Enzymatic methods for marine by-products recovery

Maximising the Value of Marine By-Products

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 107-143

  Guerard, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 46749084729     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845692087.1.107     Document Type: Chapter

References (129)

1. Adler-Nissen J. Determination of the degree of hydrolysis of food protein hydrolysates by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. J Agric Food Chem 1979, 27(2):1256-1262.
2. Adler-Nissen J. Limited enzymic degradation of proteins: a new approach in the industrial application of hydrolases. Chem Tech Biotechnol 1982, 32:138-156.
3. Aidos I., van der Padt A., Boom R.M., Luten J.B. Upgrading of maatjes herring byproducts: production of crude fish oil. J Agric Food Chem 2001, 49:3697-3704.
4. Aidos I., van der Padt A., Luten J.B., Boom R.M. Seasonal changes in crude and lipid composition of herring fillets, byproducts, and respective produced oils. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50:4589-4599.
5. Aidos I., Masbernat-Martinez S., Luten J.B., Boom R.M., van der Padt A. Composition and stability of herring oil recovered from sorted by-products as compared to oil from mixed by-products. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50:2818-2824.
6. Aidos I., Kreb N., Boonman M., Luten J.B., Boom R.M., van der Padt A. Influence of production process parameters on fish oil quality in a pilot plant. J Food Sci 2003, 68:581-587.
7. Alasalvar C., Shahidi F., Quantik P. Food and health applications of marine nutraceuticals: a review. Seafoods - Quality, Technology and Nutraceutical Applications 2002, 174-204. Springer, Berlin. C. Alasalvar, T. Taylor (Eds.).
8. An H., Visessanguan W. Recovery of enzymes from seafood processing wastes. Seafood Enzymes - Utilization and influence on postharvest seafood quality 2000, 641-664. Marcel Decker, New York. N.F. Haard, E. Simpson (Eds.).
9. Andrieux G. La filière fran§aise des co-produits de la pêche et de l'aquaculture: état des lieux et analyse. Office national interprofessionnel des produits de la mer et de l'aquaculture (OFIMER) 2004, Paris, France.
10. Aspmo S.I., Horn S.J., Eijsink V.G.H. Enzymatic hydrolysis of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) viscera. Process Biochem 2005, 40:1957-1966.
11. Aspmo S.I., Horn S.J., Eijsink V.G.H. Hydrolysates from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) viscera as components of microbial growth media. Process Biochem 2005, 40:3714-3722.
12. Baek H.H., Cadwaller K.R. Enzymatic hydrolysis of crayfish processing byproducts. J Food Sci 1995, 60:929-934.
13. Benjakul S., Morrissey M.T. Protein hydrolysates from Pacific whiting solid wastes. J Agric Food Chem 1997, 45:3423-3430.
14. Bergé J.P., Barnathan G. Fatty acids from lipids of marine organisms: molecular biodiversity, roles as biomarkers, biologically active compounds, and economical aspects. Series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 2005, Vol. 96:49-126. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Y. Le Gal, R. Ulber, I. Marine Biotechnology (Eds.).
15. Bernet F., Montel V., Noel B., Dupouy J.P. Diazepam-like effects of a fish protein hydrolysate (Gabolysat PC60) on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary-adrenal system and sympathoadrenal activity. Psychopharmacology 2000, 149:34-40.
16. Bogwald J., Dalmo R., Mcqueen Leifson R., Stenberg E., Gildberg A. The stimulatory effect of a muscle protein hydrolysate from atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., on atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., head kidney leucocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1996, 6:3-16.
17. Bordenave S., Fruitier I., Ballandier I., Sannier F., Gildberg A., Batista I., Piot J.M. HPLC preparation of fish waste hydrolysate fractions. Effect on guinea pig ileum and ACE activity. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2002, 32:65-77.
18. Brennan M., Gormley R. Eating quality of deep-water fish species and their products. Seafoods - Quality, Technology and Nutraceutical Applications 2002, 33-42. Springer, Berlin. C. Alasalvar, T. Taylor (Eds.).
19. Byun H.G., Kim S.K. Purification and characterization of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin. Process Biochem 2001, 36:1155-1162.
20. Cancre I., Ravallec R., Vanvormhoudt A., Stenberg E., Gildberg A., Le Gal Y. Secretagogues and growth factors in fish and crustacean protein hydrolysates. Mar Biotechnol 1999, 1:489-494.
21. Chantachum S., Benjakul S., Sriwirat N. Separation and quality of fish oil from precooked and non-precooked tuna heads. Food Chem 2000, 69:289-294.
22. Cho S.M., Kwak K.S., Park D.C., Gu Y.S., Ji C.I., Jang D.H., Lee Y.B., Kim S.B. Processing optimization and functional properties of gelatin from shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) cartilage. Food Hydrocolloids 2004, 18:573-579.
23. Dauksas E., Falch E., Slizyte R., Rustad T. Composition of fatty acids and lipid classes in bulk products generated during enzymatic hydrolysis of cod (Gadus morhua) by-products. Process Biochem 2005, 40:2659-2670.
24. Diniz F.M., Martin A.M. Use of response surface methodology to describe the combined effects of pH, temperature and E/S ratio on the hydrolysis of dogfish (Squalus acanthias) muscle. Int J Food Sci Technol 1996, 31:419-426.
25. Diniz F.M., Martin A.M. Optimization of nitrogen recovery in the enzymatic hydrolysis of dogfish (Squalus acanthias) protein. Composition of the hydrolysates. Int J Food Sci Technol 1997, 48:191-200.
26. Diniz F.M., Martin A.M. Fish protein hydrolysates by enzymatic processing. Agro Food Ind Hi-Tec 1997, 9-13. May/June.
27. Diniz F.M., Martin A.M. Influence of process variables on the hydrolysis of shark muscle protein. Food Sci Technol Int 1998, 4:91-98.
28. Dufossé L., De La Broise D., Guérard F. Evaluation of nitrogenous substrates such as peptones from fish: a new method based on Gompertz modeling of microbial growth. Curr Microbiol 2001, 42:32-38.
29. Dufossé L., Richert L., Guérard F. Microbial nitrogenous substrate from protein hydrolysate of non tradable oysters, a marine equivalent to yeast extract?. Marine biotechnology: an overview of leading fields 2003, 169-175. Editions IFREMER, Plouzane (France). S. Colliec-Joualt (Ed.).
30. Dumay J., Barthomeuf C., Bergé J.P. How enzymes may be helpful for upgrading fish by-products: Enhancement of fat extraction. J Aquatic Food Prod Technol 2004, 13(2):69-84.
31. FAO Report The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2004, FAO Fisheries department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
32. Ferreira N.G., Hultin H.O. Liquifying cod fish frames under acidic conditions with a fungal enzyme. J Food Process Preserv 1994, 18:87-101.
33. Fouchereau-Péron M., Duvail L., Michel C., Gildberg A., Batista I., Le Gal Y. Isolation of an acid fraction from a fish protein hydrolysate with a calcitoningene-related-peptide-like biological activity. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1999, 29:8792.
34. Gámez-Meza N., Noriega-Rodriguez J.A., Medina-Juárez L.A., Ortega-García J., Monroy-Rivera J.A., Toro-Vazquez J.F., García H.S., Angúlo-Guerrero O. Concentration of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid from Fish Oil by Hydrolysis and Urea-Complexation. Food Res Int 2003, 36:721-727.
35. Gandhi N. Applications of lipase. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1997, 74:621-634.
36. Gbogouri G.A., Linder M., Fanni J., Parmentier M. Influence of hydrolysis degree on the functional properties of salmon byproducts hydrolysates. J Food Sci 2004, 69:615-622.
37. Ghorbel S., Souissi N., Triki-Ellouz R., Dufossé L., Guérard F., Nasri M. Preparation and testing of Sardinella protein hydrolysate as nitrogen source for extracellular lipase production by Rhizopus oryzae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 21:33-38.
38. Gildberg A., Stenberg S. A new process for advanced utilisation of shrimp waste. Process Biochem 2001, 36:809-812.
39. Gilberg A., Batista I., Strom E. Preparation and characterization of peptones obtained by a two-step enzymatic hydrolysis of whole fish. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1989, 11:413-423.
40. Gildberg A., Bøgwald J., Johansen A., Stenberg E. Isolation of acid peptide fractions from a fish protein hydrolysate with strong stimulatory effect on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leucocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B-Biochem Mol Biol 1996, 114B:97-101.
41. Gildberg A., Simpson B., Haard N. Uses of enzymes from marine organisms. Seafood enzymes 2000, 619-639. Marcel Dekker, New York. N.F. Haard, B.K. Simpson (Eds.).
42. Gildberg A., Arnesen J.A., Carlehog M. Utilisation of cod backbone by biochemical fractionation. Process Biochem 2002, 38:475-480.
43. Gomez-Guillen M.C., Turnay J., Fernandez-Diaz M.D., Ulmo N., Lizarbe M.A., Montero P. Structural and physical properties of gelatine extracted from different marine species: a comparative study. Food Hydrocolloids 2002, 16:25-34.
44. Guérard F., Ravallec-Plé R., De La Broise D., Binet A., Dufossé L. Enzymic solubilisation of proteins from tropical tuna using Alcalase and some biological properties of the hydrolysates. Engineering and Manufacturing for Biotechnology, Focus on Biotechnology 2001, Vol. IV:39-53. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. P. Thonart, M. Hofman (Eds.).
45. Guérard F., Dufossé L., De La Broise D., Binet A. Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) wastes using Alcalase. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 2001, 11:1051-1059.
46. Guérard F., Guimas L., Binet A. Production of tuna waste hydrolysates by a commercial neutral protease preparation. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 2002, 19-20:489-498.
47. Guérard F., Sumaya-Martinez M.T., Binet A. An example of shrimp waste upgrading: the production of hydrolysates with antioxidative - free radical scavenging properties. Marine biotechnology: an overview of leading fields 2003, 155-162. Editions IFREMER, Plouzane (France). S. Colliec-Joualt (Ed.).
48. Guérard F., Batista I., Pires C., Le Gal Y. Report on sources and selection criteria for raw material. Integrated Project SEAFOODplus 2004-2008 2004, Pilar 4 - PROPEPHEALTH, workpackage 4.1.1.
49. Guérard F., Sellos D., Le Gal Y. Fish and Shellfish Upgrading, Traceability. Series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 2005, Vol. 96:127-164. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Y. Le Gal, R. Ulber, I. Marine Biotechnology (Eds.).
50. Guérard F., Sumaya-Martinez M.T., Linard B., Dufossé L. Marine protein hydrolysates with antioxidant properties. Agro Food Ind Hi-Tec 2005, 16:16-18.
51. Halldorsson A., Kristinsson B., Glynn C., Haraldsson G.G. Separation of EPA and DHA in fish oil by lipase-catalyzed esterification with glycerol. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2003, 80:915-921.
52. Hassan Z.M., Feyzi R., Sheikhian A., Bargahi A., Mostafaie A., Mansouri K., Shahrokhi S., Ghazanfari T., Shahabi S. Low molecular weight fraction of shark cartilage can modulate immune responses and abolish angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2005, 5:961-970.
53. Hickman D., Sims T.J., Miles C.A., Bailey A.J., De Mari M., Koopmans M. Isinglass/Collagen: Denaturation And Functionality. J Biotechnol 2000, 79:245-257.
54. Hoyle N.T., Merrit J.H. Quality Of Fish Protein Hydrolysates From Herring (Clupea Harengus). J Food Sci 1994, 59:76-79.
55. Hunter B.J., Ed B., Roberts D.C.K. Potential impact of the fat composition of farmed fish on human health. Nutr Res 2000, 20:1047-1058.
56. Ikoma T., Kobayashi H., Tanaka J., Walsh D., Mann S. Physical properties of type I collagen extracted from fish scales of Pagrus major and Oreochromis niloticas. Int J Biol Macromol 2003, 32:199-204.
57. Je J.Y., Park P.J., Kim S.K. Antioxidant activity of a peptide isolated from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) frame protein hydrolysate. Food Res Int 2005, 38:45-50.
58. Jeon Y.J., Byun H.G., Kim S.K. Improvement of functional properties of cod frame protein hydrolysates using ultrafiltration membranes. Process Biochem 1999, 35:471-478.
59. Jeon Y.-J., Kamil J.Y.V.A., Shahidi F. Chitosan as an edible invisible film for quality preservation of herring and Atlantic cod. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50:5167-5178.
60. Jongjareonrak A., Benkajul S., Visessanguan W., Nagai T., Tanaka M. Isolation and characterization of acid and pepsin-solubilised collagens from the skin of Brownstripe red snapper (Lutjanus vitta). Food Chem 2005, 93:475-484.
61. Jongjareonrak A., Benkajul S., Visessanguan W., Tanaka M. Isolation and characterization of collagen from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus macracanthus) skin. J Sci Food Agric 2005, 85:1203-1210.
62. Jun S.Y., Park P.J., Jung W.K., Kim S.K. Purification and characterization of an antioxidative peptide from enzymatic hydrolysate of yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera) frame protein. Eur Food Res Technol 2004, 219:20-26.
63. Jung W.-K., Park P.-J., Byun H.-G., Moon S.-H., Kim S.-K. Preparation of hoki (Johnius belengerii) bone oligophosphopeptide with a high affinity to calcium by carnivorous intestine crude proteinase. Food Chem 2005, 91:333-340.
64. Kim S.K., Jeon Y.J., Byeun H.G., Kim Y.T., Lee C.K. Enzymatic recovery of cod frame proteins with crude proteinase from tuna pyloric caeca. Fish Sci 1997, 63:421-427.
65. Kim S.K., Kim Y.T., Buyn H.G., Nam K.S., Joo D.S., Shahidi F. Isolation and characterization of antioxidative peptides from gelatine hydrolysate of Alaska pollack skin. J Agric Food Chem 2001, 49:1984-1989.
66. Kim S.-K., Park P.-J., Byun H.-G., Je J.Y., Moon S.-H. Recovery of fish bone from hoki (Johnius belengerii) frame using a proteolytic enzyme isolated from mackerel intestine. J Food Biochem 2003, 27:255-266.
67. Kittiphattanabawon P., Benjakul S., Visessanguan W., Nagai T., Tanaka M. Characterisation of acid-soluble collagen from skin and bone of bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus). Food Chem 2005, 89:363-372.
68. Kralovec J.A., Guan Y., Metera K., Carr R.I. Immunomodulating principles from shark cartilage. Part 1. Isolation and biological assessment in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2003, 3:657-669.
69. Kristinsson H.G., Rasco B.A. Fish protein hydrolysates: production, biochemical and functional properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2000, 40:43-81.
70. Kroes R., Schaefer E.J., Squire R.A., Williams G.M. A review of the safety of DHA 45-oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2003, 41:1433-1446.
71. Liaset B., Lied E., Espe M. Enzymatic hydrolysis of by-products from the fish-filleting industry; chemical characterisation and nutritional evaluation. J Sci Food Agric 2000, 80:581-589.
72. Liaset B., Julshamn K., Espe M. Chemical composition and theoretical nutritional evaluation of the produced fractions from enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon frames with Protamex. Process Biochem 2003, 38:1747-1759.
73. Liceaga-Gesualdo A.M., Li-Chan E.C.Y. Functional properties of fish protein hydrolysate from Herring (Clupea harengus). J Food Sci 1999, 64:1000-1004.
74. Lignot B., Lahogue V., Bourseau P. Enzymatic extraction of chondroitin sulphate from skate cartilage and concentration-desalting by ultrafiltration. J Biotechnol 2003, 103:281-284.
75. Linder M., Matouba E., Fanni J., Parmentier M. Enrichment of salmon oil with n-3 PUFA by lipolysis, filtration and enzyme re-esterification. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2002, 104:455-462.
76. Linder M., Fanni J., Parmentier M. Proteolytic extraction of salmon oil and PUFA concentration by lipases. Mar Biotechnol 2005, 15:70-76.
77. Linder M., Kochanowski N., Fanni J., Parmentier M. Response surface optimisation of lipase-catalysed esterification of glycerol and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from salmon oil. Process Biochem 2005, 40:273-279.
78. Mackie I.M. General review of fish protein hydrolysate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1982, 7:113-124.
79. Martin A.M., Patel T.R. Bioconversion of wastes from marine organisms. Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products 1991, 417-440. Elsevier Applied Science, London. A.M. Martin (Ed.).
80. Martone C.B., Borla O.P., Sanchez J.J. Fishery by-product as a nutrient source for bacteria and archea growth media. Bioresour Technol 2005, 96:383-387.
81. Montero P., Borderias J., Turnay J., Leyzarbe M.A. Characterization of hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) and Trout (Salmo irideus Gibb) collagen. J Agric Food Chem 1990, 38:604-609.
82. Morimura S., Nagata H., Uemura Y., Fahmi A., Shigematsu T., Kida K. Development of an effective process for utilization of collagen from livestock and fish waste. Process Biochem 2002, 37:1403-1412.
83. Muyonga J.H., Cole C.G.B., Duodu K.G. Characterisation of acid soluble collagen from skins of young and adult Nile perch (Lates niloticus). Food Chem 2004, 85:81-89.
84. Nagait T., Suzuki N. Isolation of collagen from fish waste material - skin, bone and fins. Food Chem 2000, 68:277-281.
85. Nagai T., Araki Y., Suzuki N. Collagen of the skin of ocellate puffer fish (Takifugu rubripes). Food Chem 2002, 78:173-177.
86. Nielsen P.M., Petersen D., Dambmann C. Improved method for determining food protein degree of hydrolysis. J Food Sci 2001, 66:642-646.
87. Nilsang S., Lertsiri S., Suphantharika M., Assavanig A. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of fish soluble concentrate by commercial proteases. J Food Eng 2005, 70:571-578.
88. Normah I., Jamilah B., Saari N., Che Man Y.B. Chemical and taste characteristics of threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) hydrolysate. J Sci Food Agric 2004, 84:1290-1298.
89. Ogawa M., Moody M.W., Portier R.J., Bell J., Schexnayder M.A., Losso J.N. Biochemical properties of black drum and sheepshead seabream skin collagen. J Agric Food Chem 2003, 51:8088-8092.
90. Osborn H.T., Akok C.C. Structured lipids-novel fats with medical, nutraceutical, and food applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Safety 2002, 1:93-103.
91. Ostrander G.K., Cheng K.C., Wolf J.C., Wolfe M. Shark cartilage, cancer and the growing threat of pseudoscience. Cancer Res 2004, 64:8485-8491.
92. Panyam D., Kilara A. Enhancing the functionality of food proteins by enzymatic modification. Trends Food Sci Technol 1996, 7:120-125.
93. Raghunath M.R. Enzymatic protein hydrolysate from tuna canning wastes - Standardisation of hydrolysis parameters. Fish Technol 1993, 30:40-45.
94. Ratel D., Glazier G., Provencal M., Boivin D., Beaulieu E., Gingras D., Beliveau R. Direct-acting fibrinolytic enzymes in shark cartilage extract. Potential therapeutic role in vascular disorders. Thromb Res 2005, 115:143-152.
95. Ravallec-Plé R., Charlot C., Pires C., Braga V., Batista I., Van Wormhoudt A., Le Gal Y., Fouchereau-Péron M. The presence of bioactive peptides in hydrolysates prepared from processing waste of sardine (Sardina pilchardus). J Sci Food Agric 2001, 81:1120-1125.
96. Ravi Kumar M.N.V. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 2000, 46:1-27.
97. Rousseau M., Batista I., Le Gal Y., Fouchereau-Péron M. Purification of a functional competitive antagonist for calcitonin gene related peptide action from sardine hydrolysates. Electronic J Biotechnol 2001, 4:1-8.
98. Rustad T. Utilisation of marine by-products. Electron J Envir Agric Food Chem 2003, 2:458-463.
99. Scrimgeour C. Chemistry of fatty acids. Edible Oil and Fat Products: Chemistry, Properties, and Health Effects 2005, Vol 1:1-43. Wiley. 6th. F. Shahidi (Ed.).
100. Senanayake S.P.J.N., Shahidi F. Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of structured lipids via acidolysis of seal (Phoca groenlandica) blubber oil with capric acid. Food Res Int 2002, 35:745-752.
101. Shahidi F., Kamil J.Y.V.A. Enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates and their application in the food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2001, 12:435-464.
102. Shahidi F., Synowiecki J. Protein hydrolyzates from seal meat as phosphate alternatives in food processing applications. Food Chem 1997, 60:29-32.
103. Shahidi F., Wanasundara U.N. Omega-3 fatty acid concentrates: nutritional aspects and production technologies. Trends Food Sci Technol 1998, 9:230-240.
104. Shahidi F., Synowiecki J., Balejko J. Proteolytic hydrolysis of muscle proteins of harp seal (Phoca groenlandica). J Agric Food Chem 1994, 42:2634-2638.
105. Shahidi F., Han X.Q., Synowiecki J. Production and characteristics of protein hydrolysates from capelin (Mallotus villosus). Food Chem 1995, 53:285-293.
106. Shahidi F., Vidana Arachchi J.K., Jeon Y.J. Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends Food Sci Technol 1999, 10:37-51.
107. Shimada Y., Maruyama K., Sugihara A., Baba T., Komemushi S., Moriyama S., Tominaga Y. Purification of ethyl docosahexaenoate by selective alcoholysis of fatty acid ethyl esters with immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1998, 75:1565-1571.
108. Shimada Y., Sugihara A., Tominaga Y. Enzymatic purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Biosci Bioeng 2001, 91:529-538.
109. Silvestre M.P.C. Review of methods for the analysis of protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 1997, 60:263-271.
110. Simpson B.K. Digestive proteinases from marine animals. Seafood enzymes - Utilization and influence on postharvest seafood quality 2000, 191-213. Marcel Dekker, New York. N.F. Haard, B. Simpson (Eds.).
111. Simpson B.K., Haard N.F. The use of proteolytic enzymes to extract carotenoproteins from shrimp wastes. J Appl Biochem 1985, 7:212-222.
112. Skara T., Sivertsvik M., Birkeland S. Production of Salmon oil from filleting byproducts - Effects of storage conditions on lipid oxidation and content of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Food Sci 2004, 69:417-421.
113. Slizyte R., Dauksas E., Falch E., Storrø I., Rustad T. Yield and composition of different fractions obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of cod (Gadus morhua) byproducts. Process Biochem 2005, 40:1415-1424.
114. Slizyte R., Dauksas E., Falch E., Storrø I., Rustad T. Characteristics of protein fractions generated from hydrolysed cod (Gadus morhua) by-products. Process Biochem 2005, 40:2021-2033.
115. Sumaya-Martinez T., Castillo-Morales A., Favela-Torres E., Huerta-Ochoa S., Prado-Barragan L.A. Fish protein hydrolysates from gold carp (Carrassius auratus): 1. A study of hydrolysis parameters using response surface methodology. J Sci Food Agric 2005, 85:98-104.
116. Sun T., Pigott G.M., Herwig R.P. Lipase-assisted concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from viscera of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Food Sci 2002, 67:130-136.
117. Synowiecky J., Al-Khateeb N.A.A.Q. The recovery of protein hydrolysate during enzymatic isolation of chitin from shrimp Crangon crangon processing discards. Food Chem 2000, 68:147-152.
118. Taylor T., Alasalvar C. Improved utilisation of fish and shellfish waste. Seafoods - Quality, Technology and Nutraceutical Applications 2002, 123-136. Springer, Berlin. C. Alasalvar, T. Taylor (Eds.).
119. Uauy R., Valenzuela A. Marine oils: the health benefits of n-3 fatty acids. Nutrition 2000, 16:680-684.
120. Vanschoonbeek K., De Maat M.P.M., Heemskerk J.W.M. Fish oil consumption and reduction of arterial disease. J Nutr 2003, 133:657-660.
121. Vasquez J.A., Gonzalez M.P., Murano M.A. Peptones from autohydrolysed fish viscera for nisin and pediocin production. J Biotechnol 2004, 112:299-311.
122. Venugopal V., Shahidi F. Value-added products from underutilized fish species. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1995, 35:431-453.
123. Vieira G.H.F., Martin A.M., Saker-Sampaiao S., Omar S., Goncalves R.C.F. Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of Brazilian lobster (Panulirus spp) processing wastes. J Sci Food Agric 1995, 69:61-65.
124. Vojdani F., Whitaker J.R. Chemical and enzymatic modification of proteins for improved functionality. Protein functionality in food system 1994, 261-309. Marcel Dekker, New York. N.S. Hettiarachy, G.R. Ziegler (Eds.).
125. Wanasundara U.N., Shahidi F. Lipase-assisted concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in acylglycerols from Marine Oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1998, 75:945-951.
126. Wanasundara U.N., Shahidi F. Concentration of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine oils using Candida cylindracea lipase: optimization of reaction conditions. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1998, 75:1767-1774.
127. Wanasundara U.N., Wanasundara J., Shahidi F. Omega-3 fatty acid concentrates: a review of production technologies. Seafoods - Quality, Technology and Nutraceutical Applications 2002, 157-174. Springer, Berlin. C. Alasalvar, T. Taylor (Eds.).
128. Ward O.P., Singh A. Omega-3/6 fatty acids: Alternative sources of production. Process Biochem 2005, 40:3627-3652.
129. Xu X. Production of specific-structured triacylglycerols by lipase-catalyzed reactions: a review. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2000, 102:287-303.