by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 596, 141-148.
54. Liau, B.-C., Jong, T.-T., Lee, M.-R., Chang, C.-M. J., Supercritical fluid extraction and quantification of aflatoxins in Zizyphi Fructus by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21, 667-673.
55. Scott, P. M., Recent developments in methods of analysis for mycotoxins in foodstuffs, TrAC Trends Analyt. Chem. 1993, 12, 382-386.
56. 1 determination in cheese by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1135, 135-141.
57. 1 in rice, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 35, 2401-2406.
58. 1 in milk and milk powder using high-flow solidphase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 8474-8480.
59. 1 in cow milk - Comparison between electrospray and atmospheric pressure photoionization sources, J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1101,69-78.
60. Sobolev, V. S., Dorner, J. W., Cleanup procedure for determination of aflatoxins in major agricultural commodities by liquid chromatography, J. AOAC Int. 2002, 85, 642 - 645.
61. 1 in animal liver using immunoaffinity columns and liquid chromatography with postcolumn derivatisation and fluorescence detection, Food Control 2007, 18, 333 - 337.
62. 1 levels in milk in Ankara, Turkey, Food Control 2006, 17, 1-4.
63. Ip, S.-P., Che, C.-T., Determination of aflatoxins in Chinese medicinal herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography using immunoaffinity column cleanup: Improvement of recovery, J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1135, 241-244.
64. 1 in retail milk samples from Bogot, Colombia, Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 811-815.
65. Majors, R. E., Immunosorbents for selective sample preparation of complex mixtures, LC-GC 2008, 21, 10 - 19.
66. Scott, P. M., Trucksess, M. W., Application of immunoaffinity columns to mycotoxin analysis, J. AOAC Int. 1997, 80, 941-949.
67. 1 in powdered milk, Int. Dairy J. 1994, 4, 369 - 375.
68. Brenn-Struckhofova, Z., Cichna-Markl, M., Böhm, C., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Selective sample cleanup by reusable sol-gel immunoaffinity columns for determination of deoxynivalenol in food and feed samples, Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 710-717.
69. Attallah, E. R., Gad, S. A., Dogheim, S. M., Hashem, A. I., El-Sawi, E. A., Gel permeation chromatography clean-up prior to liquid chromatography for determination of aflatoxins in spices. J. Food, Agric. Environ. 2006, 4, 134-136.
70. 1 in aqueous solutions, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2007, 44, 396-403.
71. Garms, P., Van Essche, G., Automatic sample prep using online immunoaffinity chromatography, LC-GC 2005, 23, 40.
72. Chan, D., MacDonald, S. J., Boughtflower, V., Brereton, P., Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food using a fully automated immunoaffinity column clean-up and liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1059, 13-16.
73. Niedwetzki, G., Lach, G., Geschwill, K., Determination of aflatoxins in food by use of an automatic work station, J.Chromatogr. A 1994, 661, 175-180.
74. Sharman, M., Gilbert, J., Automated aflatoxin analysis of foods and animal feeds using immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination, J. Chromatogr. A 1991, 543, 220 - 225.
75. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International, Arlington 2000.
76. Stroka, J., van Otterdijk, R., Anklam, E., Immunoaffinity column clean-up prior to thin-layer chromatography for the determination of aflatoxins in various food matrices, J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 904, 251 - 256.
77. Stroka, J., Anklam, E., Development of a simplified densitometer for the determination of aflatoxins by thin-layer chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 904, 263-268.
78. Nakai, V. K., de Oliveira Rocha, L., Goncalez, E., Fonseca, H. et al., Distribution of fungi and aflatoxins in a stored peanut variety, Food Chem. 2008, 106, 285-290.
79. 1 in helva, a traditional Turkish food, by TLC, Food Control 2007, 18,59-62.
80. 1 in feedstuffs by liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 1987, 396, 389-394.
81. Kok, T. W., Van Neer, Th. C. H., Traag, W. A., Tuinstra, L. G.M. T., Determination of aflatoxins in cattle feed by liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization with electrochemically generated bromine, J. Chromatogr. 1986, 367, 231-236.
82. 1 in baby food (infant formula) by immunoaffinity column cleanup liquid chromatography with post-column bromination: Collaborative study, J. AOAC Int. 2001, 84,1116-1123.
83. Garner, R. C., Whattam, M. M., Taylor, P. J. L., Stow, M. W., Analysis of United Kingdom purchased spices for aflatoxins using an immunoaffinity column clean-up procedure followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis and post-column derivatisation with pyridinium bromide perbromide, J. Chromatogr. A 1993, 648, 485 - 490.
84. Chiavaro, E., Dall'Asta, C., Galaverna, G., Biancardi, A., et al., New reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method to detect aflatoxins in food and feed with cyclodextrins as fluorescence enhancers added to the eluent, J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 937, 31-40.
85. Waltking, A. E., Wilson, D., Chan, D., Dunn, E., et al., Liquid chromatographic analysis of aflatoxin using post-column photochemical derivatisation: Collaborative study, J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89, 678 - 692.
86. Maragos, C. M., Appell, M., Lippolis, V., Visconti, A., et al., Use of cyclodextrins as modifiers of fluorescence in the detection of mycotoxins, Food Addit. Contam. 2008, 25, 164-171.
87. Papadopoulou-Bouraoui, A., Stroka, J., Anklam, E., Comparison of two post-column derivatization systems, ultraviolet irradiation and electrochemical determination, for the liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in food, J. AOAC Int. 2002, 85, 411-416.
88. Otta, K. H., Papp, E., Bagocsi, B., Determination of aflatoxins in food by overpressured-layer chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 882, 11-16.
89. Catharino, R. R., De Marques, L. A., Santos, L. S., Baptista, A. S. et al., Aflatoxin screening by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 8155-8157.
90. Razzazi-Fazeli, E., in: Niessen, W. (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry, Elsevier, Amsterdam 2006, pp. 707 - 721.
91. Sforza, S., Dall'Asta, C., Marchelli, R., Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in food and feed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques/mass spectrometry, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2006, 25, 54-76.
92. Zöllner, P., Mayer-Helm, B., Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry, J.Chromatogr. A 2006, 1136, 123 - 169.
93. Songsermsakul, P., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., A review of recent trends in applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of mycotoxins, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2008, 31, 1641 - 1686.
94. 1, Stabilization of ELISA kit components and application to grain samples, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006, 384, 286 - 294.
95. 1 and total aflatoxin contamination in baby food, peanut and corn products sold at retail in Indonesia analysed by ELISA and HPLC, Mycot. Res. 2004, 20, 51-58.
96. 2 in corn: Follow-up collaborative study, J. AOAC Int. 1994, 77, 655-658.
97. 1 in food samples, J. Food Prot. 2005, 68, 2169-2177.
98. 1 in a batch of samples with ultrahigh sensitivity, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 98-104.
99. 1 quantitative lateral flow test for raw bovine milk, J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89, 1327-1334.
100. 1 in pig feed, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3364-3368.
101. Goryacheva, I. Y., De Saeger, S., Eremin, S. A., Van Peteghem, C., Immunochemical methods for rapid mycotoxin detection: Evolution from single to multiple analyte screening: A review, Food Addit. Contam. 2007, 24, 1169 - 1183.
102. 1 detection, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 1434-1440.
103. 1 in corn and nut products using the array biosensor, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 21, 2298-2305.
104. 1 and ochratoxin A, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 797-802.
105. 1 aflatoxin, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2007, 126, 467 - 472.
106. 1 in pig liver: Comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography determination, Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22, 1154 - 1161.
107. Tam, J., Mankotia, M., Mably, M., Pantazopoulos, P., et al., Survey of breakfast and infant cereals for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 693-699.
108. Sharma, M., Marquez, C., Determination of aflatoxins in domestic pet foods (dog and cat) using immunoaffinity column and HPLC, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2001, 93, 109 - 114.
109. Karaca, H., Nas, S., Aflatoxins, patulin and ergosterol contents of dried figs in Turkey. Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 502-508.
110. Trucksess, M., Weaver, C., Oles, C., D'Ovidio, K., Rader, J., Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in ginseng and other botanical roots by immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89, 624-630.
111. Tassaneeyakul, W., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Porasuphatana, S., Böhm, J., Contamination of aflatoxins in herbal medicinal products in Thailand, Mycopathologia 2004, 158, 239-244.
112. 1 in medical herbs: Interlaboratory study, J. AOAC Int. 2006, 89, 595-605.
113. Zhang, X., Liu, H., Chen, J., Immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography using post-column bromination for aflatoxins in medicinal herbs and plant extracts, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2005, 43, 47-51.
114. 1 in milk based on immunoaffinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 594, 257-264.
115. Ehlers, D., Czech, E., Quirin, K.-W., Weber, R., Distribution of aflatoxins between extract and extraction residue of paprika using supercritical carbon dioxide, Phytochem. Anal. 2006, 17, 114-120.
116. Zinedine, A., Brera, C., Elakhdari, S., Catano, C., et al., Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and spices commercialized in Morocco, Food Control 2006, 17, 868-874.
117. 1 (CPG 7106.10), FDA/ORA Compliance Policy Guides 2005.
118. FDA, Sec. 555.400 Foods - Adulteration with Aflatoxin CPG 7120.26. FDA/ORA Compliance Policy Guides 2005.
119. Paterson, R. R. M., Aflatoxins contamination in chilli samples from Pakistan. Food Control 2007, 18, 817-820.
120. Lattanzio, V. M. T., Solfrizzo, M., Powers, S., Visconti, A., Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and Fusarium toxins in maize by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after multitoxin immunoaffinity cleanup, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21, 3253-3261.
121. 2 in some Brazilian pet foods, Food Addit. Contam. 2002, 19, 1180-1183.
122. Garon, D., Richard, E., Sage, L., Bouchart, V., et al., Mycoflora and multimycotoxin detection in corn silage: Experimental study, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 3479 - 3484.
123. Sobolev, V. S., Simple, rapid, and inexpensive cleanup method for quantitation of aflatoxins in important agricultural products by HPLC, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 2136 - 2141.
124. Hu, Y.-Y., Zheng, P., Zhang, Z.-X., He, Y.-Z., Determination of aflatoxins in high-pigment content samples by matrix solid-phase dispersion and high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 4126-4130.
125. Sulyok, M., Krska, R., Schuhmacher, R., A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric multi-mycotoxin method for the quantification of 87 analytes and its application to semi-quantitative screening of moldy food samples, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 389, 1505-1523.