The roles of Chk 1 and Chk 2 in hypoxia and reoxygenation

Cancer Letters

Volumn 238, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 161-167

  Hammond, Ester M ^a   Freiberg, Rachel A ^a   Giaccia, Amato J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chk 1; Chk 2; Hypoxia; Reoxygenation

Indexed keywords

ATM PROTEIN; ATR PROTEIN; CHECKPOINT KINASE 1; CHECKPOINT KINASE 2; SMALL INTERFERING RNA;

CANCER CELL; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL CYCLE G2 PHASE; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENE DELETION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REOXYGENATION; SHORT SURVEY;

EID: 33744970043     PISSN: 03043835     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.029     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Hockel M., Knoop C., Schlenger K., et al. Intratumoral pO2 predicts survival in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. Radiother. Oncol. 26 (1993) 45-50
2. Intratumoral pO2 histography as predictive assay in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 345 (1994) 445-450.
3. Hockel M., Schlenger K., Aral B., et al. Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. Cancer. Res. 56 (1996) 4509-4515
4. Hockel M., Schlenger K., Doctrow S., Kissel T., and Vaupel P. Therapeutic angiogenesis. Arch. Surg. 128 (1993) 423-429
5. Hockel M., Schlenger K., Hockel S., et al. Tumor hypoxia in pelvic recurrences of cervical cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 79 (1998) 365-369
6. Hockel M., Schlenger K., Hockel S., and Vaupel P. Hypoxic cervical cancers with low apoptotic index are highly aggressive. Cancer. Res. 59 (1999) 4525-4528
7. Bindra R.S., Schaffer P.J., Meng A., et al. Down-regulation of Rad51 and decreased homologous recombination in hypoxic cancer cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 24 (2004) 8504-8518
8. Bindra R.S., and Glazer P.M. Genetic instability and the tumor microenvironment: towards the concept of microenvironment-induced mutagenesis. Mutat. Res. 569 (2005) 75-85
9. Brown J.M., and Giaccia A.J. The unique physiology of solid tumors: opportunities (and problems) for cancer therapy. Cancer. Res. 58 (1998) 1408-1416
10. Brown J.M., and Wilson W.R. Exploiting tumour hypoxia in cancer treatment. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4 (2004) 437-447
11. Hammond E.M., and Giaccia A.J. The role of ATM and ATR in the cellular response to hypoxia and re-oxygenation. DNA Repair (Amst) 3 (2004) 1117-1122
12. Hammond E.M., Dorie M.J., and Giaccia A.J. ATR/ATM targets are phosphorylated by ATR in response to hypoxia and ATM in response to reoxygenation. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 12207-12213
13. Canman C.E., and Lim D.S. The role of ATM in DNA damage responses and cancer. Oncogene 17 (1998) 3301-3308
14. Kastan M.B., and Lim D.S. The many substrates and functions of ATM. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1 (2000) 179-186
15. Brown E.J., and Baltimore D. Essential and dispensable roles of ATR in cell cycle arrest and genome maintenance. Genes Dev. 17 (2003) 615-628
16. ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality. Genes Dev. 14 (2000) 397-402.
17. Koumenis C., Alarcon R., Hammond E., et al. Regulation of p53 by hypoxia: dissociation of transcriptional repression and apoptosis from p53-dependent transactivation. Mol. Cell Biol. 21 (2001) 1297-1310
18. Hammond E.M., Denko N.C., Dorie M.J., Abraham R.T., and Giaccia A.J. Hypoxia links ATR and p53 through replication arrest. Mol. Cell Biol. 22 (2002) 1834-1843
19. Bell D.W., Varley J.M., Szydlo T.E., et al. Heterozygous germ line hCHK2 mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Science 286 (1999) 2528-2531
20. Lee S.B., Kim S.H., Bell D.W., et al. Destabilization of CHK2 by a missense mutation associated with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 8062-8067
21. Vahteristo P., Tamminen A., Karvinen P., et al. p53, CHK2, and CHK1 genes in Finnish families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome: Further evidence of CHK2 in inherited cancer predisposition. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 5718-5722
22. Hirao A., Kong Y.Y., Matsuoka S., et al. DNA damage-induced activation of p53 by the checkpoint kinase Chk2. Science 287 (2000) 1824-1827
23. Jallepalli P.V., Lengauer C., Vogelstein B., and Bunz F. The Chk2 tumor suppressor is not required for p53 responses in human cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. (2003)
24. Adamson A.W., Beardsley D.I., Kim W.J., et al. Methylator-induced, mismatch repair-dependent G2 arrest is activated through Chk1 and Chk2. Mol. Biol. Cell 16 (2005) 1513-1526
25. Singh S.V., Herman-Antosiewicz A., Singh A.V., et al. Sulforaphane-induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest involves checkpoint kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation of cell division cycle 25C. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 25813-25822
26. Xu B., Kim S.T., Lim D.S., and Kastan M.B. Two molecularly distinct G(2)/M checkpoints are induced by ionizing irradiation. Mol. Cell Biol. 22 (2002) 1049-1059
27. Canman C.E., and Kastan M.B. Small contribution of G1 checkpoint control manipulation to modulation of p53-mediated apoptosis. Oncogene 16 (1998) 957-966
28. Tercero J.A., Longhese M.P., and Diffley J.F. A central role for DNA replication forks in checkpoint activation and response. Mol. Cell 11 (2003) 1323-1336
29. Kawabe T. G2 checkpoint abrogators as anticancer drugs. Mol. Cancer Ther. 3 (2004) 513-519
30. Zhou B.B., and Bartek J. Targeting the checkpoint kinases: chemosensitization versus chemoprotection. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4 (2004) 216-225
31. Hammond E.M., Dorie M.J., and Giaccia A.J. Inhibition of ATR Leads to Increased Sensitivity to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 6556-6562
32. Lopes M., Cotta-Ramusino C., Pellicioli A., et al. The DNA replication checkpoint response stabilizes stalled replication forks. Nature 412 (2001) 557-561
33. Casper A.M., Nghiem P., Arlt M.F., and Glover T.W. ATR regulates fragile site stability. Cell 111 (2002) 779-789
34. Syljuasen R.G., Sorensen C.S., Nylandsted J., et al. Inhibition of Chk1 by CEP-3891 accelerates mitotic nuclear fragmentation in response to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 9035-9040
35. Sorensen C.S., Syljuasen R.G., Falck J., et al. Chk1 regulates the S phase checkpoint by coupling the physiological turnover and ionizing radiation-induced accelerated proteolysis of Cdc25A. Cancer Cell 3 (2003) 247-258
36. Syljuasen R.G., Sorensen C.S., Hansen L.T., et al. Inhibition of human Chk1 causes increased initiation of DNA replication, phosphorylation of ATR targets, and DNA breakage. Mol. Cell Biol. 25 (2005) 3553-3562
37. Sorensen C.S., Hansen L.T., Dziegielewski J., et al. The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammalian homologous recombination repair. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 195-201
38. Heffernan T.P., Simpson D.A., Frank A.R., et al. An ATR- and Chk1-dependent S checkpoint inhibits replicon initiation following UVC-induced DNA damage. Mol. Cell Biol. 22 (2002) 8552-8561
39. Sonoda E., Sasaki M.S., Buerstedde J.M., et al. Rad51-deficient vertebrate cells accumulate chromosomal breaks prior to cell death. Embo. J. 17 (1998) 598-608
40. Green S.L., Freiberg R.A., and Giaccia A.J. p21 (Cip 1) and p27(Kip1) regulate cell cycle reentry after hypoxic stress but are not necessary for hypoxia-induced arrest. Mol. Cell Biol. 21 (2001) 1196-1206
41. Lundin C., Erixon K., Arnaudeau C., et al. Different roles for nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination following replication arrest in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 22 (2002) 5869-5878
42. Tauchi H., Kobayashi J., Morishima K., et al. Nbs1 is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination in higher vertebrate cells. Nature 420 (2002) 93-98
43. Hammond E.M., Green S.L., and Giaccia A.J. Comparison of hypoxia-induced replication arrest with hydroxyurea and aphidicolin-induced arrest. Mutat. Res. 532 (2003) 205-213
44. Venkitaraman A.R. Medicine: Aborting the birth of cancer. Nature 434 (2005) 829-830
45. Gorgoulis V.G., Vassiliou L.V., Karakaidos P., et al. Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions. Nature 434 (2005) 907-913
46. Bartkova J., Horejsi Z., Koed K., et al. DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature 434 (2005) 864-870
47. Kastan M.B., and Bartek J. Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer. Nature 432 (2004) 316-323
48. Graeber T.G., Osmanian C., Jacks T., et al. Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature 379 (1996) 88-91
49. Resnitzky D., Gossen M., Bujard H., and Reed S.I. Acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by expression of cyclins D1 and E with an inducible system. Mol. Cell Biol. 14 (1994) 1669-1679
50. Shimada K., Pasero P., and Gasser S.M. ORC and the intra-S-phase checkpoint: a threshold regulates Rad53p activation in S phase. Genes Dev. 16 (2002) 3236-3252
51. Vafa O., Wade M., Kern S., et al. c-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: A mechanism for oncogene-induced genetic instability. Mol. Cell 9 (2002) 1031-1044
52. Zou L., and Elledge S.J. Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science 300 (2003) 1542-1548
53. Cortez D., Guntuku S., Qin J., and Elledge S.J. ATR and ATRIP: Partners in checkpoint signaling. Science 294 (2001) 1713-1716
54. Cimprich K.A. Fragile sites: Breaking up over a slowdown. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) R231-R233
55. Zhao H., and Piwnica-Worms H. ATR-mediated checkpoint pathways regulate phosphorylation and activation of human Chk1. Mol. Cell Biol. 21 (2001) 4129-4139
56. Shiloh Y.A.T.M. and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity. Nat Rev Cancer 3 (2003) 155-168