메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 216-225

Targeting the checkpoint kinases: Chemosensitization versus chemoprotection

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ANTIMETABOLITE; BLEOMYCIN; CHECKPOINT KINASE 1; CHECKPOINT KINASE 2; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITOR; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; GEMCITABINE; IRINOTECAN; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; TOPOTECAN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 1542725073     PISSN: 1474175X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrc1296     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (365)

References (105)
  • 1
    • 0036519363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA and its associated processes as targets for cancer therapy
    • Hurley, L. H. DNA and its associated processes as targets for cancer therapy. Nature Rev. Cancer 2, 188-200 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Rev. Cancer , vol.2 , pp. 188-200
    • Hurley, L.H.1
  • 3
    • 0016633504 scopus 로고
    • Different drugs arrest cells at a number of distinct stages in G2
    • Tobey, R. A. Different drugs arrest cells at a number of distinct stages in G2. Nature 254, 245-247 (1975).
    • (1975) Nature , vol.254 , pp. 245-247
    • Tobey, R.A.1
  • 4
    • 0008158443 scopus 로고
    • Radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia: A new explanation
    • Painter, R. B. & Young, B. R. Radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia: a new explanation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 77, 7315-7317 (1980).
    • (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.77 , pp. 7315-7317
    • Painter, R.B.1    Young, B.R.2
  • 5
    • 0023712476 scopus 로고
    • The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Weinert, T. A. & Hartwell, L. H. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 241, 317-322 (1988).
    • (1988) Science , vol.241 , pp. 317-322
    • Weinert, T.A.1    Hartwell, L.H.2
  • 6
    • 0024425887 scopus 로고
    • Checkpoints: Controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events
    • Hartwell, L. H. & Weinert, T. A. Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 246, 629-634 (1989).
    • (1989) Science , vol.246 , pp. 629-634
    • Hartwell, L.H.1    Weinert, T.A.2
  • 7
    • 0034707047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The DNA damage response: Putting checkpoints in perspective
    • Zhou, B.-B. & Elledge, S. J. The DNA damage response: putting checkpoints in perspective. Nature 408, 433-439 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 433-439
    • Zhou, B.-B.1    Elledge, S.J.2
  • 8
    • 0035093737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA double-strand breaks: Signaling, repair and the cancer connection
    • Khanna, K. K. & Jackson, S. P. DNA double-strand breaks: signaling, repair and the cancer connection. Nature Genet. 27, 247-254 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Genet. , vol.27 , pp. 247-254
    • Khanna, K.K.1    Jackson, S.P.2
  • 9
    • 17444388849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A senescence-like phenotype distinguishes tumor cells that undergo terminal proliferation arrest after exposure to anticancer agents
    • Chang, B. D. et al. A senescence-like phenotype distinguishes tumor cells that undergo terminal proliferation arrest after exposure to anticancer agents. Cancer Res. 59, 3761-3767 (1999).
    • (1999) Cancer Res. , vol.59 , pp. 3761-3767
    • Chang, B.D.1
  • 10
    • 0028568315 scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle control and cancer
    • Hartwell, L. H. & Kastan, M. B. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 266, 1821-1828 (1994).
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1821-1828
    • Hartwell, L.H.1    Kastan, M.B.2
  • 11
    • 0037365789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATM and related protein kinases: Safeguarding genome integrity
    • Shiloh, Y. ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity. Nature Rev. Cancer 3, 155-168 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Rev. Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 155-168
    • Shiloh, Y.1
  • 12
    • 0035449355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases
    • Abraham, R. T. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. Genes Dev. 15, 2177-2196 (2001).
    • (2001) Genes Dev. , vol.15 , pp. 2177-2196
    • Abraham, R.T.1
  • 13
    • 0033600182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle-dependent and ATM-independent expression of human Chk1 kinase
    • Kaneko, Y. et al. Cell cycle-dependent and ATM-independent expression of human Chk1 kinase. Oncogene 18, 3673-3681 (1999).
    • (1999) Oncogene , vol.18 , pp. 3673-3681
    • Kaneko, Y.1
  • 14
    • 0035393594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA damage-activated kinase Chk2 is independent of proliferation or differentiation yet correlates with tissue biology
    • Lukas, C. et al. DNA damage-activated kinase Chk2 is independent of proliferation or differentiation yet correlates with tissue biology. Cancer Res. 61, 4990-4993 (2001).
    • (2001) Cancer Res. , vol.61 , pp. 4990-4993
    • Lukas, C.1
  • 15
    • 0030867582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: Linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25
    • Sanchez, Y. et al. Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science 277, 1497-1501 (1997). This paper describes the cloning, and preliminary biochemical characterization of CHK1, particularly its role in the G2-M transition
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 1497-1501
    • Sanchez, Y.1
  • 16
    • 17644432403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint
    • Liu, Q. et al. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 14, 1448-1459 (2000).
    • (2000) Genes Dev. , vol.14 , pp. 1448-1459
    • Liu, Q.1
  • 17
    • 0034967556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATR-mediated checkpoint pathways regulate phosphorylation and activation of human Chk1
    • Zhao, H. & Piwnica-Worms, H. ATR-mediated checkpoint pathways regulate phosphorylation and activation of human Chk1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 4129-4139 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 4129-4139
    • Zhao, H.1    Piwnica-Worms, H.2
  • 18
    • 0037069326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway abrogates ionizing radiation-induced S and G2 checkpoints
    • Zhao, H., Watkins, J. L. & Piwnica-Worms, H. Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway abrogates ionizing radiation-induced S and G2 checkpoints. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14795-14800 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 14795-14800
    • Zhao, H.1    Watkins, J.L.2    Piwnica-Worms, H.3
  • 19
    • 0012966157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk1 regulates the S phase checkpoint by coupling the physiological turnover and ionizing radiation-induced accelerated proteolysis of Cdc25A
    • Sorensen, C. S. et al. Chk1 regulates the S phase checkpoint by coupling the physiological turnover and ionizing radiation-induced accelerated proteolysis of Cdc25A. Cancer Cell 3, 247-258 (2003).
    • (2003) Cancer Cell , vol.3 , pp. 247-258
    • Sorensen, C.S.1
  • 20
    • 0038013782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ataxia-telangiectesia-mutated (ATM) and NBS1-dependent phosphorylation of Chk1 on Ser-317 in response to ionizing radiation
    • Gatei, M. et al. Ataxia-telangiectesia-mutated (ATM) and NBS1-dependent phosphorylation of Chk1 on Ser-317 in response to ionizing radiation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 14806-14811 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 14806-14811
    • Gatei, M.1
  • 21
    • 0037484271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk1 mediates S and G2 arrests through Cdc25A degradation in response to DNA-damaging agents
    • Xiao, Z. et al. Chk1 mediates S and G2 arrests through Cdc25A degradation in response to DNA-damaging agents. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21767-21773 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 21767-21773
    • Xiao, Z.1
  • 22
    • 0033634679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clespin, a novel protein required for the activation of Chk1 during a DNA replication checkpoint response in Xenopus egg extracts
    • Kumegai, A. & Dunphy, W. G. Clespin, a novel protein required for the activation of Chk1 during a DNA replication checkpoint response in Xenopus egg extracts. Mol. Cell 6, 839-849 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Cell , vol.6 , pp. 839-849
    • Kumegai, A.1    Dunphy, W.G.2
  • 23
    • 0043032435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human claspin is required for replication checkpoint control
    • Chini, C. C. & Chert, J. Human claspin is required for replication checkpoint control. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 30057-30062, (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 30057-30062
    • Chini, C.C.1    Chert, J.2
  • 24
    • 0034717309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage
    • Mailand, N. et al. Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage. Science 288, 1425-1429 (2000).
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 1425-1429
    • Mailand, N.1
  • 25
    • 0036847320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of G(2)/M events by Cdc25A through phosphorylation-dependent modulation of its stability
    • Mailand, N. et al. Regulation of G(2)/M events by Cdc25A through phosphorylation-dependent modulation of its stability. EMBO J. 21, 5911-5920 (2002).
    • (2002) EMBO J. , vol.21 , pp. 5911-5920
    • Mailand, N.1
  • 26
    • 0030611095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitotic and G2 checkpoint control: Regulation of 14-3-3 protein binding by phosphorylation of Cdc25C on serine-216
    • Pang, C. Y. et al. Mitotic and G2 checkpoint control: regulation of 14-3-3 protein binding by phosphorylation of Cdc25C on serine-216. Science 277, 1501-1505 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 1501-1505
    • Pang, C.Y.1
  • 27
    • 0032974109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytoplasmic localization of human cdc25C during interphase requires an intact 14-3-3 binding site
    • Dalai, S. N., Schweitzer, C. M., Gan, J. & DeCaprio, J. A. Cytoplasmic localization of human cdc25C during interphase requires an intact 14-3-3 binding site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 4465-4479 (1999).
    • (1999) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.19 , pp. 4465-4479
    • Dalai, S.N.1    Schweitzer, C.M.2    Gan, J.3    DeCaprio, J.A.4
  • 28
    • 0033561439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of G2 arrest in the Xenopus oocyte: A role for 14-3-3-mediated inhibition of Cdc25 nuclear import
    • Yang, J., Winkler, K., Yoshida, M. & Kornbluth, S. Maintenance of G2 arrest in the Xenopus oocyte: a role for 14-3-3-mediated inhibition of Cdc25 nuclear import. EMBO J. 18, 2174-2183 (1999).
    • (1999) EMBO J. , vol.18 , pp. 2174-2183
    • Yang, J.1    Winkler, K.2    Yoshida, M.3    Kornbluth, S.4
  • 29
    • 0037415735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk1-deficient tumour cells are viable but exhibit multiple checkpoint and survival defects
    • Zachos, G., Rainey, M. D. & Gillespie, D. A. Chk1-deficient tumour cells are viable but exhibit multiple checkpoint and survival defects. EMBO J. 22, 713-723 (2003).
    • (2003) EMBO J. , vol.22 , pp. 713-723
    • Zachos, G.1    Rainey, M.D.2    Gillespie, D.A.3
  • 30
    • 0030615323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G1 Phase accumulation induced by UCN-01 is associated with dephosphorylation of Rb and CDK2 proteins as well as induction of CDK inhibitor p21/Cip1/WAF1/sdil in p53-mutated human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells
    • Akiyama, T. et al. G1 Phase accumulation induced by UCN-01 is associated with dephosphorylation of Rb and CDK2 proteins as well as induction of CDK inhibitor p21/Cip1/WAF1/sdil in p53-mutated human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Cancer Res. 57, 1495-1501 (1997).
    • (1997) Cancer Res. , vol.57 , pp. 1495-1501
    • Akiyama, T.1
  • 31
    • 0034053130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Chk1 protein kinase and the Cdc25C regulatory pathways are targets of the anticancer agent UCN-01
    • Graves, P. R. et al. The Chk1 protein kinase and the Cdc25C regulatory pathways are targets of the anticancer agent UCN-01. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5600-5605 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 5600-5605
    • Graves, P.R.1
  • 32
    • 0034655281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The radiosensitizing agent 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) inhibits the DNA damage checkpoint kinase hChk1
    • Busby, E. C., Leistritz, D. F., Abraham, R. T., Karnitz, L. M. & Sankaria, J. N. The radiosensitizing agent 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) inhibits the DNA damage checkpoint kinase hChk1. Cancer Res. 60, 2108-2112 (2000).
    • (2000) Cancer Res. , vol.60 , pp. 2108-2112
    • Busby, E.C.1    Leistritz, D.F.2    Abraham, R.T.3    Karnitz, L.M.4    Sankaria, J.N.5
  • 33
    • 2242421834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis for Chk1 inhibition by UCN-01
    • Zhao, B. et al. Structural basis for Chk1 inhibition by UCN-01. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 46609-46615 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 46609-46615
    • Zhao, B.1
  • 34
    • 0037034928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interference with PDK1-Akt survival signaling pathway by UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine)
    • Sato, S., Fujita, N. & Tsuruo, T. Interference with PDK1-Akt survival signaling pathway by UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine). Oncogene 21, 1727-1738 (2002).
    • (2002) Oncogene , vol.21 , pp. 1727-1738
    • Sato, S.1    Fujita, N.2    Tsuruo, T.3
  • 35
    • 0034102337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality
    • Brown, E. J. & Baltimore, D. ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality. Genes Dev. 14, 397-402 (2000).
    • (2000) Genes Dev. , vol.14 , pp. 397-402
    • Brown, E.J.1    Baltimore, D.2
  • 36
    • 0034177408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted disruption of the cell-cycle checkpoint gene ATR leads to early embryonic lethality in mice
    • de Klein, A. et al. Targeted disruption of the cell-cycle checkpoint gene ATR leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. Curr. Biol. 10, 479-482 (2000).
    • (2000) Curr. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 479-482
    • De Klein, A.1
  • 37
    • 0034659341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aberrant cell cycle checkpoint function and early embryonic death in Chk1(-/-) mice
    • Takai, H. et al. Aberrant cell cycle checkpoint function and early embryonic death in Chk1(-/-) mice. Genes Dev. 14, 1439-1447 (2000). Work described in this reference and reference 16 indicates that Chk1 in mammals might have an essential role during the normal cell cycle.
    • (2000) Genes Dev. , vol.14 , pp. 1439-1447
    • Takai, H.1
  • 38
    • 0035979213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATR inhibition selectively sensitizes G1 checkpoint-deficient cells to lethal premature chromatin condensation
    • Nghiem, P., Park, P. K., Kim, Y., Vaziri, C. & Schreiber, S. L. ATR inhibition selectively sensitizes G1 checkpoint-deficient cells to lethal premature chromatin condensation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9092-9097 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 9092-9097
    • Nghiem, P.1    Park, P.K.2    Kim, Y.3    Vaziri, C.4    Schreiber, S.L.5
  • 39
    • 0035802112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of mammalian Chk1 during DNA replication arrest: A role for Chk1 in the intra-S phase checkpoint monitoring replication origin firing
    • Feijoo, C. et al. Activation of mammalian Chk1 during DNA replication arrest: a role for Chk1 in the intra-S phase checkpoint monitoring replication origin firing. J. Cell Biol. 154, 913-923 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Cell Biol. , vol.154 , pp. 913-923
    • Feijoo, C.1
  • 40
    • 0031172845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Drosophila grapes gene is related to checkpoint gene chk1/rad 27 and is required for late syncytial division fidelity
    • Fogarty, P. et al. The Drosophila grapes gene is related to checkpoint gene chk1/rad27 and is required for late syncytial division fidelity. Curr. Biol. 7, 418-426 (1997).
    • (1997) Curr. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 418-426
    • Fogarty, P.1
  • 41
    • 1542754615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Chk1 expression is dispensable for somatic cell death and critical for sustaining G2 DNA damage checkpoint
    • Chen, Z. et al. Human Chk1 expression is dispensable for somatic cell death and critical for sustaining G2 DNA damage checkpoint. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2, 543-548 (2003).
    • (2003) Mol. Cancer Ther. , vol.2 , pp. 543-548
    • Chen, Z.1
  • 42
    • 0035829685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of Chk1-dependent G2 DNA damage checkpoint radiosensitizes p53 mutant human cells
    • Koniaras, K., Cuddihy, A. R., Christopoulos, H., Hogg, A. & O'Connell, M. J. Inhibition of Chk1-dependent G2 DNA damage checkpoint radiosensitizes p53 mutant human cells. Oncogene 20, 7453-7463 (2001).
    • (2001) Oncogene , vol.20 , pp. 7453-7463
    • Koniaras, K.1    Cuddihy, A.R.2    Christopoulos, H.3    Hogg, A.4    O'Connell, M.J.5
  • 43
    • 0036569855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ku affects the ataxia and Rad 3-related/CHK1-dependent S phase checkpoint response after camptothecin treatment
    • Wang, H. et al. Ku affects the ataxia and Rad 3-related/CHK1-dependent S phase checkpoint response after camptothecin treatment. Cancer Res. 62, 2483-2487 (2002).
    • (2002) Cancer Res. , vol.62 , pp. 2483-2487
    • Wang, H.1
  • 44
    • 0027232037 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of antitumor activity of mitomycin C in vitro and in vivo by UCN-01, a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C
    • Akinaga, S., Nomura, K., Gomi, K., and Okabe, M. Enhancement of antitumor activity of mitomycin C in vitro and in vivo by UCN-01, a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 32, 183-189 (1993).
    • (1993) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. , vol.32 , pp. 183-189
    • Akinaga, S.1    Nomura, K.2    Gomi, K.3    Okabe, M.4
  • 45
    • 0031670310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UCN-01 suppresses thymidylate synthase gene expression and enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in sequence-dependent manner
    • Hsueh, C., Kelsen, D., and Schwartz, G. K. UCN-01 suppresses thymidylate synthase gene expression and enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in sequence-dependent manner. Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 2201-2206 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.4 , pp. 2201-2206
    • Hsueh, C.1    Kelsen, D.2    Schwartz, G.K.3
  • 46
    • 0029992520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by 7-hydroxystaurosporine (ucn-01), a new G2-checkpoint inhibitor
    • Bunch, R. T. & Eastman, A. Enhancement of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by 7-hydroxystaurosporine (ucn-01), a new G2-checkpoint inhibitor. Clin. Cancer Res. 2, 791-797 (1996).
    • (1996) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.2 , pp. 791-797
    • Bunch, R.T.1    Eastman, A.2
  • 47
    • 0030870632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrogation of an S-phase checkpoint and potentiation of camptothecin cytotoxicity by 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) in human cancer cell lines, possibly influenced by p53 function
    • Shao, R. et al. Abrogation of an S-phase checkpoint and potentiation of camptothecin cytotoxicity by 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) in human cancer cell lines, possibly influenced by p53 function. Cancer Res. 57, 4029-4035 (1997).
    • (1997) Cancer Res. , vol.57 , pp. 4029-4035
    • Shao, R.1
  • 48
    • 0028985932 scopus 로고
    • Abrogation of the G2 checkpoint results in differential radiosensitization of G1 checkpoint-deficient and G1 checkpoint-competent cells
    • Russell, K. J. et al. Abrogation of the G2 checkpoint results in differential radiosensitization of G1 checkpoint-deficient and G1 checkpoint-competent cells. Cancer Res. 55, 1639-1642 (1995).
    • (1995) Cancer Res. , vol.55 , pp. 1639-1642
    • Russell, K.J.1
  • 49
    • 0029895439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UCN-01: A potent abrogator of G2 checkpoint function in cancer cells with disrupted p53
    • Wang, Q. et al. UCN-01: a potent abrogator of G2 checkpoint function in cancer cells with disrupted p53. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 956-965 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , vol.88 , pp. 956-965
    • Wang, Q.1
  • 50
    • 0032404350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Splitting the ATM: Distinct repair and checkpoint defects in ataxia-telangiectasia
    • Jeggo, P. A., Carr, A. M. & Lehmann, A. R. Splitting the ATM: distinct repair and checkpoint defects in ataxia-telangiectasia. Trends Genet. 14, 312-316 (1998).
    • (1998) Trends Genet. , vol.14 , pp. 312-316
    • Jeggo, P.A.1    Carr, A.M.2    Lehmann, A.R.3
  • 51
    • 0036146085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two molecularly distinct G(2)/M checkpoints are induced by ionizing irradiation
    • Xu, B., Kim, S. T., Lim, D. S. & Kastan, M. B. Two molecularly distinct G(2)/M checkpoints are induced by ionizing irradiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 1049-1059 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 1049-1059
    • Xu, B.1    Kim, S.T.2    Lim, D.S.3    Kastan, M.B.4
  • 52
    • 0022625455 scopus 로고
    • A derivative of an ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) cell line with normal radiosensitivity but A-T-like inhibition of DNA synthesis
    • Lehmann, A. R. et al. A derivative of an ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) cell line with normal radiosensitivity but A-T-like inhibition of DNA synthesis. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 49, 639-643 (1986).
    • (1986) Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. , vol.49 , pp. 639-643
    • Lehmann, A.R.1
  • 53
    • 0028844502 scopus 로고
    • Fission yeast rad17: A homologue of budding yeast RAD24 that shares regions of sequence similarity with DNA polymerase accessory proteins
    • Griffiths, D. J., Barbet, N. C., McCready, S., Lehmann, A. R. & Carr, A. M. Fission yeast rad17: a homologue of budding yeast RAD24 that shares regions of sequence similarity with DNA polymerase accessory proteins. EMBO J. 14, 5812-5823 (1995).
    • (1995) EMBO J. , vol.14 , pp. 5812-5823
    • Griffiths, D.J.1    Barbet, N.C.2    McCready, S.3    Lehmann, A.R.4    Carr, A.M.5
  • 54
    • 0028825202 scopus 로고
    • Separation of phenotypes in mutant alleles of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cell-cycle checkpoint gene rad1+
    • Kanter-Smoler, G., Knudsen, K. E., Jimenez, G., Sunnerhagen, P. & Subramani, S. Separation of phenotypes in mutant alleles of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cell-cycle checkpoint gene rad1+. Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 793-805 (1995).
    • (1995) Mol. Biol. Cell , vol.6 , pp. 793-805
    • Kanter-Smoler, G.1    Knudsen, K.E.2    Jimenez, G.3    Sunnerhagen, P.4    Subramani, S.5
  • 55
    • 0028198383 scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of new elements involved in checkpoint and feedback controls in fission yeast
    • al-Khodairy, F. et al. Identification and characterization of new elements involved in checkpoint and feedback controls in fission yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 5, 147-160 (1994).
    • (1994) Mol. Biol. Cell , vol.5 , pp. 147-160
    • Al-Khodairy, F.1
  • 56
    • 0037386947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Tousled like kinases are targeted by an ATM- and Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint
    • Groth, A. et al. Human Tousled like kinases are targeted by an ATM- and Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint. EMBO J. 22, 1676-1687 (2003).
    • (2003) EMBO J. , vol.22 , pp. 1676-1687
    • Groth, A.1
  • 57
    • 0141730324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of Tousled-like kinase activity after DNA damage or replication block requires ATM, NBS1 and Chk1
    • Krause, D. R. et al. Suppression of Tousled-like kinase activity after DNA damage or replication block requires ATM, NBS1 and Chk1. Oncogene 22, 5927-5937 (2003).
    • (2003) Oncogene , vol.22 , pp. 5927-5937
    • Krause, D.R.1
  • 58
    • 0035871444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase trial of 72-hour continuous infusion UCN-01 in patients with refractory neoplasms
    • Sausville, E. A. et al. Phase trial of 72-hour continuous infusion UCN-01 in patients with refractory neoplasms. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 2319-2333 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.19 , pp. 2319-2333
    • Sausville, E.A.1
  • 59
    • 0032484084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage of ATM to cell cycle regulation by the Chk2 protein kinase
    • Matsuoka, S., Huang, M. & Elledge, S. J. Linkage of ATM to cell cycle regulation by the Chk2 protein kinase. Science 282, 1893-1897 (1998). Work in this reference, and in references 60, 62 and 63, describes the cloning and preliminary biochemical characterization of CHK2.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1893-1897
    • Matsuoka, S.1    Huang, M.2    Elledge, S.J.3
  • 60
    • 0033566082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian Chk2 is a downstream effector of the ATM-dependent DNA damage checkpoint pathway
    • Chaturvedi, P. et al. Mammalian Chk2 is a downstream effector of the ATM-dependent DNA damage checkpoint pathway. Oncogene 18, 4047-4054 (1999).
    • (1999) Oncogene , vol.18 , pp. 4047-4054
    • Chaturvedi, P.1
  • 61
    • 0037013243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of substrate motifs for human Chk1 and hCds1/Chk2 by the oriented peptide library approach
    • O'Neill, T. et al. Determination of substrate motifs for human Chk1 and hCds1/Chk2 by the oriented peptide library approach. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 16102-16115 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 16102-16115
    • O'Neill, T.1
  • 62
    • 0033552873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A human homologue of the checkpoint kinase Cds1 directly inhibits Cdc25 phosphatase
    • Blasina, A. et al. A human homologue of the checkpoint kinase Cds1 directly inhibits Cdc25 phosphatase. Curr. Biol. 9, 1-10 (1999).
    • (1999) Curr. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 1-10
    • Blasina, A.1
  • 63
    • 0033616828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A human Cds1-related kinase that functions downstream of ATM protein in the cellular response to DNA damage
    • Brown, A. L. et al. A human Cds1-related kinase that functions downstream of ATM protein in the cellular response to DNA damage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3745-3750 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 3745-3750
    • Brown, A.L.1
  • 64
    • 0034142325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D Chk2/hCds1 functions as a DNA damage checkpoint in G(1) by stabilizing p53
    • Chehab, N. H., Malikzay, A., Appel, M. & Halazonetis, T. D Chk2/ hCds1 functions as a DNA damage checkpoint in G(1) by stabilizing p53. Genes Dev. 14, 278-288 (2000).
    • (2000) Genes Dev. , vol.14 , pp. 278-288
    • Chehab, N.H.1    Malikzay, A.2    Appel, M.3    Halazonetis, T.4
  • 65
    • 0035848819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ATM-Chk2-Cdc 25A checkpoint pathway guards against radioresistant DNA synthesis
    • Falck, J., Mailand, N., Syljuasen, R. G., Bartek, J. & Lukas, J. The ATM-Chk2-Cdc25A checkpoint pathway guards against radioresistant DNA synthesis. Nature 410, 842-847 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 842-847
    • Falck, J.1    Mailand, N.2    Syljuasen, R.G.3    Bartek, J.4    Lukas, J.5
  • 66
    • 0036510055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The DNA damage-dependent intra-S phase checkpoint is regulated by parallel pathways
    • Falck, J., Petrini, J. H., Williams, B. R., Lukas, J. & Bartek, J. The DNA damage-dependent intra-S phase checkpoint is regulated by parallel pathways. Nature Genet. 30, 290-294 (2002). References 65 and 66 describe the first signalling and effector cascade that provided a mechanistic insight into the ionizing-radiation-induced intra-S-phase checkpoint in terms of its direct impact on cell-cycle machinery.
    • (2002) Nature Genet. , vol.30 , pp. 290-294
    • Falck, J.1    Petrini, J.H.2    Williams, B.R.3    Lukas, J.4    Bartek, J.5
  • 67
    • 0036724625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk2 is a tumor suppressor that regulates apoptosis in both an ATM-dependent and ATM-independent manner
    • Hirao, A. et al. Chk2 is a tumor suppressor that regulates apoptosis in both an ATM-dependent and ATM-independent manner. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 6521-6532 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 6521-6532
    • Hirao, A.1
  • 68
    • 18644375649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk2-deficient mice exhibit radioresistance and defective p53-mediated transcription
    • Takai, H. et al. Chk2-deficient mice exhibit radioresistance and defective p53-mediated transcription. EMBO J. 21, 5195-5205 (2002).
    • (2002) EMBO J. , vol.21 , pp. 5195-5205
    • Takai, H.1
  • 69
    • 0037162506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk2 is dispensable for p53-mediated G1 arrest but is required for a latent p53-mediated apoptotic response
    • Jack, M. T. et al. Chk2 is dispensable for p53-mediated G1 arrest but is required for a latent p53-mediated apoptotic response. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9825-9829 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 9825-9829
    • Jack, M.T.1
  • 70
    • 0038418869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer
    • Bartek, J. & Lukas, J. Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer. Cancer Cell. 3, 421-429 (2003).
    • (2003) Cancer Cell , vol.3 , pp. 421-429
    • Bartek, J.1    Lukas, J.2
  • 71
    • 0034629072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA damage-induced activation of p53 by the checkpoint kinase Chk2
    • Hirao, A. et al. DNA damage-induced activation of p53 by the checkpoint kinase Chk2. Science 287, 1824-1827 (2000). Work described in this reference and references 67-69 show that CHK2 is crucial for IR-induced apoptosis and indicates that CHK2 could be a radioprotection target.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1824-1827
    • Hirao, A.1
  • 72
    • 0033598754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of Ser-20 mediates stabilization of human p53 in response to DNA damage
    • Chehab, N. H., Malikzay, A., Stavridi, E. S. & Halazonetis, T. D. Phosphorylation of Ser-20 mediates stabilization of human p53 in response to DNA damage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13777-13782 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 13777-13782
    • Chehab, N.H.1    Malikzay, A.2    Stavridi, E.S.3    Halazonetis, T.D.4
  • 73
    • 0034142034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human homologs of checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Cds1 (Chk2) phosphorylate p53 at multiple DNA damage-inducible sites
    • Shieh, S. Y., Ahn, J., Tamai, K., Taya, Y. & Prives, C. The human homologs of checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Cds1 (Chk2) phosphorylate p53 at multiple DNA damage-inducible sites. Genes Dev. 14, 289-300 (2000).
    • (2000) Genes Dev. , vol.14 , pp. 289-300
    • Shieh, S.Y.1    Ahn, J.2    Tamai, K.3    Taya, Y.4    Prives, C.5
  • 74
    • 0042854721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allosteric effects mediate CHK2 phosphorylation of the p53 transactivation domain
    • Craig, A. et al. Allosteric effects mediate CHK2 phosphorylation of the p53 transactivation domain. EMBO Rep. 4, 787-792 (2003).
    • (2003) EMBO Rep. , vol.4 , pp. 787-792
    • Craig, A.1
  • 75
    • 0036205321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation of mouse p53 Ser23 and the response to DNA damage
    • Wu, Z. et al. Mutation of mouse p53 Ser23 and the response to DNA damage. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 2441-2449 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 2441-2449
    • Wu, Z.1
  • 76
    • 0038392762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Questioning the role of checkpoint kinase 2 in the p53 DNA damage response
    • Ahn, J., Urist, M. & Prives, C. Questioning the role of checkpoint kinase 2 in the p53 DNA damage response. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 20480-20489 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 20480-20489
    • Ahn, J.1    Urist, M.2    Prives, C.3
  • 77
    • 0038054343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Chk2 tumor suppressor is not required for p53 responses in human cancer cells
    • Jallepalli, P. V., Lengauer, C., Vogelstein, B. & Bunz, F. The Chk2 tumor suppressor is not required for p53 responses in human cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 20475-20479 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 20475-20479
    • Jallepalli, P.V.1    Lengauer, C.2    Vogelstein, B.3    Bunz, F.4
  • 78
    • 0037226473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mismatch repair system is required for S-phase checkpoint activation
    • Brown, K. D. et al. The mismatch repair system is required for S-phase checkpoint activation. Nature Genet. 33, 80-84 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Genet. , vol.33 , pp. 80-84
    • Brown, K.D.1
  • 79
    • 18344395671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human MRE11 is inactivated in mismatch repair-deficient cancers
    • Giannini, G. et al. Human MRE11 is inactivated in mismatch repair-deficient cancers. EMBO Rep. 3, 248-254 (2002).
    • (2002) EMBO Rep. , vol.3 , pp. 248-254
    • Giannini, G.1
  • 80
    • 0141509882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATM can regulate p53 and neuronal death independent of Chk2 in response to DNA damage
    • Keramaris, E., Hirao, A., Slack, R. S., Mak, T. W. & Park, D. S. ATM can regulate p53 and neuronal death independent of Chk2 in response to DNA damage. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 37782-87789 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 37782-87789
    • Keramaris, E.1    Hirao, A.2    Slack, R.S.3    Mak, T.W.4    Park, D.S.5
  • 81
    • 0036847998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PML-dependent apoptosis after DNA damage is regulated by the checkpoint kinase hCds1/Chk2
    • Yang, S., Kuo, C., Bisi, J. E. & Kim, M. K. PML-dependent apoptosis after DNA damage is regulated by the checkpoint kinase hCds1/Chk2. Nature Cell Biol. 4, 865-870 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Cell Biol. , vol.4 , pp. 865-870
    • Yang, S.1    Kuo, C.2    Bisi, J.E.3    Kim, M.K.4
  • 82
    • 0038752083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk2 activates E2F-1 in response to DNA damage
    • Stevens, C., Smith, L. & La Thangue, N. B. Chk2 activates E2F-1 in response to DNA damage. Nature Cell Biol. 5, 401-409 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Cell Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 401-409
    • Stevens, C.1    Smith, L.2    La Thangue, N.B.3
  • 83
    • 0033543728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chemical inhibitor of p53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy
    • Komarov, P. G. et al. A chemical inhibitor of p53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy. Science 285, 1733-1737 (1999). This reference describes the identification - by chemical library screening - and in vitro and in vivo testing of a p53 inhibitor, and indicates that inhibition of the p53 pathway could reduce IR-induced DNA damage and lead to radioprotection.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 1733-1737
    • Komarov, P.G.1
  • 84
    • 0037317521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of p53 in determining sensitivity to radiotherapy
    • Gudkov, A. V. & Komarova, E. A. The role of p53 in determining sensitivity to radiotherapy. Nature Rev. Cancer. 3, 117-129 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Rev. Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 117-129
    • Gudkov, A.V.1    Komarova, E.A.2
  • 85
    • 0034665162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p53 is essential for chemotherapy-induced hair loss
    • Botchkarev, V. A. et al. p53 is essential for chemotherapy-induced hair loss. Cancer Res. 60, 5002-5006 (2000).
    • (2000) Cancer Res. , vol.60 , pp. 5002-5006
    • Botchkarev, V.A.1
  • 86
    • 0035808599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in rats by CDK inhibitors
    • Davis, S. T. et al. Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in rats by CDK inhibitors. Science 291, 134-137 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 134-137
    • Davis, S.T.1
  • 87
    • 0036500555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of the cohesin protein, Smc1, in Atm-dependent and independent responses to DNA damage
    • Kim, S. T., Xu, B. & Kastan, M. B. Involvement of the cohesin protein, Smc1, in Atm-dependent and independent responses to DNA damage. Genes Dev. 16, 560-570 (2002).
    • (2002) Genes Dev. , vol.16 , pp. 560-570
    • Kim, S.T.1    Xu, B.2    Kastan, M.B.3
  • 88
    • 0034601420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different impact of p53 and p21 on the radiation response of mouse tissues
    • Komarova, E. A., Christov, K., Faerman, A. I. & Gudkov, A. V. Different impact of p53 and p21 on the radiation response of mouse tissues. Oncogene 19, 3791-3798 (2000).
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , pp. 3791-3798
    • Komarova, E.A.1    Christov, K.2    Faerman, A.I.3    Gudkov, A.V.4
  • 89
    • 0034624718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response
    • Lee, J. S., Collins, K. M., Brown, A. L., Lee, C. H. & Chung, J. H. hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response. Nature 404, 201-204 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 201-204
    • Lee, J.S.1    Collins, K.M.2    Brown, A.L.3    Lee, C.H.4    Chung, J.H.5
  • 90
    • 0346095320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chk2 phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates DNA double-strand break repair
    • Zhang, J. et al. Chk2 phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates DNA double-strand break repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 708-718 (2004).
    • (2004) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 708-718
    • Zhang, J.1
  • 91
    • 0037567268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes
    • Zou, L. & Elledge, S. J. Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science 300, 1542-1548 (2003).
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 1542-1548
    • Zou, L.1    Elledge, S.J.2
  • 92
    • 0037178748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interfaces between the detection, signaling, and repair of DNA damage
    • Rouse, J. & Jackson, S. P. Interfaces between the detection, signaling, and repair of DNA damage. Science 297, 547-551 (2002).
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 547-551
    • Rouse, J.1    Jackson, S.P.2
  • 93
    • 0037472924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation
    • Bakkenist, C. J. & Kastan, M. B. DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 421, 499-506 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , pp. 499-506
    • Bakkenist, C.J.1    Kastan, M.B.2
  • 94
    • 0036276388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mre11 complex: At the crossroads of DNA repair and checkpoint signalling
    • D'Amours, D. & Jackson, S. P. The Mre11 complex: at the crossroads of DNA repair and checkpoint signalling. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 317-327 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 317-327
    • D'Amours, D.1    Jackson, S.P.2
  • 95
    • 0142011461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cellular response to DNA double strand breaks: Defining the sensors and mediators
    • Petrini, H. J. & Stracker, T. H. The cellular response to DNA double strand breaks: defining the sensors and mediators. Trends Cell Biol. 13, 458-462 (2003).
    • (2003) Trends Cell Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 458-462
    • Petrini, H.J.1    Stracker, T.H.2
  • 96
    • 0024164649 scopus 로고
    • Fluorouracil: Biochemistry and pharmacology
    • Pinedo, H. M. & Peters, G. P. Fluorouracil: biochemistry and pharmacology. J. Clin. Oncol. 6, 1653-1664 (1988).
    • (1988) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.6 , pp. 1653-1664
    • Pinedo, H.M.1    Peters, G.P.2
  • 97
    • 0038387494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5-Fluorouracil: Mechanisms of action and clinical strategies
    • Longley, D. B., Harkin, D. P. & Johnston, P. G. 5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nature Rev. Cancer 3, 330-338 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature Rev. Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 330-338
    • Longley, D.B.1    Harkin, D.P.2    Johnston, P.G.3
  • 98
    • 0026721532 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: Evidence in terms of response rate
    • Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis Project. Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: evidence in terms of response rate. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 896-903 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.10 , pp. 896-903
  • 99
    • 0029090540 scopus 로고
    • Protection of normal tissues from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation by amifostine (WR-2721): Preclinical aspects
    • Peters, G. J. & van der Vijgh, W. J. Protection of normal tissues from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation by amifostine (WR-2721): preclinical aspects. Eur. J. Cancer. 31A, S1-S7 (1995).
    • (1995) Eur. J. Cancer , vol.31 A
    • Peters, G.J.1    Van Der Vijgh, W.J.2
  • 100
    • 0029745368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amifostine: The preclinical basis for broad-spectrum selective cytoprotection of normal tissues from cytotoxic therapies
    • Capizzi, R. Amifostine: the preclinical basis for broad-spectrum selective cytoprotection of normal tissues from cytotoxic therapies. Semin. Oncol. 23, 2-17 (1996).
    • (1996) Semin. Oncol. , vol.23 , pp. 2-17
    • Capizzi, R.1
  • 101
    • 0030826795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of carboplatin plus amifostine versus carboplatin alone in patients with advanced solid tumors
    • Budd, G. T. et al. Randomized trial of carboplatin plus amifostine versus carboplatin alone in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer 80, 1134-1140 (1997).
    • (1997) Cancer , vol.80 , pp. 1134-1140
    • Budd, G.T.1
  • 102
    • 0032734957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential of amifostine: From cytoprotectant to therapeutic agent
    • Santini, V. & Giles, P. J. The potential of amifostine: from cytoprotectant to therapeutic agent. Haematologica 84, 1035-1042 (1999).
    • (1999) Haematologica , vol.84 , pp. 1035-1042
    • Santini, V.1    Giles, P.J.2
  • 103
    • 0030013080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amifostine, cisplatin, and vinblastine in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: A report of high response rates and prolonged survival
    • Schiller, J. H. et al. Amifostine, cisplatin, and vinblastine in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: a report of high response rates and prolonged survival. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 1913-1921 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.14 , pp. 1913-1921
    • Schiller, J.H.1
  • 104
    • 0037268373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical radioprotection: A critical review of amifostine as a cytoprotector in radiotherapy
    • Andreassen, C. N., Grau, C. & Lindegaard, J. C. Chemical radioprotection: a critical review of amifostine as a cytoprotector in radiotherapy. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 13, 62-72 (2003).
    • (2003) Semin. Radiat. Oncol. , vol.13 , pp. 62-72
    • Andreassen, C.N.1    Grau, C.2    Lindegaard, J.C.3
  • 105
    • 0344406759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective killing of cancer cells by β-lapachone: Direct checkpoint activation as a strategy against cancer
    • Li, Y., Sun, X., LaMont, J. T., Pardee, A. B. & Li, C. J. Selective killing of cancer cells by β-lapachone: direct checkpoint activation as a strategy against cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 2674-2678 (2003).
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , pp. 2674-2678
    • Li, Y.1    Sun, X.2    LaMont, J.T.3    Pardee, A.B.4    Li, C.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.