Pharmacogenetics

Respiratory Genetics

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 191-216

  Tantisira, Kelan G ^a   Drazen, Jeffrey M ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 62449280845     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b13341-56     Document Type: Chapter

References (270)

1. Ingelman-Sundberg M. Pharmacogenetics: an opportunity for a safer and more efficient pharmacotherapy. J Intern Med 2001; 250: 186-200.
2. Maitland-van der Zee AH, de Boer A, Leufkens HG. The interface between pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacogenetics. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 410: 121-30.
3. Vesell ES. Therapeutic lessons from pharmacogenetics. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 653-5.
4. Evans WE, Relling MV. Pharmacogenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science 1999; 286: 487-91.
5. Mancinelli L, Cronin M, Sadee W. Pharmacogenomics: the promise of personalized medicine. AAPS PharmSci 2000; 2: E4.
6. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998; 279: 1200-5.
7. Ernst FR, Grizzle AJ. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2001; 41: 192-9.
8. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality. A cost-of-illness model. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1949-56.
9. Meisel C, Gerloff T, Kirchheiner J et al. Implications of pharmacogenetics for individualizing drug treatment and for study design. J Mol Med 2003; 81: 154-67.
10. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS et al. Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 277: 301-6.
11. Drazen JM, Silverman EK, Lee TH. Heterogeneity of therapeutic responses in asthma. Br Med Bull 2000; 56: 1054-70.
12. Evans WE, McLeod HL. Pharmacogenomics-drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 538-49.
13. Luzatto L, Mehta A. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (eds). The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995: 5024.
14. Davidson RG. Pharmacogenetics: pharmacogenomics. In: PDQ medical genetics. Oxford: Elsevier, 2002: 232.
15. Nebert DW. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: why is this relevant to the clinical geneticist? Clin Genet 1999; 56: 247-58.
16. Garrod AE. The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality. Lancet 1902; 160: 1616-20.
17. Lindpainter K. Pharmacogenetics and the future of medical practice. J Mol Med 2003; 81: 141-53.
18. Snyder LH. Studies in human inheritance. IX. The inheritance of taste deficiency in man. Ohio J Sci 1932; 32: 436-68.
19. Kalow W. Familial incidence of low pseudocholinesterase level. Lancet 1956; 271: 576.
20. Motulsky AG. Drug reactions, enzymes and biochemical genetics. J Am Med Assoc 1957; 165: 835-7.
21. Vogel F. Moderne Probleme der Humangenetik. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 1959; 12: 52-125.
22. Vesell ES, Page JG. Genetic control of drug levels in man: phenylbutazone. Science 1968; 159: 1479-80.
23. Vesell ES, Page JG. Genetic control of drug levels in man: antipyrine. Science 1968; 161: 72-3.
24. Vesell ES, Page JG. Genetic control of dicumarol levels in man. J Clin Invest 1968; 47: 2657-63.
25. Vesell ES, Page JG. Genetic control of the phenobarbitalinduced shortening of plasma antipyrine half-lives in man. J Clin Invest 1969; 48: 2202-9.
26. Vesell ES, Page JG, Passananti GT. Genetic and environmental factors affecting ethanol metabolism in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1971; 12: 192-201.
27. Vesell ES, Passananti GT, Greene FE, Page JG. Genetic control of drug levels and of the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in man: individual variability in the extent of allopurinol and nortriptyline inhibition of drug metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 1971; 179: 752-73.
28. Rusnak JM, Kisabeth RM, Herbert DP, McNeil DM. Pharmacogenomics: a clinician’s primer on emerging technologies for improved patient care. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 299-309.
29. Mahgoub A, Idle JR, Dring LG et al. Polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine in man. Lancet 1977; 2: 584-6.
30. Eichelbaum M, Spannbrucker N, Steincke B, Dengler HJ. Defective N-oxidation of sparteine in man: a new pharmacogenetic defect. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 16: 183-7.
31. Gonzalez FJ, Skoda RC, Kimura S et al. Characterization of the common genetic defect in humans deficient in debrisoquine metabolism. Nature 1988; 331: 442-6.
32. Weinshilboum R. Inheritance and drug response. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 529-37.
33. Silverman ES, Hjoberg J, Palmer LJ et al. Application of pharmacogenetics to the therapeutics of asthma. In: Eissa NT, Huston D (eds). Therapeutic targets of airway inflammation. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003: 1000.
34. Steimer W, Potter JM. Pharmacogenetic screening and therapeutic drugs. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 315: 137-55.
35. Barta C, Sasvari-Szekely M, Devai A et al. Analysis of mutations in the plasma cholinesterase gene of patients with a history of prolonged neuromuscular block during anesthesia. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74: 484-8.
36. Harris BE, Carpenter JT, Diasio RB. Severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity secondary to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. A potentially more common pharmacogenetic syndrome. Cancer 1991; 68: 499-501.
37. Wei X, McLeod HL, McMurrough J et al. Molecular basis of the human dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and 5-fluorouracil toxicity. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 610-5.
38. Yates CR, Krynetski EY, Loennechen T et al. Molecular diagnosis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency: genetic basis for azathioprine and mercaptopurine intolerance. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 608-14.
39. Evans WE, Hon YY, Bomgaars L et al. Preponderance of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency and heterozygosity among patients intolerant to mercaptopurine or azathioprine. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2293-301.
40. Brockmoller J, Kirchheiner J, Meisel C, Roots I. Pharmacogenetic diagnostics of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms in clinical drug development and in drug treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2000; 1: 125-51.
41. Kirchheiner J, Brosen K, Dahl ML et al. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-based dose recommendations for antidepressants: a first step towards subpopulation-specific dosages. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104: 173-92.
42. Brinkmann U, Roots I, Eichelbaum M. Pharmacogenetics of the human drug-transporter gene MDR1: impact of polymorphisms on pharmacotherapy. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6: 835-9.
43. Choo EF, Leake B, Wandel C et al. Pharmacological inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport enhances the distribution of HIV-1 protease inhibitors into brain and testes. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28:655-60.
44. Borst P, Evers R, Kool M, Wijnholds J. A family of drug transporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1295-302.
45. Michelson AD, Furman MI, Goldschmidt-Clermont P et al. Platelet GP IIIa Pl(A) polymorphisms display different sensitivities to agonists. Circulation 2000; 101: 1013-8.
46. Cooke GE, Bray PF, Hamlington JD et al. PlA2 polymorphism and efficacy of aspirin. Lancet 1998; 351: 1253.
47. Johnson JA, Lima JJ. Drug receptor/effector polymorphisms and pharmacogenetics: current status and challenges. Pharmacogenetics 2003; 13: 525-34.
48. Meyer UA. Pharmacogenetics: the slow, the rapid, and the ultrarapid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1983-4.
49. Nebert DW, McKinnon RA, Puga A. Human drug-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms: effects on risk of toxicity and cancer. DNA Cell Biol 1996; 15: 273-80.
50. Nebert DW, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Daly AK. Genetic epidemiology of environmental toxicity and cancer susceptibility: human allelic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzyme genes, their functional importance, and nomenclature issues. Drug Metab Rev 1999; 31: 467-87.
51. Hughes HB, Biehl JP, Jones AP, Schmidt LH. Metabolism of isoniazid in man as related to the occurrence of peripheral neuritis. Am Rev Tuberc 1954; 70: 266-73.
52. Spielberg SP. N-acetyltransferases: pharmacogenetics and clinical consequences of polymorphic drug metabolism. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1996; 24: 509-19.
53. Evans DAP, Manley KA, McKusick VA. Genetic control of isoniazid metabolism in man. Br Med J 1960; 2.
54. Zielinska E, Niewiarowski W, Bodalski J et al. Genotyping of the arylamine N-acetyltransferase polymorphism in the prediction of idiosyncratic reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in infants. Pharm World Sci 1998; 20: 123-30.
55. Zielinska E, Niewiarowski W, Bodalski J. The arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) polymorphism and the risk of adverse reactions to co-trimoxazole in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 54: 779-85.
56. O’Neil WM, Drobitch RK, MacArthur RD et al. Acetylator phenotype and genotype in patients infected with HIV: discordance between methods for phenotype determination and genotype. Pharmacogenetics 2000; 10: 171-82.
57. O’Neil WM, MacArthur RD, Farrough MJ et al. Acetylator phenotype and genotype in HIV-infected patients with and without sulfonamide hypersensitivity. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42: 613-9.
58. Zielinska E, Bodalski J, Niewiarowski W et al. Comparison of acetylation phenotype with genotype coding for N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) in children. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 403-8.
59. McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Janosko K et al. Pharmacogenetic interactions between beta-blocker therapy and the angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion polymorphism in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001; 103: 1644-8.
60. Ueda S, Meredith PA, Morton JJ et al. ACE (I/D) genotype as a predictor of the magnitude and duration of the response to an ACE inhibitor drug (enalaprilat) in humans. Circulation 1998; 98: 2148-53.
61. Schork NJ. Genetics of complex disease: approaches, problems, and solutions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: S103-9.
62. Freimer N, Sabatti C. The human phenome project. Nat Genet 2003; 34: 15-21.
63. Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Faraone SV. Problems of diagnoses in family studies. J Psychiatr Res 1987; 21: 391-9.
64. Szatmari P, Jones MB. Effects of misclassification on estimates of relative risk in family history studies. Genet Epidemiol 1999; 16: 368-81.
65. Garcia-Closas M, Rothman N, Lubin J. Misclassification in case-control studies of gene-environment interactions: assessment of bias and sample size. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 1043-50.
66. Rothman N, Garcia-Closas M, Stewart WT, Lubin J. The impact of misclassification in case-control studies of gene-environment interactions. IARC Sci Publ 1999; 148: 89-96.
67. Clough JB. Phenotype stability in asthma and atopy in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28 Suppl 1: 22-5; discussion 32-6.
68. Panhuysen CI, Bleecker ER, Koeter GH et al. Characterization of obstructive airway disease in family members of probands with asthma. An algorithm for the diagnosis of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1734-42.
69. Evans WE, Johnson JA. Pharmacogenomics: the inherited basis for interindividual differences in drug response. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2001; 2: 9-39.
70. Rogers JF, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr. Pharmacogenetics affects dosing, efficacy, and toxicity of cytochrome P450-metabolized drugs. Am J Med 2002; 113: 746-50.
71. Nebert DW. Extreme discordant phenotype methodology: an intuitive approach to clinical pharmacogenetics. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 410: 107-20.
72. Yi N, Xu S, Allison DB. Bayesian model choice and search strategies for mapping interacting quantitative trait Loci. Genetics 2003; 165: 867-83.
73. Lash LH, Hines RN, Gonzalez FJ et al. Genetics and susceptibility to toxic chemicals: do you (or should you) know your genetic profile? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305: 403-9.
74. Morton V, Torgerson DJ. Effect of regression to the mean on decision making in health care. Br Med J 2003; 326: 1083-4.
75. Zhang X, Tomblin JB. Explaining and controlling regression to the mean in longitudinal research designs. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2003; 46: 1340-51.
76. Schuckit MA, Edenberg HJ, Kalmijn J et al. A genome-wide search for genes that relate to a low level of response to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 323-9.
77. Turecki G, Grof P, Grof E et al. Mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder: a pharmacogenetic approach based on excellent response to lithium. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 570-8.
78. Mosley J, Conti DV, Elston RC, Witte JS. Impact of preadjusting a quantitative phenotype prior to sib-pair linkage analysis when gene x environment interaction exists. Genet Epidemiol 2001; 21 Suppl 1: S837-42.
79. Gauderman WJ, Morrison JL, Siegmund KD. Should we consider gene x environment interaction in the hunt for quantitative trait loci? Genet Epidemiol 2001; 21 Suppl 1: S831-6.
80. Colilla S, Nicolae D, Pluzhnikov A et al. Evidence for gene-environment interactions in a linkage study of asthma and smoking exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 840-6.
81. Oestreicher JL, Walters IB, Kikuchi T et al. Molecular classification of psoriasis disease-associated genes through pharmacogenomic expression profiling. Pharmacogenomics J 2001; 1: 272-87.
82. Kleyn PW, Vesell ES. Genetic variation as a guide to drug development. Science 1998; 281: 1820-1.
83. Yang Q, Khoury MJ, Flanders WD. Sample size requirements in case-only designs to detect gene-environment interaction. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 713-20.
84. Khoury MJ, Flanders WD. Nontraditional epidemiologic approaches in the analysis of gene-environment interaction: case-control studies with no controls! Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 207-13.
85. Piegorsch WW, Weinberg CR, Taylor JA. Non-hierarchical logistic models and case-only designs for assessing susceptibility in population-based case-control studies. Stat Med 1994; 13: 153-62.
86. Liu X, Fallin MD, Kao WH. Genetic dissection methods: designs used for tests of gene-environment interaction. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2004; 14: 241-5.
87. Deng Y, Newman B, Dunne MP et al. Case-only study of interactions between genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, P1, T1 and Z1 and smoking in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2004; 366: 326-31.
88. Schmidt S, Schaid DJ. Potential misinterpretation of the caseonly study to assess gene-environment interaction. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150: 878-85.
89. Hamajima N, Yuasa H, Matsuo K, Kurobe Y. Detection of gene-environment interaction by case-only studies. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1999; 29: 490-3.
90. Albert PS, Ratnasinghe D, Tangrea J, Wacholder S. Limitations of the case-only design for identifying gene-environment interactions. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 687-93.
91. Le Souef P. Use of cohorts with extensive longitudinal data in investigating the molecular genetics of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28 Suppl 1: 46-50; discussion 65-6.
92. Burton P, Gurrin L, Sly P. Extending the simple linear regression model to account for correlated responses: an introduction to generalized estimating equations and multilevel mixed modelling. Stat Med 1998; 17: 1261-91.
93. Schmitz S, Cherny SS, Fulker DW. Increase in power through multivariate analyses. Behav Genet 1998; 28: 357-63.
94. Carlson CS, Eberle MA, Rieder MJ et al. Additional SNPs and linkage-disequilibrium analyses are necessary for whole-genome association studies in humans. Nat Genet 2003; 33: 518-21.
95. Kruglyak L. Prospects for whole-genome linkage disequilibrium mapping of common disease genes. Nat Genet 1999; 22: 139-44.
96. Schmith VD, Campbell DA, Sehgal S et al. Pharmacogenetics and disease genetics of complex diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60: 1636-46.
97. Roses AD. Pharmacogenetics. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10: 2261-7.
98. Roses AD. Pharmacogenetics place in modern medical science and practice. Life Sci 2002; 70: 1471-80.
99. Silverman EK, Palmer LJ. Case-control association studies for the genetics of complex respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22: 645-8.
100. Weiss ST, Silverman EK, Palmer LJ. Case-control association studies in pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics J 2001; 1: 157-8.
101. Pritchard JK, Rosenberg NA. Use of unlinked genetic markers to detect population stratification in association studies. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 220-8.
102. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Rosenberg NA, Donnelly P. Association mapping in structured populations. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 170-81.
103. Cardon LR, Idury RM, Harris TJ et al. Testing drug response in the presence of genetic information: sampling issues for clinical trials. Pharmacogenetics 2000; 10: 503-10.
104. Elston RC, Idury RM, Cardon LR, Lichter JB. The study of candidate genes in drug trials: sample size considerations. Stat Med 1999; 18: 741-51.
105. Palmer LJ, Silverman ES, Weiss ST, Drazen JM. Pharmacogenetics of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 861-6.
106. Foppa I, Spiegelman D. Power and sample size calculations for case-control studies of gene-environment interactions with a polytomous exposure variable. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 596-604.
107. Weiss ST. Gene by environment interaction and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29 Suppl 2: 96-9.
108. Garcia-Closas M, Lubin JH. Power and sample size calculations in case-control studies of gene-environment interactions: comments on different approaches. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 689-92.
109. Bradford-Hill AB. The environment and disease: association and causation. Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58: 295-300.
110. Drysdale CM, McGraw DW, Stack CB et al. Complex promoter and coding region beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes alter receptor expression and predict in vivo responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 10483-8.
111. Johnson JA, Zineh I, Puckett BJ et al. Beta 1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and antihypertensive response to metoprolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 74: 44-52.
112. Boerwinkle E, Chakraborty R, Sing CF. The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man. I. Models and analytical methods. Ann Hum Genet 1986; 50(Pt 2): 181-94.
113. Templeton AR, Boerwinkle E, Sing CF. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. I. Basic theory and an analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila. Genetics 1987; 117: 343-51.
114. Kamboh MI, Evans RW, Aston CE. Genetic effect of apolipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein E polymorphisms on plasma quantitative risk factors for coronary heart disease in American black women. Atherosclerosis 1995; 117: 73-81.
115. Risch NJ. Searching for genetic determinants in the new millennium. Nature 2000; 405: 847-56.
116. Olejnik S, Algina J. Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: measures of effect size for some common research designs. Psychol Methods 2003; 8: 434-47.
117. Kempthorne O. An introduction to genetic statistics. Ames: Iowa University Press, 1969.
118. Cardon LR, Bell JI. Association study designs for complex diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2001; 2: 91-9.
119. Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler D. Once and again-issues surrounding replication in genetic association studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 4438-41.
120. Tabor HK, Risch NJ, Myers RM. Opinion: Candidate-gene approaches for studying complex genetic traits: practical considerations. Nat Rev Genet 2002; 3: 391-7.
121. Sebastiani P, Lazarus R, Weiss ST et al. Minimal haplotype tagging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 9900-5.
122. Johnson GC, Esposito L, Barratt BJ et al. Haplotype tagging for the identification of common disease genes. Nat Genet 2001; 29: 233-7.
123. Wilson JF, Weale ME, Smith AC et al. Population genetic structure of variable drug response. Nat Genet 2001; 29: 265-9.
124. Evans DA, McLeod HL, Pritchard S et al. Interethnic variability in human drug responses. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 606-10.
125. Lonjou C, Zhang W, Collins A et al. Linkage disequilibrium in human populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 6069-74.
126. Tian W, Boggs DA, Uko G et al. MICA, HLA-B haplotypic variation in five population groups of sub-Saharan African ancestry. Genes Immun 2003; 4: 500-5.
127. Sobieszczyk P, Fishbein MC, Goldhaber SZ. Acute pulmonary embolism: don’t ignore the platelet. Circulation 2002; 106: 1748-9.
128. Ginsberg JS. Management of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1816-28.
129. Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R et al. Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1676-81.
130. van der Meer FJ, Rosendaal FR, Vandenbroucke JP, Briet E. Bleeding complications in oral anticoagulant therapy. An analysis of risk factors. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1557-62.
131. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Wintzen AR et al. Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 11-7.
132. Palareti G, Leali N, Coccheri S et al. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 423-8.
133. Rettie AE, Wienkers LC, Gonzalez FJ et al. Impaired (S)- warfarin metabolism catalysed by the R144C allelic variant of CYP2C9. Pharmacogenetics 1994; 4: 39-42.
134. Linder MW. Genetic mechanisms for hypersensitivity and resistance to the anticoagulant warfarin. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 308: 9-15.
135. Takahashi H, Echizen H. Pharmacogenetics of warfarin elimination and its clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40: 587-603.
136. Hallak HO, Wedlund PJ, Modi MW et al. High clearance of (S)-warfarin in a warfarin-resistant subject. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 35: 327-30.
137. James AH, Britt RP, Raskino CL, Thompson SG. Factors affecting the maintenance dose of warfarin. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45: 704-6.
138. Miners JO, Birkett DJ. Cytochrome P450 2C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45: 525-38.
139. Goldstein JA, de Morais SM. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily. Pharmacogenetics 1994; 4: 285-99.
140. Gray IC, Nobile C, Muresu R et al. A 2.4-megabase physical map spanning the CYP2C gene cluster on chromosome 10q24. Genomics 1995; 28: 328-32.
141. Mancy A, Broto P, Dijols S et al. The substrate binding site of human liver cytochrome P450 2C9: an approach using designed tienilic acid derivatives and molecular modeling. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 10365-75.
142. Jones BC, Hawksworth G, Horne VA et al. Putative active site template model for cytochrome P4502C9 (tolbutamide hydroxylase). Drug Metab Dispos 1996; 24: 260-6.
143. Haining RL, Hunter AP, Veronese ME et al. Allelic variants of human cytochrome P450 2C9: baculovirus-mediated expression, purification, structural characterization, substrate stereoselectivity, and prochiral selectivity of the wild-type and I359L mutant forms. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996; 333: 447-58.
144. Sullivan-Klose TH, Ghanayem BI, Bell DA et al. The role of the CYP2C9-Leu359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics 1996; 6: 341-9.
145. Furuya H, Fernandez-Salguero P, Gregory W et al. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 and its effect on warfarin maintenance dose requirement in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy. Pharmacogenetics 1995; 5: 389-92.
146. Aithal GP, Day CP, Kesteven PJ, Daly AK. Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin dose requirement and risk of bleeding complications. Lancet 1999; 353: 717-9.
147. Margaglione M, Colaizzo D, D’Andrea G et al. Genetic modulation of oral anticoagulation with warfarin. Thromb Haemost 2000; 84: 775-8.
148. Taube J, Halsall D, Baglin T. Influence of cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 polymorphisms on warfarin sensitivity and risk of over-anticoagulation in patients on long-term treatment. Blood 2000; 96: 1816-9.
149. Takahashi H, Kashima T, Nomoto S et al. Comparisons between in vitro and in vivo metabolism of (S)-warfarin: catalytic activities of cDNA-expressed CYP2C9, its Leu359 variant and their mixture versus unbound clearance in patients with the corresponding CYP2C9 genotypes. Pharmacogenetics 1998; 8: 365-73.
150. Takahashi H, Kashima T, Nomizo Y et al. Metabolism of warfarin enantiomers in Japanese patients with heart disease having different CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63: 519-28.
151. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and improving health, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2000.
152. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 291: 1238-45.
153. Edwards R. The problem of tobacco smoking. Br Med J 2004; 328: 217-9.
154. Corrigall WA. Understanding brain mechanisms in nicotine reinforcement. Br J Addict 1991; 86: 507-10.
155. Stolerman IP, Shoaib M. The neurobiology of tobacco addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991; 12: 467-73.
156. Dani JA, Heinemann S. Molecular and cellular aspects of nicotine abuse. Neuron 1996; 16: 905-8.
157. Cholerton S, Arpanahi A, McCracken N et al. Poor metabolisers of nicotine and CYP2D6 polymorphism. Lancet 1994; 343: 62-3.
158. Hiroi T, Imaoka S, Funae Y. Dopamine formation from tyramine by CYP2D6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 249: 838-43.
159. Daly AK, Brockmoller J, Broly F et al. Nomenclature for human CYP2D6 alleles. Pharmacogenetics 1996; 6: 193-201.
160. Johansson I, Lundqvist E, Bertilsson L et al. Inherited amplification of an active gene in the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus as a cause of ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 11825-9.
161. Cholerton S, Boustead C, Taber H et al. CYP2D6 genotypes in cigarette smokers and non-tobacco users. Pharmacogenetics 1996; 6: 261-3.
162. Boustead C, Taber H, Idle JR, Cholerton S. CYP2D6 genotype and smoking behaviour in cigarette smokers. Pharmacogenetics 1997; 7: 411-4.
163. Saarikoski ST, Sata F, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K et al. CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer genotype as a potential modifier of smoking behaviour. Pharmacogenetics 2000; 10: 5-10.
164. Walton R, Johnstone E, Munafo M et al. Genetic clues to the molecular basis of tobacco addiction and progress towards personalized therapy. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7: 70-6.
165. Molyneux A. Nicotine replacement therapy. Br Med J 2004; 328: 454-6.
166. Roddy E. Bupropion and other non-nicotine pharmacotherapies. Br Med J 2004; 328: 509-11.
167. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 685-91.
168. Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED et al. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1195-202.
169. Court MH, Duan SX, Hesse LM et al. Cytochrome P-450 2B6 is responsible for interindividual variability of propofol hydroxylation by human liver microsomes. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 110-9.
170. Faucette SR, Hawke RL, Lecluyse EL et al. Validation of bupropion hydroxylation as a selective marker of human cytochrome P450 2B6 catalytic activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 1222-30.
171. Lang T, Klein K, Fischer J et al. Extensive genetic polymorphism in the human CYP2B6 gene with impact on expression and function in human liver. Pharmacogenetics 2001; 11: 399-415.
172. Lerman C, Shields PG, Wileyto EP et al. Pharmacogenetic investigation of smoking cessation treatment. Pharmacogenetics 2002; 12: 627-34.
173. Gurney H. Dose calculation of anticancer drugs: a review of the current practice and introduction of an alternative. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2590-611.
174. Baker SD, Verweij J, Rowinsky EK et al. Role of body surface area in dosing of investigational anticancer agents in adults, 1991-2001. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 1883-8.
175. Goetz MP, Ames MM, Weinshilboum RM. Primer on medical genomics. Part XII: Pharmacogenomics - general principles with cancer as a model. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 376-84.
176. Ulrich CM, Robien K, McLeod HL. Cancer pharmacogenetics: polymorphisms, pathways and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 912-20.
177. McLeod HL, Yu J. Cancer pharmacogenomics: SNPs, chips, and the individual patient. Cancer Invest 2003; 21: 630-40.
178. Veal GJ, Coulthard SA, Boddy AV. Chemotherapy individualization. Invest New Drugs 2003; 21: 149-56.
179. Watters JW, McLeod HL. Cancer pharmacogenomics: current and future applications. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1603: 99-111.
180. Nagasubramanian R, Innocenti F, Ratain MJ. Pharmacogenetics in cancer treatment. Annu Rev Med 2003; 54: 437-52.
181. Daly AK, Hall AG. Pharmacogenetics of cytotoxic drugs. Exp Rev Anticancer Ther 2001; 1: 301-8.
182. Relling MV, Dervieux T. Pharmacogenetics and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1: 99-108.
183. Danesi R, de Braud F, Fogli S et al. Pharmacogenetics of anticancer drug sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55: 57-103.
184. Franklin WA, Carbone DP. Molecular staging and pharmacogenomics. Clinical implications: from lab to patients and back. Lung Cancer 2003; 41 Suppl 1: S147-54.
185. Sarries C, Haura EB, Roig B et al. Pharmacogenomic strategies for developing customized chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2002; 3: 763-80.
186. Reardon DA, Friedman HS, Powell JB Jr et al. Irinotecan: promising activity in the treatment of malignant glioma. Oncology (Huntingt) 2003; 17: 9-14.
187. Fuchs CS, Moore MR, Harker G et al. Phase III comparison of two irinotecan dosing regimens in second-line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 807-14.
188. Pizzolato JF, Saltz LB. Irinotecan (Campto) in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Exp Rev Anticancer Ther 2003; 3: 587-93.
189. Negoro S, Masuda N, Takada Y et al. Randomised phase III trial of irinotecan combined with cisplatin for advanced nonsmall- cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 335-41.
190. Choy H, Kim JS, Pyo H, MacRae R. Topoisomerase I inhibitors in the combined modality therapy of lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2001; 2 Suppl 2: S34-40.
191. Rocha Lima CM, Rizvi NA, Zhang C et al. Randomized phase II trial of gemcitabine plus irinotecan or docetaxel in stage IIIB or stage IV NSCLC. Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 410-8.
192. Noda K, Nishiwaki Y, Kawahara M et al. Irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin for extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 85-91.
193. Ichiki M, Gohara R, Rikimaru T et al. Combination chemotherapy with irinotecan and ifosfamide as second-line treatment of refractory or sensitive relapsed small cell lung cancer: a phase II study. Chemotherapy 2003; 49: 200-5.
194. Saijo N. Progress in treatment of small-cell lung cancer: role of CPT-11. Br J Cancer 2003; 89: 2178-83.
195. Fisher MD, D’Orazio A. Irinotecan and cisplatin versus etoposide and cisplatin in small-cell lung cancer: JCOG 9511. Clin Lung Cancer 2000; 2: 23-4.
196. Ando M, Kobayashi K, Yoshimura A et al. Weekly administration of irinotecan (CPT-11) plus cisplatin for refractory or relapsed small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2004; 44: 121-7.
197. Desai AA, Innocenti F, Ratain MJ. Pharmacogenomics: road to anticancer therapeutics nirvana? Oncogene 2003; 22: 6621-8.
198. Iyer L, King CD, Whitington PF et al. Genetic predisposition to the metabolism of irinotecan CPT-11. Role of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1A1 in the glucuronidation of its active metabolite (SN-38) in human liver microsomes. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 847-54.
199. Gupta E, Lestingi TM, Mick R et al. Metabolic fate of irinotecan in humans: correlation of glucuronidation with diarrhea. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 3723-5.
200. Iyer L, Das S, Janisch L et al. UGT1A1*28 polymorphism as a determinant of irinotecan disposition and toxicity. Pharmacogenomics J 2002; 2: 43-7.
201. Burchell B, Brierley CH, Rance D. Specificity of human UDPglucuronosyltransferases and xenobiotic glucuronidation. Life Sci 1995; 57: 1819-31.
202. Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C et al. The genetic basis of the reduced expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 in Gilbert’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1171-5.
203. Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R et al. Genetic variation in bilirubin UPD-glucuronosyltransferase gene promoter and Gilbert’s syndrome. Lancet 1996; 347: 578-81.
204. Beutler E, Gelbart T, Demina A. Racial variability in the UDPglucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1A1) promoter: a balanced polymorphism for regulation of bilirubin metabolism? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 8170-4.
205. Ando Y, Saka H, Ando M et al. Polymorphisms of UDPglucuronosyltransferase gene and irinotecan toxicity: a pharmacogenetic analysis. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6921-6.
206. Innocenti F, Ratain MJ. Irinotecan treatment in cancer patients with UGT1A1 polymorphisms. Oncology (Huntingt) 2003; 17: 52-5.
207. Palmer LJ, Cookson WO. Genomic approaches to understanding asthma. Genome Res 2000; 10: 1280-7.
208. Lemanske RF Jr, Allen DB. Choosing a long-term controller medication in childhood asthma. The proverbial two-edged sword. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 685-7.
209. Malmstrom K, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Guerra J et al. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma. A randomized, controlled trial. Montelukast/Beclomethasone Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 487-95.
210. Wilk JB, Djousse L, Arnett DK et al. Evidence for major genes influencing pulmonary function in the NHLBI family heart study. Genet Epidemiol 2000; 19: 81-94.
211. Palmer LJ, Burton PR, James AL et al. Familial aggregation and heritability of asthma-associated quantitative traits in a population-based sample of nuclear families. Eur J Hum Genet 2000; 8: 853-60.
212. Raby BA, Weiss ST. Beta2-adrenergic receptor genetics. Curr Pin Mol Ther 2001; 3: 554-66.
213. Osler W. Principles and practice of medicine, 14th edn. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1942.
214. Reihsaus E, Innis M, MacIntyre N, Liggett SB. Mutations in the gene encoding for the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 8: 334-9.
215. Ohe M, Munakata M, Hizawa N et al. Beta 2 adrenergic receptor gene restriction fragment length polymorphism and bronchial asthma. Thorax 1995; 50: 353-9.
216. Aziz I, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Comparative trough effects of formoterol and salmeterol on lymphocyte beta2- adrenoceptor - regulation and bronchodilatation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55: 431-6.
217. Hancox RJ, Sears MR, Taylor DR. Polymorphism of the beta2- adrenoceptor and the response to long-term beta2-agonist therapy in asthma. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 589-93.
218. Martinez FD, Graves PE, Baldini M et al. Association between genetic polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenoceptor and response to albuterol in children with and without a history of wheezing. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 3184-8.
219. Lima JJ, Thomason DB, Mohamed MH et al. Impact of genetic polymorphisms of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor on albuterol bronchodilator pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65: 519-25.
220. Drazen JM, Israel E, Boushey HA et al. Comparison of regularly scheduled with as-needed use of albuterol in mild asthma. Asthma Clinical Research Network. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 841-7.
221. Israel E, Drazen JM, Liggett SB et al. The effect of polymorphisms of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 75-80.
222. Israel E, Drazen JM, Liggett SB et al. Effect of polymorphism of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 124: 183-6.
223. Liggett SB. Pharmacogenetics of beta-1- and beta-2-adrenergic receptors. Pharmacology 2000; 61: 167-73.
224. Haahtela T, Jarvinen M, Kava T et al. Comparison of a beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, in newly detected asthma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 388-392.
225. Chervinsky P, van As A, Bronsky EA et al. Fluticasone propionate aerosol for the treatment of adults with mild to moderate asthma. The Fluticasone Propionate Asthma Study Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94: 676-83.
226. Dishy V, Sofowora GG, Xie HG et al. The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonistmediated vascular desensitization. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1030-5.
227. Taylor DR, Drazen JM, Herbison GP et al. Asthma exacerbations during long term beta agonist use: influence of beta(2) adrenoceptor polymorphism. Thorax 2000; 55: 762-7.
228. Israel E, Chinchilli VM, Ford JG et al. Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: genotypestratified, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 1505-12.
229. Tattersfield AE, Hall IP. Are beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms important in asthma - an unravelling story. Lancet 2004; 364: 1464-6.
230. Samuelsson B. Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. Science 1983; 220: 568-75.
231. Samuelsson B, Dahlen SE, Lindgren JA et al. Leukotrienes and lipoxins: structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Science 1987; 237: 1171-6.
232. Drazen JM. Cysteinyl leukotrienes. In: Barnes PJ, Rodger IW, Thomson NC (eds). Asthma: Basic mechanisms and clinical management. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998: 281-95.
233. Figueroa DJ, Breyer RM, Defoe SK et al. Expression of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor in normal human lung and peripheral blood leukocytes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 226-33.
234. Lewis RA, Austen KF, Soberman RJ. Leukotrienes and other products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Biochemistry and relation to pathobiology in human diseases. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 645-55.
235. Holgate ST, Bradding P, Sampson AP. Leukotriene antagonists and synthesis inhibitors: new directions in asthma therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: 1-13.
236. Drazen JM, Israel E, O’Byrne PM. Treatment of asthma with drugs modifying the leukotriene pathway. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 197-206.
237. Silverman ES, Drazen JM. The biology of 5-lipoxygenase: function, structure, and regulatory mechanisms. Proc Assoc Am Phys 1999; 111: 525-36.
238. Silverman ES, Du J, De Sanctis GT et al. Egr-1 and Sp1 interact functionally with the 5-lipoxygenase promoter and its naturally occurring mutants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19: 316-23.
239. Silverman ES, Du J, Williams AJ et al. cAMP-responseelement-binding-protein-binding protein (CBP) and p300 are transcriptional co-activators of early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1). Biochem J 1998; 336 (Pt 1): 183-9.
240. In KH, Asano K, Beier D et al. Naturally occurring mutations in the human 5-lipoxygenase gene promoter that modify transcription factor binding and reporter gene transcription. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1130-7.
241. Anderson W, Kalberg C, Edwards L et al. Effects of polymorphisms in the promoter region of 5-lipoxygenase and LTC4 synthase on the clinical response to zafirlukast and fluticasone. Eur Resir J 2000; 16 (Suppl B): 183s.
242. Drazen JM, Yandava CN, Dube L et al. Pharmacogenetic association between ALOX5 promoter genotype and the response to anti-asthma treatment. Nat Genet 1999; 22: 168-70.
243. Sampson AP, Siddiqui S, Buchanan D et al. Variant LTC(4) synthase allele modifies cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis in eosinophils and predicts clinical response to zafirlukast. Thorax 2000; 55 (Suppl 2): S28-31.
244. Sanak M, Pierzchalska M, Bazan-Socha S, Szczeklik A. Enhanced expression of the leukotriene C(4) synthase due to overactive transcription of an allelic variant associated with aspirin intolerant asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23: 290-6.
245. NHLBI. Highlights of the Expert Panel Report 2. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda: NIH Publications, 1997: 50.
246. Von Mutius E. Presentation of new GINA guidelines for paediatrics. The global initiative on asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30 (Suppl 1): 6-10.
247. Rossi N, Dalfino T, Verrotti A et al. Third International Pediatric Consensus statement on the management of childhood asthma. International Pediatric Asthma Consensus Group. Allergy Asthma Proc 2001; 22: 297-302.
248. Guidelines on the management of asthma. Statement by the British Thoracic Society, the British Paediatric Association, the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the King’s Fund Centre, the National Asthma Campaign, the Royal College of General Practitioners, the General Practitioners in Asthma Group, the British Association of Accident and Emergency Medicine, and the British Paediatric Respiratory Group [erratum appears in Thorax 1994; 49: 386; Thorax 1994; 49: 96.]. Thorax 1993; 48: S1-24.
249. Bousquet J. Global initiative for asthma (GINA) and its objectives. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30 (Suppl 1): 2-5.
250. Chung KF, O’Byrne P. Pharmacological agents used to treat asthma. In: Chung KF, Fabbri LM (eds). Asthma. Sheffield: European Respiratory Society Journals Ltd, 2003: 458.
251. Barnes PJ. Corticosteroids. In: Sampson AP, Church MK (eds) Anti-inflammatory drugs in asthma. Basal: Birkhauser Berlag, 1999: 33-85.
252. Barnes PJ, Grunstein MM, Leff AR, Woolcock AJ. Asthma. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.
253. Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 410-8.
254. Sher ER, Leung DY, Surs W et al. Steroid-resistant asthma. Cellular mechanisms contributing to inadequate response to glucocorticoid therapy. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 33-9.
255. Chan MT, Leung DY, Szefler SJ, Spahn JD. Difficult-to-control asthma: clinical characteristics of steroid-insensitive asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101: 594-601.
256. Rosenwasser L, Klemm JD, Klemm DJ et al. Association of asthmatic steroid insensitivity with an IL-4 gene promoter polymorphism [abstract 771]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: S235.
257. Leung DY, Bloom JW. Update on glucocorticoid action and resistance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 3-22; quiz 23.
258. Levene RZ, Schwartz B, Workman PL. Heritability of plasma cortisol. Arch Ophthalmol 1972; 87: 389-91.
259. Meikle AW, Stringham JD, Woodward MG, Bishop DT. Heritability of variation of plasma cortisol levels. Metabolism 1988; 37: 514-7.
260. Kirschbaum C, Wust S, Faig HG, Hellhammer DH. Heritability of cortisol responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone, ergometry, and psychological stress in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 1526-30.
261. Inglis GC, Ingram MC, Holloway CD et al. Familial pattern of corticosteroids and their metabolism in adult human subjects - the Scottish Adult Twin Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 4132-7.
262. Wust S, Federenko I, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Genetic factors, perceived chronic stress, and the free cortisol response to awakening. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000; 25: 707-20.
263. Ober C, Abney M, McPeek MS. The genetic dissection of complex traits in a founder population. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69: 1068-79.
264. Bartels M, Van den Berg M, Sluyter F et al. Heritability of cortisol levels: review and simultaneous analysis of twin studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28: 121-37.
265. Sutherland ER, Ellison MC, Kraft M, Martin RJ. Altered pituitary-adrenal interaction in nocturnal asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 52-7.
266. Landstra AM, Boezen HM, Postma DS, van Aalderen WM. Effect of intravenous hydrocortisone on nocturnal airflow limitation in childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 627-32.
267. Landstra AM, Postma DS, Boezen HM, van Aalderen WM. Role of serum cortisol levels in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 708-12.
268. Laube BL, Curbow BA, Costello RW, Fitzgerald ST. A pilot study examining the relationship between stress and serum cortisol concentrations in women with asthma. Respir Med 2002; 96: 823-8.
269. Sparrow D, O’Connor GT, Rosner B et al. A longitudinal study of plasma cortisol concentration and pulmonary function decline in men. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1345-8.
270. Tantisira KG, Lake S, Silverman ES et al. Corticosteroid pharmacogenetics: Association of sequence variants in CRHR1 with improved lung function in asthmatics treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13: 1353-9.