Concise review: Clinical relevance of drug-drug and herb-drug interactions mediated by the ABC transporter ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein)

Oncologist

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 927-941

  Marchetti, Serena ^a,b   Mazzanti, Roberto ^b   Beijnen, Jos H ^a,c   Schellens, Jan H M ^a,c  

^a NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^b CAREGGI UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

CAM; Complementary and alternative medicine; Drug interaction; P glycoprotein; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BIRICODAR; CLARITHROMYCIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; DIGOXIN; DOCETAXEL; ELACRIDAR; ERYTHROMYCIN; FEXOFENADINE; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; INDINAVIR; ITRACONAZOLE; LOPERAMIDE; METHOTREXATE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; OMEPRAZOLE; PACLITAXEL; PANTOPRAZOLE; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; QUINIDINE; RIFAMPICIN; RITONAVIR; SAQUINAVIR; TACROLIMUS; TALINOLOL; TARIQUIDAR; TOPOTECAN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSPODAR; VERAPAMIL; VINBLASTINE; ZOSUQUIDAR;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; CANCER PATIENT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TRANSPORT; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GENE FUNCTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; HAPLOTYPE; HERB DRUG INTERACTION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; LEUKEMIA CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

DRUG INTERACTIONS; HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; P-GLYCOPROTEIN;

EID: 34548378642     PISSN: 10837159     EISSN: 1549490X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.12-8-927     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Fattinger K, Roos M, Vergeres P et al. Epidemiology of drug exposure and adverse drug reactions in two Swiss departments of internal medicine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;499:158-167.
2. Zoppi M, Braunschweig S, Kuenzi UP et al. Incidence of lethal adverse drug reactions in the comprehensive hospital drug monitoring, a 20-year survey, 1974-1993, based on the data of Berne/St Gallen. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:427-430.
3. van Meerten E, Verweij J, Schellens JH. Antineoplastic agents: Drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Saf 1995;12:168-182.
4. Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Drug interactions in oncology. Lancet Oncol 2004;5:489-496.
5. Juliano RL, Ling V. A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976;455:152-162.
6. Gros P, Croop J, Housman D. Mammalian multidrug resistance gene: Complete cDNA sequence indicates strong homology to bacterial transport proteins. Cell 1986;47:371-380.
7. Higgins CF. ABC transporters: From microorganisms to man. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1992;8:67-113.
8. Fojo AT, Ueda K, Slamon DJ et al. Expression of a multidrug-resistance gene in human tumors and tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:265-269.
9. Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H et al. Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:7735-7738.
10. Arceci RJ, Croop JM, Horwitz SB et al. The gene encoding multidrug resistance is induced and expressed at high levels during pregnancy in the secretory epithelium of the uterus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988;85:4350-4354.
11. Cordon-Cardo C, O'Brien JP, Casals D et al. Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood-brain barrier sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:695-698.
12. Kartner N, Riordan JR, Ling V. Cell surface P-glycoprotein associated with multidrug resistance in mammalian cell lines. Science 1983;221:1285-1288.
13. Hoffmeyer S, Burk O, Von Richter O et al. Functional polymorphisms of the human multidrug resistance gene: Multiple sequence variations and correlation of one allele with P-glycoprotein expression and activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:3473-3478.
14. Marzolini C, Paus E, Buclin T et al. Polymorphisms in human MDR1 (Pglycoprotein): Recent advances and clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:13-33.
15. Mathijssen RHJ, Marsh S, Karlsson MO et al. Irinotecan pathway genotype analysis to predict pharmacokinetics. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:3246-3253.
16. Zhou Q, Sparreboom A, Tan EH et al. Pharmacogenetic profiling across the irinotecan pathway in Asian patients with cancer. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;59:415-424.
17. de Jong FA, de Jonge MJ, Verweij J et al. Role of pharmacogenetics in irinotecan therapy. Cancer Lett 2006;234:90-106.
18. Yamaguchi H, Hishinuma T, Endo N et al. Genetic variation in ABCB1 influences paclitaxel pharmacokinetics in Japanese patients with ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:979-985.
19. Henningsson A, Marsh S, Loos WJ et al. Association of CYP2C8, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 polymorphisms with the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:8097-8104.
20. Verstuyft C, Schwab M, Schaeffeler E et al. Digoxin pharmacokinetics and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003;58:809-812.
21. Schwab M, Eichelbaum M, Fromm MF. Genetic polymorphisms of the human MDR1 drug transporter. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2003;43:285-307.
22. Siddiqui A, Kerb R, Weale ME et al. Association of multidrug resistance in epilepsy with a polymorphism in the drug-transporter gene ABCB1. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1442-1448.
23. Wada M. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ABCC2 and ABCB1 genes and their clinical impact in physiology and drug response. Cancer Lett 2006;234:40-50.
24. Siegsmund M, Brinkmann U, Schaffeler E et al. Association of the P-glycoprotein transporter MDR1(C3435T) polymorphism with the susceptibility to renal epithelial tumors. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1847-1854.
25. Drozdzik M, Bialecka M, Mysliwiec K et al. Polymorphism in the P-glycoprotein drug transporter MDR1 gene: A possible link between environmental and genetic factors in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenetics 2003;13:259-263.
26. Furuno T, Landi MT, Ceroni M et al. Expression polymorphism of the blood-brain barrier component P-glycoprotein (MDR1) in relation to Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenetics 2002;12:529-534.
27. Schwab M, Schaeffeler E, Marx C et al. Association between the C3435T MDR1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003;124:26-33.
28. Babaoglu MO, Bayar B, Aynacioglu AS et al. Association of the ABCB1 3435C>T polymorphism with antiemetic efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 antagonists. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;78:619-626.
29. Roberts RL, Joyce PR, Mulder RT et al. A common P-glycoprotein polymorphism is associated with nortriptyline-induced postural hypotension in patients treated for major depression. Pharmacogenomics J 2002;2:191-196.
30. Goreva OB, Grishanova AY, Mukhin OV et al. Possible prediction of the efficiency of chemotherapy in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases based on MDR1 gene G2677T and C3435T polymorphisms. Bull Exp Biol Med 2003;136:183-185.
31. Illmer T, Schuler US, Thiede C et al. MDR1 gene polymorphisms affect therapy outcome in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Cancer Res 2002;62:4955-4962.
32. Jamroziak K, Robak T. Pharmacogenomics of MDR1/ABCB1 gene: The influence on risk and clinical outcome of haematological malignancies. Hematology 2004;9:91-105.
33. Jamroziak K, Balcerczak E, Cebula B et al. Multi-drug transporter MDR1 gene polymorphism and prognosis in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pharmacol Rep 2005;57:882-888.
34. Kafka A, Sauer G, Jaeger C et al. Polymorphism C3435T of the MDR-1 gene predicts response to preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2003;22:1117-1121.
35. Green H, Soderkvist P, Rosenberg P et al. mdr-1 single nucleotide polymorphisms in ovarian cancer tissue: G2677T/A correlates with response to paclitaxel chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:854-859.
36. Drescher S, Schaeffeler E, Hitzl M et al. MDR1 gene polymorphisms and disposition of the P-glycoprotein substrate fexofenadine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:526-534.
37. Dresser G, Schwartz U, Wilkinson G et al. Fexofenadine bio-availability modulated by dietary salt [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:P23.
38. Kroetz DL, Pauli-Magnus C, Hodges LM et al. Sequence diversity and haplotype structure in the human ABCB1 (MDR1, multidrug resistance transporter) gene. Pharmacogenetics 2003;13:481-494.
39. Kurata Y, Ieiri I, Kimura M et al. Role of human MDR1 gene polymorphism in bioavailability and interaction of digoxin, a substrate of P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:209-219.
40. Schinkel AH, Jonker JW. Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family: An overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003;55:3-29.
41. Tsuruo T, Iida H, Tsukagoshi S et al. Overcoming of vincristine resistance in P388 leukemia in vivo and in vitro through enhanced cytotoxicity of vincristine and vinblastine by verapamil. Cancer Res 1981;41:1967-1972.
42. Sikic BI. Pharmacological approaches to reversing multidrug resistance. Semin Hematol 1997;34(suppl 5):40-47.
43. Sikic BI. New approaches in cancer treatment. Ann Oncol 1999;10(suppl 6):149-153.
44. e Bruin M, Miyake K, Litman T et al. Reversal of resistance by GF120918 in cell lines expressing the ABC half-transporter, MXR. Cancer Lett 1999;146:117-126.
45. Pauli-Magnus C, Rekersbrink S, Kloz U et al. Interaction of omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole with P-glycoprotein. Naunyn-Schmiederbergs Arch Pharmacol 2001;364:551-557.
46. Breedveld P, Zelcer N, Pluim D et al. Mechanism of the pharmacokinetic interaction between methotrexate and benzimidazoles: Potential role for breast cancer resistance protein in clinical drug-drug interactions. Cancer Res 2004;64:5804-5811.
47. Reid T, Yuen A, Catolico M et al. Impact of omeprazole on the plasma clearance of methotrexate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993;33:82-84.
48. Mannesse CK, Derkx FH, de Ridder MA et al. Contribution of adverse drug reactions to hospital admission of older patients. Age Ageing 2000;29:35-39.
49. Tröger U, Stotzel B, Martens-Lobenhoffe J et al. Drug Points: Severe myalgia from an interaction between treatments with pantoprazole and methotrexate. BMJ 2002;324:1497.
50. De Maat MM, Ekhart GC, Huitema AD et al. Drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and comedicated agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:223-282.
51. DuBuske LM. The role of P-glycoprotein and organic anion-transporting polypeptides in drug interactions. Drug Saf 2005;28:789-801.
52. Sankatsing SUC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH et al. P glycoprotein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1073-1081.
53. Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L et al. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-650.
54. Kim S-W, Kwon HY, Chi D-W et al. Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by ginsenoside Rg(3). Biochem Pharmacol 2003;65:75-82.
55. Choi C-H, Kang G, Min Y-D. Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by protopanaxatriol ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng. Planta Med 2003;69:235-240.
56. Zhang S, Morris ME. Effects of the flavonoids biochanin A, morin, phloretin, and silymarin on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;304:1258-1267.
57. Nabekura T, Kamiyama S, Kitagawa S. Effects of dietary chemopreventive phytochemicals on P-glycoprotein function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;327:866-870.
58. Romiti N, Tongiani R, Cervelli F et al. Effects of curcumin on P-glycoprotein in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Life Sci 1998;62:2349-2358.
59. Anuchapreeda S, Leechanachai P, Smith MM et al. Modulation of Pglycoprotein expression and function by curcumin in multidrug-resistant human KB cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;64:573-582.
60. Limtrakul P, Anuchapreeda S, Buddhasukh D. Modulation of human multidrug-resistance MDR-1 gene by natural curcuminoids. BMC Cancer 2004;4:13.
61. Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Sonobe T. Efficacies of tea components on doxorubicin induced antitumor activity and reversal of multidrug resistance. Toxicol Lett 2000;114:155-162.
62. Jodoin J, Demeule M, Beliveau R. Inhibition of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein activity by green tea polyphenols. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002;1542:149-159.
63. Mei Y, Qian F, Wei D et al. Reversal of cancer multidrug resistance by green tea polyphenols. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56:1307-1314.
64. Xu J, Go ML, Lim L-Y. Modulation of digoxin transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers by citrus fruit juices: Lime, lemon, grapefruit, and pummelo. Pharm Res 2003;20:169-176.
65. Zhou S, Lim LY, Chowbay B. Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Rev 2004;36:57-104.
66. Takanaga H, Ohnishi A, Matsuo H et al. Inhibition of vinblastine efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein by grapefruit juice components in caco-2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 1998;21:1062-1066.
67. Takanaga H, Ohnishi A, Yamada S et al. Polymethoxylated flavones in orange juice are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein but not cytochrome P450 3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:230-236.
68. Ikegawa T, Ushigome F, Koyabu N et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by orange juice components, polymethoxyflavones in adriamycin-resistant human myelogenous leukemia (K562/ADM) cells. Cancer Lett 2000;160:21-28.
69. Honda Y, Ushigome F, Koyabu N et al. Effects of grapefruit juice and orange juice components on P-glycoprotein- and MRP2-mediated drug efflux. Br J Pharmacol 2004;143:856-864.
70. Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport function by grapefruit juice psoralen. Pharm Res 2001;18:432-438.
71. Xu C, Li CY-T, Kong A-NT. Induction of phase I, II and III drug metabolism/ transport by xenobiotics. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28:249-268.
72. Moore LB, Goodwin B, Jones SA et al. St. John's wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:7500-7502.
73. Kliewer SA, Goodwin B, Willson TM. The nuclear pregnane X receptor: A key regulator of xenobiotic metabolism. Endocr Rev 2002;23:687-702.
74. Ruhl R, Sczech R, Landes N et al. Carotenoids and their metabolites are naturally occurring activators of gene expression via the pregnane X receptor. Eur J Nutr 2004;43:336-343.
75. Schuetz EG, Beck WT, Schuetz JD. Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 1996;49:311-318.
76. Geick A, Eichelbaum M, Burk O. Nuclear receptor response elements mediate induction of intestinal MDR1 by rifampin. J Biol Chem 2001;276:14581-14587.
77. Synold TW, Dussault I, Forman BM. The orphan nuclear receptor SXR coordinately regulates drug metabolism and efflux. Nat Med 2001;7:584-590.
78. Greiner B, Eichelbaum M, Fritz P et al. The role of intestinal P-glycoprotein in the interaction of digoxin and rifampin. J Clin Invest 1999;104:147-153.
79. Durr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA et al. St John's wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:598-604.
80. Matheny CJ, Ali RY, Yang X et al. Effect of prototypical inducing agents on P-glycoprotein and CYP3A expression in mouse tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:1008-1014.
81. Schinkel AH, Smit JJM, van Tellingen O et al. Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell 1994;77:491-502.
82. Schinkel AH, Wagenaar E, van Deemter L et al. Absence of the mdr1a P-glycoprotein in mice affects tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone, digoxin and cyclosporin A. J Clin Invest 1995;96:1698-1705.
83. Schinkel AH, Wagenaar E, Mol CA et al. P-glycoprotein in the bloodbrain barrier of mice influences the brain penetration and pharmacological activity of many drugs. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2517-2524.
84. Schinkel AH, Mayer U, Wagenaar E et al. Normal viability and altered pharmacokinetics in mice lacking mdr1-type (drug-transporting) P-glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:4028-4033.
85. Hunter J, Jepson MA, Tsuruo T et al. Functional expression of P-glycoprotein in apical membranes of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Kinetics of vinblastine secretion and interaction with modulators. J Biol Chem 1993;268:14991-14997.
86. Sparreboom A, van Asperen J, Mayer U et al. Limited oral bioavailability and active epithelial excretion of paclitaxel (Taxol) caused by P-glycoprotein in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:2031-2035.
87. Bardelmeijer HA, Ouwehand M, Buckle T et al. Low systemic exposure of oral docetaxel in mice resulting from extensive first-pass metabolism is boosted by ritonavir. Cancer Res 2002;62:6158-6164.
88. van Asperen J, van Tellingen O, Sparreboom A et al. Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel in mice treated with the P-glycoprotein blocker SDZ PSC 833. Br J Cancer 1997;76:1181-1183.
89. van Asperen J, van Tellingen O, van der Valk MA et al. Enhanced oral absorption and decreased elimination of paclitaxel in mice cotreated with cyclosporin A. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:2293-2297.
90. Bardelmeijer HA, Beijnen JH, Brouwer KR et al. Increased oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by GF120918 in mice through selective modulation of P-glycoprotein. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:4416-4421.
91. Lankas GR, Wise LD, Cartwright ME et al. Placental P-glycoprotein deficiency enhances susceptibility to chemically induced birth defects in mice. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:457-463.
92. Smit JW, Huisman MT, van Tellingen O et al. Absence or pharmacological blocking of placental P-glycoprotein profoundly increases fetal drug exposure. J Clin Invest 1999;104:1441-1447.
93. Sudhakaran S, Ghabrial H, Nation RL et al. Differential bidirectional transfer of indinavir in the isolated perfused human placenta. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1023-1028.
94. Molsa M, Heikkinen T, Hakkola J et al. Functional role of P-glycoprotein in the human blood-placental barrier. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;78:123-131.
95. Wacher VJ, Wu CY, Benet LZ. Overlapping substrate specificities and tissue distribution of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein: Implications for drug delivery and activity in cancer chemotherapy. Mol Carcinog 1995;13:129-134.
96. Watkins PB. The barrier function of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein in the small bowel. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997;27:161-170.
97. Bigger JT Jr, Leahey EB Jr. Quinidine and digoxin: An important interaction. Drugs 1982;24:229-239.
98. Leahey EB Jr, Reiffel JA, Heissenbuttel RH et al. Enhanced cardiac effect of digoxin during quinidine treatment. Arch Intern Med 1979;139:519-521.
99. Doering W. Quinidine-digoxin interaction: Pharmacokinetics, underlying mechanism and clinical implications. N Engl J Med 1979;301:400-404.
100. Klein HO, Lang R, Weiss E et al. The influence of verapamil on serum digoxin concentration. Circulation 1982;65:998-1003.
101. Belz GG, Doering W, Munkes R et al. Interaction between digoxin and calcium antagonists and antiarrhythmic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983;33:410-417.
102. Verschraagen M, Koks CHW, Schellens JHM et al. P-glycoprotein system as a determinant of drug interactions: The case of digoxin-verapamil. Pharmacol Res 1999;40:301-306.
103. Westphal K, Weinbrenner A, Giessmann T et al. Oral bioavailability of digoxin is enhanced by talinolol: Evidence for involvement of intestinal P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:6-12.
104. Wakasugi H, Yano I, Ito T et al. Effect of clarithromycin on renal excretion of digoxin: Interaction with P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:123-128.
105. Jalava KM, Partanen J, Neuvonen PJ. Itraconazole decreases renal clearance of digoxin. Ther Drug Monit 1997;19:609-613.
106. Maxwell DL, Gilmour-White SK, Hall MR. Digoxin toxicity due to interaction of digoxin with erythromycin. BMJ 1989;298:572.
107. Woodland C, Verjee Z, Giesbrecht E et al. The digoxin-propafenone interaction: Characterization of a mechanism using renal tubular cell monolayers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283:39-45.
108. Calvo MV, Martin-Suarez A, Martin Luengo C et al. Interaction between digoxin and propafenone. Ther Drug Monit 1989;11:10-15.
109. Westphal K, Weinbrenner A, Zschiesche M et al. Induction of P-glycoprotein by rifampin increases intestinal secretion of talinolol in human beings: A new type of drug/drug interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:345-355.
110. Hamman MA, Bruce MA, Haehner-Daniels BD et al. The effect of rifampin administration on the disposition of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:114-121.
111. Hebert MF, Roberts JP, Prueksaritanont T et al. Bioavailability of cyclosporine with concomitant rifampin administration is markedly less than predicted by hepatic enzyme induction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;52:453-457.
112. Woodcock DM, Linsenmeyer ME, Chojnowski G et al. Reversal of multidrug resistance by surfactants. Br J Cancer 1992;66:62-68.
113. Martin-Facklam M, Burhenne J, Ding R et al. Dose-dependent increase of saquinavir bioavailability by the pharmaceutic aid cremophor EL. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:576-581.
114. Tayrouz Y, Ding R, Burhenne J et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutic interaction between digoxin and Cremophor RH40. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:397-405.
115. Spahn-Langguth H, Langguth P. Grapefruit juice enhances intestinal absorption of the P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001;12:361-367.
116. Ohnishi A, Matsuo H, Yamada S et al. Effect of furanocoumarin derivatives in grapefruit juice on the uptake of vinblastine by Caco-2 cells and on the activity of cytochrome P450 3A4. Br J Pharmacol 2000;130:1369-1377.
117. Eagling VA, Profit L, Back DJ. Inhibition of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir by grapefruit juice components. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:543-552.
118. Reif S, Nicolson MC, Bisset D et al. Effect of grapefruit juice intake on etoposide bioavailability. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58:491-494.
119. Schwarz UI, Seemann D, Oertel R et al. Grapefruit juice ingestion significantly reduces talinolol bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77:291-301.
120. De Castro WV, Mertens-Talcott S, Rubner A et al. Variation of flavonoids and furanocoumarins in grapefruit juices: A potential source of variability in grapefruit juice-drug interaction studies. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:249-255.
121. Ruschitzka F, Meier PJ, Turina M et al. Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John's wort. Lancet 2000;355:548-549.
122. Bauer S, Stormer E, Johne A et al. Alterations in cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics and metabolism during treatment with St John's wort in renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;55:203-211.
123. Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Chaitt D et al. Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort. Lancet 2000;355:547-548.
124. Mathijssen RHJ, Verweij J, de Bruijn P et al. Effects of St. John's wort on irinotecan metabolism. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1247-1249.
125. Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PC-L et al. St. John's wort modulates the toxicities and pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 (irinotecan) in rats. Pharm Res 2005;22:902-914.
126. Smith P, Bullock JM, Booker BM et al. The influence of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of imatinib mesylate. Pharmacotherapy 2004;24:1508-1514.
127. Frye RF, Fitzgerald SM, Lagattuta TF et al. Effect of St John's wort on imatinib mesylate pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:323-329.
128. Zhou S, Chan E, Pan SQ et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs with St John's wort. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18:262-276.
129. Schwarz UI, Buschel B, Kirch W. Unwanted pregnancy on self-medication with St John's wort despite hormonal contraception. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;55:112-113.
130. Dresser GK, Schwarz UI, Wilkinson GR et al. Coordinate induction of both cytochrome P4503A and MDR1 by St John's wort in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:41-50.
131. Wang Z, Hamman MA, Huang SM et al. Effect of St John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:414-420.
132. Mai I, Stormer E, Bauer S et al. Impact of St John's wort treatment on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:819-822.
133. Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Herb-drug interactions in oncology: Focus on mechanisms of induction. The Oncologist 2006;11:742-752.
134. Tannergren C, Engman H, Knutson L et al. St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:298-309.
135. Hall SD, Wang Z, Huang SM et al. The interaction between St John's wort and an oral contraceptive. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:525-535.
136. Henthorn TK, Liu Y, Mahapatro M et al. Active transport of fentanyl by the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;289:1084-1089.
137. Kharasch ED, Hoffer C, Altuntas TG et al. Quinidine as a probe for the role of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption and clinical effects of fentanyl. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:224-233.
138. Dagenais C, Graff CL, Pollack GM. Variable modulation of opioid brain uptake by P-glycoprotein in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67:269-276.
139. Rogan AM, Hamilton TC, Young RC et al. Reversal of adriamycin resistance by verapamil in human ovarian cancer. Science 1984;224:994-996.
140. Fisher GA, Sikic BI. Clinical studies with modulators of multidrug resistance. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1995;9:363-382.
141. List AF, Spier C, Greer J et al. Phase I/II trial of cyclosporine as a chemotherapy-resistance modifier in acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1652-1660.
142. Chan HS, DeBoer G, Thiessen JJ et al. Combining cyclosporin with chemotherapy controls intraocular retinoblastoma without requiring radiation. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:1499-1508.
143. List AF. Multidrug resistance: Clinical relevance in acute leukemia. Oncology (Williston Park) 1993;7:23-28; discussion 32, 35-38.
144. List AF, Kopecky KJ, Willman CL et al. Benefit of cyclosporine modulation of drug resistance in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia: A Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 2001;98:3212-3220.
145. Belpomme D, Gauthier S, Pujade-Lauraine E et al. Verapamil increases the survival of patients with anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2000;11:1471-1476.
146. Millward MJ, Cantwell BM, Munro NC et al. Oral verapamil with chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A randomised study. Br J Cancer 1993;67:1031-1035.
147. Dalton WS, Crowley JJ, Salmon SS et al. A phase III randomized study of oral verapamil as a chemosensitizer to reverse drug resistance in patients with refractory myeloma. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer 1995;75:815-820.
148. Milroy R. A randomised clinical study of verapamil in addition to combination chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer. West of Scotland Lung Cancer Research Group, and the Aberdeen Oncology Group. Br J Cancer 1993;68:813-818.
149. Wishart GC, Bissett D, Paul J et al. Quinidine as a resistance modulator of epirubicin in advanced breast cancer: Mature results of a placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:1771-1777.
150. Sonneveld P, Suciu S, Weijermans P et al. Cyclosporin A combined with vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD) compared with VAD alone in patients with advanced refractory multiple myeloma: An EORTC-HOVON randomized phase III study (06914). Br J Haematol 2001;115:895-902.
151. Solary E, Drenou B, Campos L et al. Quinine as a multidrug resistance inhibitor: A phase 3 multicentric randomized study in adult de novo acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2003;102:1202-1210.
152. Friedenberg WR, Rue M, Blood EA et al. Phase III study of PSC-833 (valspodar) in combination with vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (valspodar/VAD) versus VAD alone in patients with recurring or refractory multiple myeloma (E1A95): A trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer 2006;106:830-838.
153. Greenberg PL, Lee SJ, Advani R et al. Mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine with or without valspodar in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: A phase III trial (E2995). J Clin Oncol 2004;22:1078-1086.
154. Fracasso PM, Goldstein LJ, de Alwis DP et al. Phase I study of docetaxel in combination with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, zosuquidar, in resistant malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:7220-7228.
155. Chico I, Kang MH, Bergan R et al. Phase I study of infusional paclitaxel in combination with the P-glycoprotein antagonist PSC 833. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:832-842.
156. Carlson RW, O'Neill AM, Goldstein LJ et al. A pilot phase II trial of valspodar modulation of multidrug resistance to paclitaxel in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the breast (E1195): A trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer Invest 2006;24:677-681.
157. Meerum Terwogt JM, Beijnen JH, Malingre MM et al. Coadministration of oral cyclosporin A enables oral therapy with paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:3379-3384.
158. Malingrè MM, Richel DJ, Beijnen JH et al. Coadministration of cyclosporine strongly enhances the oral bioavailability of docetaxel. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1160-1166.
159. Kruijtzer CMF, Beijnen JH, Rosing H et al. Increased oral bioavailability of topotecan in combination with the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein inhibitor GF120918. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:2943-2950.
160. Kruijtzer CMF, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Improvement of oral drug treatment by temporary inhibition of drug transporters and/or cytochrome P450 in the gastrointestinal tract and liver: An overview. The Oncologist 2002;7:516-530.
161. Kruijtzer CMF, Schellens JHM, Mezger J et al. Phase II and pharmacologic study of weekly oral paclitaxel plus cyclosporine in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4508-4516.
162. Helgason HH, Kruijtzer CM, Huitema AD et al. Phase II and pharmacological study of oral paclitaxel (Paxoral) plus cyclosporin in anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2006;95:794-800.
163. Kruijtzer CM, Boot H, Beijnen JH et al. Weekly oral paclitaxel as first-line treatment in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2003;14:197-204.
164. van Asperen J, Mayer U, van Tellingen O et al. The functional role of P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci 1997;86:881-884.
165. Kemper EM, van Zandbergen AE, Cleypool C et al. Increased penetration of paclitaxel into the brain by inhibition of P-Glycoprotein. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:2849-2855.
166. Kemper EM, Boogerd W, Thuis I et al. Modulation of the blood-brain barrier in oncology: Therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of brain tumours? Cancer Treat Rev 2004;30:415-423.
167. Kemper EM, Verheij M, Boogerd W et al. Improved penetration of docetaxel into the brain by co-administration of inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:1269-1274.
168. Dai H, Marbach P, Lemaire M et al. Distribution of STI-571 to the brain is limited by P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;304:1085-1092.
169. Fellner S, Bauer B, Miller DS et al. Transport of paclitaxel (Taxol) across the blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest 2002;110:1309-1318.
170. Breedveld P, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Use of P-glycoprotein and BCRP inhibitors to improve oral bioavailability and CNS penetration of anticancer drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006;27:17-24.
171. Kilic T, Alberta JA, Zdunek PR et al. Intracranial inhibition of plateletderived growth factor-mediated glioblastoma cell growth by an orally active kinase inhibitor of the 2-phenylaminopyrimidine class. Cancer Res 2000;60:5143-5150.
172. Petzer AL, Gunsilius E, Hayes M et al. Low concentrations of STI571 in the cerebrospinal fluid: A case report. Br J Haematol 2002;117:623-625.
173. Takayama N, Sato N, O'Brien SG et al. Imatinib mesylate has limited activity against the central nervous system involvement of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia due to poor penetration into cerebrospinal fluid. Br J Haematol 2002;119:106-108.
174. Breedveld P, Pluim D, Cipriani G et al. The effect of Bcrp1 (Abcg2) on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and brain penetration of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec): Implications for the use of breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein inhibitors to enable the brain penetration of imatinib in patients. Cancer Res 2005;65:2577-2582.
175. Sadeque AJ, Wandel C, He H et al. Increased drug delivery to the brain by P-glycoprotein inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:231-237.
176. Huisman MT, Smit JW, Schinkel AH. Significance of P-glycoprotein for the pharmacology and clinical use of HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 2000;14:237-242.
177. Morton MR, Cooper JW. Erythromycin-induced digoxin toxicity. DICP 1989;23:668-670.
178. Woodland C, Ito S, Koren G. A model for the prediction of digoxin-drug interactions at the renal tubular cell level. Ther Drug Monit 1998;20:134-138.
179. Phillips EJ, Rachlis AR, Ito S. Digoxin toxicity and ritonavir: A drug interaction mediated through P-glycoprotein? AIDS 2003;17:1577-1578.
180. Ding R, Tayrouz Y, Riedel KD et al. Substantial pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:73-84.
181. Malingrè MM, Beijnen JH, Rosing H et al. Co-administration of GF120918 significantly increases the systemic exposure to oral paclitaxel in cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2001;84:42-47.
182. Hsu A, Granneman GR, Cao G et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between two human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors, ritonavir and saquinavir. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;63:453-464.
183. Kempf DJ, Marsh KC, Kumar G et al. Pharmacokinetic enhancement of inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus protease by coadministration with ritonavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:654-660.
184. Hebert MF, Lam AY. Diltiazem increases tacrolimus concentrations. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:680-682.
185. Schwarz UI, Gramatte T, Krappweis J et al. P-glycoprotein inhibitor erythromycin increases oral bioavailability of talinolol in humans. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38:161-167.
186. Gupta SK, Bakran A, Johnson RW et al. Cyclosporin-erythromycin interaction in renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;27:475-481.
187. Gupta SK, Bakran A, Johnson RW et al. Erythromycin enhances the absorption of cyclosporin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988;25:401-402.
188. Hebert MF, Fisher RM, Marsh CL et al. Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:91-96.
189. Johne A, Brockmoller J, Bauer S et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:338-345.
190. Hebert MF, Park JM, Chen YL et al. Effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:89-94.
191. Joerger M, Huitema AD, van den Bongard HJ et al. Determinants of the elimination of methotrexate and 7-hydroxy-methotrexate following highdose infusional therapy to cancer patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:71-80.
192. Meerum Terwogt JM, Beijnen JH, ten Bokkel Huinink WW et al. Coadministration of oral cyclosporin enables oral therapy with paclitaxel. Lancet 1998;352:285.