Cellular and molecular pharmacology of antiestrogen action and resistance

Pharmacological Reviews

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 25-71

  Clarke, Robert ^a,b   Leonessa, Fabio ^a   Welch, James N ^a   Skaar, Todd C ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIESTROGEN; CALMODULIN; CELL DNA; CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; FULVESTRANT; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; GLYCOPROTEIN P; GROWTH FACTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; ICI 46477; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE C; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (PHOSPHATE) DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE); SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN B RECEPTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN C RECEPTOR; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TAMOXIFEN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2; TRIPHENYLETHYLENE TAMOXIFEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOLOGY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RESISTANCE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG TUMOR LEVEL; DRUG UPTAKE; ENZYME REGULATION; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; ESTROGEN METABOLISM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; MITOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; CELLS; ESTRADIOL CONGENERS; ESTROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; TAMOXIFEN;

EID: 0035101145     PISSN: 00316997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (573)

1. Estrogen receptor and long term prognosis in breast cancer
2. Effect of hydrocortisone on the macrophage content, growth and metastasis of transplanted murine tumors
3. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and retinoic acid modulation of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs): IGFBP-2, -3 and -4 gene expression and protein secretion in a breast cancer cell line
4. waf1 expression by an activator of protein kinase C is regulated mainly at the post-transcriptional level in cells lacking p53: Important role of RNA stabilization
5. Assessment of host immune response in breast cancer patients
6. 2+, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase
7. Influence of estradiol and tamoxifen on susceptibility of human breast cancer cell lines to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells
8. Signal transduction pathways activated and required for mammary carcinogenesis in response to specific oncogenes
9. In situ quantitation of inflammatory mononuclear cells in ductal infiltrating breast carcinoma
10. Steroid sequestration and tightly bound estrogen-protein complexes in human breast tumors and a breast cancer cell line
11. Evidence that lymphokine-activated killer cells and natural killer cells are distinct based on an analysis of congenitally immunodeficient mice
12. The role of jun, fos and the AP-1 complex in cell-proliferation and transformation
13. Tamoxifen up-regulates c-erbB-2 expression in estrogen-responsive breast cancer cells in vitro
14. Expression of ras, p21, p53 and c-erbB-2 in advanced breast cancer and response to first line hormone therapy
15. In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of the human estrogen receptor
16. Stimulation of estrogen receptor-mediated transcription and alteration in the phosphorylation state of the rat uterine estrogen receptor by estrogen, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and insulin-like growth factor-I
17. Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits transforming growth factor α-induced but not estrogen-induced growth of hormone-dependent human breast cancer
18. Tissue-targeted antisense c-fos retroviral vector inhibits established breast cancer xenografts in nude mice
19. Blockade of the type-I somatomedin receptor inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells in athymic mice
20. Reversal of tamoxifen resistance of human breast carcinomas in vivo with neutralizing anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β antibodies involves paracrine mechanisms
21. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells in vitro with an antibody against the Type I somatomedin receptor
22. Mammographic patterns as a predictive biomarker of breast cancer risk: Effect of tamoxifen
23. Modulation of the antiproliferative signal of interferon α by tamoxifen in U937 cells
24. Antiestrogen effects on human blood lymphocyte subpopulations in vitro
25. Target cells are sensitized for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated destruction by estradiol and tamoxifen
26. Modulation of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by tamoxifen and estradiol
27. Modulation of lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by estradiol and tamoxifen
28. Antiestrogens enhance the therapeutic effects of lymphokine-activated killer cells on the P815 murine mastocytoma
29. Combination therapy of the H2712 murine mammary carcinoma with cytotoxic T lymphocytes and anti-estrogens
30. Expression of transforming growth factor-α and its mRNA in human breast cancer: Its regulation by estrogen and its possible functional significance
31. Elevated concentrations of antiestrogen binding sites in membrane fractions of human ovarian tumors
32. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: Suggestions from a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases
33. Diethylstilbestrol versus tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer
34. Specific high affinity binding sites for 17β-estradiol in rat heart smooth muscle cells
35. Estrogen-dependent, tamoxifen-resistant tumorigenic growth of MCF-7 cells transfected with HER2/neu
36. Serum sex hormone levels after menopause and subsequent breast cancer
37. Modulation of natural killer cell activity in stage I postmenopausal breast cancer patients on low-dose aminogluthemide
38. Modulation of natural killer cell activity by tamoxifen in stage I post-menopausal breast cancer
39. Inhibition of oxidative stress in HeLa cells by chemopreventive agents
40. Influence of di- and tri-phenylethylene estrogen/antiestrogen structure on the mechanisms of protein kinase C inhibition and activation as revealed by a multivariate analysis
41. Calmodulin is essential for estrogen receptor interaction with its motif and activation of responsive promoter
42. Skin window reactivity to autologous breast cancer. An index of prognostically significant cell-mediated immunity
43. Infiltration of IL-2-inducible killer cells in ascitic fluid and pleural effusions of advanced cancer patients
44. IL-2 induces cytotoxic activity in lymphocytes from regional axillary nodes of breast cancer patients
45. The relationship between 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and estrogen concentrations in human breast tumors and in normal breast tissue
46. Differential effects of protein kinase C agonists on prostaglandin production and growth in human breast cancer cells
47. ERBB2 amplification is associated with tamoxifen resistance in steroid-yreceptor positive breast cancer
48. 2+-dependent protein kinase of human mammary carcinoma cells: Inverse relationship to estrogen receptors
49. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway can mediate growth inhibition and proliferation in smooth muscle cells. Dependence on the availability of downstream targets
50. On oophorectomy in cancer of the breast
51. A diphenylmethane derivative selective for the anti-estrogen binding site may help to define its biological role
52. Autoantibodies to numatrin: An early predictor for relapse in breast cancer
53. A comparison of two doses of tamoxifen (Nolvadex) in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: 10 mg b.d. versus 20 mg b.d
54. Bcar1, a human homologue of the adapter protein p130Cas, and antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer cells
55. Selection and characterization of a breast cancer cell line resistant to the antiestrogen LY 117018
56. Private and public autocrine loops in neoplastic cells
57. Acquisition of hormone-independent growth in MCF-7 cells is accompanied by increased expression of estrogen-regulated genes but without detectable DNA amplifications
58. MCF7/LCC2: A 4-hydroxytamoxifen resistant human breast cancer variant which retains sensitivity to the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780
59. MCF7/LCC9: An antiestrogen resistant MCF-7 variant where acquired resistance to the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780 confers an early crossresistance to the non-steroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen
60. Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the estrogen receptor
61. Tamoxifen: A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use
62. Breast cancer and expression of aromatase in breast adipose tissue
63. Activation of the unliganded estrogen receptor by EGF involves the MAP kinase pathway and direct phosphorylation
64. Epidermal growth factor induces phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 via multiple pathways
65. Relation of in vitro properties to tumorigenicity for a series of sublines of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7
66. Responses to retinoic acid of tamoxifen-sensitive and -resistant sublines of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7
67. Tamoxifen activates cellular phospholipase C and D and elicits protein kinase C translocation
68. Tamoxifen elicits rapid transmembrane lipid signal responses in human breast cancer cells
69. Effective tamoxifen therapy of breast cancer involves both antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic changes
70. Tamoxifen-induced immune-mediated platelet destruction. A case report
71. Clinical significance of tamoxifen withdrawal response
72. c-erbB2 overexpression decreases the benefit of adjuvant tamoxifen in early-stage breast cancer without axillary lymph node metastases
73. Phosphorylation of serine-167 on the human estrogen receptor is important for estrogen response element binding and transcriptional activation
74. Vimentin and P53 expression in epidermal growth factor receptor-positive estrogen receptornegative breast carcinomas
75. Molecular origin of cancer: Catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones as endogenous tumor initiators
76. Expression of nuclear receptor interacting proteins TIF-1, SUG-1, receptor interacting protein 140, and corepressor SMRT in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer
77. Ligands for ErbB-family receptors encoded by a neuregulin-like gene
78. Suppression of transforming growth factor-β-induced apoptosis through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway
79. Activation and inhibition of the AP-1 complex in human breast cancer cells
80. Estrogen regulates expression of the jun family of protooncogenes in the uterus
81. Steroid receptors and other prognostic factors in primary breast cancer
82. Human breast cancer cell line xenografts as models of breast cancer: The immunobiologies of recipient mice and the characteristics of several tumorigenic cell lines
83. Cross resistance and molecular mechanisms in antiestrogen resistance
84. Acquired estrogen independence and antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer: Estrogen receptor-driven phenotypes?
85. The inter-relationships between ovarian-independent growth, antiestrogen resistance and invasiveness in the malignant progression of human breast cancer
86. Progression from hormone dependent to hormone independent growth in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
87. The effects of a constitutive production of TGF-α on the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
88. Hormonal aspects of breast cancer: Growth factors, drugs and stromal interactions
89. Effect of P-glycoprotein expression on sensitivity to hormones in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
90. In vitro models of human breast cancer
91. Antiestrogen resistance: Mechanisms and reversal
92. Mechanism of resistance to antiestrogens and their implications for crossresistance
93. Tamoxifen and 17β-estradiol reduce the membrane fluidity of human breast cancer cells
94. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein secretion by breast carcinoma cell lines: Correlation with estrogen receptor status
95. Influence of sex steroids on the antigen-specific primary antibody responses in vitro
96. How MAP kinases are regulated
97. Hormone replacement therapy and high S-phase in breast cancer
98. A new antioestrogenic agent in late breast cancer. An early clinical appraisal of ICI 46474
99. Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer - Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: Collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer
100. Expression and involvement of c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes in programmed cell death induced by growth factor deprivation in lymphoid cell lines
101. Immunologic changes in human breast cancer
102. Antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects of ICI 164,384 in 4-OH-tamoxifenresistant human breast cancer cells
103. Elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in estrogen-nonresponsive human breast cancer cells
104. An individual patient-based meta analysis of tamoxifen versus ovarian ablation as first line endocrine therapy for premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer
105. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women; results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation
106. Role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in normal and abnormal development of the mammary gland and prostate
107. Physiological coupling of growth factor and steroid receptor signaling pathways: Estrogen receptor knockout mice lack estrogen-like response to epidermal growth factor
108. The anticancer drug tamoxifen induces changes in the physical properties of model and native membranes
109. The active metabolite hydroxytamoxifen of the anticancer drug tamoxifen induces structural changes in membranes
110. Tamoxifen and hydroxytamoxifen as intramembraneous inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. Evidence for peroxyl radical scavenging activity
111. Biomarkers and outcome after tamoxifen treatment in nodepositive breast cancers from elderly women
112. cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the mitogenic action of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor in capillary endothelial cells by blocking raf activation
113. Determination of tamoxifen and biologically active metabolites in human breast tumors and plasma
114. Inhibition of c-erbB-2 oncogene expression by estrogens in human breast cancer cells
115. Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of protein kinase C θ in induction of apoptosis
116. Antiestrogen ICI 164,384 reduces cellular estrogen receptor content by increasing its turnover
117. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in estrogen receptor-positive and negative human breast cancer cell lines
118. Adverse events reporter by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene
119. Peroxidase-catalyzed pro- versus antioxidant effects of 4-hydroxytamoxifen: Enzyme specificity and biochemical sequelae
120. Differential signaling by alternative HGF isoforms through c-met: Activation of both MAP kinase and PI 3-kinase pathways is insufficient for mitogenesis
121. Quantitative PCR analysis of c-erb B-2 (HER2/neu) gene amplification and comparison with p185 (HER2/neu) protein expression in breast cancer drill biopsies
122. Inhibition of breast cancer tissue aromatase activity and estrogen concentrations by the third-generation aromatase inhibitor vorozole
123. Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells
124. Inhibition of cell cycle kinetics and proliferation by the androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone and antiestrogen N, n-butyl-N-methyl-11-[16′α-chloro-3′,17β-dihydroxy-estr a-1′,3′ 5′(10′)triene-7′ α-yl] undecamide in human breast cancer ZR-75-1 cells
125. Effect of tamoxifen and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in a prevention trial. Italian Chemoprevention Group
126. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women
127. Cellular activation of latent transforming growth factor β requires binding to the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulinlike growth factor type II receptor
128. Estrogen replacement therapy withdrawal and regression of metastatic breast cancer
129. Growth factors in breast cancer
130. Estrogen-induced factors of breast cancer cells partially replace estrogen to promote tumor growth
131. The pure antiestrogen ICI 182780 is more effective in the induction of apoptosis and down regulation of BCL-2 than tamoxifen in MCF-7 cells
132. Functional assay for HER-2/neu demonstrates active signalling in a minority of HER-2/neuoverexpressing invasive human breast tumors
133. Nuclear receptor-binding sites of coactivators glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1): Multiple motifs with different binding specificities
134. Mechanisms of transcriptional activation of bcl-2 gene expression by 17β-estradiol in breast cancer cells
135. Estrogen receptor-β messenger RNA expression in human breast tumor biopsies: Relationship to steroid receptor status and regulation by progestins
136. Unregulated expression of c-jun or c-fos proteins but not jun D inhibits oestrogen receptor activity in human breast cancer derived cells
137. Future use of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer
138. Response to specific anti-oestrogen (ICI182780) in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer
139. Estradiol and progesterone receptor levels in human breast cancer in relation to cytosol and plasma estrogen level
140. Activation of signal transduction kinases by tamoxifen
141. Progression of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to antiestrogen-resistant phenotype is accompanied by elevated levels of AP-1 DNA-binding activity
142. Drug toxicity mechanisms in human hepatoma HepG2 cells: Cyclosporin A and tamoxifen
143. Non-genomic effects of steroids. Interactions of steroid molecules with membrane structures and functions
144. Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group: Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy
145. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: An overview of the randomized trials
146. Selective immunosuppressive action of a factor produced by colon cancer cells
147. Endogenous estradiol-17β concentration in breast tumors determined by mass fragmentography and by radioimmunoassay: Relationship to receptor content
148. Constitutive raf-1 kinase activity in breast cancer cells induces both estrogen-independent growth and apoptosis
149. Insulin/IGF-1 modulation of the expression of two estrogen-induced genes in MCF-7 cells
150. Interaction between estradiol and growth factors in the regulation of specific gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
151. Two separate mechanisms for ligand-independent activation of the estrogen receptor
152. HER-2 expression and response to tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group study
153. Establishment and characterization of three new continuous cell lines derived from human breast carcinomas
154. Estrogen receptor β - A novel receptor opens up new possibilities for cancer diagnosis and treatment
155. Tamoxifen metabolism: Pharmacokinetic and in vitro study
156. Further evidence for a biological role of antiestrogen binding sites in mediating the growth inhibitory action of diphenylmethane derivatives
157. Estradiol increases cAMP in rat pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells by a nongenomic mechanism
158. Inhibition of estrogen receptor-DNA binding by the "pure" antiestrogen ICI 164,384 appears to be mediated by impaired receptor dimerization
159. Physicochemical and genetic evidence for specific antiestrogen binding sites
160. Basic fibroblast growth factor confers growth inhibition and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in human breast cancer cells
161. Demethylation of the estrogen receptor gene in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells can reactivate estrogen receptor gene expression
162. Tamoxifen induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in oestrogen receptor- negative human cancer cell lines
163. Estrogen-like effect of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium
164. Eradication of cancer metastasis by tumoricidal macrophages
165. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study
166. Estrone and estradiol content in human breast tumors: Relationship to estradiol receptors
167. Epidermal growth factor binding by breast tumor biopsies and relationship to estrogen receptor and progestin receptor levels
168. Tumor-necrosis factor-α modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase activity of epidermal-growth-factor-stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer cells
169. Inhibition of human mammary carcinoma cell proliferation by retinoids and intracellular cAMP-elevating compounds
170. Estrogen modulation of JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA expression in murine macrophages
171. TGF-β regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in human breast cancer cells
172. Involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and stress-activated protein kinase Jun N-terminal kinase activation by transforming growth factor beta in the negative growth control of breast cancer cells
173. Rho GTPases are over-expressed in human tumors
174. The selective uptake of tamoxifen by human uterine tissue
175. Somatomedin C receptors and growth effects in human breast cancer cells maintained in long term tissue culture
176. Effects of estrogen, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor-α on the growth of human breast epithelial cells in primary culture
177. Inhibition of angiogenesis by antiestrogens
178. Melatonin enhances tamoxifen's ability to prevent the reduction in microsomal membrane fluidity induced by lipid peroxidation
179. Hormone implants and tachyphylaxis
180. Expression of bcl-2 protein predicts efficacy of adjuvant treatments in operable node-positive breast cancer
181. Determination of angiogenesis adds information to estrogens receptor status in predicting the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen in node-negative breast cancer patient
182. Biological and clinical associations of c-jun activation in human breast cancer
183. Immunocytochemical localization of fos protein in human breast cancers and its relationship to a series of prognostic markers and response to endocrine therapy
184. Endocrine response and resistance in breast cancer: A role for the transcription factor fos
185. Differential distribution of protein phosphatase 2A in human breast carcinoma cell lines and its relation to estrogen receptor status
186. 2+ -independent protein kinase C activity in human breast biopsies
187. Differential ability of antiestrogens to stimulate breast cancer cell (MCF-7) growth in vivo and in vitro
188. Two-year carcinogenicity study of tamoxifen in Alderley Park Wistar-derived rats
189. Calcium channel antagonist properties of the antineoplastic antiestrogen tamoxifen in the PC12 neurosecretory cell line
190. Molecular determinants of tissue selectivity in estrogen receptor modulators
191. Lymphokine-activated killer cell phenomena. Lysis of natural killer resistant solid tumour cells by IL-2 activated autologous human peripheral blood lymphocytes
192. Rapid action of 17β-estradiol on kainateinduced currents in hippocampal neurons lacking intracellular estrogen receptors
193. Tamoxifen modulates protein kinase C via oxidative stress in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells
194. Tamoxifen interfers with the insulin-llke growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathway in breast cancer cells
195. Effect of growth factors on estrogen receptor mediated gene expression
196. Enhancement of tumor metastases and suppression of natural killer cell activity by β-estradiol treatment
197. Tamoxifen enhances cell death in implanted MCF-7 breast cancer by inhibiting endothelium growth
198. Hormonally-regulated proteins in breast secretions are markers of target organ sensitivity
199. A new derivative of triphenylethylene: Effect on implantation and mode of action in rats
200. Evaluation of lymphocyte immunity in breast cancer patients
201. A complex containing N-CoR, mSin3 and histone deacetylase mediates transcriptional repression
202. Influence of treatment with tamoxifen and change in tumor burden on the IGF-system in breast cancer patients
203. Influence of droloxifene on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, pro-IGF-IIE, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3 in breast cancer patients
204. Response-specific antiestrogen resistance in a newly characterized MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line resulting from long-term exposure to trans-hydroxytamoxifen
205. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tamoxifen in healthy volunteers
206. Control of carcinogenesis: A possible role for the activated macrophage
207. Alterations in mammary gland development following neonatal exposure to estradiol, transforming growth factorα, and estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780
208. Alterations in behavior, steroid hormones and natural killer cell activity in male transgenic TGF-α mice
209. Tamoxifen alters levels of serum insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in postmenopausal breast cancer patients: A prospective paired cohort study
210. Fatty acid modulation of antiestrogen action and antiestrogen-binding protein in cultured lymphoid cells
211. Hormone replacement therapy and biological aggressiveness of breast cancer
212. Treatment of metastatic disease
213. Characterization and frequency distribution of lymphreticular infiltrates in axillary lymph node metastases of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
214. Nuclear receptor coactivators and corepressors
215. Predicting response to endocrine therapy in human breast cancer: A hypothesis
216. Response to a specific antioestrogen (ICI 182,780) in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer
217. Response after withdrawal of tamoxifen and progestogens in advanced breast cancer
218. Multihormonal regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I-related protein in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
219. Breast cancer: Cause and prevention
220. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HRES) Research Group
221. Immunologic responsiveness of the breast cancer patient
222. Hormonal regulation of uterine macrophages
223. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor expression by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780
224. A role for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 in the antiproliferative action of the antiestrogen ICI 182,780
225. Mitotic activity, apoptosis and TRPM-2 mRNA expression in DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma treated with antiestrogen toremifene
226. Coupling of dual signaling pathways: Epidermal growth factor action involves the estrogen receptor
227. Peptide growth factor cross-talk with estrogen receptor requires the A/B domain and occurs independently of protein kinase C or estradiol
228. Estrogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase requires mobilization of intracellular calcium
229. Activation of transcriptionally inactive human estrogen receptors by cyclic adenosine 3,5′-monophosphate and ligands including antiestrogens
230. Estrogen binding and risk factors for breast cancer
231. Opposite effects of tamoxifen on in vitro protein kinase C activity and endogenous protein phosphorylation in intact MCF-7 cells
232. Oligoclonality of CD8+ T cells in breast cancer patients
233. DNA methylation analysis at distal and proximal promoter regions of the oestrogen receptor gene in breast cancers
234. The partial agonist activity of antagonist-occupied steroid receptors is controlled by a novel hinge domain-binding coactivator L7/SPA and the corepressors N-CoR or SMRT
235. The effect of anti-estrogens on cell growth and progesterone receptor concentration in human endometrial cancer cells (Ishikawa)
236. Estrogen receptor expression and function in long-term estrogen-deprived human breast cancer cells
237. R-6
238. Point mutation of estrogen receptor (ER) in the ligand-binding domain changes the pharmacology of antiestrogens in ER-negative human breast cancer cells stably expressing complementary DNAs for ER
239. pp90rsk1 regulates estrogen receptor-mediated transcription through phosphorylation of ser-167
240. Estradiol-induced phosphorylation of serine 118 in the estrogen receptor is independent of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase
241. FGF signaling activates STAT1 and p21 and inhibits the estrogen response and proliferation of MCF-7 cells
242. Increased activator protein-1 DNA binding and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase activity in human breast tumors with acquired tamoxifen resistance
243. Acquired tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer and reduced intra-tumoral drug concentration
244. Change in estrogen receptor expression and function in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer
245. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs: The rationale for adjuvant use in premenopausal women with breast cancer
246. Bioavailability of estradiol as a marker for breast cancer risk assessment
247. Determination and pharmacology of a new hydroxylated metabolite of tamoxifen observed in patient sera during therapy for advanced breast cancer
248. Species-specific pharmacology of antiestrogens: Role of metabolism
249. Growth inhibition by anti-estrogens and progestins in TGF-β- resistant and -sensitive breast-tumor cells
250. The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases
251. Estrogen receptor mutations in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer
252. Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase
253. Proliferation, hormonal responsiveness, and estrogen receptor content of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells grown in the short-term and long-term absence of estrogens
254. Antiestrogen action in breast cancer cells: Modulation of proliferation and protein synthesis, and interaction with estrogen receptors and additional antiestrogen binding sites
255. Bioactivities, estrogen receptor interactions, and plasminogen activator-inducing activities of tamoxifen and hydroxytamoxifen isomers in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
256. Tamoxifen decreases drug efflux from liposomes: Relevance to its ability to reverse multidrug resistance in cancer cells?
257. Protein kinase C mediates platelet-derived growth factor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p42
258. Characteristics of a tamoxifen-tolerant breast cancer cell subpopulation
259. Rapid effects of estrogen to modulate G protein-coupled receptors via activation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C pathways
260. Identification and biological activity of tamoxifen metabolites in human serum
261. Expression of transforming growth α antisense mRNA inhibits the estrogen-induced production of TGF α and human estrogen-induced proliferation of estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells
262. Gamma linolenic acid with tamoxifen as primary therapy in breast cancer
263. Mechanisms of macrophagemediated tumor cytolysis
264. Functional and molecular analysis of T cell receptors used by pancreatic- and breast tumor(mucin-) specific cytotoxic T cells
265. Evidence that transforming growth factor-β is a hormonally regulated negative growth factor in human breast cancer cells
266. Epidermal growth factor partially reverses the inhibitory effects of antiestrogens on T47D human breast cancer cell growth
267. Blockade of transforming growth factor-β signaling does not abrogate antiestrogen-induced growth inhibition of human breast carcinoma cells
268. Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) levels in plasma of patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with tamoxifen
269. Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary
270. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α and β
271. Functional domains of the human estrogen receptor
272. L and tamoxifen-induced apoptosis human MCF-7 breast cancer cells
273. Quantitative demonstration of spontaneous metastasis by MCF-7 human breast cancer cells cotransfected with fibroblast growth factor 4 and LacZ
274. A pure antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, stimulates the growth of tamoxifen-resistant KPL-1 human breast cancer cells in viva but not in vitro
275. Estrogen activates telomerase
276. Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF-7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation
277. Defective regulation of mitogenactivated protein kinase activity in a 3T3 cell variant mitogenically nonresponsive to tetradeconyl phorbol acetate
278. Involvement of functional protein kinase C in the mitogenic response to the H-ras oncogene product
279. Apparition de cancers de la mammelle chez la souris male a des injections de folliculine
280. Tamoxifen induces selective membrane association of protein kinase C epsilon in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
281. Diverse signaling pathways modulate nuclear receptor recruitment of N-CoR and SMRT complexes
282. Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor synthesis in breast cancer cells
283. Enhancement of insulin-like growth factor signaling in human breast cancer: Estrogen regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression in vitro and in vivo
284. Activation of estrogen receptormediated gene transcription by IGF-I in human breast cancer cells
285. Circulating anti-tumor and autoantibodies in breast carcinoma: Relationship to stage and prognosis
286. Necrosis correlates with high vascular density and focal macrophage infiltraion in invasive carcinoma of the breast
287. Effects of gonadal steroids and their antagonists on the humoral immune response of immune-selected broiler chickens
288. Amphiregulin, epidermal growth factor receptor, and estrogen receptor expression in human primary breast cancer
289. Biophysical studies on agents affecting the state of membrane lipids: Biochemical and pharmacological implications
290. The effect of tamoxifen on the multidrug resistant phenotype in human breast cancer cells: Isobologram, drug accumulation and gp-170 binding studies
291. Effect of gp170 expression on human breast cancer cell growth inhibition by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780
292. MCF-7 the first hormone-responsive breast cancer cell line
293. Altered estrogen receptor α and β messenger RNA expression during human breast tumorigenesis
294. 4-Hydroxylation of estrogens as a marker of human mammary tumors
295. Selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs) and breast cancer therapy
296. Distribution of 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen and their tamoxifen metabolites in human biological fluids during tamoxifen treatment
297. Distribution of tamoxifen and metabolites into brain tissue and brain metastases in breast cancer patients
298. Tamoxifen suppresses tumor promoterinduced hydrogen peroxide formation by human neutrophils
299. Antiproliferative effects of oxygenated sterols: Positive correlation with binding affinities for the antiestrogen-binding sites
300. Effects of tamoxifen and interferon-β or the combination on tumor-induced angiogenesis
301. Estrogen regulation of epidermal growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid
302. Autocrine and paracrine growth regulation of human breast cancer
303. Fibroblast growth factor-2 has opposite effects on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell growth depending on the activation level of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway
304. MCF-7 breast cancer cells overexpressing transfected c-erbB-2 have an in vitro growth advantage in estrogan-depleted conditions and reduced estrogen-dependence and tamoxifensensitivity in vivo
305. Treatment of breast cancer with aromatase inhibitors - Current status and future prospects
306. Alterations in the production and clearance rate of estrone and estrone sulfate in breast cancer patients treated with aminoglutethimide
307. Postmenopausal estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism: Alterations caused by aromatase inhibitors used for the treatment of breast cancer
308. Clinical pharmacokinetics of endocrine agents used in advanced breast cancer
309. Influence of tamoxifen on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein I in breast cancer patients
310. Relations between sex hormones, sex hormone binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth binding protein-1 in postmenopausal breast cancer patients
311. 2+-dependent binding of tamoxifen to calmodulin isolated from bovine brain
312. Signaling from G-protein-coupled receptors to mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase cascades
313. The effect of estrogen usage on the subsequent hormone receptor status
314. The effect of combining aromatase inhibitors with antiestrogens on tumor growth in a nude mouse model for breast cancer
315. Identification and characterization of a novel functional estrogen receptor on human sperm membrane that interfers with progesterone effects
316. CGP41251 and tamoxifen selectively inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and c-fos phosphoprotein induction by substance P in human astrocytoma cells
317. R-1
318. Intereference of Myb transactivation activity by a conditional dominant negative protein: Functional interference in a cytotoxic T-cell line results in G1 arrest
319. Role of epidermal growth factor receptor in tumor progression, in transformed human mammary epithelial cells
320. Concentrations of tamoxifen and its major metabolites in hormone responsive and resistant breast tumours
321. Changes in the expression of transforming growth factor beta mRNA isoforms in patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy
322. Serum hormone levels in relation to reproductive and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women (United States)
323. Reduced tamoxifen accumulation is not associated with stimulated growth in tamoxifen resistance
324. Breast-cancer risk following long-term estrogen- And estrogen-progestin-replacement therapy
325. In vitro stimulation of NK activity by an estrogen antagonist (tamoxifen)
326. Induction of a less aggressive breast cancer phenotype by protein kinase C-α and -β overexpression
327. Natural killer activity of lymphoid cells isolated from human ascitic ovarian tumors
328. Requirement of ras-GTP-raf complexes for activation of raf-1 by protein kinase C
329. Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: Transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation
330. Effects of 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate on estrogen receptor activity in MCF-7 cells
331. Estrogen and progesterone receptors
332. Mechanism for maintenance of high breast tumor estradiol concentrations in the absence of ovarian function: Role of very high affinity tissue uptake
333. Estrogen deprivation causes estradiol hypersensitivity in human breast cancer cells
334. Development of mamary hyperplasia and neoplasia in MMTV-TGFα transgenic mice
335. Changes in the secretion of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins -2 and -4 associated with the development of tamoxifen resistance and estrogen independence in human breast cancer cell lines
336. Receptor binding and growth-promoting activity of insulin-like growth factors in human breast cancer cells (T-47D) in culture
337. Estradiol levels in fractions of human breast tumors
338. Cardiac and vascular morbidity in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen for breast cancer in a randomised trial. The Scottish Cancer Trials Breast Group
339. Nuclear receptor coregulators: Cellular and molecular biology
340. Tamoxifen-resistant fibroblast growth factor-transfected MCF-7 cells are crossresistant in vivo to the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 and two aromatase inhibitors
341. Regulatory cascades involving calmodulin-dependent protein kinases
342. Subcellular concentrations of estrone, estradiol, androstenedione and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-β-OH-SDH) activity in malignant and non-malignant human breast tissues
343. Estradiol reduces calcium current in rat neostriatal neurons via a membrane receptor
344. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase of rat liver is a subunit of the anti-estrogen-binding site
345. Protein kinase C modulates estrogen receptors in differentiated osteoblastic cells in vitro
346. ras/MAP-kinase pathway activation by estradiol-receptor complex in MCF-7 cells
347. Phosphorylation on tyrosine of in vitro synthesized human estrogen receptor activates its hormone binding
348. Calmodulin-stimulated phosphorylation of 17β-estradiol receptor on tyrosine
349. Endogenous protein kinase-C activation in osteoblast-like cells modulates responsiveness to estrogen and estrogen receptor levels
350. Uptake and synthesis of steroid hormones by the breast
351. Determination of hormonal steroid concentrations in biological extracts by high resolution mass fragmentography
352. Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A
353. Joints in the regulatory lattice: Composite regulation by steroid receptor-AP1 complexes
354. Endogenous C19-steroids and estradiol levels in human primary breast tumor tissues and their correlation with androgen and estrogen receptors
355. Prognostic significance of estrogen receptors in 405 primary breast cancers: A comparison of immunohistochemical and biochemical methods
356. The quinone reductase gene: A unique estrogen receptor-regulated gene that is activated by antiestrogens
357. Cloning and characterization of human estrogen receptor β isoforms
358. Binding of estradiol to blood proteins and aetiology of breast cancer
359. Macrophages, estrogen and the microenvironment of breast cancer
360. Repression of gene expression by oxidative stress
361. Effect of tamoxifen on carbachol-triggered intracellular calcium responses in chicken granulosa cells
362. ERβ: Identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor
363. The relationship between serum p53 autoantibodies and characteristics of human breast cancer
364. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in US white women with breast cancer after the introduction of tamoxifen in 1977
365. Partial antagonism between steroidal and nonsteroidal antiestrogens in human breast cancer cell lines
366. The pathophysiological role of estrogen receptor variants in human breast cancer
367. Differential effects of tamoxifen and analogs with nonbasic side chains on cell proliferation in vitro
368. Points of action of estrogen antagonists and a calmodulin antagonist within the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell cycle
369. Estradiol indiced alterations in the immune system. I. Enhancement of IgM production
370. Rapid insulinotropic effect of 17β-estradiol via a plasma membrane receptor
371. Isolation and characterization of a tamoxifen resistant cell line derived from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
372. The unoccupied estrogen receptor: Some comments on localization
373. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB2 during the development of tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer
374. Recognition of breast cancer-associated peptides by tumor-reactive, HLA-class I restricted allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes
375. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in breast cancer: Association with response to endocrine therapy
376. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 induces apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells
377. Cripto: Roles in mammary cell growth, survival, differentiation and transformation
378. Intracellular signalling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C
379. Differential effects of estrogen and antiestrogen on in vitro clonogenic growth of human breast cancers in soft agar
380. Phosphorylation of serine-167 on the human estrogen receptor is important for estrogen response element binding and transcriptional activation
381. Estrogen stimulates growth mammary tumor cells ZR-75 without activation of the S6 kinase and S6 phosphorylation. Difference from epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α-induced proliferation
382. Differential effects of 17β-estradiol on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in rat cardiomyocytes
383. Effects of tamoxifen administration on the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat liver
384. Specific and direct binding of protein kinase C to an immobilized tamoxifen analog
385. Triphenylethylenes: A new class of protein kinase C inhibitors
386. Elevated protein kinase C expression in human breast tumor biopsies relative to normal breast tissue
387. DNA cleavage and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation caused by tamoxifen derivatives in vitro
388. Protein kinase C as a transducer of nuclear signals
389. Acquired tamoxifen resistance: Correlation with reduced breast tumor levels of tamoxifen and isomerization of trans-4-hydroxytamoxifen
390. Human breast cancer in athymic nude mice: Cytostatic effects of long-term antiestrogen therapy
391. Comparison of the effects of a pure steroidal antiestrogen with those of tamoxifen in a model of human breast cancer
392. The importance of tamoxifen metabolism in tamoxifen-stimulated breast tumor growth
393. Tamoxifen and the isomers of 4-hydroxytamoxifen in tamoxifen resistant tumors from breast cancer patients
394. Sex hormone regulation of in vitro immune response. Estradiol enhances human B cell maturation via inhibition of suppressor T cells in pokeweed mitogen stimulated cultures
395. The effect of toremifene therapy on serum immunoglobulin levels in breast cancer
396. The effects of anti-estrogen therapy on lymphocyte functions in breast cancer patients
397. Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ER-α and ER-β at AP1 sites
398. Regulation of the adhesion of a human breast carcinoma cell line to type IV collagen and vitronectin: Roles for lipoxygenase and protein kinase C
399. Role of calmodulin in HIV-potentiated fas-mediated apoptosis
400. Insulin-like growth factor receptors are overexpressed and predict a low risk in human breast cancer
401. Altered expression of the IGF-1 receptor in a tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer cell line
402. Transcriptional activation by estrogen receptors
403. Concentrations of estrone, estradiol, and estrone sulfate and evaluation of sulfatase and aromatase activities in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients
404. Concentrations of estrone, estradiol and their sulfates, and evaluation of sulfatase and aromatase activities in patients with breast fibroadenoma
405. Pharmacodynamic and biological effects of anti-estrogens in different models
406. Divergent pathways regulate ligand-independent activation of ER α in SK-N-BE neuroblastoma and COS-1 renal carcinoma cells
407. Resistance to tamoxifen with persisting sensitivity to estrogen: Possible mediation by excessive antiestrogen binding site activity
408. What's up and down with histone deacetylation and transcription
409. MAP kinase-dependent pathways in cell cycle control
410. Frequent expression of growth factors for mesenchymal cells in human mammary carcinoma cell lines
411. Immunological detection and quantitation of alpha transforming growth factors in human breast carcinoma cells
412. Mouse estrogen receptor β forms estrogen response element-binding heterodimers with estrogen receptor α
413. Nuclear receptor/AP-1 interaction
414. Acute stimulation of intestinal calcium influx induced by 17β-estradiol via the cAMP messenger system
415. HER-2 tyrosine kinase pathway targets estrogen receptor and promotes hormone-independent growth in human breast cancer cells
416. Breast cancer cell invasiveness: Correlation with protein kinase C activity and differential regulation by phorbol ester in estrogen receptor-positive and -negative cells
417. Tamoxifen flare in advanced breast cancer
418. The anti-proliferative propoerties of 4-benzylphenoy ethanamine derivatives are mediated by the anti-estrogen binding site (ABS), whereas the antiestrogenic effects of trifluopromazine are not
419. IGF-I physiology and breast cancer
420. The mechanism of hormone-sensitive breast cancer progression on antiestrogen therapy. Implications for treatment and protocol planning
421. Interference of pathway specific transcription factors
422. Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen randomized chemoprevention trial
423. Estradiol coupling to endothelial nitric oxide stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from rat median eminence via a membrane receptor
424. Current controversies in cancer
425. Meta-analysis of trials comparing toremifene with tamoxifen and factors predicting outcome of antiestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer
426. Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor regulation of the ras/raf/Map kinase pathway
427. Estrogen receptor transactivation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by melatonin and growth factors
428. Reversal of acquired resistance to doxorubicin in P388 murine leukemia cells by tamoxifen and other triparanol analogs
429. Endocrine status of premenopausal node-positive breast cancer pateints following adjuvant chemotherapy and long-term tamoxifen
430. Cell membrane and nucelar estrogen receptors (ERs) originate from a single transcript: Studies of ER-α and ER-β expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells
431. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol levels in postmenopausal breast cancer tissues
432. Anti-MUC1 class I restricted CTLs in metastatic breast cancer patients immunized with a synthetic MUC1 peptide
433. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulates the expression of progelatinase B (MMP-9) in breast epithelial cells
434. Inhibition of estrogen-induced breast cancer cell proliferation by reduction in autocrine transforming growth factor α expression
435. Biphasic regulation of the messenger ribonucleic acid coding for the estrogen receptor by cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate in tumor Leydig cells
436. Detection of p53 autoantibodies in the sera of breast cancer patients with a new recurrence using an ELISA assay. Does a correlation with the recurrence free interval exist?
437. ERBB2 oncogenes in human breast cancer and its clinical significance
438. Effects of estrogen therapy of postmenopausal women on cytokines measured in peripheral blood
439. An antibody to the receptor for insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits the growth of MCF-7 cells in tissue culture
440. (Auto)antibodies in human breast cancer sera against antigens associated with breast cancer cells, detected by immunoblotting
441. Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: Importance of the stromal reaction
442. Antiestrogenic action of 3-hydroxytamoxifen in the human breast cancer cell line
443. Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect
444. Influence of adjuvant tamoxifen on blood lymphocytes
445. Comparison between inhibition of protein kinase C and antagonism of calmodulin by tamoxifen analogues
446. Response of metastatic breast cancer to tamoxifen (TAM) withdrawal
447. Biology of disease: Comparative study of human and rat mammary tumorigenesis
448. Regulation of the estrogen receptor in MCF-7 cells by estradiol
449. Investigation of the Mek-MAP kinase-Rsk pathway in human breast cancer
450. Estrogen receptors alpha and beta in the rodent mammary gland
451. Insulin receptor substrate 1 is a target for the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 in breast cancer cells
452. The potential of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer prevention
453. Sex steroid hormones modulate the activation of murine peritoneal macrophages: Receptor mediated modulation
454. Changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and composition in response to a low-fat, high-fiber diet are associated with changes in serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal women
455. Mitogen-activated protein kinases: Specific messages from ubiquitous messengers
456. Estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer survival in a large screening study
457. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk
458. Effects of gender and sex steroids on the immune response
459. The immune response to p53 in breast cancer patients is directed against immunodominant epitopes unrelated to the mutational hot spot
460. Differential membrane antioxidant effects of immediate and long-term estradiol treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells
461. Redox cycling by transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 in lymphocytes
462. Estrogen and antiestrogen modulation of mouse natural killer activity and large granular lymphocytes
463. β-Estradiol reduces natural killer cells in mice
464. The effect of 17β-estradiol on natural killing in the mouse
465. Activation and function of the epidermal growth factor receptor and erbB-2 during mammary gland morphogenesis
466. Clonal variation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro and in athymic nude mice
467. Cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition by the protein kinase antagonist UCN-01 in human breast carcinoma cells
468. Cell-specific inhibitory and stimulatory effects of fos and jun on transcription activation by nuclear receptors
469. The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen
470. Estradiol hypersensitivity and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in long-term estrogen deprived human breast cancer cells in vivo
471. p53 and bcl-2 expression correlates with clinical outcome in a series of node-positive breast cancer patients
472. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates estrogen neuroprotection after glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neurons
473. IL-6sR: Release from MCF-7 breast cancer cells and a role in regulating peripheral estrogen synthesis
474. Estrogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in cerebral cortical explants: Convergence of estrogen and neurotrophin signaling pathways
475. Acceptor sites on chromatin for receptor bound by estrogen versus antiestrogen in antiestrogen-sensitive and -resistant cells
476. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analyses identify nucleophosmin as an estrogen regulated protein associated with acquired estrogen-independence in human breast cancer cells
477. Continuous c-fos expression precedes programmed cell death in vivo
478. Coactivator and corepressor regulation of the agonist/antagonist activity of the mixed antiestrogen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen
479. CREB binding protein acts synergistically with steroid receptor coactivator-1 to enhance steroid receptor-dependent transcription
480. cJun overexpression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells produces a tumorigenic, invasive and hormone resistant phenotype
481. Differential effects of nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) expression levels on retinoic acid receptor-mediated repression support the existence of dynamically regulated corepressor complexes
482. A human cell line from a pleural effusion derived from a human breast carcinoma
483. Coexpression of estrogen receptor α and β: Poor prognostic factors in human breast cancer
484. Increased expression of estrogen receptor beta mRNA in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer patients
485. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is a histone acetyltransferase
486. The beneficial effects of the estrogen antagonist, tamoxifen, on experimental systemic lupus erythematosus
487. Role of insulin-like growth factor-I in regulating estrogen receptor-α gene expression
488. Familial occurrence of breast cancer is associated with reduced natural killer cytotoxicity
489. Novel ligands that function as selective estrogens or antiestrogens for estrogen receptor-α or estrogen receptor-β
490. Autoantibodies in neoplasia
491. Influence of toremifene on the endocrine regulation of breast cancer patients
492. Opposing effects of corepressor and coactivators in determining the dose-response curve of agonists, and residual agonist activity of antagonists, for glucocorticoid receptor-regulated gene expression
493. Concentration of sex steroids in adipose tissue after menopause
494. Involvement of nuclear receptor coactivator SRC-1 in estrogen-dependent cell growth of MCF-7 cells
495. Covalent binding of 17β-estradiol and retinoic acid to proteins in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7
496. Cytostatic effects of antiestrogens in lymphoid cells: Relationship to high affinity antiestrogen-binding sites and cholesterol
497. A transcriptional enhancer required for the differential expression of the human estrogen receptor in breast cancers
498. Growth inhibition of breast cancer cells by Grb2 downregulation is correlated with inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in EGFR, but not in ErbB2, cells
499. Combination chemotherapy compared to tamoxifen as initial therapy for stage IV breast cancer in elderly women
500. Synthesis of 2-(p-chlorobenzyl)-3-aryl-6-methoxybenzofurans as selective ligands for antiestrogen binding sites. Effects on cell proliferation and cholesterol synthesis
501. Modulation of biological responses of normal human mononuclear cells by antiestrogens
502. Endogenous estrogen and postmenopausal breast cancer: A quantitative review
503. The invasive and metastatic properties of hormone-independent and hormone-responsive variants of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
504. ICI 164,384: A pure antagonist of estrogen-stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation and invasiveness
505. A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women
506. Persistent oxidative stress in cancer
507. Growth factor expression in normal, benign and malignant breast tissue
508. Cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional analysis of the murine estrogen receptor beta
509. Ligand-independent activation of the estrogen receptors α and β by mutations of a conserved tyrosine can be abolished by antiestrogens
510. Dominant activity of activation function 1 (AF-1) and differential stoichiometric requirements for AF-1 and -2 in the estrogen receptor alpha-beta hetoredimeric complex
511. Multidrug resistance in breast cancer: A meta analysis of MDR1/gp170 expression and its possible functional significance
512. High-dose oral tamoxifen, a potential multidrug-resistant- reversal agent: Phase I trial in combination with vinblastine
513. Transforming growth factor-α mRNA and epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA expression in normal and neoplastic mammary glands of four strains of mice with different mammary tumor potentials
514. Autoantibodies in early breast cancer: A stage related phenomenon?
515. The human estrogen receptor has transcriptional activitor and repressor functions in the absence of ligand
516. Expression of receptors for epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I by ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell variants is inversely related: The effect of steroid hormones on insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression
517. Recombinant human interferon α increases estrogen receptor expression in human breast cancer cells (ZR-75-1) and sensitizes them to the anti-proliferative effects of tamoxifen
518. Characterization of a tamoxifen-resistant variant of the ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell line (ZR-75-9a1) and stability of the resistant phenotype
519. Role of estrogen-induced insulin-like growth factors in the proliferation of human breast cancer cells
520. Differential regulation of AP1 activity by retinoic acid in hormone-dependent and -independent breast cancer cells
521. Bcar1/p130Cas protein and primary breast cancer: Prognosis and response to tamoxifen treatment
522. Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue
523. Aromatase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and intratissular sex hormone concentrations in cancerous and normal glandular breast tissue in postmenopausal women
524. Prevention of breast cancer with tamoxifen: Preliminary findings from the Italian randomized trial among hysterectomized women
525. Antiestrogens inhibit the mitogenic effect of growth factors on breast cancer cells in the total absence of estrogens
526. Downstream factors in transforming growth factor-β family signaling
527. Expression of estrogen receptor β messenger RNA variant in breast cancer
528. Multicenter phase II efficacy trial of toremifene in tamoxifen-refractory patients with advanced breast cancer
529. Rho family members: Activators of MAP kinase cascades
530. Absence of p53 autoantibodies in a significant proportion of breast cancer patients
531. Novel antioestrogens without partial agonist activity
532. The expression of c-fos protein in human breast
533. Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women
534. 1 events
535. Basic fibroblast growth factor downregulates BCL-2 and promotes apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
536. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases propagate signals from endothelin-1 receptors to the c-fos promoter
537. Autoantibodies in patients with carcinoma of the breast
538. Agonistic effect of tamoxifen is dependent on cell type, ERE-promoter context, and estrogen receptor subtype: Functional difference between estrogen receptors α and β
539. Rapid actions of estrogens in GH3/B6 pituitary cells via a plasma membrane version of estrogen receptor-α
540. Rapid membrane effects of steroids in neuroblastoma cells: Effects of estrogen on mitogen activated protein kinase signalling cascade and c-fos immediate early gene transcription
541. MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with protein kinase C-α exhibit altered expression of other protein kinase C isoforms and display a more aggressive neoplastic phenotype
542. Tamoxifen activation of the estrogen receptor/AP-1 pathway: Potential origin for the cell-specific estrogen-like effects of antiestrogens
543. Tamoxifen reduces endogenous and UV light-induced oxidative damage to DNA lipid and protein in vitro and in vivo
544. Nuclear localization of unoccupied estrogen receptors
545. DNA ploidy, S-phase, and steroid receptors in more than 127,000 breast cancer patients
546. Endogenous control of the neoplastic process
547. The antioxidant action of a pure antiestrogen: Ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation compared to tamoxifen and 17β-estradiol and relevance to its anticancer potential
548. Protective actions of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen against oxidative damage to low-density lipoproteins: A mechanism accounting for the cardioprotective action of tamoxifen?
549. Type I IGF receptor and acquired tamoxifen resistance in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells
550. Effects of the antiestrogen, ICI 164,384, on estrogen induced RNAs in MCF-7 cells
551. Enhanced antiproliferative activity of the combination of tamoxifen plus HER-2-neu antibody
552. Investigation of the mechanism of tamoxifen stimulated breast tumor growth; non-isomerizable analogues of tamoxifen and its metabolites
553. The stress activated protein kinase pathway
554. Relationship between c-erbB2 protein product expression and response to endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer
555. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mediates signal transduction to apoptosis
556. Redox regulation of AP-1. A link between transcription factor signaling and DNA repair
557. Altered MAP kinase (ERK1,2) regulation in primary cultures of mammary tumor cells: Elevated basal activity and sustained response to EGF
558. Partial hormone resistance in mice with disruption of the steroid receptor co-activator-1 (SRC-1) gene
559. Prediction of response to antiestrogen therapy in advanced breast cancer patients by pretreatment circulating levels of extracellular domain of the HER-2/c-neu protein
560. Identification of an estrogen response element activated by metabolites of 17β-estradiol and raloxifene
561. Bimodal regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor by estrogen in breast cancer cells
562. Production of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA by microsomal activation of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen
563. Analysis of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in malignancy: Evidence for a paracrine role in human breast cancer
564. The insulin-like growth factor binding protein BP-25 is expressed by human breast cancer cells
565. Endogenous estrogens and risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor status: A prospective study in postmenopausal women
566. Tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells relates to down-regulation of bcl-2, but not bax and bcl-X(L), without alteration of p53 protein levels
567. MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells overexpressing FGF-1 form vascularized, metastatic tumors in ovariectomized or tamoxifen-treated nude mice
568. Both autocrine and paracrine effects of transfected acidic fibroblast growth factor are involved in the estrogen-independent and antiestrogen-resistant growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells
569. Correlation between mannose-6-phosphate/IGF-II receptor and cathepsin D RNA levels by in situ hybridization in benign and malignant mammary tumors
570. Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: Review and perspectives
571. Estrogen receptor β activates the human retinoic acid receptor α-1 promoter in response to tamoxifen and other estrogen receptor antagonists, but not in response to estrogen
572. In vivo modulation of murine serum tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 levels during endotoxemia by oestrogen agonists and antagonists